Advances in Environmental Research 8 (2004) 359–369

Waste minimization in a bleach plant

˙Ismail Dogan,
˘ ¨
A. Guniz ¨ ¨
Guruz*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06531, Turkey

Received 26 July 2002; accepted 25 September 2002

Abstract

In this study a steady-state model was developed for a six stage bleaching system in a pulp and paper industry. A
FORTRAN source code was written to simulate the whole bleach plant. Different case studies were performed with the
aim of decreasing the total amount of dissolved solids coming out from the six washers. Each stage of the sequence
is composed of chemical additions and mixing, reaction in a retention tower, and washing. Unit operation models
were formulated using mass balances on liquor, fibres, chromophores, chemicals and dissolved solids. In order to
compare the simulation results with the mill data, Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper Mill bleaching unit was chosen.
A good agreement between the simulation results and the mill data was achieved. In the case studies, the optimization
of the process variables were performed in which the effects of retention tower operating temperature, residence time,
consistency, bleaching liquor flow rate and the wash water flow rates in the washers were studied. Also, the effect of
100% chlorine dioxide substitution in the chlorination stage was analyzed. It was concluded that 100% chlorine
dioxide substitution was the best way to decrease the amount of dissolved solids.
䊚 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bleaching; Steady-state modelling; CEHDED; Process variable optimization; Waste minimization

1. Introduction 2. Bleaching modifications, including

Pulp bleaching has traditionally been carried out with
chlorine chemicals, notably elemental chlorine, to react
with the lignin remaining on the fibres after cooking
which produce a large number of different hazardous
chlorinated organics. Bleach plant effluents are normally
not recovered or recycled, since the organic content is
comparatively low, and they can be corrosive due to
chlorides. Therefore, the improvement of bleach plant
effluents has focused on reducing the concentration and
quantity of effluents by a number of methods (Carlton
and Douglas, 1996). These methods can be grouped as
1. Pre-bleaching methods in which oxygen delignifica-
tion and modified cooking are the most important
ones.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: q90-312-2102634; fax: q90-
312-2101264.
E-mail address: guniz@metu.edu.tr (A. Guniz
¨ ¨ ¨
Guruz).
a. Elemental chlorine free (ECF) and total chlorine
free (TCF) bleaching.
b. Operational analysis and optimization of process
variables.
3. Post-bleaching modifications which are the waste
water treatment systems.
Among the methods that are listed, the operational
analysis does not require expensive process modifica-
tions and installments and by the optimization of process
variables it would be possible to reduce the hazardous
effluents.
In recent years most of the traditional chlorine bleach-
ing sequences were switched to 100% chlorine dioxide
bleaching, ECF, and TCF bleaching sequences in North
America and central Europe. Chlorine dioxide produces
organically bound chlorine, but only one-fifth of the
same amount of the elemental chlorine when compared
on chlorine basis (Germgard and Larsson, 1983; Axe-
gard, 1989).

1093-0191/04/$ - see front matter 䊚 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 0 9 3 - 0 1 9 1 Ž 0 2 . 0 0 1 1 6 - 8
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Fig. 1. Process flow diagram of a CEHDED bleach plant.
The available methods for analyzing the individual
components responsible for pollution in other industries
are also used for bleaching effluents. The most widely
used characteristics include adsorbable organic halogen
(AOX), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC),
total dissolved solids (TDS), and color (Junna and
Ruonala, 1991).
The TDS is used throughout this paper as an indica-
tion of the amount of effluents coming out from six
bleaching stages. TDS represents the lignin and carbo-
hydrates that has reacted with the bleaching chemicals
and the unreacted chemicals in the streams. Although
TDS is not a routine mill measurement, it is easily
tracked with process simulation because TDS mass is
conserved. Conservation of mass is generally not appli-
cable for BOD and COD, because they are chemical
analyses and are subject to testing conditions. Nonethe-
less, BOD and COD are widely reported for effluent
characterization.
There are many process simulation packages for
steady-state balances developed for pulp and paper
industry like GEMS (Edwards et al., 1983), MASSBAL
(1983), MOPS (Maripuu et al., 1987). A number of
studies have been carried out with these simulators in
order to decrease the amount of effluents from the
bleaching plant. Myers et al. (1989) used GEMS for
the optimum design and for the determination of oper-
ating conditions of an oxygen delignification system in
order to minimize the delignification costs and to reduce
the total organic chlorine emissions from the bleach
plant. Brooks et al. (1994) used simulation to evaluate
the conversion of a conventional oxygen delignified
softwood bleach plant to TCF bleaching based on
hydrogen peroxide. Parsad et al. (1996) made an eco-
nomic analysis through simulation of a kraft-oxygen
mill with modifications of the pre-bleaching and bleach-
ing systems to incorporate TCF and closure issues.
In the present study, a steady-state model of a six-
stage chlorination–extraction–hypochlorination–chlo-
rine dioxide–extraction–chlorine dioxide (CEHDED)
bleach plant is presented using Dalaman SEKA Pulp
and Paper Mill bleach plant as the model system. For
the first part of the case studies; the temperature, the
inlet bleaching liquor flow rate, the residence time and
the consistency in the retention tower, and the wash
water flow rate in the washers were chosen as variables
in terms of operational analysis with the aim of deter-
mining the most critical parameters for the minimization
of effluents. In the second part of the case studies,
100% chlorine dioxide substitution was studied in order
to decrease the amount of TDS coming out from the
bleach plant.
2. Modelling of the bleach plant
The flow sheet of Dalaman SEKA Pulp and Paper
Mill CEHDED bleaching plant is shown in Fig. 1. Each
stage is composed of three unit operations as mixer,
retention tower and washer. The process units and
variables used to model each stage are shown in Fig. 2.
2.1. Mathematical models of unit operations
In a bleaching stage, mixers are used to mix the fibre
suspensions with bleaching chemicals, steam or recycle
streams. The mass balance equations in the mixer for
the liquor, fibres, chromophores, chemicals and dis-
solved solids are presented in Table 1 based on the
assumption of perfect mixing and quasi-steady-state.
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Fig. 2. Process units and variables of the bleach plant.
In the retention tower, the reaction between the
bleaching chemicals and the fibres takes place. Wang
(1993), examined different models in order to represent
the retention tower. Among the models that are tested,
it was found that the sequence of CSTRS–PFR–CSTRS
gives the best agreement with the experimental retention
time distributions. Moreover, in this study, the percent-
age of the residence time taken by plug flow was found
to vary from 79 to 85% for C tower and 82–90% for
E and D towers. Therefore, in the modelling of the
retention tower, the ratio of the residence time of the
plug flow to overall residence time is taken as 0.8 for
C tower and 0.9 for the other towers. In order to
represent the mixing in the inlet and outlet of the
retention tower the number of CSTRS is taken as 1 for
the C tower, and 2 for the other towers for the inlet and
1 for the outlet. By assuming constant density of the
pulp fluid, the steady-state model equations for CSTR
and PFR are obtained and are given in Table 1.
The modelling of the drum washer is done by dividing
it into three parts; as the dilution vat, drum filter and
seal tank. In the dilution vat the liquor from the seal
tank is mixed with the main pulp stream in order to
dilute the pulp to the desired consistency. Therefore, it
can be modelled as a steady-state mixer. The drum filter
is used to remove the dissolved solids and unreacted
chemicals from the pulp with wash water. In order to
model the drum filter, different models can be used. In
this study, Norden efficiency approach (Norden, 1966;
Norden and Pekkanen, 1987) is used in order to model
the drum filter. In the model, the Norden efficiency
factor is taken as 3 for all the washers. In the seal tank
361
the part of the liquor coming from the drum filter is
recycled back into the dilution vat and the rest of it is
sent to the sewer, which cause different environmental
problems. Thus, the seal tank can be modelled as a
splitter. The model equations for these unit operations
are also given in Table 1.
2.2. Kinetic models
In the modelling of the retention tower the most
important parameter is the bleaching reaction kinetics.
In the literature different kinetic models are proposed
for the bleaching steps. The kinetic models that are used
in this study are tabulated in Table 2.
In the process kinetic models employed, Kappa num-
ber is used for the chromophore removal for the delig-
nification stages (C, E1). However, in the brightening
stages (H, D1, E2, D2) light absorption coefficient is
used. Therefore, the Kappa number after the first extrac-
tion stage (E1) should be related with the inlet light
absorption coefficient of the hypochlorination stage (H).
Wang (1993) found a correlation with the light absorp-
tion coefficient and the Kappa number of a bleached
pulp by fitting the published experimental data. In our
study, this correlation is used in order to link the Kappa
number after the E1 stage and the light absorption
coefficient entering the H stage as
KH,is4.69KE1q0.01 (38)
After the extraction stage, the light absorption coef-
ficient should be converted to brightness, because the
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Table 1
The mathematical models used to simulate the bleach plant

Mixer Retention tower

CSTR PFR

LosLiqVi (1) LosLi (5) LosLi (9)

Liquors

Cmo Cmi
Lo sLi (2)
1yCmo 1yCmi CmosCmi (6) CmosCmi (10)

Fibres

KoyKi dK
yrs0 (7) syr (11)
KosKi (3) tc dtp

Chromophores

Xj,oyXj,i Cmo dXi Cmo

y cirs0 (8) sy cir (12)
LoXj,osLiXj,iqViYj,i (4) tc 1yCmo dtp 1yCmo

Chemicals
and DS
Washer

Dilution vat Drum filter Seal tank

Cmi 1yCm1
L1sLi (15)
LvsLiqVr (13) 1yCmi Cm1 VdsV1qVr (20)

Liquors

VdsV2qLvyL1 (16)

S RWy1
YDS,2q ŽXDS,vyYDS,2. when RW/1
T RWENVdyLvy1
XDS,1sU (17)

XDS,vs
LiXDS,iqVrYDS,r
(14)
T 1
YDS,2q ŽXDS,vyYDS,2. when RWs1
Lv V EN YDS,dsYDS,1 (21)

Chemicals and

V2
where RWs (18)
L1
dissolved solids

V2YDS,2qLvXDS,vyL1XDS,1
YDS,ds (19)
Vd
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Table 2
The kinetic expressions used in the model

Stage Reference Rate expression c

rfsk1wCl2xKC,f (22)

C Ackert et al. (1975) 0.208

dKCl,s
rssy sk2wCl2xKC,s (23)
dt

B y250 E
k1s1123 expC F
D
T G
B y250 E
k2s22.47 expC F (24)
D T G

KCl,fis0.4Ki
KCl,sis0.3Ki (25)

rfsk1wOHyx0.2KE1,f
rssk2wOHyx0.05KE1,s (26)

E Axegard (1979)

B y4691 E
k1s1.96=106expC F
D
T G
B y241 E
k2s0.0103 expC F (27)
D T G

KE1,fi B y3368 E
s1.75=105expC FwOHyx0.25f (28)
KE1,si D T G

rHskwOClyx0.6wOHyxy0.1K3.5
H (29)

H Axegard and Tormund (1985)

B y9622 E 0.688
ks7.9657=1010expC F (30) (31)
D T G K1.67
H
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Table 2 (Continued)
Stage Reference Rate expression c

0.059
(34)
rD1skwClO2x0.5wHqxy0.3ŽKD1y0.1.3 (32) K1.15
D1

D Teder and Tormund (1980)

B 1 E B y7096 E
ks0.096=109C q0.023FexpC F (33)
D K2D1,i G D T G

0.078KD2,i
(37)
rD2skwClO2x0.5wHqxy0.3ŽKD2y0.1.3 (35) K2.3
D2

E, D Teder and Tormund (1980)

B 1 E B y7096 E
ks0.117=109C q0.01FexpC F (36)
D K2D2,i G D T G

full mills are using brightness for the quality of the
bleached pulp. In order to convert the light absorption
coefficient to brightness, the Kubelka–Munk equation
was used
2
K Ž1yR`.
s (39)
S 2R`
where R` denotes the brightness, and S is the light
scattering coefficient. The value of the scattering coef-
ficient is used as 50 m2 ykg (Wang et al., 1995). K is
the light absorption coefficient of the pulp.
3. Model verification
The presented model is tested by comparing the
simulation results with the Dalaman SEKA Pulp and
Paper mill bleaching unit data. The input variables are
taken from the mill and are tabulated in Table 3. The
steady-state Kappa number, the residual chemical con-
tent after the retention tower and the dissolved solids
content of the filtrate from the washer for each stage
are calculated and together with the mill data are
presented in Table 4. A good agreement between the
simulation and the mill data is achieved.
4. Case studies
The first part of the case studies performed covers
the optimization of the process variables. For each of
the towers, the temperature, the inlet bleaching liquor
flow rate, the residence time and the consistency are the
parameters investigated and their ranges are shown in
Table 5. Within each range the variables were changed
at constant intervals and the mid value corresponds to
the steady-state data of the bleach plant. Only for the
chlorine flow rate the minimum allowable value is used.
The results of the case studies for the five stages are
also given in Table 5. In this table, the first row indicates
the steady-state mill data of the total amount of dis-
solved solids that was emerged from the six washers
and the brightness at the end of the bleaching sequence.
For the pulp to have an acceptable quality the brightness
should be greater than 90% ISO.
Among the parameters that are examined, the most
effective one is the flow rate of chlorine in the chlori-
nation stage. In the mill, excess amount of chlorine is
used in order to remove as much lignin as possible in
the first stage. Therefore, the chlorine flow rate can be
decreased without decreasing the brightness at the end
of the sequence.
The last three stages of the bleaching plant are mainly
used to give the final brightness and to strength the
pulp. Most of the coloring materials are removed in the
first three stages. Therefore, the dissolved solids content
of the filtrate is low in quantity for the last three stages.
Thus, the change of process variables has a minor effect
on the outlet TDS quantity, as can be seen from the
Table 5.
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Table 3
The input data for simulation of CEHDED bleach plant

C E H D E D
(1) Mill data
Cl2
Flow rate (kgymin) 10 – – – – –
Concentration (%) 100 – – – – –
NaOH
Flow rate (kgymin) – 80 15 – 40 –
Concentration (%) – 8 8 – 8 –
NaOCl
Flow rate (kgymin) – – 110 – – –
Concentration (%) – – 4 – – –
ClO2
Flow rate (kgymin) – – – 225 – 40
Concentration (%) – – – 4.5 – 4.5
Steam (kgymin) – 55 – 150 – 50
Tower
Temperature (8C) 25 65 45 75 65 75
Residence time, tt (min) 70 90 190 240 90 240
Washer
Wash liquor (kgymin) 7075 2150 2150 2300 2150 2150
Outlet consistency (%) 13.3 13.0 14.6 12.7 11.7 13.3
(2) Unbleached pulp
Pulp flow rates5500 kgymin Consistencys3.0%
Kappa numbers25 Dissolved solidss0.001%

The results show that in each case the lowest allow-
able value of the parameters satisfying the brightness
requirement should be used. Although for each stage
the change of each parameter has a considerable effect,
it has been compensated in the following stages. There-
fore, no significant improvement in the amount of TDS
was obtained.
The pulp and paper industry consumes large volumes
of water. An important measure in reducing the pollution
charge is the reduction in water consumption. Thereafter,
efficient and more easily controllable methods can be
used for the treatment of lower volume and more
concentrated waste waters (Luonsi et al., 1986). With
this consideration, in the second part of the case studies,
the effect of wash water flow rates on the TDS content
is analyzed for each washer. For each stage, the range
of water flow rates tested and the results obtained in
terms of TDS are presented in Table 6. It can be
concluded that the extraction and the hypochlorination
stages are the most affective ones in this respect.
In order to see the effect of each parameter, the
optimized values of the parameters are simulated and
are tabulated in Table 7. The most effective parameters
are found to be the flow rate of the bleaching liquor
and the wash water flow rate in the washer. Moreover,
6.12% decrease in the total amount of dissolved solids

Table 4
The comparison of the mill data with the simulation data

Stage Kappa no. or brightness Residual chemical (%) Dissolved solids (%)
Simulated Mill Simulated Mill Simulated Mill
C 7.5 7–10 0.075 0.07 0.0528 0.0526
E 2.78 2–7 0.261 – 0.1725 0.1518
H 81.9 75–80 0.246 – 0.1163 0.1170
D 91.7 85–90 0.059 0.01 0.0127 0.0182
D 92.9 90–93 0.006 0.003 0.0084 0.0036
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Table 5
The results of the process parameter optimization in each stage

Parameter Optimization Total dissolved solids Brightness

Range Value Flow rate Percent decrease
(kgymin) (%)
Steady-state data 13.07 – 92.93
Chlorination stage
Bleaching liquor (kgymin) 6–10 6 12.85 1.711 92.93
Temperature (8C) 15–35 15 13.06 0.086 92.93
Consistency (%) 2.5–3.5 2.5 13.06 0.083 92.93
Residence time (min) 50–90 50 13.07 0.040 92.93
First extraction stage
Bleaching liquor (kgymin) 60–100 60 13.05 0.205 92.93
Temperature (8C) 55–75 55 12.99 0.624 92.93
Consistency (%) 11.5–12.5 11.5 13.02 0.427 92.93
Residence time (min) 70–110 70 13.02 0.376 92.93
Hypochlorination stage
Bleaching liquor (kgymin) 90–130 90 13.03 0.335 92.91
Temperature (8C) 35–55 35 12.92 1.174 92.76
Consistency (%) 11.5–12.5 11.5 13.05 0.200 92.92
Residence time (min) 170–210 170 13.05 0.155 92.81
First chlorine dioxide stage
Bleaching liquor (kgymin) 175–275 175 13.07 0.006 92.89
Temperature (8C) 65–85 65 13.06 0.028 92.72
Consistency (%) 10.5–11.5 10.5 13.04 0.254 92.92
Residence time (min) 200–280 200 13.07 0.008 92.86
Second chlorine dioxide stage
Bleaching liquor (kgymin) 20–60 20 13.05 0.126 92.72
Temperature (8C) 65–85 65 13.05 0.131 92.72
Consistency (%) 10.5–11.5 10.5 13.07 0.005 92.92
Residence time (min) 200–280 200 13.06 0.039 92.87

was achieved by the overall optimization of the process
parameters. Although, the brightness at the end of the
sixth stage is decreased to 90.8%, still it is in the
allowable range for the pulp quality.
The bleaching processes mostly use molecular chlo-
rine and chlorine dioxide as the oxidizing agent to
remove residual lignin from the cellulose fibres. Tradi-
tionally, molecular chlorine, with a small percentage
(10%) of chlorine dioxide was favored. However, more
recently, mills have switched to 100% substitution of
molecular chlorine with chlorine dioxide (Solomon,
1996). Thus, 100% chlorine dioxide substitution in the
chlorination stage is simulated in order to see the effect
on the TDS quantity. The model that is proposed by

Table 6
The results of the wash water flow rate optimization in each stage

Optimization Total dissolved solids

Range Value Flow rate Percent decrease
(kgymin) (%)
Steady-state data 13.071 –
Chlorination stage 5000–7000 5000 13.063 0.061
Extraction stage 1950–2350 1950 12.849 1.698
Hypochlorination stage 1950–2350 1950 12.939 1.01
First chlorine dioxide stage 2100–2500 2100 13.067 0.031
Second chlorine dioxide stage 1950–2350 1950 13.069 0.015
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Table 7
The result of parameter optimization and the overall optimization

Total dissolved solids Brightness

Flow rate Percent decrease
(kgymin) (%)
Steady-state data 13.07 – 92.93
Temperature optimization 12.81 1.99 92.06
Bleaching liquor optimization 12.75 2.45 92.59
Residence time optimization 12.99 0.61 92.77
Consistency optimization 13.07 0.00 92.91
Wash liquor optimization 12.69 2.91 92.93
Overall optimization 12.27 6.12 90.84

Tessier and Savoie (1997) is used in the simulation.
According to this model, the lignin entering the first
stage was treated as; fast reacting, slow reacting and
unreacted lignin. The reaction model is tabulated in
Table 8. The results obtained showed a 14.6% decrease
in the total amount of dissolved solids with a brightness
value of 92.5% ISO. Substitution of chlorine with
chlorine dioxide reduces the amount of pollutants in the
bleach plant with little process modification. Thus, it is
a promising method for developing countries (Gonzales
and Zaror, 2000; Yetis et al., 1997, 1996).
5. Conclusion
The steady-state model of a CEHDED bleach plant
was assembled by linking the unit operation models for
mixing, reaction and washing. In order to link the unit
operations in each stage and to simulate the whole
bleach plant, a FORTRAN source code and the subroutines
were written. The applicability of the CEHDED bleach
plant model was checked by the Dalaman SEKA Pulp
and Paper Mill bleaching unit steady-state data. A good
agreement between the simulated and the mill data was
obtained. Different case studies were performed in order
to decrease the amount of dissolved solids coming out
from the washers. It was concluded that the effective
process parameters were the flow rate of the bleaching
chemicals and the wash water flow rate. By substituting
100% chlorine dioxide instead of chlorine in the chlo-
rination stage, highest decrease in the amount of dis-
solved solids was achieved.

Table 8
The reaction model for the 100% ClO2 delignification

Stage Reference Rate expression c

rfsk1wClO2xKf (40)

D Tessier and Savoie (1997) 0.157

rssk2wClO2xKs (41)

B y5160 E
k1s2.23=108expC F
D T G
B y2249 E
k1s240expC F (42)
D T G

Kfis0.4Ki
Ksis0.3Ki (43)
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EN Norden efficiency factor (–) ide. Svensk Papperstidning 88, R36–R42.
F chlorine charge factor, % available Cl2 on o.d. Brooks, T.R., Edwards, L.L., Nepate, J.C., Caldwell, M.R.,
pulpyunbleached Kappa number 1994. Bleach plant closeup and conversion to TCF: a case
K content of chromophores, expressed as study using mill data and computer simulation. Tappi J. 77,
Kappa number in delignification stages 83–92.
(C and E1), ml 0.1 N KMnO4 yg fibre or light Carlton, W.D., Douglas, W.R., 1996. Pulp Bleaching Principles
absorption coefficient in brightening stage and Practice. Tappi Press.
(H, D1, E2 and D2) (m2 ykg) Edwards, L.L., Baldus, R., Abbot, R., 1983. GEMS Documen-
k rate constant of bleaching reaction tation Describing Data Input Simulation Control and Simu-
L flow rate of liquor in pulp stream (kgymin) lation Options. Chemical Engineering Department,
R` reflectance at 457 nm (% ISO) University of Idaho.
R bleaching reaction rate, i.e. rate of Kappa Germgard, U., Larsson, S., 1983. Oxygen bleaching in the
number decrease in a delignification or rate modern softwood kraft pulp-mill. Paperi Ja Puu-Paper and
of light absorption coefficient decrease in a Timber 65, 287–290.
brightening reaction Gonzales, P., Zaror, C., 2000. Effect of process modifications
RW wash liquor ratio (–) on AOX emissions from kraft pulp bleaching, using Chilean
S light scattering coefficient (m2 ykg) pine and eucalyptus. J. Cleaner Prod. 8, 233–241.
T temperature (K) Junna, J., Ruonala, S., 1991. Trends and guidelines in water
tc pollution control in the Finnish pulp and paper industry.
mean residence time in CSTR (min)
Tappi J. 74, 105–111.
tp mean residence time in PFR (min) Luonsi, A., Vuoriranta, P., Hynninen, P., 1986. Reduction of
V flow rate of liquor in non-pulp stream pulp and paper industry effluent loading. Water Sci. Technol.
(kgymin) 18, 109–125.
X dissolved solids or bleaching chemical Maripuu, M., Sandstrom, E., Warnqvist, B., Nordstrom, T.,
content of the pulp stream (%) 1987. The use of steady-state simulators in the Swedish
Y dissolved solids or bleaching chemical pulp and paper industry. Tappi J. 70, 87–90.
content of the non-pulp stream (%) MASSBAL, 1983. MASSBALL MICII System Documenta-
Subscripts tions, SACDA, University of Western Ontario.
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d drum filter stream cation systems: synthesizing the optimum design. Tappi J.
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D1 first chlorine dioxide stage Norden, H.V., 1966. Analysis of a pulp washing filter. Kemian
D2 second chlorine dioxide stage Teollisuus 23, 344–351.
E1 Norden, H.V., Pekkanen, M., 1987. General calculation method
first extraction stage
for stagewise models of pulp washing and other mass and
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f Fast Finland: CPPA, 237.
H Hypochlorination stage Parsad, B., Kirkman, A., Jameel, H., Gratzl, J., Magnotta, V.,
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I. Dogan, ¨
A. Guniz ¨ ¨ / Advances in Environmental Research 8 (2004) 359–369
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˘
Ismail Dogan received his B.Sc. degree at METU,
Chemical Engineering Department, Turkey in 1998 and
his M.Sc. degree from the same university in 2000.
Now he is enrolled in the Ph.D. program of the same
369
department. His research topics are concentrated on pulp
and paper industry, modelling and process flow sheet
optimization.
¨
A. Guniz ¨ ¨ received her B.Sc. degree at METU,
Guruz
Turkey in 1969 and her Ph.D. degree from the UNB,
Canada in 1974. She worked at HU between 1974 and
1986, and since then she is working at METU as
Professor of Chemical Engineering. She worked at WPI
in 1980 with a Fulbright Scholarship. Her research
topics are concentrated on coal, surface characterization,
energy and process flow sheet optimization.