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offspring from the 1991, 1996, and “Yocum-McColl” sample site used for
1998 Bolivian importations to the laser scanning. The second phase of
USA. These animals were randomly fiber samples had a slightly lower MSF
selected from our own herd based on than the first. Twenty of the suri
whether we had fiber samples or fleeces alpacas had a uniform age range of 11
saved from the previous year’s clip. to 13 months at the time of sampling.
Three Australian suris were also tested. Eight samples from Phase 2 were sec-
These were first-generation suris from a ond or third fleeces, rather than virgin
suri x huacaya cross that were pheno- fleeces (and these animals were three to
typically suri. Two more of our suris five years old). Three of these could be
were from Peruvian origins. Fiber sam- compared to the same animal’s virgin
ples were collected in two phases. The fleece. MSF was within +/- 10% of the
first phase of 14 samples was collected virgin fleece. No significant difference
from shorn virgin fleeces. The remain- was noted between the first and subse-
ing (majority) of samples were taken quent fleeces. The remaining seven A well-locked suri in his second fleece, like
from unshorn suris using a uniform animals were 21 to 25 months old. this animal, typically had an MSF of 7-7.5.
Statistical Analysis
“7.0 Scale/100 micron seems to be a
distinctive parameter for suri.” 6
Dr. Davitt supplied the author with
1.7 megabyte, 8 bit gray scale, TIFF
files captured with a Scion Grabber
card from the SEM. Two micrographs
were taken of each sample. One to
MSF 5.O Suri is nearly as bright as mohair but MSF 5.75. Suri breeders need to reduce the AFD three fibers could be measured in each
has a much lower AFD. of their clip to be competitive with other specialty micrograph. These black and white
fibers. This sample is both fine (<19µ) and bright.
micrographs had remarkable brightness
and contrast. I used the NIH Image-J
software to measure the diameter of
fiber samples, and using the angle tool,
the angle of scale perpendicular to the
fiber. There was an obvious difference
between huacaya and suri samples. Suri
samples were typically less than 45
degrees, while huacaya and llama were
closer to 70 degrees. Both scale edge
angle and MSF can be used to identify
suri from huacaya or llama fibers.
Using modified IWTO-97 method-
ology, the MSF of our suri samples
was 6.15 scales per 100µ. This is
about 20% superior to cashmere or
the Peruvian suris in Antonini’s study.
MSF 6.5. The MSF of suri alpaca fiber in the MSF 7.0. The suri sample in this image has a
Scales were frequently as long as the
study of 35 suri alpacas was 6.15/100 micron. lower MSF than cashmere.
fiber was wide. There did not appear
to be a relationship between scale
length and fiber diameter as reported
in the literature for other specialty
fibers. This is good news for suri breed-
ers, since selecting for fineness should
not adversely affect luster. The average
scale length was 16.25µ. Antonini
concluded that;
“7.0 Scale/100 micron seems to be a
distinctive parameter for suri.” 6
■ MSF 5.5 2nd & 3rd fleece to identify. There was a significant dif-
■ MSF 5.8 virgin fleece ference between the MSF of guard hair
■ Range 3-10.25 on suris between Phase 1 & 2. This
■ MSF guard hair 8.65 was probably due to the uniform col-
■ Range 4-12 lection site used in Phase 2 and the fact
■ Phase 1 & 2 combined MSF 6.15 we intentionally included some samples
■ Substantially lower than Antonini’s that were “hairy” or had a stronger
Peruvian data (7.5). AFD in Phase 1. It is probably accurate
to say that SAC typically have guard
MSF should not be disassociated hair with about 16 scales/100µ.
with scale height. When the scale
height is impossible to measure, and Huacaya
you have to zoom in on the micro- Eight huacayas were evaluated, five
graph to 200% actual size to even visu- males and three females. Samples were
alize a scale edge, you have what is collected from virgin fleece. These were
essentially a mono-filament like silk. highly-evolved huacayas, with 2.0 to
Fine Huacaya – MSF 11.0. Huacaya samples
Several of the suris with a relatively 3.0 crimp per cm, clearly defined
were very fine, seldom exceeding 19µ.
high MSF of 7-8 were so smooth that bundling, and two were unusually
it still had a very slick, cool handle. bright. AFD was 16-19 micron. While
our suri samples were randomly select-
Guard Hair ed, based on fleeces or Yocum-McColl
Primary hair follicles (guard hair) of samples we had on hand, these hua-
the Camel Family had a distinctly dif- cayas were hand-picked to represent a
ferent scale pattern than the secondary dense, bundled, extremely fine, or very
fibers. With the exception of vicuñas, bright fleece. Huacaya samples had an
they were usually much stronger (high- MSF of 11.0, which is similar to wool,
er AFD) and had an extremely high with a range of 8.0-12.0 MSF. This
frequency of scale. These primary fibers correlates to an average scale length of
had extremely low scale height, and 9.0µ. Scale height was greater than suri,
despite their AFD and scale frequency but typically <0.3µ, which is ten times
probably had good luster. They were less than the most highly-evolved meri-
uniformly round, rather than elliptical. no wool. The scale edge angle of hua-
The scale pattern had what appeared to caya fibers was about 70 degrees, com- Sheepy Huacaya – MSF 10-12. This is either a
be a fractured or very busy “mosaic” pared to 45 degrees for suri. This may 16µ guard hair or a very "sheepy" secondary
from a fine huacaya. Note how similar it is to
appearance. This, combined with their be responsible for its slightly greater the undercoat of the double-coat llama (see
large AFD, made them relatively easy scale height. Among the huacaya sam- images on the next page).
Guanaco
Dr. William Franklin, one of the Vicuña
world’s leading authorities on guanacos We analyzed three wild and three
and vicuñas, supplied wild-caught gua- domestic vicuñas. Dr. Franklin sup-
naco samples from the Falkland plied the vicuña samples from the
(Malvinas) Islands. Four of the samples Pampa Galeras National Vicuña
came from the back near the top line, Reserve in Peru, and Dr. Toni Cotton
and one from two males who were bit- the domestic vicuñas from Jack and
ing each others’ necks. Four were red- Miriam Donaldson’s farm in Findlay,
dish-brown to fawn in color and one Ohio. The wild vicuñas were two
sample was white, probably coming adults and one cria. Samples were col-
from high on the side. This was truly a lected from center/middle back, top
random sampling! center neck, and center of back with
■ 5 samples from the Falkland Islands guard hair intact. The domestic sam-
■ MSF 11.0 ples were from adult males, and had Guanaco fiber was characterized by 60 micron
guard hair and very fine undercoat. The guard
■ 10-60 micron AFD been de-haired by hand. Staple length
hair is in front of the 10-12µ undercoat .
■ Lower MSF than vicuña was 40-50mm. The providence of cap-
■ Distinct guard hair with undercoat tive vicuñas is not as likely to be as
pure as wild vicuñas, especially in
Based on the similarity of their inci- European zoos where South American
sors, the guanaco is probably closely exhibits will frequently house all the
related to the llama, whereas the vicuña members of the SAC together.
is closely related to the alpaca. The However, these samples had largely
MSF of these authentically-pure guana- similar MSF and AFD.
cos certainly supports a close relation- ■ 6 samples (3 wild-caught)
ship between the guanaco and the dou- ■ Range 8.5-15 scales/100 microns
ble-coat ccarra-type llama. The under- ■ MSF 12.1875
coat of the guanaco samples was very ■ 12-15µ AFD
fine, and some fibers were as small as ■ Very uniform
10 microns! However, the guard hair
was much more prevalent than any of The vicuña samples were among the
the other breeds or species of SAC, and most interesting of the study. They
several 60-micron guard hairs would had a higher MSF than either hua-
Vicuña – MSF 12.875. The vicuña samples had a
dominate nearly every micrograph, cayas or llamas, and the difference higher MSF than llama, guanaco or huacaya.
making it difficult to isolate the much- between primary and secondary fibers AFD 12-15µ.
Mohair Fleece
with 6-7 crimps per cm. (This is two White Chinese cashmere, MSF 8.625, 14.2µ AFD.
to three times the curvature of a typical Mohair
huacaya). The two samples were pro- We evaluated a single sample of
vided by Ian Watt of Moro Bay, imported fawn mohair. Most mohair
California. production comes from South Africa.
Mohair is brighter than cashmere, and
Cashmere subjectively, appears to be as bright as
SEM has demonstrated that suri fiber suri. This sample had been washed.
is most similar to cashmere and Even though mohair is very coarse
mohair. These goat fleeces must be de- (typically <32µ), it still had a lower
haired, but have an MSF and surface MSF than suri. This is largely offset by
structure that is much more similar to its much greater AFD and more dis-
suri than huacaya or wool. While hua- tinct scale edge. Goat fleeces must be
caya breeders can learn much from de-haired, but are microscopically more
research based on merino wool, suri similar to suri than wool. Seven-thou-
breeders should probably look to other sand tons of mohair are sold each year,
resources. indicating the great potential that suri
Two cashmere samples were ana- fiber does have. Suri alpaca can certain-
lyzed. One sample was collected in the ly be marketed as having similar luster
Mohair – MSF 4.25, AFD 32µ. Mohair is bright
grease from a domestically raised doe. to mohair, while being much finer.
but coarse.
She had an MSF of 7.6, scale height of ■ One sample
1-2µ, and 17µ AFD. We also tested a ■ South African mohair
washed and de-haired cashmere sample ■ Mohair is from a goat like cashmere
which was imported from China and ■ High luster
supplied to us by Angus McColl. Mr. ■ MSF 4.25
McColl said that white Chinese cash- ■ Distinct scale compared to suri
mere was finer than other colors. It was ■ 32 microns (coarse)
very fine, at 14.2µ AFD. Since it had
been washed, it was also very bright, Angora Rabbit
but had an MSF of only 8.625, about Angora is a single-coat fiber that does
like SRS merino. Its range was 7-10 not need to be de-haired. Suri breeder
scales per 100 microns, and both sam- Kathleen Cullen gave me a sample of
ples were within the range of AFD and white Angora from her flock of
MSF reported in a literature search for German rabbits. White Angoras are
cashmere.3, 7, & 8 large-bodied and suitable for harvesting
Over five-thousand metric tons of their fiber. The cuticle scale pattern of
cashmere are sold each year, compared Angora was unlike any other fiber sam-
Angora rabbit – MSF 10.6. Angora is a single
to just 550 tons of suri. By verifying ple. It can best be described as an coat fleece that does not need to be de-haired.
the low MSF and scale height of suri “other-worldly” spiral pattern. It is has an unusual "spiral" scale pattern.