ENME603008

Termodinamika Dasar
Orientasi:
Exergy

Kamis, 16.00-17.40 @ S.305

20 November 2019

Dr. Eng. Muhammad Arif Budiyanto, ST, MT

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 Thermodynamics Balance
• Mass balance: Mass change = Mass transfer
min  mout  msystem
• Energy balance: Energy change = Energy transfer
Ein  Eout  Esystem
   
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
• Entropy balance: Entropy change = Entropy transfer + Entropy
generation
S in  S out  S gen  S system
    
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy
• Exergy balance: Exergy change = Exergy transfer - Exergy
destruction
X in  X out  X destroyed  X system
     
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work, and mass destruction in exergy 2
Why Study Exergy?
• In the last several decades, exergy analysis has begun
to be used for system optimization.
• By analyzing the exergy destroyed by each
component in a process, we can see where we
should be focusing our efforts to improve system
efficiency.
• It can also be used to compare components or
systems to help make informed design decisions.

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 Exergy Concepts

 The useful work potential of a system at the specified state is

called exergy.
 Exergy is a property and is associated with the state of the
system and the environment. A system that is in equilibrium
with its surroundings has zero exergy and is said to be at the
dead state.
 First And Second Law Concepts
Energy  Quantity Exergy  Quality

 Identifying Process Improvement Potential

 Energy Analysis: Conservation
 Exergy Analysis: Energy (Or Heat) Cascading

A Cautionary Note: Exergy Analysis Should Not Be Elevated To A Pivotal Position.

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 Exergy

 ‘Exergy’ is the available energy for conversion from a donating source

(or reservoir) with reference to a specified datum; usually the ambient
environment (T0)
 It is formally defined by :
E  H  H 0   T 0 S  S 0    N i  i   i 0 
i
 The truncated form, known as the physical or ‘thermo-mechanical’
exergy, is given by: E  H  H   T S  S 
0 0 0

 Energy (First Law) analysis

 concerns the ‘quantity’ of energy consumed in the production of a product
or activity

 Exergy (First and Second Law) analysis

 concerns the ‘quality’ of energy consumed in the
production of a product or activity
 Entropy Generation and
Exergy destruction
associated with heat transfer

Entropy transfer
by heat

Exergy transfer
by heat

Energy is conserved,
Entropy is generated,
Exergy is destroyed.
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Energy Destroyed
• Exergy destroyed represents the lost work potential and
is also called the wasted work or lost work.
• The difference between the reversible work Wrev and
the useful work Wu is due to the irreversibilities present
during the process and is called the irreversibility I. It is
equivalent to the exergy destroyed and is expressed as
I = Xdestroyed = ToSgen = Wrev,out - Wu,out = Wu,in - Wrev,in

where Sgen is the entropy generated during the process.

For a totally reversible process, the useful and
reversible work terms are identical and thus
irreversibility is zero.

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Form of Exergy
The exergy of various forms of energy are
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Exergy of kinetic energy: xke = ke = V
2
Exergy of potential energy: xpe = pe = gz

Exergy of internal energy:

xu = (u - uo) + Po(v - vo) - To(s - so)
Exergy of flow energy: xpv = Pv - Pov = (P - Po)v

Exergy of enthalpy: xh = (h - ho) - To(s - so)

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EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY
The useful work potential of a given amount of energy at some
specified state is called exergy, which is also called the availability or
available energy.
A system is said to be in the dead state when it is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment it is in.

A system that is in equilibrium

with its environment is said to be The atmosphere contains a
at the dead state. tremendous amount of energy, but
no exergy.
REVERSIBLE WORK and EXERGY DESTRUCTION
Reversible work Wrev: The maximum amount of
useful work that can be produced (or the
minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a
system undergoes a process between the
specified initial and final states.
As a closed
system expands,
some work needs
to be done to push
the atmospheric
air out of the way
(Wsurr).

The difference between

reversible work and
actual useful work is the
irreversibility.

For constant-volume
systems, the total
actual and useful
works are identical
(Wu = W). 10
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Exergy of kinetic energy:

Exergy of potential energy:

The exergies of kinetic

and potential energies
are equal to
The work potential or
themselves, and they
exergy of potential
are entirely available for
energy is equal to the
work.
potential energy itself.
 Exergy of a Fixed Mass:
Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy

The exergy of a specified

mass at a specified state is
the useful work that can be
produced as the mass
undergoes a reversible
process to the state of the
environment. 12
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy

Exegy of flow
energy

Flow
exergy

The exergy
associated with
flow energy is the
useful work that
would be
delivered by an
imaginary piston
in the flow section. 13
 EXERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT,
WORK, AND MASS
Exergy by Heat Transfer, Q
Exergy transfer
by heat

The transfer and

destruction of exergy
during a heat transfer
process through a
finite temperature
difference.

The Carnot efficiency c=1T0 /T represents the

fraction of the energy transferred from a heat
source at temperature T that can be converted to
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work in an environment at temperature T0.
EXERGY TRANSFER BY WORK, W

Exergy Transfer by Mass, m

There is no useful
work transfer
associated with
Mass contains boundary work when
energy, entropy, and the pressure of the
exergy, and thus system is maintained
mass flow into or out constant at
of a system is atmospheric
accompanied by pressure.
energy, entropy, and
exergy transfer.
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EXERGY DESTRUCTION

Exergy destroyed is a positive

quantity for any actual process and
becomes zero for a reversible
process.

The exergy change of a system

can be negative, but the exergy
destruction cannot.
The exergy of an isolated system during a process always decreases
or, in the limiting case of a reversible process, remains constant. In
other words, it never increases and exergy is destroyed during an 16
actual process. This is known as the decrease of exergy principle.
EXERGY BALANCE
The exergy
change of a
system during a
process is equal
to the difference
between the net
exergy transfer
through the
system
boundary and
the exergy
destroyed within
the system
boundaries as a
result of
irreversibilities.
Mechanisms
of exergy
transfer.
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Exergy fixed mass

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Exergy Transfer

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Exergy balance
• Exergy balance for any system undergoing any
process can be expressed as
General:

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Efficiency

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Contoh Aplikasi

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