S & H PILING

Engineering
DESIGN REPORT
L.L.C.
FOR CAST - INSITU (C.F.A.) BORED PILE
REF. NO. : S&H-COMBINED GROUP-006BW,/2019 DATE: 3/24/2019
PROJECT : AL MIRFA BEACH HOUSING - 410 VILLAS
OWNER : M/S: MUSANADA - ABU DHABI HOUSING AUTHORITY CONSULTANT DESIGNER
PIONEER ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY L.L.C.
CONSULTANT SUPERVISION : M/S: DORSCH GRUPPE - DORSCH INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS
CONTRACTOR : M/S: COMBINED GROUP GENERAL CONTRACTING LOCATION :
SECTOR AL MIRFA - ABU DHABI ,
PILE DESCRIPTION: BOUNDARY WALL CASE OF MAX. COMPRESSION, (ZONE #1, 2 & Zone 3) SOIL REPORT :M
MASFOUFA ENGINEERING LAB
PILE DESIGN WAS BASED ON BOREHOLE # A12
PILE CHARACTERISTICS:
CASE OF MAXIMUM VERTICAL LOAD
PILE DIAMETER 500.0 mm

PILE DEPTH 8.00 m FROM BHL

PILE WORKING APPLIED COMPRESSION WORKING 150.00 KN 20.00 kN
HLE LOAD 32.00 kN.M
WORKING APPLIED MOMENT
(-1.125 M) CUT OFF LEVEL

MED DENSE TO DENSE LAYER

FRICTION LAYER
(-4.00 M) V. DENSE LEVEL

VERY LOOSE
LAYER

(-5.50 M) DENSE LEVEL

MED DENSE LAYER

FRICTION LAYER

(-8.00 M) BOTTOM LEVEL

 PILE ULTIMATE APPLIED COMPRESSION 182.0 kN ULTIMATE
HORIZONTAL LOAD 30.0 kN
ULTIMATE APPLIED MOMENT 64.65 kN.M TOTAL PILE
COMPRESSION RESISTANCE 2134.90 kN SAFETY FACTOR
14.23
CRACK WIDTH UPPER SECTION. 0.166 mm CRACK WIDTH
LOWERD SECTION. 0.0.30 mm
CONCRETE:
SUPPLIER S&H
STRENGHT 40.0 N/mm²
CONCRETE MIX Refer to approved mixed design
REINFORCEMENT:
LONGITUDINAL 8 0 16 mm
SPIRAL
0 10 @ 150 mm
TYPE Non-Epoxy Steel
STRENGTH 460.0 N/mm²
COVER 75.0 mm
CAGE LENGTH 6
0 16 mm = 6.00 m
2
0 16 mm
= 3.00 m
NSITU (C.F.A.) BORED PILE
DATE: 3/24/2019
0 VILLAS
OUSING AUTHORITY CONSULTANT DESIGNER : M/S:

H INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS
AL CONTRACTING LOCATION : PLOT # P600,

SSION, (ZONE #1, 2 & Zone 3) SOIL REPORT : M/S.

(0.00 M) BH LEVEL

(-0.50 M) E.G.L
FROM BHL

KN 20.00 kN
kN.M
75 mm
 PILE GEOMETRIC AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PILING DIAMETER 500

PILE LENGTH (L) 8.00
NO. OF PILES 2232
SOCKET LENGTH 0.00
CONCRETE COVER 75
SAFETY FACTOR (MAX VLE LOAD) 14.46
LOAD FACTOR 1.00
CRACK WIDTH DUE TO BENDING & COMP, 0.166
Case of Max Vle Load
ANTICIPATED SETTLEMENT 0.248
WOKRING MAXIMUM COMPRESSION LOAD
PILE COMP. LOAD (Pcomp) 150.00
PILE RES. HLE. LOAD WITH COMP 20.00
PILE TOP RES. MOMENT WITH COMP 32.00
TORSIONAL MOMENT WITH COMP 0.00
ULTIMATE MAXIMUM COMPRESSION LOAD
PILE ULTIMATE VERTICAL LOAD 182.00
PILE RES. HLE. LOAD 30.00
APPLIED BENDING MOMENT 51.00
TORSIONAL MOMENT 0.00
CONCRETE MIX
CONRETE SUPPLIER S&H
CONCRETE STRENTH 40.0
ELASTIC MODULUS 26587.215

REINFORCEMENT
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT 8 Ø 16 mm
SPIRAL DIAMETER Ф 10 @ 150 mm
YIELD STRENGTH 460
ELASTIC MODULUS 200000
STEEL REINFORCEMENT Non-Epoxy Steel
CAGE LENGTH 6.00

SOIL INVESTIGATION
REPORT IS SUBMITTED BY CLIENT AND M/S. MASFOUFA
PREPARED BY ENGINEERING LAB
INFORMATION AND DATA FOR DESIGN BH #
ERISTICS

mm
m from BH level
pile
m
mm

mm

mm
N LOAD
kN
kN
kNm
kNm
N LOAD
kN
kN
kNm
kNm

N/mm ²
N/mm ²

8 Ø 16 mm
Ф 10 @ 150 mm
N/mm ²
N/mm ²
Non-Epoxy Steel
m

M/S. MASFOUFA
ENGINEERING LAB
A12
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1) SHORT PILE CONCEPT

1.1) CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES UNDER AXIAL WORKING LOAD
1.2) ALLOWABLE PILE VERTICAL LOAD
2) BEAM- COLUMN ACTION OF A FREE EDGED- EMBEDDED PILE
2.1) INTRODUCTION
2.2) CALCULATION OF IMPOSED VALUES ( BOUNDARY CONDITION )
2.3) DESIGN OF PILE SECTION SUBJECTED TO COMBINED STRESSES
2.3.1)
2.3.2)
2.3.3)
2.4) CHECK OF BAR SPACING AND SPIRAL PITCH
2.4.1)
2.4.2)
2.5) CHECK OF ONE -WAY SHEAR & SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
2.5.1)
2.5.2)
2.6) CHECK OF CRACK WIDTH
2.7) DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF MODULUS VARIATION
2.7.1)
2.7.2)
2.8) DETERMINATION OF REINFORCEMENT LENGTH
2.8.1)
2.8.2)
2.8.3)
2.8.4)
3) SINGLE PILE
3.1) INTRODUCTION
3.2) PILE RESTING ON COHESIONLESS SOIL
3.2.1)
3.2.2)
3.2.3)
3.2.4)
3.3) FRICTION BETWEEN PILE AND THE SOIL ABOVE THE PILE SOCKET
3.4) EFFECT OF GROUP PILE CAPACITY
3.5) ALLOWABLE VALUES OF PILE LOAD
3.5.1)
3.6) CALCULATION OF SINGLE PILE SETTLEMENT
APPENDIX : DESIGN SUMMARY
BLE OF CONTENTS

SHORT PILE CONCEPT

CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES UNDER AXIAL WORKING LOAD
ALLOWABLE PILE VERTICAL LOAD
BEAM- COLUMN ACTION OF A FREE EDGED- EMBEDDED PILE
INTRODUCTION
CALCULATION OF IMPOSED VALUES ( BOUNDARY CONDITION )
DESIGN OF PILE SECTION SUBJECTED TO COMBINED STRESSES
WORKING MAX. COMPRESSION LOAD
ULTIMATE MAX. COMPRESSION LOAD
CHECK OF BENDING STRESSES
CHECK OF BAR SPACING AND SPIRAL PITCH
CHECK OF BAR SPACING
CHECK OF SPIRAL PITCH
CHECK OF ONE -WAY SHEAR & SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
CHECK OF CROSS SECTION FOR SHEAR
CHECK OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
CHECK OF CRACK WIDTH
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF MODULUS VARIATION
CASE OF SINGLE PILE
GROUP OF PILES
DETERMINATION OF REINFORCEMENT LENGTH
THEORITICAL LOOK AT THE PROBLEM
CASE OF FREE PILE HEAD, WORKING VERTICAL LOAD
CASE OF FREE PILE HEAD, ULTIMATE VERTICAL LOAD
FLEXURAL MEMBERS, CRACKING MOMENT
SINGLE PILE
INTRODUCTION
PILE RESTING ON COHESIONLESS SOIL
MEYERHOF'S METHOD (1976)
MEYERHOF LIMIT'S METHOD
COYLE AND CASTELLO'S METHOD
BEREZANSEV AND BEREZANSEV ETAL (1961)
FRICTION BETWEEN PILE AND THE SOIL ABOVE THE PILE SOCKET
EFFECT OF GROUP PILE CAPACITY
ALLOWABLE VALUES OF PILE LOAD
COMPRESSION
CALCULATION OF SINGLE PILE SETTLEMENT
PENDIX : DESIGN SUMMARY
Page #
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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 -

TABLE 2 -

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 -

FIGURE 2 -

FIGURE 3 -

FIGURE 4 -
OF TABLES

Distribution of Deflection (Y), Horizontal Shear Force (V), Bending Moment (M), and Section Stresses (ζ1, ζ2) for
free-edged pile along the embedded length of the pile fo
Working load Case.
Distribution of Deflection (Y), Horizontal Shear Force (V), Bending Moment (M), and Section Stresses (ζ1, ζ2) for
free-edged pile along the embedded length of the pile for
Ultimate Load Case.

OF FIGURES

Pile Depth vs. Pile Deflection for Free Pile Head (Working Comp.)

Pile Depth vs. Pile Moment for Free Pile Head ( Working Comp.)

Pile Depth vs. Pile Deflection for Free Pile Head (Ultimate Comp.)

Pile Depth vs. Pile Moment for Free Pile Head ( Ultimate Comp.)
Page #

13

16

Page #

14

14

17

17
LIST OF SYMBOLS
fc =
f
cu =
F =
c,all
P =
ult

H=
Pu =
P =
all

Ac =
Ast =
Pn =
e=
Mo =
M1 =
Mt =
hs =
P =
uplift

H=
Mw =
N =
M =
ult
P
comp =
P =
ult

D=
As =
f'c =
fy =
Nw=
N =
ult

T=
ø=
As (Req) =
Pw =
ρ =
min

fct =
s =
min

Sp =
Ds =
Is =
Es =
Pb =
Pe =
vc =
Fs =
S=
λ=
 H =
max

s=
w=
acr =
є1 =
є2 =
єm =
bw =
h=
nh =
T=
I =
pile

Ho =
Mo =
Hф =
Mф =
Z =
max

X=
Y=
V=
M=
ζ1 , ζ2 =
Ay , Am ,Av =
By , Bm , Bv =
M1 =
M2 =
M0 =
H0 =
H1 =
Ht =
Yf =
Mf =
Fy =
Fm =
Qb =
qb =
c=
Nc =
qun =
qs =
C=
α=
NФ =
Ø=
qs =
ζv =
N=
Ф1 =
δ=
K=
Qu =
Q =
all

Si =
T OF SYMBOLS
Compressive stress of the pile concrete (N/mm2)
Average compressive stress resulted from working load (N/mm2)
Allowable applied stresses of concrete under working design load (mm2)
Ultimate concentric applied load (or with e ≤ 0.05H) (IBC - 2009, Table 1810.3.2.6) (kN)
Height of section (mm)
Ultimate pile load of concentric loading according to BS - 8110, Part 1, 1985 (kN)
Allowable load (kN)
Area of concrete section (mm2)
Area of steel (mm2)
Horizontal load at the top of the pile due to out of plumb (kN)
Eccentricity = Moment (M)/ Force (P) (mm)
Pile Top Moment (kNm)
Moment due to allowable force = (e x Pall) (kNm)
Total Moment (kNm)
Depth (D) of section - 2 x (pile cover) (mm)
Tension force applied (kN)
Horizontal load acting on section (kN)
Maximum moment for free head pile (kNm)
Compression Load (kN)
Ultimate moment (kNm)
Compression Load (kN)
Ultimate load (kN)
Section diameter (mm)
Area of steel section (mm2)
Concrete crushing strength (N/mm2)
Steel yeild strength (N/mm2)
Compression load aplied (kNm)
Ultimate compression load (kN)
Applied tension load (kN)
Under capacity factor for tension load
Steel area required (mm2)
Compression Load (kN)
Minimum required steel ratio for crack control
Direct tensile stresses (N/mm2) = for concrete ( 3-days) = 1.60 N/mm2
Maximum bar spacing = 2*db
Spiral pitch (mm)
Spiral diameter (mm)
Moment of inertia of one bar (mm4)
Modulus of elasticity of steel (N/mm2)
Applied load per bar (kN)
Maximum buckling load (kN)
Shear strength of concrete = 0.80 √fc
Applied shear stresses (N/mm )
Settlement (mm)
For normal weight concrete = 1.0
Max. applied shear load (kN)
spacing of bars (mm)
Crack width in (mm)
Reinforcement cover (mm)
Average strain at the level of crack
Average strain
Net strain= є1- є2 =
Width of the concrete member (mm)
Overall depth of the concrete member (mm)
Coefficient of modulus variation (kN/m3)
Stiffness factor
Moment of inertia of pile (mm4)
Horizontal force with boundary condition with free-edged pile at the top point of the pile (kN)
Moment with boundary condition with free-edged pile at the top point of the pile (kNm)
Horizontal force with boundary condition with free-edged pile at the tip point of the pile (kN)
Moment with boundary condition with free-edged pile at the tip point of the pile (kNm)
Embedded Length of pile divided by the stiffness factor
Depth of pile (m)
Deflection of free-edged pile head (mm)
Horizontal force of free-edged pile head (kN)
Moment of free-edged pile head (kNm)
Stresses in x and y directions of free-edged pile head (N/mm2)
Coefficients for free-edged pile head calculations
Coefficients for free-edged pile head calculations
Moment due to accidental eccentricity (kNm)
Moment due to lateral load (kNm)
Moment at the pile head (kNm)
Horizontal load applied on the pile (kN)
Horizontal load out of plumb (kN)
Total horizontal load (kN)
Pile deflection of fixed pile head (m)
Pile moment of fixed pile head (kNm)
Coefficient of deflection for fixed pile head
Coefficient of moment for fixed pile head
End- bearing force according to Terzaghi (kN)
End- bearing resistance according to Terzaghi (Mpa)
Undrained cohesion of the material below the pile tip (N/mm2)
Bearing capacity factor
Unconfined compression in rock socket (N/mm2)
Socket adhesion of pile in rock using Terzaghi's approach (Mpa)
Average cohesion of rock socket (kN/m2)
Adhesion factor
Bearing capacity factor
Angle of internal friction of soil (degrees)
Shear strength between the pile and the soil (kPa)
Avg overburden stresses (kPa)
SPT of friction
Angle of internal friction of soil (degrees)
Angle of internal friction between the pile and the soil (degrees)
Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
Ultimate pile load (kN)
Allowable pile load (kN)
Immediate settlement (mm)
 Icr = Cracked moment of inertia (mm4)
a= depth of the equivalent compression stress block (mm)
b= width of the equivalent concrete section (mm)
Cs = compression force in steel (N)
Cc = compression force in concrete (N)
d= distance from the top of the section to the tension steel (mm)
d' = distance from top of concrete section to top steel (mm)
As1 = area of steel in the compression zone (mm2)
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete (N/mm2)
Sc = non-cracked section modulus (mm3)
ϕ= resistance factor as specified in AASHTO = 0.9
Mn = nominal resisting moment (kNm)
Mr = factored resisting moment (kNm)
�= mid-distance of eqivalent section (mm)
Ig = gross moment of interia of section (mm4)
Dv = effective diameter (mm)
ŋ= Pile group Efficienc factor
Qm = Pile Total Capacity with Pile Group Effect
Qw = Pile Wedge Resistance
Qwb = Load carried by pile base resistance
ζ= Uniform distribution of unit skin friction along the pile
Qws = Load carried by pile shaft resistance
L= Pile length
Ap = Cross section area of the pile
Ep = Modulus of Elasticity of pile material (concrete)
Qwb = Load carried by pile base resistance
D= Pile Diameter
Ap = Cross section area of the pile
Es = Modulus of Elasticity below Pile Toe
μ= Poisson Ratio at pile toe
Iwb = Influence factor
Qws = Load carried by pile shaft resistance
P= Pile Perimeter
L= Embedded Pile Length
D= Pile Diameter
E
s,(Avg)
=
Average Modulus of Elasticity along the Shaft
1) SHORT PILE CONCEPT
1.1) CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES UNDER AXIAL WORKING LOAD
Due to the lateral restraints of the surrounding soil and with the assumption of concentrically loaded element (ef
of relatively non-flexable cap), the short column model applies rather nicely. Therefore, the compressive stress o
the pile concrete is found to be:

fc = Pile load / Area

fc = 0.76 N/mm2

For fcu 40.00 N/mm2, the average compressive stress resulted from working load should not exceed 25
(BS 8004 :7.4.4.3.1).
On the other hand, for cast in-situ bored piles (IBC - 2009, Table 1810.3.2.6), the allowable applied stresses of
concrete under working design load should not exceed 30% of the specified compressive strength ƒ 1c (cylinderal
crushing strength).

F
c, all
=
0.30 *ƒ`c *0.8 = 9.60

Is f < F ?
c c,all
YES . Therefore, short column requirements are fullfilled

1.2) ALLOWABLE PILE VERTICAL LOAD

According to ACI 318M-08 ,10.3, the ultimate concentric applied load (or with eccentricity, e
≤ 0.05 H) can be evaluated.

As per ACI - 318M-08, a factor of 0.85 is to be introduced to account for spirally reinforced members. In addition to
that, the same code of practice specifies a limit strength of 85 % of the concrete crushing strength used for bored pile
Therefore,

P
ult
=
0.85 [0.85ƒ'c( Ac - Ast )+(ƒyAst)]/10000
P
ult
=
248.62 tons

The max. ultimate applied load = 15.00

On the other hand, according to BS-8110, part 1, 1985, the ultimate pile load of concentric loading will be:

Pu = 0.4 ( fcAc ) + 0.75 ( Asfy )

Pu = 369.65 tons

Hence, the allowable load

P
all
=
369.65 tons

Structural wise, the pile is capable of carrying 15.00

a concentric load of:
Is the pile SAFE ?
DER AXIAL WORKING LOAD
g soil and with the assumption of concentrically loaded element (effect
mn model applies rather nicely. Therefore, the compressive stress of

ompressive stress resulted from working load should not exceed 25% ,

(IBC - 2009, Table 1810.3.2.6), the allowable applied stresses of

ot exceed 30% of the specified compressive strength ƒ 1c (cylinderal

N/mm²

YES . Therefore, short column requirements are fullfilled

ncentric applied load (or with eccentricity, e

troduced to account for spirally reinforced members. In addition to

ength of 85 % of the concrete crushing strength used for bored piles.

00

tons
1985, the ultimate pile load of concentric loading will be:

tons
YES
 2) BEAM - COLUMN ACTION OF FREE - EDGED EMBEDDED PILE
2.1) INRODUCTION
In order to have a conservative design of the foundation element, this section will treat the pile as a non-restrained element at the top (wit
eccentricilty). This eccentricity is due to construction operations, and the nature of the column load supported by the pile. Moreover, the o
must be considered.

The ACI manual ,83, specifies a maximum eccentricity of 0.05H for spirally reinforced members to account only for the accidental
this is taken as 75mm (refer to BS 8004, Art 7.4.2.5. 4) & ICE- specification for piling & embedded retaining walls 2nd Editi
(Table B 1.4).
When the pile suffers combined compression and bending, the resulting eccentricity is relatively small. Thus, the problem falls in the
domain. In this case, the nominal ultimate eccentric load carried by the pile section is calculated by Whitney formula.
2.2) CALCULATION OF IMPOSED VALUES (BOUNDARY CONITION)
According to ICE (specification for piling & retaining walls - 2 nd Edition - 2007 Table B 1.4), the maximum out of plumb tolerance =

2.00
Therefore, the HLE. Load at the top of the pile due to out of plumb ( P ) = kN
n
According to Abu Dhabi Municipality Specs for lateral force, the pile is to resist 5% of the compression load. However, the calculate
load given by the
consultant on a single pile is (H) = kN
The total horizontal load at the top of the pile =
kN
2.3) DESIGN OF PILE SECTION SUBJECTED TO COMBINED STRESSES
2.3.1) WORKING MAXIMUM COMPRESSION
According to ICE, (2nd Edition ) - 2007, for vertical eccentricity of 0.075 m, the resulting bending moment can be calculated as follo

20.00
22.00
Pile Comp. Load (Pcomp) = 150.00 kN
Eccentricity (e) = 0.075 m
Pile Top Moment(Mo)= 32.00 kNm
M1 = e x Pall = 11.25 kNm
Total Moment (Mt) = 43.25 kNm
hs = D - 2(cover) = 314.00 mm
hs/D = 0.63
Maximum Working Design Moment for Free Head = 54.52 kNm
(Refer to Table on Page # 13 in this booklet)
2.3.2)
ULTIMATE MAXIMUM COMPRESSION
P
ult = 182.00 kN
Applied Hle Load, H0 = 30.00 kN
H1 = 2.43 kN
Total Applied Hle Load, Ht = 32.43
Applied Moment, Mo = 51.00 kNm
Moment Due to Eccentricity, M1 = 13.65 kNm
Total Applied Moment, Mt = 64.65 kNm
Maximum Ultimate Design Moment for Free Head = 81.13 kNm
(Refer to Table on Page # 16 in this booklet)
as a non-restrained element at the top (with a minimal
oad supported by the pile. Moreover, the out of plumb driling

mbers to account only for the accidental eccentricity. However,

ing & embedded retaining walls 2nd Edition London-2007

vely small. Thus, the problem falls in the compression control

ted by Whitney formula.

), the maximum out of plumb tolerance = 1:75

compression load. However, the calculated value of horizontal

kN

ending moment can be calculated as follows:

2.3.3) CHECK OF BENDING STRESSES
For a cross section subjected to bending moment and compression load with eccentrcity e < e b (in Domain I), the following
approaches are to be introduced:

A) First Approach: Whitney Formula

According to Whitney Equation, the following variables are to be calculated:

Max Moment for FREE Head (M) = 81.13 kNm

Pile Ultimate Compression Load (P) = 182.00 kN

Eccentricity, e = (M/P) = 445.74 mm

a= 350 mm b= 402590 mm²

c= 2139566 mm² d= 6.49

f= 6283185 N k= 4.82

g= 967462 N j= 739907.9 N

l= 153487.04 N

According to Whitney Eqn:

Pu = 1.1E+6 N

Therefore, the pile section is capable of resisting an eccentric ultimate of: 1120.95

with an eccentricity 0.446

Used Section is Safe for Bending and Compression Requirement

B) Second Approach: (Case of Combined Compression and Bending Moment-Case Maximum Compression)

Utilizing ACI-318-05 code of practice, the used cross section can be checked as follows:

Mw = 54.52 kNm
M
ult = 81.13 kNm

Pw = 150.00 kN
P
ult = 182.00 kN

D= 500 mm

Cover = 75 mm

As = 16.08 cm2

fc = 32.00 N/mm2

fy = 460.00 N/mm2
Refer to the enclosed page, the point of applied stresses lies inside the interaction curve for the proposed cross section

Therefore, the used pile with above geometrical charateistics is OK

omain I), the following

kN

Compression)
osed cross section
C) Third Approach: BS Code (COMPRESSION AND BENDING)
As per BS 8110 Part 3, 1997:
fc = 40.0 N/mm² fy = 460.0

Mw= 54.5 kNm Nw= 150.0

M
ult
=
81.1 kNm N
ult
=
182.0

hs/D = 0.63

Making use of this reference.

α= 0.90 N/mm²
β= 0.65 N/mm²
Steel ratio = 0.82 %
As (Req) = 16.08 cm²

D) Fourth Approach (IBC)

Since the site area is located in Zone category D , IBC 2009, 1810, Section 3.9.4.1 & 3.9.4.2 specifies a minimum percenta
longitudinal reinforcement in a pile to be 0.5% of the pile cross-section. The length of the cage will be as specified in the sa
attached

Therefore area of steel is as follows:

As (Req) = 9.82 cm²

Refer to the enclosed page, the point of applied stresses lies inside the interaction curve for the proposed cross section

Therefore, the used pile with above geometrical charateistics is

 N/mm²

kN

kN

4.2 specifies a minimum percentage of

age will be as specified in the same section,

the proposed cross section

OK
E) Seventh Approach (Crack Control, Minimum Reinforcement)
For crack control, the minimum reinforcement for tension cracks is calculated by referring to BS 8007):

The minimum steel requirements can be extracted from the above specs as follows:
ρ
min
=
fct / fy

Where:

ρ
min
=
the minimum required steel ratio for crack control

the direct tensile stresses (N/mm 2)

fct =
for concrete ( 3-days) = 1.60 N/mm2

fy = the yield strength of steel

Therefore, the area of steel for tension crack calculated as: 6.83

F) Summary: Reinforcement Used

The reinforcement to be used is the maximum area of all the approaches 16.08

Steel Proposed: 8 Ø 16 mm

As (proposed) = 16.08

Considering the above appraoches, the pile's geometerical characteristics are found to be satisfying
to BS 8007):

cm2

cm2

cm2

atisfying
2.4) CHECK OF BAR SPACING AND SPIRAL PITCH
In order to complete the design of the beam-column member, the following must be verified:
2.4. CHECK OF BAR SPACING
1)
To control the tension cracks that might arise due to applied bending moment or accidental buckling, a maximum
of bar spacing is to be provided.
As per BS 8110 Part I:
Yeild Strength (fy) = 460.00 N/m²
Maximum bar spacing (smin)= 300.00 mm
Minimum bar spacing = 2*db = 32.00 mm
For 8 Ø 16 mm
S= 123.31 mm
Bar spacing is SUFFICIENT for tension crack control
Therefore,
2.4. CHECK OF SPIRAL PITCH
2)
Spiral Pitch (Sp) = 150.00 mm
Spiral Diameter (Ds)= 10.00 mm
Moment of inertia of one bar (I s) = 3215.36 mm4
Modulus of elasticity (Es) = 200000 N/mm2
Applied Load per bar (Pb) = 18.75 kN
Maximum buckling load (Pe) = 1127.19 kN
Euler Buckling : Pe > Pb YES

Therefore, Spiral Pitch of 150.00 mm is OK

2.5) CHECK OF ONE -WAY SHEAR & SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

2.5. CHECK OF CROSS SECTION FOR SHEAR

1)
Max applied shear load, refer to table listed on page # 13 = 22.00
According to BS 8110, Part 1, 3.7.6.4 - 1998, the shear strength of concrete section should not exceed the follow

(BS 8110 Part I) vc = 0.80 √fc = 5.06 N/mm²

Use vc = 5.00 N/mm2
Applied shear stresses, Fs = 0.112 N/mm²

Is concrete section OK for Shear? Concrete Section Adequate for Shear

erified:

idental buckling, a maximum limit

sion crack control

kN
should not exceed the following:

e for Shear
2.5.2) CHECK OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Concrete Shear Stress, BS 8110: Part 1: 1997, Table 3.8:
�
� 1 1

υ = ,0.79*100 + 3 4
-/�

�
�� (
400/�) �
Where: �

As = area of tension reinforcement (mm 2) 1608.50

ϒm = partial safety factor for strength of materials 1.25

bv = breadth of section (mm) 500.00
d= effective depth ( mm) 407

Shear stress in Beams BS 8110: Part 1: 1997, Section 3.4.5.2

The design shear stress

�

���
In no case shall υ exceed 0.8√fcu or 5N/mm2, whichever is lesser.

Where:
V= Nominal Applied shear force (KN) 49.89
To decide on the shear reinforcement, υc is compared to υ (BS 8110: Part 1: 1997, Table 3.7, Form and area of shear reinforcem
beams):

a) If υ is less than 0.5υc , then no shear reinforcement is required.

b) 0.5υc < υ < (υc + 0.4), then minimum shear reinforcement is adequate that is calculated using the following equation:

��� ≥ �
��
0.4����/
Where: 0.95
sv = spacing of links along the member (mm) 150 mm
fyv = strength of links 460 N/mm2

c) (υc + 0.4) < υ < 0.8√ fcu or 5N/mm2, then shear reinforcement is adequate that is calculated using the following equation:

υ=
��� ≥ �� ��(υ − υ�)/0.95���
8:

mm2

mm
mm

kN
Form and area of shear reinforcement in

ng the following equation:

using the following equation:

Nominal shear resistance of concrete (υc) : 0.58 N/mm2

Applied Shear Stress on Cross Section, υ : 0.25 N/mm2

For area of shear reinforcement, check if:

a) If υ is less than 0.5υc , then no shear reinforcement is required.
Then No Shear Reinforcement Needed
Is shear reinforcement needed? TRUE
b) If 0.5υc < υ < (υc + 0.4), then minimum shear reinforcement is adequate.
Minimum Shear Reinforcement is Not Adequate, Check (c)
Is Minimum Shear Area Sufficient? FALSE
c) If (υc + 0.4) < υ < 0.8√ fcu or 5N/mm , then shear reinforcement is adequate.
2

Equation Not Satisfactory

Is Shear Reinforcement Needed? FALSE
Therefore Area of Shear Reinforcement Required is = 0.00 mm2
Shear Area Provided is Ф 10 @ 150 mm 157.08 mm2

Shear Area Provided Adequate

Is the Shear Area Provided Adequate ?
Ф 10 @ 150 mm
According to ADIBC-2013, for Design category C, Clause 1810.3.9.4.2, For the pile section just below the C.O.L. the spiral diameter &
modified as per the followng,
1) Minimum Spiral Reinforcement Diameter is taken as 10.0 mm
2) The Minimum Spiral Pitch can be taken as
2.1) Spiral Pitch is 6.00 inches , S = 150.0 mm
128.00
1500.00
2.2) Spiral Pitch is 8 times longitudinal bar Diameter, S= mm
This spiral pitch is extended to a distance= 3 * pile diameter, L = mm
n just below the C.O.L. the spiral diameter & spacing have to be

mm
mm
2.6) CHECK OF CRACK WIDTH
A) CRACK CONTROL, CHECK OF CRACK WIDTH FOR ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION OR TENSION
ACCORDING TO ACI 350/350R (10.6.4)
For embedded concrete members subjected to combined moment and axial load, crack width can be calculated by the attached
spreadsheet.

The ACI code (ACI 224, IR-07) specifies the crack width to be within the following limits:

Eccentric Compression Working Load 150.00 kN

Working Moment 54.52 kNm

Please refer to the following table for crack width calculation:

Crack Width due to Combined Bending and Compression = 0.166

OMPRESSION OR TENSION

ck width can be calculated by the attached

limits:

mm
B) BS CODE: CRACK WIDTH DUE TO PURE BENDING,(wb)
According to BS 8007-1987, for members subjected to pure bending, the crack width can be calculated using the following
formula,
3�����
� =
�
2(��� − ����)
Where: 1 +
ℎ−�
acr = the shortest distance from the selected level on the surface to a long. bar

a =
�2 2
��
cr + �� − 86.80 mm
2 2
d=depth of tension steel from compression fascia 425.11
s = center to center spacing between bars 36.73
dc = disctance from bottom to center of steel bar 93.00
db = bar diameter (mm) 16.00
c
min
=
minimum clear cover to the longitudinal bar 85.00 mm
h= depth of the Equivalent square section of the pile 443.11 mm
b= width of the Equivalent square section of the pile 443.11 mm
x= depth of the neutral axis from compression fascia 386.46 mm
εm = the average strain at the selected level

ε = � −
�(ℎ − �)(� − �) 0.00010
m 1
3� � (� − �)
� �

Where: �1 = ��
εs = strain of tension steel 0.00002 mm/mm

wb = 0.03 mm

C) CRACK WIDTH IN COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING

Therefore, for combined Compression and Bending, the maximum crack width will be is less than the flexural crack width,
since they act against each other.
wc < 0.03 mm
ed using the following

e flexural crack width,

2.7) DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF MODULUS VARIATION
2.7.1) CASE OF SINGLE PILE
Making use of N-values with the aids of Menard theory, the modulus of subgrade reaction can be evaluated.

The average value of SPT from the ground surface to a level of 8.0
is found to be 50

The coefficient of subgrade reaction can be evaluated using the pressuremeter theory, which is presented in M. J
Tomlinson, 1981.

Another approach to calculate the coefficient of subgrade reaction is using Reese's approach which is presented
J. Tomlinson, 1981.

According to that, the coefficent of modulus variation is:

nh = 40000.00 kN/m3 ( attached Reese Etal curve)

Stiffness Factor (T) = 5

√E I / nh ( attached Tomlinson 4th Edition )
E (concrete) = 26587.21 N/mm2
I
pile
=
3.07E-03 m
4

Therefore,

Stiffness Factor (T) = 1.15 m for single pile

2.7.2) GROUP OF PILES

For pile spacing less than 2.5 x pile diameter, refer to Davisson's approach (1970) of lateral load capacity of pile
groups. The effect of pile group's should be introduced by imposing the reduction factor to the subgrade modulu
this given pile layout, the pile spacing is 4- times the pile diameter.

The reduction factor is 1

According to that, the coefficent of subgrade modulus for pile groups is reduced as follows:

nh = 40000.00 kN/m3

Stiffness Factor (T) = 5

√E I / nh ( attached Reese Curve )
E (concrete) = 2.66E+04 N/mm²
I
pile
=
3.07E-03 m
4

EI = 8.15E+04 kNm²
Stiffness Factor (T) = 1.15 m
 on can be evaluated.

meters

hich is presented in M. J.

oach which is presented in M.

d Reese Etal curve)

mlinson 4th Edition )

eral load capacity of pile

r to the subgrade modulus. For

ows:

ched Reese Curve )

2.8) DETERMINATION OF REINFORCEMENT LENGTH
2.8.1) THEORITICAL LOOK AT THE PROBLEM

When an embedded pile is subjected to horizantal force, Ho, and moment, Mo, at the top of the pile, the pile
will displace horizontally y(x) .By utilitzing Reese's approach, (refer to M.J. Tomlinson, 1983, 4 th edition),
the resulted values of moment, shear force and deflection for free- edged pile can be evaluated by solving
the 4th degree partial differential equation related to the elastic line and applied stresses. This equation is
shown below:
� 4�

−� � = ��
��4
According to the Winkler model, the modulus of subgrade reaction is proportional to the resulting
displacement as shown below:
� 4�

−� � = ��
��4
The boundary conditions of free-edged pile at the top point of the pile are as follows:

Ho = 22.00

Mo = 43.25

T= 1.15

The boundary conditions of free-edged pile at the tip point of the pile (deep level, high value of X) are as
follows:

Hф = 0.00

Mф = 0.00

EI = 8.15E+04

Z max = L/T 6.94

2.8.2) FREE PILE HEAD, WORKING LOAD - (MAXIMUM COMPRESSION)

The solution for deflection, moment and shear of the above P.D.E. can be approximated as presented in
Tomlinson 3rd edition for free pile head as follows:
����������(�) = 1 (� � �3 + � � �2)

��
� � � �
������ � = ����� + ����
����
�ℎ��� ����� � = ���� + ( � )
The values of Ay ,By ,Am ,Bm ,Av and Bv for different levels along the pile are listed in a table in Page #13
rce, H o, and moment, Mo, at the top of the pile, the pile
approach, (refer to M.J. Tomlinson, 1983, 4 th edition),
ction for free- edged pile can be evaluated by solving
he elastic line and applied stresses. This equation is

grade reaction is proportional to the resulting

p point of the pile are as follows:

kN

kNm

point of the pile (deep level, high value of X) are as

kN

kNm

kNm2

M COMPRESSION)

above P.D.E. can be approximated as presented in

ree pile head as follows:
� � �3 + � � �2)

��
� � � �
������ � = ����� + ����
����
along the pile are listed in a table in Page #13
The following table shows the the distribution of deflection, horizontal shear force, bending moment and section stresses along
embedded pile length for free-edged piles for Maximum Working Compression Load.

Table 1 - Distribution of Deflection (Y), Horizontal Shear Force (V), Bending Moment (M), and Section Stresses (σ 1, σ2) for free-edged pile along th
embedded length of the pile ( Maximum Working Compression Load).

Depth, X (m) Z Y (mm) V (kN) M (kNm) σ1 (N/mm2)

0 0.00 2.01 22.00 43.25 -4.29

1 0.87 1.18 13.85 51.23 -4.94

2 1.73 0.44 -6.53 54.52 -5.21

3 2.60 0.10 -16.43 46.63 -4.57

4 3.47 -0.04 -14.88 20.59 -2.44

5 4.34 -0.02 -8.93 5.36 -1.20

6 5.20 -0.01 -2.20 -2.42 -0.57

7 6.07 0.00 2.98 -2.67 -0.55

8 6.94 0.00 1.79 -1.37 -0.65

9 7.81 0.00 1.19 -0.69 -0.71

10 8.67 0.00 0.60 -0.69 -0.71

11 9.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.76

12 10.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.76

A close inspection of Table 1 shows that the combined stresses at 5.0

depth become compression within the allowable limits along the pile cross section.

Therefore, the reinforcement can be stopped at this level (ACI-318M).

Based on this, the proposed length of reinforcement is ( ACI-12.12.1) 5.64

However, the proposed cage length =

6.00
meters
and section stresses along the

σ2) for free-edged pile along the

σ2 (N/mm2)

2.76

3.41

3.68

3.04

0.91

-0.33

-0.96

-0.98

-0.88

-0.82

-0.82

-0.76

-0.76

meters

meters
The graphs below display the pile depth vs. pile deflection and the pile depth vs. resulting pile moment for case
of free pile head for Maximum Working Compression Load.
Deflection Diagram (Case of Free Pile
Head )
DEFLECTION (mm)
-1 0 1 1 2 2 3 -
0 1
2 0
4
6
8
10
12

1
0

2
0

3
0

4
0

Figure 1 - Pile Depth vs. Pile Deflection for Free Pile Head Figure 2 - Pile Depth vs. Pile Moment for Free Pile Head
15

5
0
and the pile depth vs. resulting pile moment for case
d.
Moment Diagram (Case of Free Pile Head)

MOMENT (kNm)

Figure 2 - Pile Depth vs. Pile Moment for Free Pile Head
15
2.8.3) FREE PILE HEAD, CASE OF ULTIMATE LOAD- (MAXIMUM COMPRESSION).
When an embedded pile is subjected to horizantal force, H o, and moment, Mo, at the top of the pile, the pile will
horizontally y(x) .By utilitzing Reese's approach, (refer to M.J. Tomlinson, 1983, 4 th edition), the resulted values o
shear force and deflection for free- edged pile can
be evaluated by solving the 4th degree partial differential equation related to the elastic line and applied stresses. Thi
shown below:
�4�

−� � = ��
��4
According to the Winkler model, the modulus of subgrade reaction is proportional to the resulting displacement as sh
�4�

−� � = ��
��4
The boundary conditions of free-edged pile at the top point of the pile are as follows:

Ho = 32.43
Mo = 64.65
T= 1.15

The boundary conditions of free-edged pile at the tip point of the pile (deep level, high value of X) are as follows:

Hф = 0.00
Mф = 0.00
EI = 8.15E+04
Z max = L/T 6.94

The solution for deflection, moment and shear of the above P.D.E. can be approximated as presented in Tomlinson 3 r
free pile head as follows:
����������(�) = 1 (� � �3 + � � �2)

��
� � � �
������ � = ����� + ����
�� ��

�ℎ��� ����� � = ���� + ( � )

The values of Ay ,By ,Am ,Bm ,Av and Bv for different levels along the pile are listed in a table in Page #16
D- (MAXIMUM COMPRESSION).
l force, H o, and moment, Mo, at the top of the pile, the pile will displace
refer to M.J. Tomlinson, 1983, 4 th edition), the resulted values of moment,
nd deflection for free- edged pile can
tial equation related to the elastic line and applied stresses. This equation is
shown below:
�4�

−� � = ��
��4
grade reaction is proportional to the resulting displacement as shown below:
�4�

point of the pile are as follows:

kN
kNm
m

point of the pile (deep level, high value of X) are as follows:

kN
kNm
kNm2

above P.D.E. can be approximated as presented in Tomlinson 3 rd edition for

��
� � � �
���� � = ����� + ����
�� ��

evels along the pile are listed in a table in Page #16

 16
The following table shows the the distribution of deflection, horizontal shear force, bending moment and section stresses along the em
length for free-edged piles for the Ultimate Maximum Compression Load Case.

Table 2 - Distribution of Deflection (Y), Horizontal Shear Force (V), Bending Moment (M), and Section Stresses (σ 1, σ2) for free- edged pile along the em
the pile ( Ultimate Load Case).

Depth, X (m) Z Y (mm) V (kN) M (kNm)

0 0.00 2.98 32.43 64.65

1 0.02 1.76 20.33 76.37

2 0.03 0.65 -9.90 81.13

3 0.05 0.14 -24.49 69.32

4 0.06 -0.06 -22.12 30.61

5 0.08 -0.02 -13.27 7.92

6 0.09 -0.01 -3.24 -3.61

7 0.11 0.00 4.42 -3.98

8 0.12 0.00 2.65 -2.04

9 0.14 0.00 1.77 -1.02

10 0.15 0.00 0.88 -1.02

11 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00

A close inspection of Table 2 shows that the combined stresses at

depth become compression within the allowable limits along the pile cross section.

Therefore, the reinforcement can be stopped at this level (ACI-318M).

Based on this, the proposed length of reinforcement is ( ACI-12.12.1)

However, the proposed cage length = 6.00 meters

moment and section stresses along the embedded pile

resses (σ 1, σ2) for free- edged pile along the embedded length of

σ1 (N/mm2) σ2 (N/mm2)
-6.03 4.51

-6.99 5.46

-7.38 5.85

-6.42 4.89

-3.26 1.73

-1.41 -0.12

-0.47 -1.06

-0.44 -1.09

-0.60 -0.93

-0.68 -0.85

-0.68 -0.85

-0.76 -0.76

-0.76 -0.76

5.0 meters

5.64 meters
 17
The graphs below display the pile depth vs. pile deflection and the pile depth vs.
resulting pile moment for case of free pile head for the Ultimate Load Case.
Deflection Diagram (Case of Free Pile M
Head ) o
DEFLECTION (mm)
-1 0 1 2 3 4
m
0 e
2
4 n
6
8
t
10 D
12
ia
g
r
a
m

(
C
a
s
e
o
f
F
r
e
e
P
il
e
H
e
a
d
)
M
O
M
E
N
T
(k
N
m)
-
2
0

2
0

4
0
Figure 3 - Pile Depth vs. Pile Deflection for Free
Pile Head for Ultimate Load Case
 17
pile deflection and the pile depth vs.
ead for the Ultimate Load Case.
Figure 4 - Pile Depth vs. Pile Moment for Free Pile
Head for Ultimate Load Case
2.8.4) FLEXURAL MEMBERS, CRACKING MOMENT
A) FACTORED FLEXURAL RESISTANCE
The factored resisting moment, Mr is taken as:

�� = �� �
Where:

ϕ= resistance factor as specified in AASHTO = 0.9

Mn = nominal resisting moment (kNm)

The calculation of Mn is done by drawing an equivalent square section of the circular pile as shown below:

Therefore, the width 'b' = 443.11 mm b

The new neutral axis (xx ) of the section is: A

s1
A
s1

0.003

�= ��
� d
+ 0.
003

��
Where:

fy = 460 N/mm2

Es = 200000 N/mm2

Therefore, the equation can be simplified to xx = 0.566 d

The nominal resisting moment for doubly reinforced section is calculated with the following formula:

�� = �� � − + �� � − �′
2
Where:

a= depth of the equivalent compression stress block (mm)

b= width of the equivalent concrete section (mm)
Cs = compression force in steel (N)
Cc = compression force in concrete (N)
d= distance from the top of the section to the tension steel (mm)
d' = distance from top of concrete section to top steel (mm)
n= No. of bars in compression
As1 = area of steel in the compression zone (mm2)
Therefore,

Mn = 5.72E+08 Nmm
 572.09 kNm

Mr = 514.88 kNm
�
e as shown below:

A
s1 d'
A
s1

wing formula:

0.8xx 166.69
√Area of pile 443.11
As1(fy-0.85f'c) -1.04E+02
0.85f'cab 2.01E+06
b - concrete cover 368.11
concrete cover 75.00
0.00
-0.24
B) CRACKING MOMENT (SECTION 2.8.4 Cont'd)
The tensile reinforcement of the section should be adequate to develop a factored flexural resisting moment, M r, that is greater than o
equal to 1.33 x cracking moment, Mcr: (refer to AASHTO, 5.7.3.3.2)

�� ≥ 1.33���
Refer to ADIBC 2013, Section 1810.3.9, the Design Cracking Moment or deep foundaton can be evaluated using the following
formula:

��� = ∅ �� = 0.25 �′���

Where:

f'c = Specified cube compressive strength of concrete

Sm = Elastic section modulus, neglecting reinforcement and casing
ϕ= Resistance factor as specified in AASHTO

Therefore,

Mcr = 1.94E+07 Nmm

19.40 kNm

Case of Maximum Compression Load

At Top Level:
Applied Working Moment for Free head = 54.52 kNm
Applied Ultimate Moment for Free head = 81.13 kNm
Section Resisting Moment = 514.88 kNm
Section Cracking Moment = 19.40 kNm

At Lower Level:

Applied Working Moment for Free head = 46.63 kNm

Applied Ultimate Moment for Free head = 69.32 kNm
Section Resisting Moment = 514.88 kNm
Section Cracking Moment = 19.40 kNm

Section Resisting Moment > 1.33 x Cracking Moment? YES, SECTION IS SAFE

Section Resisting Moment > Applied Ultimate Moment? YES, SECTION IS SAFE
isting moment, M r, that is greater than or

n be evaluated using the following

(Eq 18-11)

40 MPa
12271846.30 mm3
0.9

, SECTION IS SAFE

, SECTION IS SAFE
3) SINGLE PILE , CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY
3.1) INTRODUCTION
This section will focus on cast-insitu piles (CFA or temporary casing bored piles). These piles will extend through
weak strata to the hard on (rock or rock-like) strata. In such cases, high portion of the pile load is carried by the en
bearing resistance of soil at the pile tip. In other words, the contribution of the skin friction to the pile load is relat
smaller.

In this report, the pile skin friction for loose and very loose cohesionless soils is totally disregarded. The end beari
resistance is calculated using the basic bearing capacity equation for deep foundations (Terzaghi, 1943). The beari
capacity factors are then related to field test results, as reported by several soil experts.

Settlement of single pile is found using semi-emperical method by Burland and Burbidge . It is worthy to point ou
observed field settlement values ( pile test ), especially for CFA piles, show less values.

It is generally accepted that Qu = Qb + Qs , where:

Many approaches have been derived to evaluate the end bearing capacity and the skin friction of a single pile. The
empirical formulae utilize the field data along with the famous Meyerhof bearing capacity equation and the adhes
between the pile material and the surrounding soil material.

3.2) PILE RESTING ON COHESIOLESS SOIL

3.2.1) MEYERHOF METHOD (1976)

The Terzaghi (1976) general bearing capacity equation is modified (depending on the values of L/D) to
deep foundation behavior.

qb = qNq

Where:

q= is the overburden effective weight of soil at the tip (kN/m 2)

Nq = is the bearing capacity factor

Ф= 40
L/D = 16.00
Nq = 346
q= 102 kN/m2
(L/Dcr) = 16.0

qb = 35,292 kN/m2
 piles). These piles will extend through the
tion of the pile load is carried by the end
the skin friction to the pile load is relatively

ils is totally disregarded. The end bearing pile

oundations (Terzaghi, 1943). The bearing
soil experts.

and Burbidge . It is worthy to point out that

w less values.

Qb = qbAb

nd the skin friction of a single pile. The semi-

bearing capacity equation and the adhesion

ed (depending on the values of L/D) to suit the

tip (kN/m 2)
3.2.2) MEYERHOF LIMIT
Refer to Baraja Das, 7th edition 2007, the limiting value of end bearing resistance ,q b, is calculated using the
following equation:

qb = 50Nqtan Ф

qb = 14,638

3.2.3) COYLE AND CASTELLO

qb = qNq

Where:

q= is the over burden effective stresses at the tip (kN/m 2)

Nq = is the bearing capacity factor

Ф= 40
Nq = 100
L/D = 16.00
q= 102.0

qb = 10,200

3.2.4) BEREZANSEV AND BEREZANSEV ETAL (1961)

Ф= 40
L/D = 16.00
Nq = 150
q= 102.0

qb = qNq

qb = 15,300
MIT
a Das, 7th edition 2007, the limiting value of end bearing resistance ,q b, is calculated using the
ation:

kN/m2

ASTELLO

over burden effective stresses at the tip (kN/m 2)

bearing capacity factor

kN/m²

kN/m²

AND BEREZANSEV ETAL (1961)

kN/m²

kN/m²
3.3) FRICTION BETWEEN PILE AND SOIL ABOVE PILE SOCKET
It is known from basic soil mechanics that shear strength between the surface of embedded body and
cohesionless soil can be written as follows:

qs = ζhtan δ

qs = Kζvtan δ

Therefore,

Layer # 1
Depth above Water Table 4.00 m

Top level of friction layer I 1.00 m

Bottom level of firction layer 4.00 m

Thickness of friction layer 3.00 m

Avg overburden stresses (ζv) 45.00 kN/m²

Avg Ф1 41 degrees

Avg δ 33 degrees

L1 3.00 m

L/D 6.00

Avg K value 0.35

q
s1 10.07 kN/m²
Q
s1 47.41 kN

Layer # 2
Depth above Water Table 4.00 m

Top level of friction layer II 4.00 m

Bottom level of firction layer 8.00 m

Thickness of friction layer 4.00 m

Avg overburden stresses (ζv) 92 kN/m²

Avg Ф2 38 degrees

Avg δ 31 degrees

L2 4.00 m

L/D 8.0

Avg K value 0.4

q
s2 19.02 kN/m²
 Q
s2 119.46 kN

Qs = Qs1 + Qs2 = 166.87 kN

 Herein, the minmum value of end bearing capacity (qb) is to be considered.
Therefore,

qb = 10200.00 kN/m2

Qb = 2002.77 kN

Herein, the minmum value socket adhesion is to be considered.

Qs1 = 0.00 kN SOCKET ADHESION

Qs2 = 166.87 kN GRANULAR FRICTION

Qs = 166.87 kN TOTAL FRICTION RESISTANCE

Herein, the sum of the values of the end bearing capacity and socket friction are to be considered: Q u = Qb + Qs

Therefore, the total ultimate pile load is:

Qu = 2169.64 kN

3.4) EFFECT OF GROUP PILE CAPACITY

In order to check the effect of group piles, the the actual pile resistance is multiplied by the group pile efficiency facto (ŋ ) tha
calculated using the following equation (Bolin, 1941):
�−1�+ �−1�

90��
Where:

n= number of pile rows = 1

m= number of pile columns = 1

θ= tan-1(D/S) in Degrees = 12.53

D= Pile Diameter (mm) = 500.00

S= Pile Spacing (mm) = 2250.00

Therefore, the efficiency factor ŋ = 1.000

ŋ=1− �
ed.

STANCE

ction are to be considered: Q u = Qb + Qs

ultiplied by the group pile efficiency facto (ŋ ) that is

�
 With an Group Efficiency Factor of (ŋ) 1.000

Therefore, the calculated Pile resistances is multiplied by the pile group efficiency factor in order to Check the
Compression and Uplift Factors of Safety.

3.5) ALLOWABLE VALUES OF PILE LOAD

In order to provide a safeguard against overloading and excessive settlement, a proper factor of safety is to be applied to the p
ultimate resistance.

According to Tomlinson, the factor of safety can be taken as 3

Hence,

3.5. COMPRESSION, CASE OF MAXIMUM MOMEN

1) For compression, the factor of safety is 3.00

For Qall = 150.00 kN

Qu = 2169.64 kN
Qm = ŋ Qu = 2169.64 kN

The factor of safety is 14.46 therefore,

up efficiency factor in order to Check the

ent, a proper factor of safety is to be applied to the pile

Design is OK
 3.6) CALCULATION OF SINGLE PILE SETTLEMENT

The settlement of a pile under a vertical load is caused by three factors, which are the Elastic Settlement o shaft, Settlement at the pile toe
and settlement caused by load along the shaft (AASHTO LRFD).

a) Elastic Settlement of Shaft:

�1 = ��� + �� �/(����)

Where:

Qwb = 138.46 kN Load carried by pile base resistance

ζ= 0.5 Uniform distribution of unit skin friction along the pile

Qws = 11.54 kN Load carried by pile shaft resistance

L= 8.00 m Pile length

Ap = 0.20 m
2 Cross section area of the pile

Ep = 26587214.97 kPa Modulus of Elasticity of pile material (concrete)

Therefore, s1 = 0.221 mm

b) Settllement at the Pile Toe:

� 2 = (���� )/ ���� �(1−�2)���

Where:

Qwb = 138.46 kN Load carried by pile base resistance

D= 0.50 m Pile Diameter
Ap = 0.20 m
2 Cross section area of the pile
Es = 48000.00 kPa Modulus of Elasticity of Soil below Pile Toe

μ= 0.20 Poisson Ratio of soil mass at pile toe

Iwb = 0.80 Influence factor

Therefore, s2 = 0.006 mm

c) Settlement caused by load along the Shaft:

��� �
� = � x(1 − �2)�

3
�� ��
Where: ��

Qws = 11.54 kN Load carried by pile shaft resistance

P= 1.57 m Pile Perimeter
L= 8.00 m Embedded Pile Length
D= 0.50 m Pile Diameter
E
s,(Avg)
=
70000.00 kPa Average Modulus of Elasticity along the Shaft
μ= 0.25 Poisson Ratio of soil along shaft
 Iws = 3.40 Influence Factor = 2 +0.35√(L/D)

Therefore, s3 = 0.021 mm

The total settlement of the pile would be the sum of s1 + s2 + s3 = 0.25

 lement o shaft, Settlement at the pile toe

g the pile

e)
mm
 APPENDIX
DESIGN SUMMARY

AL MIRFA BEACH HOUSING - 410 VILLAS - BOUNDARY WALL ZONE #1

BOUNDARY WALL ANALYSIS

Applied Loads (Case of Maximum Compression)

Working Vertical (kN ) 150.00 kN

Working Horizontal (kN) 20.00 kN
Applied Working BM At Pile Head 32.00 kNm
Working Maximum BM At Upper Section 54.52 kNm
Working Maximum BM At Lower Section 46.63 kNm
Ultimate Vertical (kN) 182.00 kN
Applied Ultimate BM At Pile Head 51.00 kNm
Ultimate Horizontal Load (kN) 30.00 kN
Ultimate Maximum BM At Upper Section 81.13 kNm
Ultimate Maximum BM At Lower Section 69.32 kNm
Pile Diameter (mm) 500.00 mm
Pile Length (m) 8.00 m BH Level
Proposed Pile Reinforcement (As) 8 Ø 16 mm
Factor of Safety 14.46
Crack Width (Bending & Compression) 0.166 mm

Please Refer to Attached Interaction Curve & Crack Width Calculations

E #1