GSM - a description of the development story or history of GSM, Global System for

Mobile communications developed out of the original Groupe Special Mobile pan_european
system.

In its time, the GSM cell or mobile phone system became the most popular cellular telecommunications system in
the world.

GSM handsets became available at affordable and the networks offered a robust and reliable service.

Along with this, the GSM system provided a feature-rich suite of capabilities for its time with applications such as
SMS text messaging, international roaming, SIM cards and the like. It was also enhanced with technologies
including GPRS and EDGE. To achieve this level of success took many years and was the result of both technical
development and international cooperation. The GSM history can be seen to be a story of cooperation across
Europe, and one that nobody thought would lead to the success that GSM is today.

GSM history beginnings

Although now well in the past, the first cellular telecommunications systems represented a huge leap in
capabilities. The first cell phone systems that were developed used analogue technology. Typically they used
frequency-modulated carriers for the voice channels and data was carried on a separate shared control channel.
Two of the major systems that were in existence were the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) that was used
in the USA and many other countries and TACS (Total Access Communications System) that was used in the UK
as well as many other countries around the world.

Another system that was employed, and achieved the milestone of being the first system to be commercially
deployed. It was the Nordic Mobile Telephone system (NMT). This was developed by a consortium of companies
in Scandinavia and proved that international cooperation was possible.

The success of these systems proved to be their downfall. The use of all the systems installed around the globe
increased dramatically and the effects of the limited frequency allocations were soon noticed. To overcome these
a number of actions were taken. A system known as E-TACS or Extended-TACS was introduced giving the TACS
system further channels. In the USA another system known as Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) was developed.

Development story progresses

It soon became obvious that cellular technology needed to be more efficient. With the experience gained from the
NMT system, showing that it was possible to develop a system across national boundaries, and with the political
situation in Europe lending itself to international cooperation it was decided to develop a new Pan-European
System. Furthermore it was realized that economies of scale would bring significant benefits. This was the
beginnings of the GSM system.

To achieve the basic definition of a new system a meeting was held in 1982 under the auspices of the Conference
of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT). They formed a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile ( GSM )
to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. Several basic criteria that the new cellular
technology would have to meet were set down for the new GSM system to meet. These included: good subjective
speech quality, low terminal and service cost, support for international roaming, ability to support handheld
terminals, support for range of new services and facilities, spectral efficiency, and finally ISDN compatibility.

With the levels of under-capacity being projected for the analogue systems, this gave a real sense of urgency to
the GSM development. Although decisions about the exact nature of the cellular technology were not taken at an
early stage, all parties involved had been working toward a digital system. This decision was finally made in
February 1987. This gave a variety of advantages. Greater levels of spectral efficiency could be gained, and in
addition to this the use of digital circuitry would allow for higher levels of integration in the circuitry. This in turn
would result in cheaper handsets with more features. Nevertheless significant hurdles still needed to be overcome.
For example, many of the methods for encoding the speech within a sufficiently narrow bandwidth needed to be
developed, and this posed a significant risk to the project. Nevertheless the GSM system had been started.

Global GSM usage

Originally GSM had been planned as a European system. However the first indication that the success of GSM
was spreading further afield occurred when the Australian network provider, Telstra signed the GSM
Memorandum of Understanding.

Frequencies
Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on frequencies in the 900 MHz cellular band. In
September 1993, the British operator Mercury One-to-One launched a network. Termed DCS 1800 it operated at
frequencies in a new 1800 MHz band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition was
introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used and further increasing the overall
capacity.

This trend was followed in many countries, and soon the term DCS 1800 was dropped in favour of calling it GSM
as it was purely the same cellular technology but operating on a different frequency band. In view of the higher
frequency used the distances the signals travelled was slightly shorter but this was compensated for by additional
base stations.

In the USA as well a portion of spectrum at 1900 MHz was allocated for cellular usage in 1994. The licensing
body, the FCC, did not legislate which technology should be used, and accordingly this enabled GSM to gain a
foothold in the US market. This system was known as PCS 1900 (Personal Communication System).

GSM success
Looking back on the way GSM developed, the way it was deployed and grew over the years, shows the GSM
history is a story of success. GSM was used in many countries outside Europe. Deployment on this scale had not
been anticipated and it resulted in its name change from Groupe Special Mobile to Global System for Mobile
communications.

The number of subscribers grew rapidly and by the beginning of 2004 the total number of GSM subscribers
reached the 1 billion mark - a major milestone in the history of cellular telecommunications as well as for GSM
itself. Attaining this figure was celebrated at the Cannes 3GSM conference held that year. Figures continued to
rise, reaching and then well exceeded the 3 billion mark. In this way the history of GSM has shown it was a major
success.

GSM history key dates

Key GSM History Dates & Milestones

Year Milestone
Groupe Speciale Mobile established by to develop the pan-European cellular
1982
mobile system standards.
Key GSM History Dates & Milestones
Year Milestone
1985 Basic list of recommendations to be generated by the group was adopted.
Field tests undertaken to prove which techniques should be adopted for the new
1986
system.
TDMA approach adopted as the main access method for GSm. Frequency division
is also used between channels, but time division each individual frequency
channel.
1987
Also in this year the Initial Memorandum of Understanding was signed by
telecommunication operators from 12 member countries.
1988 GSM system validation undertaken
ETSI, European telecommunications Standards Institute takes on responsibility
1989
for managing the GSM standards.
1990 Phase 1 of the GSM specifications released.
1991 Commercial launch of the GSM service
1993 Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe
1995 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications released
2004 GSM subscriptions reach 1 billion. Announcement made at 3GSM in Cannes

GSM Network Architecture

- the GSM network architecture consists of different elements that all interact together to form
the overall GSM system. These include elements like the base-station, controller, MSC, AuC,
HLR, VLR, etc.

The GSM technical specifications define the different elements within the GSM network architecture. It defines
the different elements and the ways in which they interact to enable the overall system operation to be maintained.

The GSM network architecture is now well established and with the other later cellular systems now established
and other new ones being deployed, the basic GSM network architecture has been updated to interface to the
network elements required by these systems.

Despite the developments of the newer systems, the basic GSM system architecture has been maintained, and the
network elements described below perform the same functions as they did when the original GSM system was
launched in the early 1990s.GSM network architecture elements

The GSM network architecture as defined in the GSM specifications can be grouped into four main areas:

 Mobile station (MS)

 Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
  Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The different elements of the GSM network operate together and the user is not aware of the different entities
within the system.

A basic diagram of the overall GSM system architecture with these four major elements is shown below:

Simplified GSM Network Architecture Diagram

Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely known, cell or mobile phones are the
section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates. In recent years their size has fallen
dramatically while the level of functionality has greatly increased. A further advantage is that the time between
charges has significantly increased.

There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the two main elements are the main hardware and the
SIM.

The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile phone including the display, case, battery, and the
electronics used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. It also contains a
number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is installed in the phone at
manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed by the network during registration to check whether the
equipment has been reported as stolen.
The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module contains the information that provides the identity of the user to the
network. It contains are variety of information including a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI).

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the GSM network architecture that is fundamentally associated with
communicating with the mobiles on the network. It consists of two elements:

 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS used in a GSM network comprises the radio transmitter
receivers, and their associated antennas that transmit and receive to directly communicate with the
mobiles. The BTS is the defining element for each cell. The BTS communicates with the mobiles and the
interface between the two is known as the Um interface with its associated protocols.
 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC forms the next stage back into the GSM network. It controls a
group of BTSs, and is often co-located with one of the BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources
and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates channels and the like. It
communicates with the BTSs over what is termed the Abis interface.

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The GSM system architecture contains a variety of different elements, and is often termed the core network. It
provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. The major elements within the core
network include:

 Mobile Switching services Centre (MSC): The main element within the core network area of the overall
GSM network architecture is the Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The MSC acts like a normal
switching node within a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides additional functionality to enable the
requirements of a mobile user to be supported. These include registration, authentication, call location,
inter-MSC handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber. It also provides an interface to the PSTN so
that calls can be routed from the mobile network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other
MSCs are provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.
 Home Location Register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative information about each
subscriber along with their last known location. In this way, the GSM network is able to route calls to the
relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their phone, the phone registers with the
network and from this it is possible to determine which BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls
can be routed appropriately. Even when the phone is not active (but switched on) it re-registers
periodically to ensure that the network (HLR) is aware of its latest position. There is one HLR per
network, although it may be distributed across various sub-centres to for operational reasons.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information from the HLR that enables the
selected services for the individual subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be implemented as a separate
entity, but it is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC, rather than a separate entity. In this way
access is made faster and more convenient.
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether a given mobile
equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each mobile equipment has a number known as the
International Mobile Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is installed in the equipment
and is checked by the network during registration. Dependent upon the information held in the EIR, the
mobile may be allocated one of three states - allowed onto the network, barred access, or monitored in
case its problems.
  Authentication Centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that contains the secret key also
contained in the user's SIM card. It is used for authentication and for ciphering on the radio channel.
 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): The GMSC is the point to which a ME terminating call is
initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's location. The GMSC is thus in charge of obtaining the
MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN
number, the "directory number" of a MS) and routing the call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part
of the term GMSC is misleading, since the gateway operation does not require any linking to an MSC.
 SMS Gateway (SMS-G): The SMS-G or SMS gateway is the term that is used to collectively describe
the two Short Message Services Gateways defined in the GSM standards. The two gateways handle
messages directed in different directions. The SMS-GMSC (Short Message Service Gateway Mobile
Switching Centre) is for short messages being sent to an ME. The SMS-IWMSC (Short Message Service
Inter-Working Mobile Switching Centre) is used for short messages originated with a mobile on that
network. The SMS-GMSC role is similar to that of the GMSC, whereas the SMS-IWMSC provides a
fixed access point to the Short Message Service Centre.

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the overall GSM network architecture that is
connected to components of the NSS and the BSC. It is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and
it is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with the
scaling of the subscriber population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing savings in
the cost of ownership of the system.

GSM Network Interfaces

- a summary or tutorial of the different interfaces used to provide communication between
various elements in a GSM cell phone network

GSM standards. Additionally each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is also defined.
This facilitates the information interchanges can take place. It also enables to a large degree that network elements
from different manufacturers can be used. However as many of these interfaces were not fully defined until after
many networks had been deployed, the level of standardisation may not be quite as high as many people might
like.

1. Um interface The "air" or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a mobile (ME) and
a base station (BTS / BSC). For signalling, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD, known as LAPDm is
used.
2. Abis interface This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been totally
standardised. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation in
the BTS.
3. A interface The A interface is used to provide communication between the BSS and the MSC. The
interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to the mobile
equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The messaging required within the network to enable handover
etc to be undertaken is carried over the interface.
4. B interface The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR . It uses a protocol known as the
MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely an "internal"
interface. The interface is used whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area.
 5. C interface The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. When a call
originates from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it ahs to pass through
the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call may be gained. The protocol used for
communication is MAP/C, the letter "C" indicating that the protocol is used for the "C" interface. In
addition to this, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after the call is
completed and cleared down.
6. D interface The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/D protocol to
exchange the data related to the location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber.
7. E interface The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data
related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.
8. F interface The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the MAP/F protocol. The
communications along this interface are used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME gaining access
to the network.
9. G interface The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol to
transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.
10. H interface The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. It transfers short messages and uses the
MAP/H protocol.
11. I interface The I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME. Messages exchanged over the I
interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.

Although the interfaces for the GSM cellular system may not be as rigorouly defined as many might like, they do
at least provide a large element of the definition required, enabling the functionality of GSM network entities to
be defined sufficiently.

GSM handover or handoff

One of the key elements of a mobile phone or cellular telecommunications system, is that the system is split into
many small cells to provide good frequency re-use and coverage. However as the mobile moves out of one cell to
another it must be possible to retain the connection. The process by which this occurs is known as handover or
handoff. The term handover is more widely used within Europe, whereas handoff tends to be use more in North
America. Either way, handover and handoff are the same process.

Requirements for GSM handover

The process of handover or handoff within any cellular system is of great importance. It is a critical process and if
performed incorrectly handover can result in the loss of the call. Dropped calls are particularly annoying to users
and if the number of dropped calls rises, customer dissatisfaction increases and they are likely to change to
another network. Accordingly GSM handover was an area to which particular attention was paid when developing
the standard.

Types of GSM handover

Within the GSM system there are four types of handover that can be performed for GSM only systems:
  Intra-BTS handover: This form of GSM handover occurs if it is required to change the frequency or slot
being used by a mobile because of interference, or other reasons. In this form of GSM handover, the
mobile remains attached to the same base station transceiver, but changes the channel or slot.
 Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover: This for of GSM handover or GSM handoff occurs when the mobile
moves out of the coverage area of one BTS but into another controlled by the same BSC. In this instance
the BSC is able to perform the handover and it assigns a new channel and slot to the mobile, before
releasing the old BTS from communicating with the mobile.
 Inter-BSC handover: When the mobile moves out of the range of cells controlled by one BSC, a more
involved form of handover has to be performed, handing over not only from one BTS to another but one
BSC to another. For this the handover is controlled by the MSC.
 Inter-MSC handover: This form of handover occurs when changing between networks. The two MSCs
involved negotiate to control the handover.

GSM handover process

Although there are several forms of GSM handover as detailed above, as far as the mobile is concerned, they are
effectively seen as very similar. There are a number of stages involved in undertaking a GSM handover from one
cell or base station to another.

In GSM which uses TDMA techniques the transmitter only transmits for one slot in eight, and similarly the
receiver only receives for one slot in eight. As a result the RF section of the mobile could be idle for 6 slots out of
the total eight. This is not the case because during the slots in which it is not communicating with the BTS, it
scans the other radio channels looking for beacon frequencies that may be stronger or more suitable. In addition to
this, when the mobile communicates with a particular BTS, one of the responses it makes is to send out a list of
the radio channels of the beacon frequencies of neighbouring BTSs via the Broadcast Channel (BCCH).

The mobile scans these and reports back the quality of the link to the BTS. In this way the mobile assists in the
handover decision and as a result this form of GSM handover is known as Mobile Assisted Hand Over (MAHO).

The network knows the quality of the link between the mobile and the BTS as well as the strength of local BTSs
as reported back by the mobile. It also knows the availability of channels in the nearby cells. As a result it has all
the information it needs to be able to make a decision about whether it needs to hand the mobile over from one
BTS to another.

If the network decides that it is necessary for the mobile to hand over, it assigns a new channel and time slot to the
mobile. It informs the BTS and the mobile of the change. The mobile then retunes during the period it is not
transmitting or receiving, i.e. in an idle period.

A key element of the GSM handover is timing and synchronisation. There are a number of possible scenarios that
may occur dependent upon the level of synchronisation.

 Old and new BTSs synchronised: In this case the mobile is given details of the new physical channel in
the neighbouring cell and handed directly over. The mobile may optionally transmit four access bursts.
These are shorter than the standard bursts and thereby any effects of poor synchronisation do not cause
overlap with other bursts. However in this instance where synchronisation is already good, these bursts are
only used to provide a fine adjustment.
 Time offset between synchronised old and new BTS: In some instances there may be a time offset
between the old and new BTS. In this case, the time offset is provided so that the mobile can make the
adjustment. The GSM handover then takes place as a standard synchronised handover.
  Non-synchronised handover: When a non-synchronised cell handover takes place, the mobile transmits
64 access bursts on the new channel. This enables the base station to determine and adjust the timing for
the mobile so that it can suitably access the new BTS. This enables the mobile to re-establish the
connection through the new BTS with the correct timing.

Inter-system handover
With the evolution of standards and the migration of GSM to other 2G technologies including to 3G UMTS /
WCDMA as well as HSPA and then LTE, there is the need to handover from one technology to another. Often the
2G GSM coverage will be better then the others and GSM is often used as the fallback. When handovers of this
nature are required, it is considerably more complicated than a straightforward only GSM handover because they
require two technically very different systems to handle the handover.

These handovers may be called intersystem handovers or inter-RAT handovers as the handover occurs between
different radio access technologies.

The most common form of intersystem handover is between GSM and UMTS / WCDMA. Here there are two
different types:

 UMTS / WCDMA to GSM handover: There are two further divisions of this category of handover:
o Blind handover: This form of handover occurs when the base station hands off the mobile by
passing it the details of the new cell to the mobile without linking to it and setting the timing, etc of
the mobile for the new cell. In this mode, the network selects what it believes to be the optimum
GSM based station. The mobile first locates the broadcast channel of the new cell, gains timing
synchronisation and then carries out non-synchronised intercell handover.
o Compressed mode handover: using this form of handover the mobile uses the gaps I transmission
that occur to analyse the reception of local GSM base stations using the neighbour list to select
suitable candidate base stations. Having selected a suitable base station the handover takes place,
again without any time synchronisation having occurred.
 Handover from GSM to UMTS / WCDMA: This form of handover is supported within GSM and a
"neighbour list" was established to enable this occur easily. As the GSM / 2G network is normally more
extensive than the 3G network, this type of handover does not normally occur when the mobile leaves a
coverage area and must quickly find a new base station to maintain contact. The handover from GSM to
UMTS occurs to provide an improvement in performance and can normally take place only when the
conditions are right. The neighbour list will inform the mobile when this may happen.

GSM Security :

GSM Security GSM security is addressed in two aspects: authentication and encryption. Authentication avoids fraudulent
access by a cloned MS. Encryption avoids unauthorized listening. A secrete key, Ki is used to achieve authentication. Ki is
stored in the AuC as well as in the SIM. The Ki value is unknown to the subscriber. To initiate the authentication process,
the home system of the MS a 128 bit random number called RAND. This number is sent to the MS. By exercising an
algorithm, A3, both the network (AuC) and the MS (SIM) use Ki and RAND to produce signed result (SRES) The SRES
generated by the MS is sent to the home system and is compared with the SRES generated by AuC. If they are not identical,
the access request is rejected.

If the SREC and RAND generated by the the AuC are sent from the HLR to the visited VLR in advance, the SREC comparison
can be done at the visited VLR. Since the visited system may not know the A3 algorithm of a roaming MS, authentication
result SRES is generated at the home system. Algorithm A3 is dependent on the GSM service provider. If the MS is accepted
for access, an encryption Kc is produced by an algorithm, A8, with Ki and RAND as inputs Like A3, A8 is specify to the home
system. After the home system has generated Kc , the encryption key is sent to the visited. Kc and the TDMA frame number
encoded in the data bits are used by an algorithm, A5, to cipher and deciphering the data stream between the MS and the
visited system. The same A5 algorithm may be used in all systems participating in the GSM services.

International Mobile Roaming

This chapter describes how international mobile roaming (called ‘roaming’ hereafter) works so as to
facilitate discussion of the issues surrounding roaming in later chapters. An explanation is necessary
because the delivery and charging arrangements associated with roaming services are far more
complex than the delivery and charging arrangements behind domestic mobile services.

The chapter describes the technical process for routing international roaming voice, Short Messaging
Service (SMS) and data calls, describes the administrative arrangements that underpin the service,
and explains how the costs of roaming services are determined.

Roaming is a service that allows travellers to use their mobile phone while in another country. In other
words, it allows someone who has subscribed to a service provider in one country to take their mobile
phone to another country and still receive coverage through their subscription in the original country.
During the course of the inquiry the Committee focused on roaming services for subscribers of
Australian mobile networks who travel overseas, as opposed to subscribers of foreign networks who
travel to Australia. The Committee has also largely focused on issues surrounding voice roaming
services, however SMS and data services are also discussed in this report.
The technical aspects of international mobile roaming

The technical process of a roaming call is called ‘routing’. To understand the routing of international
mobile, SMS and data roaming services, a basic
8 PHONING HOME
understanding of the signalling behind mobile phone calls is needed. A mobile phone call requires two
different types of signals: the ‘control’ signal and the ‘voice’ signal. The control signal carries the
network data of the call. This signal allows for the mobile phone to be identified, and records the
destination, length and geographical location of the call. The voice signal carries the actual voice, SMS
or data message.
The routing of roaming voice, SMS and data calls is such that the ‘control’ signal must at some point
contact the home operator’s network.2 This is so that the home network operator can recognise and
record that a call has been made from the mobile to maintain accurate billing records.3

Subscriber Data Manager

The Subscriber Data Manager (SDM) consolidates profile data across mobile and fixed networks in a single
virtual data store. The SDM helps service providers reduce OPEX, optimize their networks, and maximize the
value of their data by creating highly personalized services.

Centralizing subscriber data is a key requirement for service delivery environment and platform strategies and for
transforming from GSM/UMTS to all-IP networks and applications. With field-proven technology and high per-
node capacity, the SDM consolidates data from multiple HLRs, MNP and EIR functions, and HSS. An animated
network topology map provides web-based element management layer capabilities, and the product centralizes
administration, management and reporting.

The modular SDM architecture maximizes flexibility, performance, availability and scalability. Service providers
can also take advantage of Alcatel-Lucent SDM Expert for data extraction, auditing and reconciliation.

Benefits & Features

Reduces network OPEX and CAPEX

 High per-node capacity simplifies the network topology and requires just one management application
 Consolidated single, virtual data store with centralized administration, management and reporting
 Data separation from applications simplifies capacity upgrades and network evolution

Increases revenues by further monetizing the network and subscriber data

 Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs innovations deliver differentiated services with enhanced QoE
 End-user experience of consistent high quality and availability improves customer satisfaction and loyalty
 Modular design and standard IP data and OSS/BSS interfaces increase integration possibilities
Increases flexibility, enhancing the competitive position and improving network capacity/scalability

 Multi-tier architecture provides centralized OAM&P for many diverse applications

 Data storage and modeling incorporate benefits of both relational and hierarchical data structures
 Scalability, density and capacity to support small to large networks and unlimited subscribers

Mobile number portability

Mobile number portability (MNP) enables mobile telephone users to retain their mobile telephone number
when changing from one mobile network operator to another.

Mobile number portability is implemented in different ways across the globe. The International and European
standard is for a customer wishing to port his/her number to contact the new network (recipient), which then
sends the number portability request (NPR) to the current network (donor). This is known as "recipient-led"
porting. The UK and India are the only exceptions to implement the donor-led system. The customer wishing to
port his/her number is required to contact the donor to obtain a code (Porting Authorization Code (PAC) in the
UK and Unique Porting Code(UPC) in India, which is then given to the recipient network. The recipient
continues the porting process by contacting the donor with porting code. This form of porting is known as "donor-
led" and has been criticized by some industry analysts as being inefficient, though prevents MNP scams. It has
also been observed that it may act as a customer deterrent as well as allowing the donor an opportunity of
"winning back" the customer. This might lead to distortion of competition, especially in the markets with new
entrants that are yet to achieve scalability of operation. Based on the recommendations of the Authority on MNP,
dated 8th March 2006, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) issued guidelines for MNP implementation
in the country on 1st Aug 2008. Subsequently the DoT selected two companies as MNP Service providers each
serving in a designated zone in the country. As per the instructions of DoT dated 6th May 2009, a Port Transaction
Charge will be charged by the MNP Service Provider from the recipient operator for processing each porting
request. The Dipping charge shall be payable by those telecom service providers who utilize the dipping services
(query response services) from the MNP Service Provider. The Porting Charge is payable by the subscriber to the
recipient operator for porting his mobile number. The port transaction charge, dipping charges and the porting
charge shall be governed by the Telecom Tariff Order (TTO)/ determination by TRAI.

A significant technical aspect of MNP is related to the routing of calls or mobile messages to a number once it has
been ported. There are various flavors of call routing implementation across the globe but the International and
European best practice is via the use of a central database (CDB) of ported numbers. A network operator makes
copies of the CDB and queries it to find out to which network to send a call. This is also known as All Call Query
(ACQ) and is highly efficient and scalable. A majority of the established and upcoming MNP systems across the
world are based on this ACQ/CDB method of call routing. One of the very few countries not to use ACQ/CDB is
the UK, where once a number has been ported, calls to that number are still routed via the donor network. This is
also known as "indirect routing" and is highly inefficient as it is wasteful of transmission and switching capacity.
Because of its donor dependent nature, indirect routing also means that if the donor network develops a fault or
goes out of business, the customers who have ported numbers out of that network will lose incoming calls to their
numbers. The UK telecoms regulator completed its extended review of the UK MNP process on 29 November
2007, and mandated that ACQ/CDB be implemented for mobile to mobile ported calls by no later than 1
September 2009.

Number lookup services

Service providers and carriers who route messages and voice calls to MNP-enabled countries might use home
location register (HLR) query services to find out the correct network of a mobile phone number. A number of
such services exist, which query the operator's HLR over the SS7 signalling network in order to determine the
current network of a specified mobile phone number prior to attempted routing of messaging or voice traffic.
VoIP is short for Voice over Internet Protocol.
Voice over Internet Protocol is a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the
transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than by traditional
circuit transmissions of the PSTN.

One advantage of VoIP is that the telephone calls over the Internet do not incur a surcharge beyond what the user
is paying for Internet access, much in the same way that the user doesn't pay for sending individual emails over
the Internet.

A Voice over IP call, or VoIP call, utilizes packet-switched Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) or Internet
telephony as opposed to the circuit-switched telephony used by the traditional Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN). The advantage to VoIP phone calls is that unlike regular long-distance calls, calls made through
a VoIP phone service are free – there are no fees beyond the cost of your Internet access.

Also referred to as online phones or Internet phones, a VoIP phone can be a physical telephone with built-in IP
technology and an RJ-45 Ethernet connector instead of the RJ-11 phone connector found in standard phones, or it
can be a voice-capable computer that uses VoIP hardware such as MagicJack or VoIP software like Skype. This
flexibility makes it possible for VoIP calls to function as Internet phone-to-phone, Internet phone-to-PC, PC-to-
PC or PC-to-phone calls.

Mobile VoIP refers to mobile handsets that have been integrated into an existing VoIP, or Internet telephony,
network, typically via a Wi-Fi or 3G/4G cellular network that the mobile device is connected to.

In most cases, mobile phone users will need to download a service provider's software application to their
smartphone before being able to make mobile VoIP calls from that phone. Once properly configured, mobile VoIP
calls can be made anywhere the user has access to a Wi-Fi or 3G/4G network.

GPRS
 General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-generation step toward internet access. GPRS is also
known as GSM-IP that is a Global-System Mobile Communications Internet Protocol as it keeps the users of this
system online, allows to make voice calls, and access internet on-the-go. Even Time-Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) users benefit from this system as it provides packet radio access.
 GPRS also permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol (IP) based core architecture for
integrated voice and data applications that will continue to be used and expanded for 3G services.
 GPRS supersedes the wired connections, as this system has simplified access to the packet data networks like the
internet. The packet radio principle is employed by GPRS to transport user data packets in a structure way between
GSM mobile stations and external packet data networks. These packets can be directly routed to the packet
switched networks from the GPRS mobile stations.
 In the current versions of GPRS, networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP) like the global internet or
private/corporate intranets and X.25 networks are supported.
 Who owns GPRS?
 The GPRS specifications are written by the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI), the European
counterpart of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).
 Key Features
 Following three key features describe wireless packet data:
 • The always online feature - Removes the dial-up process, making applications only one click away.
 • An upgrade to existing systems - Operators do not have to replace their equipment; rather, GPRS is added
on top of the existing infrastructure.
 • An integral part of future 3G systems - GPRS is the packet data core network for 3G systems EDGE and
WCDMA.
 Goals of GPRS
 GPRS is the first step toward an end-to-end wireless infrastructure and has the following goals:
 • Open architecture
 • Consistent IP services
 • Same infrastructure for different air interfaces
 • Integrated telephony and Internet infrastructure
 • Leverage industry investment in IP
 • Service innovation independent of infrastructure
 Benefits of GPRS
 Higher Data Rate

 GPRS benefits the users in many ways, one of which is higher data rates in turn of shorter access times. In the
typical GSM mobile, setup alone is a lengthy process and equally, rates for data permission are restrained to 9.6
kbit/s. The session establishment time offered while GPRS is in practice is lower than one second and ISDN-line
data rates are up to many 10 kbit/s.

 Easy Billing

 GPRS packet transmission offers a more user-friendly billing than that offered by circuit switched services. In circuit
switched services, billing is based on the duration of the connection. This is unsuitable for applications with bursty
traffic. The user must pay for the entire airtime, even for idle periods when no packets are sent (e.g., when the
user reads a Web page).

 In contrast to this, with packet switched services, billing can be based on the amount of transmitted data. The
advantage for the user is that he or she can be "online" over a long period of time but will be billed based on the
transmitted data volume.

 GPRS - Applications

 GPRS has opened a wide range of unique services to the mobile wireless subscriber. Some of the characteristics
that have opened a market full of enhanced value services to the users. Below are some of the characteristics:
 • Mobility - The ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the move.
 • Immediacy - Allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of location and without a
lengthy login session.
 • Localization - Allows subscribers to obtain information relevant to their current location.
 Using the above three characteristics varied possible applications are being developed to offer to the mobile
subscribers. These applications, in general, can be divided into two high-level categories:
 • Corporation
 • Consumer
 These two levels further include:
 • Communications - E-mail, fax, unified messaging and intranet/internet access, etc.
 • Value-added services - Information services and games, etc.
 • E-commerce - Retail, ticket purchasing, banking and financial trading, etc.
 • Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules and location finder, etc.
 • Vertical applications - Freight delivery, fleet management and sales-force automation.
 • Advertising - Advertising may be location sensitive. For example, a user entering a mall can receive
advertisements specific to the stores in that mall.
 Along with the above applications, non-voice services like SMS, MMS and voice calls are also possible with GPRS.
Closed User Group (CUG) is a common term used after GPRS is in the market, in addition, it is planned to
implement supplementary services, such as Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU), and Call Forwarding on Mobile
subscriber Not Reachable (CFNRc), and closed user group (CUG).
 GPRS - Architecture
 GPRS architecture works on the same procedure like GSM network, but, has additional entities that allow packet
data transmission. This data network overlaps a second-generation GSM network providing packet data transport
 at the rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps. Along with the packet data transport the GSM network accommodates multiple
users to share the same air interface resources concurrently.
 Following is the GPRS Architecture diagram:

 GPRS attempts to reuse the existing GSM network elements as much as possible, but to effectively build a packet-
based mobile cellular network, some new network elements, interfaces, and protocols for handling packet traffic
are required.

 Therefore, GPRS requires modifications to numerous GSM network elements as summarized below:

GSM Network Element Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS.

New Mobile Station is required to access GPRS services. These new terminals
Mobile Station (MS)
will be backward compatible with GSM for voice calls.

BTS A software upgrade is required in the existing Base Transceiver Station(BTS).

The Base Station Controller (BSC) requires a software upgrade and the
installation of new hardware called the packet control unit (PCU). The PCU
BSC
directs the data traffic to the GPRS network and can be a separate hardware
element associated with the BSC.

The deployment of GPRS requires the installation of new core network

GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) elements called the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS
support node (GGSN).

All the databases involved in the network will require software upgrades to
Databases (HLR, VLR, etc.)
handle the new call models and functions introduced by GPRS.

 GSM Network Element Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS.

 Mobile Station (MS) New Mobile Station is required to access GPRS services. These new terminals will be
backward compatible with GSM for voice calls.

 BTS A software upgrade is required in the existing Base Transceiver Station(BTS).

 BSC The Base Station Controller (BSC) requires a software upgrade and the installation of new hardware called
the packet control unit (PCU). The PCU directs the data traffic to the GPRS network and can be a separate hardware
element associated with the BSC.
 GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) The deployment of GPRS requires the installation of new core network elements
called the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).
 Databases (HLR, VLR, etc.) All the databases involved in the network will require software upgrades to handle
the new call models and functions introduced by GPRS.
 GPRS Mobile Stations
 New Mobile Stations (MS) are required to use GPRS services because existing GSM phones do not handle the
enhanced air interface or packet data. A variety of MS can exist, including a high-speed version of current phones
to support high-speed data access, a new PDA device with an embedded GSM phone, and PC cards for laptop
computers. These mobile stations are backward compatible for making voice calls using GSM.
 GPRS Base Station Subsystem
 Each BSC requires the installation of one or more Packet Control Units (PCUs) and a software upgrade. The PCU
provides a physical and logical data interface to the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) for packet data traffic. The BTS
can also require a software upgrade but typically does not require hardware enhancements.
 When either voice or data traffic is originated at the subscriber mobile, it is transported over the air interface to
the BTS, and from the BTS to the BSC in the same way as a standard GSM call. However, at the output of the BSC,
the traffic is separated; voice is sent to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) per standard GSM, and data is sent to a
new device called the SGSN via the PCU over a Frame Relay interface.
 GPRS Support Nodes
 Following two new components, called Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) and, Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN) are added:
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
 The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface and a router to external networks. It contains routing
information for GPRS mobiles, which is used to tunnel packets through the IP based internal backbone to the
correct Serving GPRS Support Node. The GGSN also collects charging information connected to the use of the
external data networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
 The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for authentication of GPRS mobiles, registration of mobiles in the
network, mobility management, and collecting information on charging for the use of the air interface.
 Internal Backbone
 The internal backbone is an IP based network used to carry packets between different GSNs. Tunnelling is used
between SGSNs and GGSNs, so the internal backbone does not need any information about domains outside the
GPRS network. Signalling from a GSN to a MSC, HLR or EIR is done using SS7.
 Routing Area
 GPRS introduces the concept of a Routing Area. This concept is similar to Location Area in GSM, except that it
generally contains fewer cells. Because routing areas are smaller than location areas, less radio resources are used
While broadcasting a page message.
 GPRS - Protocol Stack
 The flow of GPRS protocol stack and end-to-end message from MS to the GGSN is displayed in the below diagram.
GTP is the protocol used between the SGSN and GGSN using the Gn interface. This is a Layer 3 tunneling protocol.
 The process that takes place in the application looks like a normal IP sub-network for the users both inside and
outside the network. The vital thing that needs attention is, the application communicates via standard IP, that is
carried through the GPRS network and out through the gateway GPRS. The packets that are mobile between the
GGSN and the SGSN use the GPRS tunneling protocol, this way the IP addresses located on the external side of the
GPRS network do not have deal with the internal backbone. UDP and IP are run by GTP.
 SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) and Logical Link Control (LLC) combination used in
between the SGSN and the MS. The SNDCP flattens data to reduce the load on the radio channel. A safe logical link
by encrypting packets is provided by LLC and the same LLC link is used as long as a mobile is under a single SGSN.
 In case, the mobile moves to a new routing area that lies under a different SGSN; then, the old LLC link is removed
and a new link is established with the new Serving GSN X.25. Services are provided by running X.25 on top of
TCP/IP in the internal backbone.


 GPRS - Quality of Service

 Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of conventional mobile packet data applications are in assorted forms. The
QoS is a vital feature of GPRS services as there are different QoS support requirements for assorted GPRS
applications like realtime multimedia, web browsing, and e-mail transfer.

 GPRS allows defining QoS profiles using the following parameters :

 • Service Precedence
 • Reliability
 • Delay and
 • Throughput
 These parameters are described below:
 Service Precedence
 The preference given to a service when compared to another service is known as Service Precedence.This level of
priority is classified into three levels called:
 • high
 • normal
 • low
 When there is network congestion, the packets of low priority are discarded as compared to high or normal
priority packets.
 Reliability
 This parameter signifies the transmission characteristics required by an application.The reliability classes are
defined which guarantee certain maximum values for the probability of loss, duplication, mis-sequencing, and
corruption of packets.
 Delay

 The delay is defined as the end-to-end transfer time between two communicating mobile stations or between a
mobile station and the GI interface to an external packet data network.

 This includes all delays within the GPRS network, e.g., the delay for request and assignment of radio resources and
the transit delay in the GPRS backbone network. Transfer delays outside the GPRS network, e.g., in external transit
networks, are not taken into account.

 Throughput

 The throughput specifies the maximum/peak bit rate and the mean bit rate.

 Using these QoS classes, QoS profiles can be negotiated between the mobile user and the network for each
session, depending on the QoS demand and the available resources.
 The billing of the service is then based on the transmitted data volume, the type of service, and the chosen QoS
profile.

 GPRS - Mobile Station Classes

 Mobile Station Classes talk about the globally-known equipment handset which is also known as Mobile Station
(MS) and its three different classes. This equipment, more popular as handset, is used to make phone calls and
access data services. The MS comprises of Terminal Equipment (TE) and Mobile Terminal (MT).

 TE is the equipment that accommodates the applications and the user interaction, while the MT is the part that
connects to the network.

 In the following example, Palm Pilot is TE and Mobile phone is MT.

 In order to take advantage of the new GPRS services, we need new GPRS enabled handsets. There are three
different classes of GPRS terminal equipments:
 Class A
 Class A terminals can manage both packet data and voice simultaneously. Which means, one needs two
transceivers, as the handset has to send or receive data and voice at the same time.This is the main reason why
class A terminals are high-priced to manufacture than class B and C terminals.
 Class B
 Class B terminals do not play the same role like Class A. These terminals can manage either packet data or voice at
a time. One can use a single transceiver for both, resulting in the low cost of terminals.
 For example, If a user is using the GPRS session (like WAP browsing, file transfer, etc.) then this session is halted if
he or she receives a call. This terminal does not allow both the sessions active in one go. This backlog needs
rectification thereby giving the user a facility of both receiving a call and maintaining the data session.
 Class C
 Class C terminals can manage either only packet data or only voice. Examples of class C terminals are GPRS
PCM/CIA cards, embedded modules in vending machines, and so on.
 Due to the high cost of class A handsets, most handset manufacturers have announced that their first handsets will
be class B. Currently, work is going on in 3GPP to standardize a lightweight class A in order to make handsets with
simultaneous voice and data available at a reasonable cost.
 GPRS - PDP Context
 PDP stands for Packet Data Protocol. The PDP addresses are network layer addresses (Open Standards Interconnect
[OSI] model Layer 3). GPRS systems support both X.25 and IP network layer protocols. Therefore, PDP addresses
can be X.25, IP, or both.
 Each PDP address is anchored at a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN), as shown in figure below. All packet data
traffic sent from the public packet data network for the PDP address goes through the gateway (GGSN).


 The public packet data network is only concerned that the address belongs to a specific GGSN. The GGSN hides the
mobility of the station from the rest of the packet data network and from computers connected to the public
packet data network.

 Statically assigned PDP addresses are usually anchored at a GGSN in the subscriber's home network. Conversely,
dynamically assigned PDP addresses can be anchored either in the subscriber's home network or the network that
the user is visiting.

 When a MS is already attached to a SGSN and it is about to transfer data, it must activate a PDP address. Activating
a PDP address establishes an association between the current SGSN of mobile device and the GGSN that anchors
the PDP address.

 The record kept by the SGSN and the GGSN regarding this association is called the PDP context.

 It is important to understand the difference between a MS attaching to a SGSN and a MS activating a PDP address.
A single MS attaches to only one SGSN, however, it may have multiple PDP addresses that are all active at the same
time.

 Each of the addresses may be anchored to a different GGSN. If packets arrive from the public packet data network
at a GGSN for a specific PDP address and the GGSN does not have an active PDP context corresponding to that
address, it may simply discard the packets. Conversely, the GGSN may attempt to activate a PDP context with a MS
if the address is statically assigned to a particular mobile device.

 GPRS - Data Routing

 Data routing or routing of data packets to and fro from a mobile user, is one of the pivot requisites in the GPRS
network. The requirement can be divided into two areas:
 • Data packet routing
 • Mobility management.
 Data Packet Routing
 The important roles of GGSN involve synergy with the external data network. The GGSN updates the location
directory using routing information supplied by the SGSNs about the location of an MS. It routes the external data
network protocol packet encapsulated over the GPRS backbone to the SGSN currently serving the MS. It also
decapsulates and forwards external data network packets to the appropriate data network and collects charging
data that is forwarded to a charging gateway (CG).
 There are three important routing schemes:
 • Mobile-originated message - This path begins at the GPRS mobile device and ends at the host.
 • Network-initiated message when the MS is in its home network - This path begins at the host and ends at
the GPRS mobile device.
 • Network-initiated message when the MS roams to another GPRS network - This path begins at the host of
visited network and ends at the GPRS mobile device.
 The GPRS network encapsulates all data network protocols into its own encapsulation protocol called the GPRS
tunnelling protocol (GTP). The GTP ensures security in the backbone network and simplifies the routing
mechanism and the delivery of data over the GPRS network.
 Mobility Management
 The operation of the GPRS is partly independent of the GSM network. However, some procedures share the
network elements with current GSM functions to increase efficiency and to make optimum use of free GSM
resources (such as unallocated time slots).
 An MS can be in any of the following three states in the GPRS system. The three-state model is unique to packet
radio. GSM uses a two-state model either idle or active.
 Active State
 Data is transmitted between an MS and the GPRS network only when the MS is in the active state. In the active
state, the SGSN knows the cell location of the MS.
 Packet transmission to an active MS is initiated by packet paging to notify the MS of an incoming data packet. The
data transmission proceeds immediately after packet paging through the channel indicated by the paging message.
The purpose of the paging message is to simplify the process of receiving packets. The MS listens to only the
paging messages instead of to all the data packets in the downlink channels. This reduces battery usage
significantly.
 When an MS has a packet to transmit, it must access the uplink channel (i.e., the channel to the packet data
network where services reside). The uplink channel is shared by a number of MSs, and its use is allocated by a BSS.
The MS requests use of the channel in a random access message. The BSS allocates an unused channel to the MS
and sends an access grant message in reply to the random access message.
 Standby State
 In the standby state, only the routing area of the MS is known. (The routing area can consist of one or more cells
within a GSM location area).
 When the SGSN sends a packet to an MS that is in the standby state, the MS must be paged. Because the SGSN
knows the routing area of the MS, a packet paging message is sent to the routing area. On receiving the packet
paging message, the MS relays its cell location to the SGSN to establish the active state.
 Idle State
 In the idle state, the MS does not have a logical GPRS context activated or any Packet-Switched Public Data
Network (PSPDN) addresses allocated. In this state, the MS can receive only those multicast messages that can be
received by any GPRS MS. Because the GPRS network infrastructure does not know the location of the MS, it is not
possible to send messages to the MS from external data networks.
 Routing Updates
 When an MS that is in an active or a standby state moves from one routing area to another within the service area
of one SGSN, it must perform a routing update. The routing area information in the SGSN is updated, and the
success of the procedure is indicated in the response message.
 A cell-based routing update procedure is invoked when an active MS enters a new cell. The MS sends a short
message containing the identity of the MS and its new location through GPRS channels to its current SGSN. This
procedure is used only when the MS is in the active state.
 The inter-SGSN routing update is the most complicated routing update. The MS changes from one SGSN area to
another, and it must establish a new connection to a new SGSN. This means creating a new logical link context
between the MS and the new SGSN and informing the GGSN about the new location of the MS.
 GPRS - Access Modes & Access Point Names
 The GPRS access modes specify whether or not the GGSN requests user authentication at the access point to a
Public Data Network (PDN). The available options are:
 • Transparent - No security authorization/authentication is requested by the GGSN.
 • Non-transparent - In this case, GGSN acts as a proxy for authenticating.
 The GPRS transparent and non-transparent modes relate only to PDP type IPv4.
 Transpatent Mode
 Transparent access pertains to a GPRS PLMN that is not involved in subscriber access authorization and
authentication. Access to PDN-related security procedures are transparent to GSNs.
 In transparent access mode, the MS is given an address belonging to the operator or any other addressing space of
domain. The address is given either at subscription as a static address or at PDP context activation, as a dynamic
address. The dynamic address is allocated from a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server in the GPRS
network. Any user authentication is done within the GPRS network. No RADIUS authentication is performed; only
IMSI-based authentication (from the subscriber identity module in the handset) is done.
 Non Transpatent Mode
 Non-transparent access to an intranet/ISP means that the PLMN plays a role in the intranet/ISP authentication of
the MS. Non-transparent access uses the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol (CHAP) message issued by the mobile terminal and piggybacked in the GTP PDP context
activation message. This message is used to build a RADIUS request toward the RADIUS server associated with the
access point name (APN).
 GPRS Access Point Name
 The GPRS standards define a network identity called an Access Point Name (APN). An APN identifies a PDN that is
accessible from a GGSN node in a GPRS network. In GPRS, only the APN is used to select the target network. To
configure an APN, the operator configures three elements on the GSN node:
 • Access point - Defines an APN and its associated access characteristics, including security (RADIUS),
dynamic address allocation (DHCP), and DNS services.
 • Access point list - Defines a logical interface that is associated with the virtual template.
 • Access group - Defines whether access is permitted between the PDN and the MS.
 GPRS - Network Processes
 This chapter gives a brief description of the basic processes used in GPRS networks:
 • Attach process - Process by which the MS attaches (i.e., connects) to the SGSN in a GPRS network.
 • Authentication process - Process by which the SGSN authenticates the mobile subscriber.
 • PDP activation process - Process by which a user session is established between the MS and the
destination network.
 • Detach process - Process by which the MS detaches (i.e., disconnects) from the SGSN in the GPRS network.
 • Network-initiated PDP request for static IP address - Process by which a call from the packet data network
reaches the MS using a static IP address.
 • Network-initiated PDP request for dynamic IP address - Process by which a call from the packet data
network reaches the MS using a dynamic IP address.