WIFI TECHNOLOGY
Janani.R,Department Of Computer Technology,Sri Krishna Arts And Science College,
Jenisha.M,Department Of Computer Technology,Sri Krishna Arts And Science College.
1.ABSTRACT:
Technologies are making rapid
progress and are making many things easier.
And innovative thinking of persons is
increasing now-a-days ,as new methods for
wireless networking has been evolved, of
which our present topic Wi-Fi is the most
accepted technology.
Wi-Fi, an acronym for Wireless-
Fidelity which is the way to handling wireless
networking. The main aim of this paper is
wireless networking achieved by Wi-Fi. This
paper states the history of the technology,
networks used, working process, channels
used. And also its briefly say about advantage
and disadvantages of the WiFi technology with
the future scope of it.
KEYWORDS: PDA, WiFi cards, hotspot,
SSID, PCMCIA,Ethernet.
2.INTRODUCTION:
WIFI is also knows as WiFi , wifi
or Wi-Fi. Wifi stands for Wireless
Fidelity which is a standard version of
IEEE 802.11 family which is primarily a
Local Area Networking (LAN) which is
designted to provide in-building
broadband coverage. WiFi is actually a
wireless standard for connecting to a router
from your device. Its coverage is upto 100
meters. It will provide a coverage range of
about 1,000 ft from the access points
knows as HOTSPOT which is a region
covered by one or more access points.
WiFi was developed to be used from
the computing devices such as mobile
phones, laptops, computer systems in
Local Area Networks. Through WiFi, the
devices can be connected directly with
each other.
3.WIFI HISTORY:
WiFi is based on 802.11 family.
IEEE(institute of electrical and electronic
engineers) established the 802.11 group in
1990.The initial speed is 1 and 2 mbps.
IEEE modifiers the standard in 1999
include 802.11a and 802.11b.then, 803.11g
is discovered in 2003. Current WiFi
systems support a peak physical-layer data
rate of 54 Mbps and typically provide
indoor coverage over a distance of 100
feet.
Systems can typically provide a
coverage range of only about 1,000 feet
from the access point through hotspot. It
enables a person with a wireless-enabled
computer or personal digital assistant
(PDA) to connect to the Internet when in
proximity of an access point. Using this
technology we can connect computers
anywhere in a home or office without the
need of anywires. The computers connect
to the network using radio signals, and
they can be upto 100feet. It will provide
network virtually anywhere at a speeds of
upto 54 Mbps.

4.WiFi network:
4.1Walkie-Talkie Network:
To understand the wireless
technology let us consider a pair of Walkie
Talkies. These are small radios that can
transmit and receive radio signals. When
we talk into a Walkie-Talkie ,our voice is
picked up by a microphone, encoded onto
a radio frequency and transmitted with the
antenna.
Fig 4.1.walkie-talkie
Another Walkie-Talkie can receive the
transmission with its antenna ,decode our
voice from the radio signal and drive a
speaker.
Simple Walkie-Talkies like this
transmit signal strength of about 0.25
watts, and they can transmit about 500 to
1,000 feet .If we want to connect two
computers together in a network using
Walkie-Talkie technology: Equip each
computer with a Walkie-Talkie. Give each
computer a way to set whether it wants to
transmitor receive. Give the computer
away to turn its binary 1s and 0s in to two
different beeps that the walkie-talkie could
transmit and receive and convert back and
forth between beeps and 1s/0s. This would
actually work.The only problem would be
that the data rate would be very slow.
5.WiFi CONCEPT:
5.1 RADIO SIGNALS:
Radio Signals are the keys, which
make WiFi networking . These radio
signals transmitted from WiFi antennas are
picked up by WiFi receivers, such as
computers and cell phones or from other
access points that are equipped with WiFi
cards. Whenever, a computer receives any
of the signals by the receivers within the
range of a WiFi network, which is usually
300 — 500 feet for antennas, the WiFi
card reads the signals and thus creates an
internet connection between the user and
the network without the use of a cord.
Access points, consisting of antennas and
routers, are used to transmit and receive
radio waves. Antennas work stronger and
have a longer radio transmission with a
radius of 300-500 feet, which are used in
public areas and the weaker one is router
which is more suitable for homes with a
radio transmission of 100-150 feet.
5.2 WiFi Cards:
WiFi cards can be external or
internal. If WiFi card is not inserted or it is
repaired in your computer, we can buy the
USB antenna attachment and have it
externally connect to your USB port.

Fig 5.2 wifi cards
For laptops, this card will be a
PCMCIA card which you insert to the
PCMCIA slot on the laptop.
5.3 HOTSPOT:
Hotspot is a small box that is
hardwired into the Internet. The box
contains an 802.11 radio that can
simultaneously talk to up to 100 or so
802.11 cards. There are many Wi-Fi
hotspots now available in public places
like restaurants, hotels, libraries and
airports. We can create our own hotspot
in our home.
6.BENIFITS OF WIFI:
In GPS industries applications, the
core technology is wireless networking.
Many reliable and bug-free Wi-Fi
products on the market and it is a portable
network. It helps to become more
productive at home, like online shopping
and banking etc…
Wi-Fi technology allows getting out of
home office and working in other rooms .
Not only is Wi-Fi convenient, but with
the popularity of public wireless networks
and hand held wireless devices that
support roaming, Wi-Fi allows users to
stay connected all of the time. Businesses
are able to maintain a consistent flow of
communication in the office with state-of-
the-art Wi-Fi technology, allowing
employees to stay connected on an almost
constant basis.
Wi-Fi products are widely available in
the market. Different brands of access
points and client network interfaces are
interoperable at a basic level of service.
Products designated as Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
by the Wi-Fi Alliance are interoperable
and include WPA2 security.
7.DISADVANTAGES OF WIFI:
 Security
– To combat this consideration,
wireless networks may choose to
utilize some of the various
encryption technologies available.
Some of the more commonly
utilized encryption methods,
however, are known to have
weaknesses that a dedicated
adversary can compromise.
 Range
– The typical range of a common
802.11g network with standard
equipment is on the order of tens of
meters. While sufficient for a
typical home, it will be insufficient
in a larger structure. To obtain
additional range, repeaters or
additional access points will have
to be purchased. Costs for these
items can add up quickly.
 Reliability
 – Like any radio frequency Wi-Fi, but also means that one wireless
transmission, wireless networking adapter may perform substantially better
signals are subject to a wide variety than the other.
of interference, as well as complex
propagation effects that are beyond
the control of the network
administrator.

 Speed
– The speed on most wireless
networks (typically 1-54 Mbps) is
far slower than even the slowest
common wired networks (100Mbps
up to several Gbps). However, in
specialized environments, the
throughput of a wired network
might be necessary.

8.How it works:
The typical Wi-Fi setup contains
one or more Access Points (APs) and one
or more clients. An AP broadcasts its
SSID (Service Set Identifier, "Network
name") via packets that are called beacons,
which are broadcast every 100 ms.
The beacons are transmitted at 1
Mbit/s, and are of relatively short duration
and therefore do not have a significant
influence on performance. Since 1 Mbit/s
is the lowest rate of Wi-Fi it assures that
the client who receives the beacon can
communicate at least 1 Mbit/s. Based on
the settings (e.g. the SSID), the client may
decide whether to connect to an AP. Also
the firmware running on the client Wi-Fi
card is of influence. Say two APs of the
same SSID are in range of the client, the
firmware may decide based on signal
strength to which of the two APs it will
connect.
Fig 8.1 working process of wifi
Since Wi-Fi transmits in the air, it
has the same properties as a non-switched
ethernet network. Even collisions can
therefore appear like in non-switched
ethernet LAN's.
9.Channels:
Except for 802.11a, which operates
at 5 GHz, Wi-Fi uses the spectrum near 2.4
GHz, which is standardized and unlicensed
by international agreement, although the
exact frequency allocations vary slightly in
different parts of the world, as does
maximum permitted power. However,
channel numbers are standardized by
frequency throughout the world, so
authorized frequencies can be identified by
channel numbers.

The Wi-Fi standard leaves The frequencies for 802.11 b/g

connection criteria and roaming totally span 2.400 GHz to 2.487 GHz. Each
open to the client. This is a strength of channel is 22 MHz wide and 5 MHz
spacers between the channels are required.
With the required spacers, only 3 channels
(1,6, and 11) can be used simultaneously
without interference.

10.FUTURE SCOPE:
There will be a requirement for
technologies such as WLAN in this
application. In the cellular terminal market
there is room to accommodate numerous
wireless technologies and a feature set
incorporating WLAN looks likely to be
adopted in around 25% of terminals by
2009.For the WLAN market, the
notebook/laptop is proving to be one of the
most important growth areas for the
technology. IMS Research has predicted
WLAN penetration into notebooks will be
in excess of 90% by 2007.Generate more
revenue as wireless internet access
attracting more business customers,
corporate events and outlines.

11.CONCLUSION:
As Wi-Fi has shipped in millions
of products and deployed in millions of
homes, business and hotspots worldwide,
the technology has moved beyond the
realm of a computer feature. Wi-Fi has fast
become a cultural phenomenon.

12.REFERNCES:
1. www.tutorialspoint.com

2.
http://www.antenna.com/What%20is%20
WiFi.pdf

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

4. http://ccm.net/faq/298-what-is-wifi-and-
how-does-it-work