Business Statistics

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Business Mathematics
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and
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Statistics
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12th Std
VOLUME - I
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Based on the New Syllabus and

New Textbook for the year 2019-20
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Salient Features
Prepared as per the New Textbook for the year 2019 - 20.
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Exhaustive Additional Questions & Answers in all chapters.

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ISBN : 978-81-8449-808-0
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Code No : SG 99
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Authors :
Mr. A.Ganesa Moorthy M.Sc., M.Ed., M.phil.
Chennai
Edited by :
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Mr.S. Sathish M.Sc., M.Phil.
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Mr.S. Niranjan, B.Tech., M.B.A(IIM)
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PREFACE
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CONTENTS
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Volume - I
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1. Applications of Matrices and Determinants ......................................................................1 - 37
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2. Integral Calculus I ..........................................................................................................38 - 89
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3. Integral Calculus II .......................................................................................................90 - 129
4. Differential Equations ................................................................................................130 - 174

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5. Numerical Methods....................................................................................................175 - 202

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Chapter
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APPLICATIONS OF
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MATRICES AND
DETERMINANTS
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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
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Rank of a matrix :-
The rank of a matrix A is the order of the largest non-zero minor of A and is denoted by ρ (A).
(i) ρ (A) ≥ 0.
(ii) If A is a matrix of order m × n, then ρ (A) ≤ min {m, n}.
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(iii) Rank of a zero matrix is 0.
(iv) The rank of a non - singular matrix of order n × n is “n”.
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Elementary transformations :
(i) Interchange any two rows (or columns)
Ri ↔ Rj (Ci ↔ Cj)
(ii) Multiplication of each element of a row (or column) by any non-zero scalar k.
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Ri → k Ri (or Ci → k Ci)
(iii) Addition to the elements of any row (or column) the same scalar multiples of corresponding
elements of any other row (or column).
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Ri → Ri + k Rj (or Ci → Ci + k Cj)
Equivalent matrices:
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from the another by applying a
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finite number of elementary transformations.

A ¿ b
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Echelon form :
A matrix A of order m × n is said to be in echelon form if
(i) Every row of a which has all its entries 0 occurs below every row which has a non - zero entry.
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(ii) The number of zeros before the first non - zero element in a row is less than the number of such
rows in the next row.
Transition matrix :
The transition probabilities Pjk satisfy Pjk > 0 and S Pjk = 1 for all j
k
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2 Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and statistics Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants
FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
1. Linear equations can be written in matrix form AX = B, then the solution is X = A–1 B,
provided |A| ≠ 0.
2. Consistency of non homogeneous linear equations by rank method.
(i) If ρ ([ A,B]) = ρ(A), then the equations are consistent.
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(ii) If ρ ([ A,B]) = ρ(A) = n, where n is the number of variables then the equations are consistent and have
unique solution.
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(iii) If ρ ([ A,B]) = ρ(A) < n, then the equations are consistent and have infinitely many solutions.
(iv) If ρ ([ A,B]) ≠ ρ(A), then the equations are inconsistent and has no solution.
3. Solving non-homogeneous linear equations by Cramer’s rule.
If a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2, a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
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a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1

Then ∆ = a2 b2 c2 ¹ 0 , ∆x = d 2 b2 c2 ,
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a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
∆y = a2 d2 c2 , ∆z = a2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
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Dx Dy Dz
Then x = , y= and z =
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D D D
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS Solution:

1 −1
 
Let A = 
3 −6
EXERCISE 1.1
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Order of A is 2 × 2
∴ ρ (A) ≤ 2 [Since minimum of (2, 2) is 2]
1. Find the rank of each of the following matrices.
Consider the second order minor,
(i) 5 6 1 -1 = – 6 – (–3)
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7 8
3 -6
Solution: = – 6 + 3
5 6 = –3
Let A =  
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7 8 ≠ 0.
Order of A is 2 × 2 There is a minor of order 2, which is not zero
∴ ρ (A) ≤ 2 [Since minimum of (2, 2) is 2]
∴ ρ (A) = 2.
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Consider the second order minor,

 
5 6 (iii) 1 4
= 40 – 42 2 8
7 8
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= –2 ≠ 0. Solution:
1 4
Let A =  
There is a minor of order 2, which is not zero 2 8
∴ ρ (A) = 2
Order of A is 2 × 2 [Since minimum of (2,2) is 2]
1 −1 1 4
(ii)   Consider the second order minor
3 −6 2 8
= 8 – 8
= 0.
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Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 3
Since the second order minor vanishes, ρ(A) ≠ 2  

−1 2 −2
Consider a first order minor |1| ≠ 0 (v)  4 −3 4 

 
There is a minor of order 1, which is not zero −2 4 −4
∴ ρ(A) = 1. Solution:
 
2 −1 1  −1 2 −2
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  

(iv) 3 1 −5 Let A =  4 −3 4 
   
1 1 1  −2 4 −4
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Solution:
The order of A is 3 × 3
2 −1 1  ∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3 [Since minimum of (3, 3) is 3]
 
Let A = 3 1 −5 Let us transform the matrix to an echelon form.
 
1 1 1  Matrix A Elementary
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The order of A is 3 × 3 Transformation
∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3 [Since minimum of (3, 3) is 3]  
−1 2 −2
 4 −3 4 
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Let us transform the matrix A to an echelon form A=  
 
−2 4 −4
Matrix A Elementary
Transformation
 
 1 −2 2 
2 −1 1   
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  ~  4 −3 4  R1 → R1 (–1)
A = 3 1 −5  
−2 4 −4
 
1 
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1 1
 
 1 −2 2 
1 1 1  5 −4
  ~  0  R2 → R2 – 4R1
3 1 −5 R1 ↔ R3 
~  −2 4 −4
 
2 −1 1 
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1 −2 2 
 
1 1 1  
  R2 → R2 – 3R1 ~ 0 5 −4 R3 → R3 + 2R1

~ 0 −2 −8 0 0 0 
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  R3 → R3 – 2R1
0 −3 −1 The matrix is in echelon form and the number
1 1 1  of non-zero rows is 2.

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
~ 0 −1 −4 R2 → R2 ¸ 2
∴ ρ(A) = 2.
  1 2 −1 3 
0 −3 −1  
(vi) 2 4 1 −2
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1 1 1   
  3 6 3 −7
~ 0 −1 −4 R3 → R3 – 3R2
  Solution: 1 2 −1 3 
0 0 11  
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
Let A = 2 4 1 −2
 
This matrix is in echelon from and number of non- 3 6 3 −7
zero rows is 3.
∴ ρ(A) = 3.
∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3 [Since minimum of (3, 3) is 3]
Let us transform the matrix to an echelon form.
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 
Matrix A Elementary 1 5 −7 2 
~ 0 −7 8 −7
 R2 → R2 – R1
Transformation  
3 1 −5 −1
1 2 −1 3 
 
A = 2 4 1 −2 
1 5 −7 2 
 
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
3 6 3 −7 
~ 0 −7 8 −7 R3 → R3 – 3R1
 
0 −14 16 −7
1 2 −1 3 
 
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~ 0 0 3 −8 R2 → R2 – 2R1
1 5 −7 2 

  
3 6 3 −7 ~ 0 −7 8 −7 R3 → R3 – 2R2
 
0 0 0 7 
1 2 −1 3 
  The matrix is in echelon form and the number of
s.
~ 0 0 3 −8  R3 → R2 – 3R1 non-zero matrix is 3.
 
0 0 6 −16 ∴ ρ(A) = 3.
 1 −2 3 4 
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1 2 −1 3   
  −2 4 −1 −3
(viii)  
~ 0 0 3 −18 R3 → R3 – 2R2 
 −1 2 7 6 
0 0 0 0 
Solution:  1 −2 3 4 

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The matrix is in echelon form and the number of 
A = −2 4 −1 −3
non- zero rows is 2. 
−1 2 7 6 
ab
∴ ρ(A) = 2.
3 1 −5 −1 The order of A is 3 × 4
  ∴ ρ(A) ≤ minimum of (3, 4)
(vii) 1 −2 1 −5
  ρ(A) ≤ 3
1 5 −7 2 
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Let us transform the matrix A to an echelon form.

Solution:
3 1 −5 −1 Elementary
  Matrix A
A = 1 −2 1 −5 Transformation
 
1 5 −7 2 
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 1 −2 3 4 
 
The order of A is 3 × 4 A = −2 4 −1 −3

∴ ρ(A) ≤ 3 [Since minimum of (3, 4) is 3] −1 2 7 6 
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Let us transform the matrix A to an echelon form.  1 −2 3 4

 
Elementary 0 5 5
Matrix A ~  0 R2 → R2 + 2R1
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Transformation  
−1 2 7 6
3 1 −5 −1
 
A = 1 −2 1 −5 1 −2 3 4 

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  
1 5 −7 2  
~ 0 0 5 5  R3 → R3 + R1
 
0 0 10 10
1 5 −7 2 
 
~ 1 −2 1 −5 R1 ↔ R3 1 −2 3 4
   
3 1 −5 −1 ~ 0 0 5 5 R3 → R3 – 2R2
 
0 0 0 0
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The matrix is in echelon form and the number of The matrix is in echelon form and the number of
non- zero rows is 2. non-zero rows is 2.
∴ ρ(A) = 2. ∴ ρ(AB) = 2.
 1 −2 3 1 1 −1
1 1 −1  1 −2 3    
     − − 2 −3 4 
Now, BA =  2 4 6
2. If A= 2 −3 4  and B = −2 4 −6 ,

  
    5 1 −13 −2 3 
1 −1
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3 −2 3  5
then find the rank of AB and the rank of BA.  1− 4 + 9 1+ 6 − 6 −1 − 8 + 9 
 
Solution: 1 1 −1  1 −2 3  = −2 + 8 −18 −2 −12 + 12 2 + 16 −18
 
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 
    5+ 2−3 5−3+ 2 −5 + 4 − 3
Given A = 2 −3 4  and B = −2 4 −6
 

3 −2 3  5 1 −1  6 1 0 
 
= −12 −2 0 
1 1 −1  1 −2 3   
     4 4 −4
s.
B = 2 −3 4  −2 4 −6
A
   
3 −2 3   5 1 −1 Matrix (BA) Elementary
Transformation
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 1− 2 + 5 −2 + 4 −1 3 − 6 + 1 
 
= 2 + 6 + 20 −4 −12 + 4 6 + 18 − 4
  6 1 0 
  

 3 + 4 + 15 −6 − 8 + 3 9 + 12 − 3 BA = −12 −2 0 
 
 4 4 −4
−6 1 −2 −6 1 −2

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  
=  28 −12 20  =  28 −12 20  1 0 
     6
 22 −11 18   22 −11 18  
~ −2 −12 0 
ab
C1 ↔ C2

Matrix (AB) Elementary 4 4 −4
Transformation
1 6 0 
−6 1 −2  
  ~ 0 0 0 
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AB =  28 −12 20    R2 → R2 + 2R1

  4 4 −4
 22 −11 18 
 0 
 1 −6 −2 1 6
.s
 
~ −12 28 20 

 
~ 0 0 0  R3 → R3 – 4R1
  C1 ↔ C2  
−11 22 18  0 −20 −4
w
The number of non-zero rows is 2.

 1 −6 −2
  ∴ ρ(BA) = 2.
~  0 −44 −4 R2 → R2 + 12R1
 3. Solve the following system of equations by
w

−11 22 18  rank method
  x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x –y – z = – 6
1 −6 −2
w
~ 0 −44 −4 R3 → R3 + 11R1

Solution:
  Given non-homogeneous equations are
0 −44 −4
x + y + z = 9
1 −6 −2 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
  2x –y – z = –6
~ 0 −44 −4 R3 → R3 – R2
  The matrix equation corresponding to the given
0 0 0 
system is
/ 81243 01000
1 1 1  x   9  3
     9
2 5 
7  y 
  =  52  Þ y = 3 = 3.
    
2 −1 −1 z  −6 Substituting y = 3 and z = 5 in (1) we get,
A X = B x + 3 + 5 = 9
Augmented matrix Elementary Þ x + 8 = 9
m
[A, B] Transformation Þ x = 9 – 8
 9  Þ x = 1.
1 1 1

7 52 
co
2 5 ∴ Solution set is {1, 3, 5}
 
2 −1 −1 −6 4. Show that the equations 5x + 3y + 7z = 4, 3x +
26y + 2z = 9, 7x + 2y + 10z = 5 are consistent
 9  and solve them by rank method.
1 1 1

5 34 
s.
~ 0 3 R2 → R2 – 2R1
Solution:
 
2 −1 −1 −6 Given non-homogeneous equations are
5x + 3y + 7z = 4
ok
1 1 1 9 
  3x + 26y + 2z = 9

~ 0 3 5 34  R3 → R3 – 2R1
  7x + 2y + 10z = 5
0 −3 −3 −24
The matrix equation corresponding to the given
o
 1 1 1 9 system is
 
~ 0 3 5 34 R3 → R3 + R2 5 3 7  x  4
    
 
ab
0 0 2 10 3 26 2  y  = 9

    
7 2 10 z  5
The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form and
it has three non-zero rows. A X = B
5 3 7 4
ur
∴ ρ(A) = 3.  

ρ ([A,B]) = 3 = Number of unknowns. Augmented matrix [A, B] = 3 26 2 9
∴ The given system is consistent and has unique  
7 2 10 5
solution.
.s
To find the solution, let us rewrite the above Augmented matrix Elementary
echelon from into the matrix form. [A, B] Transformation
1 1 1 x   9  5 3 7 4
     
0 3 5 y  = 34
w

  3 26 2 9
    
0 0 2 z  10 7 2 10 5
w
Þ x + y + z = 9 ----- (1)
3 26 2 9
3y + 5z = 34 ----- (2)  
~ 5 3 7 4 R1 ↔ R2
2z = 10 ----- (3)  
7 2 10 5
w
10
From (3), 2z = 10 Þ z= =5
2
Substituting z = 5 in (2) we get,  26 2 
1 3
3y + 5 (5) = 34  3 3 
 
Þ 3y + 25 = 34 ~ 5 3 7 4
 R1 → R1 ¸ 3

Þ 3y = 34 – 25 7 2 10 5
 
Þ 3y = 9 
/ 81243 01000
 26 2  -11 k
1 3  (2) Þ y + = –1
 3 3  3 3
 
− -11 k -3 - k
~ 0 −11
121 11
R2 → R2 – 5R1 Þ y = –1 – =
 3 3  3 3 3
7 
 2 10 5 
 Þ –11y = –3 – k 11y = 3 + k
m
 
1
 26 2  Þ y = (3 + k)
1 3  11

co
3 3  1
  Substituting y = (3 + k) and z = k in (1) we
−
~ 0 −11
121 11 11
 R3 → R3 – 7R1 get,
 3 3
 −176 16 
   2
 3 + k  + k = 3
0 −16 26
  x +
 11  3
s.
3 3 3
  2k
 3 + k  –
26
  x = – +3
1 26 2
3  3  11  3
 3 3 
ok
  78 - 26k
 −11 R2 → R2 ¸ 11 2k
−1
1
~ 0 = – +3
 3 3  R3 → R3 ¸ 16 33 3
 −11 
0 1  78 − 26k − 22k + 99
−1 = –
 3 3 
o
33
  21 - 48k 3(7 -16k)
1 26 2
3  = =
ab
 3 3  33 33
 
−11 1
~ 0 −1
1
 R3 → R3 - R2 = (7 – 16k)
 3 3 11
0 
 0 0 0 
 1 1
  ∴ Solution set is { (7 – 16k), (3 + k), k}
ur
11 11
k ∈ R.
Here ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 2 < Number of
unknowns. Hence, for different values of k, we get infinitely
many solutions.
.s
∴ The system is consistent with infinitely many

solutions let us rewrite the above echelon form 5. Show that the following system of equations
into matrix form. have unique solution: x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z
w
 2  = 4, x + 4y + 9z = 6 by rank method.
1 26 
 3 3  x   3  Solution:
   
0 −11 1   = −1
w
 y    Given non-homogeneous equations are

 3 3    
  z  0 x + y + z = 3
0 0 0 
  x + 2y + 3z = 4
 
w
x + 4y + 9z = 6
26 2
x+ y + z = 3 ----- (1) The matrix equation corresponding to the given
3 3
system is
-11 1 1 1 x  3
1     
y + z = – 1 ----- (2) 1 2 3 y  = 4
3 3     
1 4 9 z  6
let z = k where k ∈ R
/ 81243 01000
A X = B Solution:
Augmented matrix Elementary Given non-homogeneous equations are
[A, B] Transformation 3x– y + λz = 1
  2x + y + z = 2
1 1 1 3
1 2 3 4 x + 2y – λz = –1
 
m
1 4 9 6 The matrix equation corresponding to the given
system is
   3 −1 λ   x   1
1 1 1 3
co
 R2 → R2 – R1
~ 0 1 2 1 2 1 1   y =  2 
  R3 → R3 – R1     
0 3 8 3  1 2 − λ  z   −1
1 1 1 3 Augmented matrix Elementary


s.
 [A, B] Transformation
~ 0 1 2 1 R3 → R3 – 3R2
   3 −1 λ 1
0 0 2 0
2 1 1 2
ok
 
Clearly the last equivalent matrix is in echelon  1 2 − λ −1
form and it has three non-zero rows.
∴ ρ(A) = 3 and ρ([A, B]) = 3  1 2 − λ −1
~  2 1 1 2 R1 ↔ R3
o
Þ ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 3 = Number of unknowns. 
 3 −1 λ 1
∴ The given system is consistent and has unique
ab
solution. 1 2 −λ −1
To find the solution, let us rewrite the above 
~  0 −3 1 + 2λ 4  R2 → R2 – 2R1
echelon form into the matrix form.  3 −1 λ 1
1 1 1 x  3
 
ur
  
0 1 2 y  = 1 1 2 −λ −1
     
0 0 2 z  0 ~ 0 −3 1 + 2λ 4  R3 → R3 – 3R1
 
 0 −7 4λ 4
.s
Þ x + y + z = 3 ----- (1)
y + 2z = 1 ----- (2)  
1 2 −λ −1
2z = 0 ----- (3)
 4
w
1 + 2λ R2 → R2 ¸ 3
0
(3) Þ 2z = 0 Þ z = = 0 ~  0 −1 
2  3 3 R3 → R3 ¸ 7
(2) Þ y + 2(0) = 1 Þ y + 0 = 1 Þ y = 1 – 0 = 1  4λ 4
 0 −1 
w
(1) Þ x + 1 + 0 = 3 7 7
Þ x + 1 = 3
 
Þ x = 3 – 1 1 2 −λ −1 
w
Þ x = 2.  1 + 2λ 4 
~  0 −1  R3 → R3 – R2
∴ Solution set {2, 1, 0}  3 3 
 −7 − 2λ −16 
6. For what values of the parameter λ, will the  0 0 
following equations fail to have unique solution: 21 21 
3x– y + λz = 1, 2x + y + z = 2, x + 2y – λz = –1 by
rank method.
/ 81243 01000
Since  2 3 −6  x   5000

4λ 1 + 2λ  3 −1 2  y  =  2000
−
7 3     
 −1 3 1  z   5500
12λ − 7 − 14λ −7 − 2λ
= = A X = B
21 21
12 − 28 Augmented matrix Elementary
m
4 4
and − = [A, B] Transformation
7 3 21
−16  2 3 −6 5000
=
 3 −1 2 2000
co
21
 
Since the system is fail to have unique solution either  −1 3 1 5500
it can have infinitely many solution or it may be
inconsistent.  −1 3 1 5500
−7 − 2λ  
s.
∴ This can happen only when = 0. ~  3 −1 2 2000 R1 ↔ R3
21
Þ –7 –2λ = 0  2 3 −6 5000
Þ – 7 = 2λ
ok
−7  1 −3 −1 −5000
Þ λ = .
2 ~  3 −1 2 2000  R1 → R1 (–1)
7. The price of three commodities X,Y and Z are  2 3 −6 5500 
x,y and z respectively Mr. Anand Purchases 6
units of Z and sells 2 units of X and 3 units of
o
 1 −3 −1 −5500
Y. Mr. Amar Purchases a unit of Y and sells 3 R2 → R2 – 3R1
units of X and 2units of Z. Mr. Amit Purchases ~  0 8 5 18500 
  R3 → R3 – 2R1
ab
a unit of X and sells 3 units of Y and a unit of  0 9 −4 16000 

Z. In the process they earn ` 5,000/-, ` 2,000/-
and ` 5,500/- respectively Find the prices per  
unit of three commodities by rank method.  1 −3 −1 −5500
 5 18500 
ur
Solution: R2 → R2 ¸ 8
~ 0 1 
Given that the price of commodities X, Y and Z  8 8  R3 → R3 ¸ 9
 −4 16000 
are x, y and z respectively.  0 1 
By the given data, 9 9 
.s
Transaction x y z Earning  
Mr. Anand +2 +3 –6 Rs. 5000 ~  1 −3 −1 −5500
18500 
w
5
Mr. Amar +3 –1 +2 Rs. 2000 0 1 
 8 8 
Mr. Amit –1 +3 +1 Rs. 5500  −4 5 16000 −18500  R3 → R3 – R2
 0 0 − 
9 8 9 8 
Here, purchasing is taken as negative symbol and
w
selling is taken as positive symbol.

Thus, the non-homogeneous equations are
 
w
2x + 3y – 6z = 5000
 1 −3 −1 −5500
3x – y + 2z = 2000  5 18500 
~  0 1 
–x + 3y + z = 5500  8 8 
 −77 −38500 
The matrix equation corresponding to the given  0 0 
system is 72 72 
/ 81243 01000
−4 −5 −32 − 45 −77 8. An amount of ` 5,000/- is to be deposited in

= = three different bonds bearing 6%, 7% and 8%
9 8 72 72
per year respectively. Total annual income is
16000 18500 128000 − 166500 `358/-. If the income from first two investments
− =
9 8 72 is ` 70/- more than the income from the third,
38500 then find the amount of investment in each
m
= bond by rank method.
72
Solution:
Clearly the last equivalent matrix is in echelon Let the amount of investment in each bond be
` x, ` y and ` z respectively.
co
form and it has three non-zero rows.
∴ ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 3 = Number of unknowns. Given x + y + z = 5000 ----- (1)
∴ The given system is consistent and has unique
6 x 7 y 8z
solution. Also + + = 358
To find the solution, let us rewrite the above 100 100 100
s.
echelon form into the matrix form. PNR x ×1× 6 6x
 Interest = = =
100 100 100
   
 1 −3 −1   −5000  6x + 7 y + 8z
ok
  x  18500 
5   = Þ = 358
0 1  y   100
 8    8  Þ 6x + 7y + 8z = 35800 ----- (2)
  z  −38500 
−77  6x 7 y
+
8z
 0 0    Given that = 70 +
72 72  100 100 100
o
Þ x – 3y – z = –5500 ----- (1) 6x + 7 y 7000 + 8 z
Þ =
5 18500 100 100
ab
y + z = ----- (2) Þ 6x + 7y = 700 + 8z

8 8
−77 38500 Þ 6x + 7y – 8z = 7000 ----- (3)
z = – ----- (3) The matrix equation corresponding to the given
72 72
−77 z −38500 system is.
ur
(3) Þ =  1 1 1   x  5000 
72 72

6 7 8   
y =  35800
−38500     
Þ z =  6 7 −8  z   7000 
−77
.s
Þ z = 500.
Augmented matrix Elementary
5 18500
(2) Þ y + (500) = [A, B] Transformation
8 8
w
18500 2500  1 1 1 5000 

y = –  6 7 8 35800
8 8  
2000  6 7 −8 7000 
16000
w
=
8
1 1 1 5000 
Þ y = 2000  R2 → R2 – 6R1
~ 0 1 2 5800 
 
w
(1) Þ x – 3(2000) – 500 = –5500 R3 → R3 – 6R1

 0 1 −14 −23000
Þ x – 6000 – 500 = –5500
Þ x – 6500 = –5500 1 1 1 5000 
~ 0 1 5800 
Þ x = –5500 + 6500 
2
 R3 → R3 – R2
Þ x = 1000  0 0 −16 −28800
Hence, the prices per unit of three commodities

are `1000, ` 2000 and ` 500 respectively.
/ 81243 01000
The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form and 2 7

ρ(A) = ρ([A, B]) = 3 = Number of unknowns. ∆y = = 2(9) – 3 (7)
3 9
Thus, the given system is consistent with unique
= 18 – 21 = –3
solution. To find the solution, let us rewrite the
above echelon form into the matrix form. ∆x 8
∴ x = = =8
m
∆ 1
 1 1 1   x  5000 
 0 1 2   y  =  5800  ∆y −3
     y = = =–3
 0 0 −16  z   −28800 ∆ 1
co
Þ x + y + z = 5000 ----- (1) ∴ Solution set is {8, –3)
Þ y + 2z = 5800 ----- (2) (ii) 5x + 3y = 17 ; 3x + 7y = 31
Þ –16z = –28800 ----- (3) Solution:
(3)Þ –16z = –28800
s.
28800 5 3
Þ z = – = 1800 ∆ = = 5(7) – 3(3)
−16 3 7
Substituting z = 1800 in (2) we get, = 35 – 9 = 26

Þ
Þ
Þ
y + 2(1800) = 5800
y + 3600 = 5800
y = 5800 – 3600
y = 2200
o ok Since ∆ ≠ 0, we can apply Cramer’s rule and the
system is consistent with unique solution.
∆x =
17 3
31 7
= 17(7) – 31 (3)
= 119 – 93 = 26
ab
Substituting y = 2200 and z = 1800 in (1) 5 17

we get, ∆y = = 5 (31) – 17 (3)
3 31
x + 2200 + 1800 = 5000 = 155–51 = 104.
Þ x + 4000 = 5000 ∆x 26
x = = =1
ur
∆ 26
Þ x = 5000 – 4000 4
∆y 104
Þ x = 1000 y = = =4
∆ 26
.s
Hence, the amount of investment in each bond is ∴ Solution set is {1, 4}

Rs. 1000, Rs.2200 and Rs. 1800 respectively.
(iii) 2x + y – z = 3, x + y + z = 1, x – 2y – 3z = 4
EXERCISE 1.2
w
Solution:
2 1 −1
1. Solve the following equations by using
Cramer’s rule. ∆= 1 1 1 = 2
w
1 −2 −3
(i) 2x + 3y = 7, 3x + 5y = 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: −1 −1
2 3 −2 −3 1 −3 1 −2
w
∆ = = 10 – 9 = 1 ≠ 0.
3 5
Since ∆ ≠ 0, we can apply Cramer’s rule and the = 2 (–3+2) – 1 (–3 –1) –1
system is consistent with unique solution. (–2–1)
= 2(–1) –1 (–4) –1 (–3)
7 3
∆x = = 7(5) – 9 (3)
9 5 = –2 + 4 + 3 = 5.
= 35 – 27 = 8
/ 81243 01000
Since ∆ ≠ 0, we can apply Cramer’s rule and the = 1(–11) –1(0) +1(–22)
= –11 –22 = –33 ≠ 0
3 1 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1 Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer’s rule can be applied and the
x= 1 1 1 = 3 −1 −1
−2 −3 4 −3 4 −2 system is consistent with unique solution.
4 −2 −3
m
6 1 1
= 3(–3 + 2) –1(–3 –4) –1(–2 –4)
∆ x = 5 3 −1
= 3 (–1) –1 (–7) –1 (–6)
−7 −2 −3
= –3 + 7 + 6 = 10.
co
3 −1 5 −1 5 3
2 3 −1 = 6 −1 +1
1 1 1 1 1 1 −2 −3 −7 −3 −7 −2
∆y = 1 1 1 = 2 −3 −1
4 −3 1 −3 1 4
1 4 −3
= 6 (–9 –2) –1(–15 –7) + 1(–10 +21)
s.
= 2 (–3 –4) –3 (–3 –1) –1 (4–1)
= 6 (–11) –1 (–22) + 1 (11)
= 2 (–7) –3 (–4) –1(3)
= –66 + 22 + 11 = – 33
ok
= –14 + 12 – 3 = – 5
1 6 1
2 1 3
∆y = 2 5 −1
∆z = 1 1 1
6 −7 −3
1 −2 4
o
5 −1 2 −1 2 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 =1 −6 +1
= 2 −1 +3 −7 −3 6 −3 6 −7
−2 4 1 −2
ab
1 4
= 1(–15 –7) –6(–6 +6) + 1(–14 –30)
= 2 (4 + 2) –1(4 –1) + 3(–2 –1)
= 2(6) –1(3) + 3(–3) = 1(–22) –6(0) + 1 (–44)
= 12 – 3 – 9
ur
= –22 – 44 = – 66
=0
2
∆x 10 1 1 6
∴x= = =2 ∆z = 2 3 5
∆ 5
.s
∆y −5
6 −2 −7
y= = 5 = –1
∆ 3 5 2 5 2 3
=1 −1 +6
−2 −7 6 −7 6 −2
w
∆z 0
z= = = 0
∆ 5
= 1(–21 +10) –1(–14 –30) +6 (–4 –18)
∴ Solution set is {2, –1, 0} = 1(–11) –1(–44) +6(–22)
w
(iv) x + y + z = 6, 2x + 3y – z = 5, 6x – 2y –3z = –7. = –11 + 44 – 132 = – 99

Solution:
∆x −33
x= = −33 = 1
∆
w
1 1 1 2
∆ = 2 3 −1 ∆y −66
y= = =2
6 −2 −3 ∆ −33
3 −1 2 −1 2 3 3
=1 −1 +1 ∆z −99
−2 −3 6 −3 6 −2 z= = =3
∆ −33
= 1(–9 –2) –1(–6 +6) + 1(–4 –18)
∴ Solution set is {1, 2, 3}
/ 81243 01000
(v) x + 4y + 3z = 2, 2x – 6y + 6z = – 3, ∆y 84 1
5x – 2y + 3z = –5 y= = =
∆ 168 2
Solution: 2
1 4 3 ∆z 56 1
z= = =
∆ = 2 −6 6 ∆ 168 3
3
5 −2 3
m
1 1
Solution set is {–1, , }
−6 6 2 6 2 −6 2 3
=1 −4 +3 2. A commodity was produced by using 3 units of
−2 3 5 3 5 −2
labour and 2 units of capital, the total cost is ` 62.
co
= 1(–18 + 12) – 4(6 – 30) +3 (– 4 + 30) If the commodity had been produced by using 4
= 1(– 6) – 4(– 24) + 3(26) units of labour and one unit of capital, the cost is
` 56. What is the cost per unit of labour and
= – 6 + 96 + 78 = 168 ≠ 0. capital? (Use determinant method).
s.
Since ∆ ≠ 0, the system is consistent with unique Solution:
solution and Cramer’s rule can be applied. Let Rs. x represents the cost per unit of labour
and Rs. y represents the cost per unit of capital
2 4 3
ok
Given 3x + 2y = 62
∆x = −3 −6 6
−5 −2 3 4x + y = 56
−6 6 −3 6 −3 −6 3 2
= 2 −4 +3 ∆= = 3(1) – 4(2) = 3 – 8 = –5
o
−2 3 −5 3 −5 −2 4 1
Since ∆ ≠ 0, the system is consistent with unique
= 2 (– 18 + 12) – 4(– 9 +30) + 3(6 –30)
ab
solution and Cramer’s rule can be applied.

= 2(– 6) – 4(21) + 3(– 24) 62 2
∆x = = 62(1) – 56(2) = 62 – 112 = – 50
= – 12 – 84 – 72 = – 168 56 1
1 2 3
−3 6 2 −3
ur
2 6
y = 2 −3 6 = 1
∆ −2 +3 3 62
−5 3 5 3 5 −5
5 −5 3 ∆y = = 3(56) – 4(62)
4 56
= 1 (– 9 + 30) – 2(6 – 30) + 3(– 10 + 15) = 168 – 248 = –80
.s
= 1(21) – 2(– 24) + 3(5) 10

= 21 + 48 + 15 = 84 ∆x −50
∴ x= = = 10
1 4 2 ∆ −5
w
∆z = 2 −6 −3 16
∆y −80
5 −2 −5 y= = = 16.
∆ −5
w
−6 −3 2 −3 2 −6 ∴ Cost per unit of labour is Rs. 10 and the cost

=1 −4 +2
−2 −5 5 −5 5 −2 per unit of capital is Rs. 16.
w
= 1(30 – 6) – 4(– 10 + 15) + 2(– 4 + 30) 3. A total of ` 8,600 was invested in two accounts.
3
One account earned 4 % annual interest and
= 24 – 4(5) + 2(26) 4
1
= 24 – 20 + 52 = 56 the other earned 6 % annual interest. If the
2
∆x −168 total interest for one year was ` 431.25, how
x= = = –1 much was invested in each account? (Use
∆ 168
determinant method).
/ 81243 01000
Solution: Solution:
Let the hourly charge for horse riding be Rs. x
Let the amount invested in the two accounts be
and the hourly charge for quad bike be Rs. y from
Rs x and Rs. y respectively
the given data, 3x + 4y = 780
By the given data, x + y = 8600 ----- (1)
2x + 3y = 560
3 x 1 y
m
4 × +6 × = 431.25 3 4
4 100 2 100 ∆= = 3(3) –2(4) = 9–8 = 1 ≠ 0
PNR 2 3
[∴ interest = ]
100
19 x 13 y Since ∆ ≠ 0, the system is consistent with unique
co
Þ + = 431.25 solution and Cramer’s rule can be applied.
400 200
19 x + 26 y 780 4
Þ = 431.25 ∆x = = 780(3) – 4(560)
400 560 3
s.
19x + 26y = 172500 ----- (2) = 2340 – 2240
= 100
1 1
∆= = 1(26) – 1(19)
ok
19 26 3 780
∆y =
= 3(560) – 2(780)
= 26 – 19 = 7 2 560
8600 1 = 1680 – 1560
∆x = = 8600(26) – 1(172500)
172500 26
= 120
o
= 223600 – 172500= 51100 ∆x 100
∴ x= = = 100
∆
ab
1 8600 1
∆y = = 1(172500) – 19(8600)
19 172500
∆y 120
= 172500 – 163400 = 9100 y= = = 120
∆ 1
∆x 51100
∴ x = = = 7300 ∴ Hourly charges for the two rides are Rs.100
∆
ur
7 and Rs.120 respectively.

∆y 9100
y= = = 1300 5. In a market survey three commodities A,
∆ 7 B and C were considered. In finding out
3 the index number some fixed weights were
.s
∴ Investment in the interest of 4 % account

4 assigned to the three varieties in each of the
1
is Rs. 7300 and investment in the rate of 6 % commodities. The table below provides the
2 information regarding the consumption of
account is Rs. 1300.
w
three commodities according to the three

4. At marina two types of games viz., Horse
varieties and also the total weight received by
riding and Quad Bikes riding are available on
the commodity
hourly rent. Keren and Benita spent ` 780 and
w
` 560 during the month of May. Commodity Variety Total

Variety I II III Weight
Number of Hours Total
amount A 1 2 3 11
w
Name Horse Quad Bike spent B 2 4 5 21

Riding Riding
(in `) C 3 5 6 27
Keren 3 4 780
Find the weights assigned to the three varieties
Benita 2 3 560 by using Cramer’s Rule.
Find the hourly charges for the two games
(rides). (Use determinant method).
/ 81243 01000
Solution: 1 2 11
4 21 2 21 2 4
Let the weight assigned to the three varieties be ∆z = 2 4 21 = 1 −2 + 11
5 27 3 27 3 5
Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs. z respectively. 3 5 27
By the given data, = 1(108 – 105) – 2(54 – 63) + 11(10 – 12)
= 1(3) – 2(–9) + 11(–2)
x + 2y + 3z = 11
m
2x + 4y + 5z = 21 = 3 + 18 – 22
3x + 5y + 6z = 27 = – 1
∆x −2
co
x= = =2
1 2 3
4 5 2 5 2 4 ∆ −1
∆= 2 4 5 =1 −2 +3 ∆y −3
5 6 3 6 3 5 y= = =3
3 5 6 ∆ −1
s.
= 1(24 – 25) –2(12 – 15) + 3(10 – 12) ∆z −1
and z = = =1
∆ −1
= 1(–1) –2 (–3) + 3(–2) Hence, the weights assigned to the three varieties
ok
= –1 + 6 – 6 = –1 ≠ 0. are 2, 3 and 1 respectively.
6. A total of ` 8,500 was invested in three interest
Since ∆ ≠ 0, the system is consistent with unique earning accounts. The interest rates were 2%,
solution and Cramer’s rule can be applied. 3% and 6% if the total simple interest for one
o
year was ` 380 and the amount invested at
11 2 3
6% was equal to the sum of the amounts in
∆x = 21 4 5 the other two accounts, then how much was
ab
27 5 6 invested in each account? (Use Cramer’s rule).

Solution:
4 5 21 5 21 4
= 11 −2 +3 Let the amount invested in the rate of 2%, 3% and
5 6 27 6 27 5 6% be Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs. z respectively.
ur
= 11(24 – 25) – 2(126 – 135) + 3(105 – 108) By the given data,

x + y + z = 8500 ----- (1)
= 11(–1) – 2(–9) + 3 (–3)
2x 3y 6z
.s
+ + = 380
= –11 + 18 – 9 100 100 100
= – 2 2x + 3y + 6z
w
Þ = 380
1 11 3 100
∆y = 2 21 5 PNR x ×1× 2 2x
 Interest = = =
w
3 27 6 100 100 100

21 5 2 5 2 21
= − 11 +3 Þ 2x + 3y + 6z = 38000 ----- (2)
27 6 3 6 3 27
w
Also, z = x + y
= 1(126 – 135) – 11(12 –15) + 3(54 – 63) x + y – z = 0 ----- (3)
= – 9 – 11(–3) + 3(–9) 1 1 1
= – 9 + 33 – 27 ∆= 2 3 6
1 1 −1
= – 3
/ 81243 01000
3 6 2 6 2 3 4250
= 1 −1 +1 ∆z −8500
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 z= = = 4250
∆ −2
= 1(–3 – 6) – 1(–2 –6) + 1 (2 – 3)
Hence, the amount invested in the three accounts
= 1(–9) – 1 (–8) + 1(–1) are Rs. 250, Rs. 4000 and Rs. 4250 respectively.
m
= – 9 + 8 – 1 = – 2 ≠ 0
Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer’s rule can be applied and the
EXERCISE 1.3
1. The subscription department of a magazine
co
8500 1 1 sends out a letter to a large mailing list inviting
subscriptions for the magazine. Some of the
∆x = 38000 3 6
people receiving this letter already subscribe
0 1 −1 to the magazine while others do not. From
s.
3 6 38000 6 38000 3 this mailing list, 45% of those who already
= 8500 −1 +1
1 −1 1 −1 0 1 subscribe will subscribe again while 30% of
those who do not now subscribe will subscribe.
= 8500 (– 3 – 6) – 1(–38000 –0) + 1(38000 – 0) On the last letter, it was found that 40% of
= 8500 (–9) – 1(–38000) + 1(38000)
= – 76500 + 38000 + 38000
= – 500
o ok those receiving it ordered a subscription.
What percent of those receiving the current
letter can be expected to order a subscription?
Solution:
Transition probability matrix

1 8500 1
ab
∆y = 2 38000 6 A B
1 0 −1 A  ⋅45 ⋅55
T =
38000 6 2 6 2 38000 B  ⋅30 ⋅70
=1 − 8500 +1
0 −1 1 −1 1 0
Where A represents the percentage of subscribers
ur
= 1 (–38000 – 0) – 8500 (–2 –6) + 1(0 – 38000) and B represents the percentage of non-
subscribers.
= – 38000 – 8500 (–8) – 38000
By the given data, 40% received the order of
.s
= – 38000 + 68000 – 38000 subscription Þ 60% are non-subscribers.

= – 8000
A = 40% = ·40
1 1 8500
w
and B = 60% = ·60

∆z = 2 3 38000
1 1 0
A B
A  ⋅45 ⋅55
w
A B
3 38000 2 38000 2 3 ∴ (⋅40 ⋅60) =
=1
1 0
−1
1 0
+ 8500
1 1 B  ⋅30 ⋅70
= 1 (0 – 38000) – 1(0 –38000) +85000 (2 – 3) ((⋅40)(⋅45) + (⋅60)(⋅30) (⋅40)(.55) + (⋅60)(.70) )
w
= – 38000 + 38000 + 8500 (–1)

= (⋅18 + ⋅18 ⋅22 + ⋅42)
= – 8500
250 = (·36 ·64)
∆x −500
∴x= = = + 250 Þ 36 % of those receiving the current letter can
∆ −2
be expected to order a subscription.
4000
∆y −8000
y= = = 4000
∆ −2
/ 81243 01000
Miscellaneous problems  4 5 2 2
 3 2 1 6 R3 → R3 ¸ 4
~
 1 −3 4 7  1 1 2 0
1. Find the rank of the matrix A = 
 9 1 2 0
Solution:
 1 −3 4 7  1 1 2 0
Given A =  ~  3 2 1 6 R1 ↔ R3
m
 9 1 2 0
 4 5 2 2
 1 −3 4 0 
∼  R → R2 – 9R1
 0 28 −34 −63 2  1 1 2 0 R2 → R2 – 3R1
co
 0 −1 −5 6
~
  R3 → R3 – 4R1
 1 −3 4 0   0 1 −6 2
28
∼ 10  R2 → R2 + .R1
0 0 −63 3
1 1 2 0
 3 
s.
 0 −1 −5 6 R3 → R3+R2
~ 
 0 0 −11 8
there are 2 non-zero rows.
ok
∴ ρ(A) = 2. The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form and
there are 3 non-zero rows.
 −2 1 3 4
2. Find the rank of the matrix A =  0 1 1 2 ∴ ρ(A) = 3.
Solution:  1 3 4 7 4. Examine the consistency of the system of
o
equations:
 −2 1 3 4
x + y + z = 7, x + 2y + 3z = 18, y + 2z = 6 .
ab
Given A =  0 1 1 2
Solution:
 1 3 4 7
Given non homogeneous equations are x + y + z
 1 3 4 7 = 7, x + 2y + 3z = 18, y + 2z = 6 .
∼  0 1 1 2 R1 ↔ R3
ur
 
 −2 1 3 4
1 3 4 7  [A, B] Transformation
∼  0 1 1 2  R2 → R2 + 2R1
.s
1 1 1 7 
 0 7 11 18  1 2 3 18
 1 3 4 7  
0 1 2 6 
w
∼  0 1 1 2 R3 → R3 – 7R2
 
 0 0 4 4 1 1 1 7 
~  0 1 2 11
w
R2 → R2 – R1
0 1 2 6
there are 3 non - zero rows.
∴ ρ(A) = 3.
w
1 1 1 7 
 4 5 2 2
~  0 1 2 11 R3 → R3 – R2
3. Find the rank of the matrix A =  3 2 1 6  0 0 0 −5
 
Solution:  4 4 8 0
 4 5 2 2 Here ρ(A) = 2 and ρ(A, B) = 3
Given A =  3 2 1 6 Since ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A, B), the given system is
 
 4 4 8 0 inconsistent and has no solution.
/ 81243 01000
5. Find k if the equations 2x + 3y − z = 5, 3x − y +

4z = 2, x + 7y − 6z = k are consistent. 1 1 1 1 
 1  R2 → R2 – 3R1
Solution: ~  0 −4 −4  R3 → R3 – R1
Given non-homogeneous equations are  0 4 4 k − 1
2x + 3y − z = 5, 3x − y + 4z = 2, x + 7y − 6z = k
 1 1 1 1
m
[A, B] Transformation ~  0 −4 −4 1 R3 → R3 + R2
 2 3 −1 5  0 0 0 k
 3 −1 4 2
co
 
 1 7 −6 k  Here clearly ρ(A) = 2.
Since the given system is inconsistent, ρ(A) ≠
 1 7 −6 k  ρ(A, B)
~  3 −1 4 2 R1 ↔ R3
  This can happen only when k ≠ 0.
 2 3 −1 5
s.
∴ k can take any value other than zero.
1 7 −6 k 7. Solve the equations x + 2y + z = 7, 2x − y + 2z
~  0 −22 22 2 − 3k  R2 → R2 – 3R1
 
= 4, x + y − 2z = −1 by using Cramer’s rule.
R3 → R3 – 2R1
ok
 0 −11 11 5 − 2k  Solution:
1 7 −6 k 1 2 1
~  0 −22 22

2 − 3k 
 R3 → 2R3 – R2 ∆ = 2 −1 2
0 0 0 2(5 − 2k ) − (2 − 3k ) 1 1 −2
o
1 7 −6 k −1 2 2 2 2 −1
~  0 −22 22 2 − 3k  =1 −2 +1
ab
  1 −2 1 −2 1 1
0 0 0 10 − 4k − 2 + 3k 
1 7 −6 k
= 1(2 –2) – 2(–4 –2) + 1(2 + 1)
~  0 −22 22 2 − 3k  = 1 (0) – 2 (–6) + 1(3)
 
0 0 0 8 − k = 12 + 3 = 15 ≠ 0.
ur
Here ρ(A) = 2 Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer's rule can be applied and the

Since the given system is consistent, ρ(A, B) must system is consistent with unique solution.
be equal to 2. 7 2 1
.s
This can happen only when ∆x = 4 −1 2

8 – k = 0 Þ k=8 −1 1 −2
w
6. Find k if the equations x + y + z = 1, 3x − y − z −1 2 4 2 4 −1

= 4, x + 5y + 5z = k are inconsistent. =7 −2 +1
1 −2 −1 −2 −1 1
Solution:
= 7 (2 –2) –2 (–8 + 2) + 1 (4 – 1)
w
x + y + z = 1, 3x − y − z = 4, x + 5y + 5z = k = 7 (0) – 2(–6) + 1(3)

Augmented matrix Elementary = 12 + 3 = 15.
[A, B] Transformation
w
1 7 1
 1 1 1 1 ∆y = 2 4 2
 3 −1 −1 4
  1 −1 −2
1 5 5 k
4 2 2 2 2 4
=1 −7 +1
−1 −2 1 −2 1 −1
= 1 (– 8 + 2) –7(–4 –2) + 1(–2 –4)
/ 81243 01000
= 1 (–6) –7 (–6) + 1 (–6) = 100(0 – 2) – 1 (80 – 220)

= – 6 + 42 – 6 = 30 = 100(– 2) – 1(– 140)
1 2 7
= – 200 + 140 = – 60.
∆z = 2 −1 4
2 100 0
1 1 −1 80 1 1 1
∆y = 1 80 1 = 2 − 100 +0
m
−1 4 2 4 2 −1 220 1 3 1
−2 +7 3 220 1
=1
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 = 2 (80 – 220) – 100 (1 – 3)
co
= 1 (1 – 4) – 2(– 2 – 4) + 7(2 + 1) = 2 (– 140) – 100 (–2)
= 1 (–3) –2 (– 6) + 7 (3) = – 280 + 200 = – 80.
= – 3 + 12 + 21 = 30 2 1 100
∆z = 1 0 80
s.
∆x 15
∴ x= = =1 3 2 220
∆ 15
2 0 80 1 80 1 0
∆y =2 −1 + 100
ok
30
y= = =2 2 220 3 220 3 2
∆ 15
2 = 2(0 – 160) – 1(220 – 240) + 100(2 – 0)
∆z 30
z= = =2 = 2(– 160) – 1(– 20) + 100(2)
∆
o
15
= – 320 + 20 + 200
∴ Solution set is {1, 2, 2}
= – 100
ab
8. The cost of 2kg. of wheat and 1kg. of sugar is ∆x −60

`100. The cost of 1kg. of wheat and 1kg. of rice x= = = 30
∆ −2
is `80. The cost of 3kg. of wheat, 2kg. of sugar
and 1kg of rice is `220. Find the cost of each ∆y −80
per kg., Using Cramer’s rule. y= = = 40
∆ −2
ur
Solution:
Let the cost of 1kg of wheat be Rs. x, 1kg of sugar ∆z −100
z= = = 50
be Rs. y and 1kg of rice be Rs. z. ∆ −2
∴ The cost of 1kg of wheat is `. 30
.s
By the given data,

The cost of 1kg sugar is `. 40 and
2x + y = 100
The cost of 1 kg of rice is `. 50.
w
x + z = 80
9. A salesman has the following record of sales
3x + 2y + z = 220 during three months for three items A,B and
2 1 0 C, which have different rates of commission.
w
0 1 1 1
∆ = 1 0 1 = 2 −1 +0 Sales of units Total
2 1 3 1
3 2 1 Months commission
A B C drawn (in `)
w
= 2 (0 – 2 ) –1 (1 – 3) + 0
January 90 100 20 800
= 2(–2) – 1(– 2)
February 130 50 40 900
= – 4 + 2 = –2 March 60 100 30 850
100 1 0 Find out the rate of commission on the items
∆x = 80 0 1 = 100
0 1 80 1 A,B and C by using Cramer’s rule.
−1 +0
2 1 220 1
220 2 1
/ 81243 01000
Solution: = 9(– 70) – 80(15) + 2(565)

Let the rate of commission on the items A, B and = – 630 – 1200 + 1130
C be x, y and z respectively.
= – 700
By the given data, the non-homogeneous 9 10 80
equations are
∆z = 13 5 90
m
90x + 100y + 20z = 800 6 10 85
Þ 9x + 10y +2z = 80 5 90 13 90 13 5
=9 − 10 + 80
co
130x + 50y + 40z = 900 10 85 6 85 6 10
Þ 13x + 5y + 4z = 90 = 9(425 – 900) – 10(1105 – 540) + 80(130 – 30)
60x + 100y + 30z = 850 = 9(– 475) – 10(565) + 80 (100)
s.
Þ 6x + 10y + 3z = 85 = – 4275 – 5650 + 8000
9 10 2
= – 1925
∆ = 13 5 4 2
ok
∆x −350
6 10 3 x= = =2
∆ −175
5 4 13 4 13 5
=9 − 10 +2 4
10 3 6 3 6 10 ∆y −700
y= = =4
∆ −175
o
= 9 (15 – 40) – 10 (39 – 24) + 2(130 – 30) 11
∆z −1925
= 9 (– 25 ) – 10(15) + 2(100) z= = = 11
ab
∆ −175
= – 225 – 150 + 200
∴ The rate of commission on the items A, B and
= – 175
C are 2%, 4% and 11%
Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer's rule can be applied and the
10. The subscription department of a magazine
ur
sends out a letter to a large mailing list inviting

80 10 2 subscriptions for the magazine. Some of the
∆x = 90 5 4 people receiving this letter already subscribe
85 10 3 to the magazine while others do not. From
.s
this mailing list, 60% of those who already

5 4 90 4 90 5 subscribe will subscribe again while 25% of
= 80 − 10 +2
10 3 85 3 85 10 those who do not now subscribe will subscribe.
On the last letter it was found that 40% of those
w
= 80(15 – 40) – 10(270 – 340) + 2(900 – 425)

receiving it ordered a subscription. What
= 80 (– 25) – 10 (– 70) + 2 (475) percent of those receiving the current letter
= – 2000 + 700 + 950 can be expected to order a subscription?
w
= – 350 Solution:
Let A represents the percent of people who
9 80 2
subscribe the magazine and B represents the
w
∆y = 13 90 4 percent of people who do not subscribe the

6 85 3 magazine.
90 4 13 4 13 90 Given 60% of people subscribe again implies 40%
=9 − 80 +2
85 3 6 3 6 85 of people do not subscribe. And 25% of people
are going to subscribe implies 75% of people are
= 9(270 – 340) – 80(39 – 24) +2(1105 – 540) not going to subscribe.
/ 81243 01000
∴ Transition probability matrix 6. The rank of an n × n matrix each of whose

A B elements is 2 is
A ⋅6 ⋅4 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) n (d) n2
T =
B  ⋅025 ⋅75
 [Ans: (a) 1]
Also, it is given that 40 % of those received the 52 53 54
m
order of subscription implies 60% are not going 7. The value of 53 54 55 is.
to receive the order.
54 55 56
 ⋅6 ⋅4
∴ (⋅4 ⋅6) 
co
 ⋅25 ⋅75 (a) 52 (b) 0 (c) 513 (d) 59
[Ans: (b) 0]
((⋅4)(⋅6) + (⋅6)(⋅25)
= (⋅4)(⋅4) + (⋅6)(⋅75) )
2x 5 6 −2
= (⋅24 + ⋅15 ⋅16 + ⋅45) = (⋅39 ⋅61) 8. If 8 x = 7 3 then x = .
s.
∴ 39% of people who received the current letter (a) 3 (b) ± 3 (c) ± 6 (d) 6
can be expected to order a subscription. [Ans: (c) ± 6]
9. If A is a singular matrix, then Adj A is.
I.
Practice Problems
Choose the correct answer :
o
1. If the minor of a23 = the co-factor of a23 in |aij|
ok (a) non-singular
(c) symmetric

(b) singular
(d) not defined
[Ans: (b) Singular]
10. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices,
then the minor of a23 is. then.
ab
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3 (a) AB is non-singular (b) AB is singular

[Ans: (c) 0] (c) (AB)–1 = A–1 B–1
2. If AB = BA = |A| I then the matrix B is the. (d) (AB)–1 does not exit
(a) inverse of A (b) Transpose of A [Ans: (a) AB is non-singular]
ur
(c) Adjoint of A (d) 2A II. Fill in the blanks :

[Ans: (c) Adjoint of A] a 0 0 
1. If A =  0 a 0  then the value of |adj A| is
.s
3. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then |adj A|  

is. _____  0 0 a 
 
[Ans: a6]
(a) |A|2 (b) |A| (c) |A|3 (d) |A|4
10 0
w
[Ans: (a) |A|2] 2. For any 2 × 2 matrix, if A (adj A) =

0 10
4. If |A| = 0, then |adj A| is. then |A| is _______.
[Ans: 10]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) ± 1
w
3. If A is a square matrix of order n, then

[Ans: (a) 0]
|Adj A| = _____. [Ans: |A|n–1]
 2 k 4. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |A| = 8 then
w
5. For what value of k, the matrix A =  3 5  |adj A| = ______. [Ans: 64]

has no inverse?
5. If A is a square matrix such that A = I, then
2
(a)
3
(b)
10
(c) 3 (d) 10 A–1 =_______. [Ans: A]
10 3 6. The system of equation x + y + z = 2,
10
[Ans: (b) ] 3x – y + 2z = 6 and 3x + y – z = – 18 has _______
3 solution
[Ans: unique]
/ 81243 01000
2. For the matrix A = [aij] 3 × 3 Þ ρ(A) ≤ 2.

(a) Order of minor is less than the order of |A|.
7 −1
(b) Minor of an element can never be equal to  2 1  = 7 – (– 2) = 7 + 2 = 9 ≠ 0
co-factor of the same element.  
(c) Value of a determinant is obtained by The highest order of non-vanishing minor of A
multiplying elements of a row or column by is 2
m
corresponding factors
∴ ρ(A) = 2
(d) Order of minor and co-factors of elements of
A is same.  2 −4
2. Find the rank of the matrix 
[Ans: (b) Minor of an element can never be  −1 2 
co
equal to co-factor of the same element.] Solution:
3. If A is an invertible matrix, then which of the  2 −4

Let A = 
following is not true?  −1 2 
(a) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2 (b) |A–1| = |A|–1 The order of A is 2 × 2
s.
(c) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (d) |A| ≠ 0 ρ(A) ≤ min (2, 2)
[Ans: (a) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2]
4. Þ ρ(A) ≤ 2.
ok
(a) If three planes intersect at a point, then the 2 −4
system has unique solution. = 4 – 4 = 0.
−1 2
(b) if three planes intersect along a line then the
system has infinitely many solutions lying Since the second order minor vanishes, ρ(A) ≠ 2.
on this line.
o
We have to try for atleast one non-zero first order
(c) If two planes intersect at a point then the
minor.
system has unique solution.
ab
(d) If three planes are parallel and distinct and ie. atleast one non-zero element of A.
there is no point in common, then the system
This is possible because A has non-zero element.
has no solutions
[Ans: (c) If two planes intersect at a point ∴ ρ(A) = 1.
then the system has unique solution.]
ur
3. Solve x + 2y = 3 and x + y = 2 using Cramer's

5. Solution of the system of equations x + 2y = 7 rule.
and 3x + 6y = 21 is Solution:
(a) x = 5, y = 1 (b) x = 3, y = 2 1 2
∆= = (1) (1) – (1)(2) = 1 – 2 = –1
.s
(c) x = 0, y = 1 (d) x = –3, y = 5 1 1

[Ans: (c) x = 0, y = 1] Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer's rule can be applied and the
w
3 2
Additional Question ∆x = =3–4=–1
2 1
2 Mark questions:
w
1 3
∆y = =2–3=–1
1 2
7 −1
1. Find the rank of the matrix   ∆x −1
2 1  x= = =1
w
Solution:
∆ −1
7 −1
Let A =   ∆y −1
2 1  y= = =1
∆ −1
∴ solution set is {1, 1}
ρ(A) ≤ min (2, 2)
/ 81243 01000
8. For what value of x, the matrix Solution:

1 −2 3 Transition probability matrix
A= 1 2 1 is singular? A B
x 2 −3 A  ⋅65 ⋅35
T =
Solution: B  ⋅45 ⋅55
m
The matrix A is singular, if
Given present market shares are 15% for A and
1 −2 3
85% for B
1 2 1 = 0
co
x 2 −3 ∴Market shares after one year
 ⋅65 ⋅35
= (⋅15 ⋅85) 
 ⋅45 ⋅55
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 +2 +3 =0
2 −3 x −3 x 2
= ((⋅15)(⋅65) + (⋅85)(⋅45) ⋅15 × ⋅35 + ⋅85 × ⋅55)
s.
Þ1 (– 6 – 2) + 2 (– 3 – x) + 3 (2 – 2x) = 0
Þ1 (–8) –6 – 2x + 6 – 6x = 0 = (⋅0975 + 0 ⋅ 3825 ⋅0525 + ⋅4675)
ok
Þ – 8 – 2x – 6x = 0 = (0 ⋅ 48 0 ⋅ 52)
Þ – 8 – 8x = 0 ∴Market shares after one year for A is 48% and
Þ – 8 = 8x for B is 52%
−8 3 Mark questions:
o
Þ x = = –1
8 1. Find the rank of the matrix
 1 0 0  x   1
ab
     2 4 5
0 1 0 y  
9. If     =  −1 find x, y and z A=  4 8 10
 0 0 1  z   0  
 −6 −12 −15
Solution:
ur
Solution:
 1 0 0  x  1 
Given  0 1 0  y =  −1 The order of A is 3 × 3
 0 0 1  z   0  ∴ ρ(A) ≤ min (3, 3)
.s
 x + 0 + 0  1 Þ ρ(A) ≤ 3
 0 + y + 0 =  −1
Þ   Matrix Elementary
 
0 + 0 + z  0 Transformation
w
 x  1  2 4 5
 y  =  −1  4 8 10
Þ  
w
   
 z  0  −6 −12 −15
Þ x = 1, y = –1, z=0  1 1 1 C1 → C1 ¸ 2
w
10. Two newspapers A and B are published in a ~  2 2 2 C2 → C2 ¸ 4 and

city .Their market shares are 15% for A and  −3 −3 −3 C3 → C3 ¸ 5
85% for B of those who bought A the previous
year, 65% continue to buy it again while 35%
 1 1 1
switch over to B. Of those who bought B the R2 → R2 – 2R1
previous year, 55% buy it again and 45% switch ~  0 0 0
R3 → R3 + 3R1
over to A. Find their market shares after one  0 0 0
year.
/ 81243 01000

it has one non-zero row. 1 1 1 5 
R2 → R2 – 3R1
~  0 −2 −8 −2
\ ρ(A) = 1 R3 → R3 – 2R1
 0 −3 −1 −3
 1 2 −4 5
  1 1 1 5 
2. Find the rank of the matrix A =  2 −1 3 6
m
 8 1 9 7 ~  0 −2 −8 −2 R3 → R3 –
3
R
Solution:  0 0 11 0  2 2
co
The order of A is 3 × 4 Clearly ρ(A) = 3 and ρ(A, B) = 3
∴ ρ(A) ≤ min (3, 4) Þ ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 3 = Number of unknowns
ρ(A) ≤ 3 ∴ The given system is consistent and has unique
solution.
Consider the third order minor,
s.
4. Show that the equations x + 2y = 3, y – z = 2, x
1 2 −4 + y + z = 1 are consistent and have infinite sets
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
2 −1 3 = 1 −2 −4 of solution.
ok
1 9 8 9 8 1 Solution:
8 1 9
Given non-homogeneous equations are
= 1(– 9 – 3) – 2(18 – 24) – 4(2 + 8) x + 2y = 3, y – z = 2, x+y+z=1
= 1 (–12) – 2 (– 6) – 4 (10) Augmented matrix Elementary
o
[A, B] Transformation
= – 12 + 12 – 40
= – 40 ≠ 0.  1 2 0 3
ab
 0 1 −1 2
There is a minor of order 3, which is not zero  
 1 1 1 1
\ ρ(A) = 3.
3. Show that the equations 2x – y + z = 7, 3x + y – 1 2 0 3
ur
5z = 13, x + y + z = 5 are consistent and have a ~  0 1 −1 2 R3 → R3 + R1

unique solution.  0 −1 1 −2
Solution:
.s
The non-homogeneous equation are  1 2 0 3

2x – y + z = 7, 3x + y – 5z = 13, x + y + z = 5 ~  0 1 −1 2 R3 → R3 + R2
 0 0 0 0
w

[A, B] Transformation Obviously, ρ(A) = 2 and ρ(A, B) = 2
 2 −1 1 7  Hence ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 2 < Number of unknowns.
w
 3 1 −5 13 ∴ The system is consistent and has infinite

  number of solutions.
1 1 1 5 
5. Show that the equations x– 3y + 4z = 3, 2x – 5y
w
1 1 1 5  + 7z = 6, 3x – 8y + 11z = 1 are inconsistent.

~  3 1 −5 13
Solution:
R1 ↔ R3
 2 −1 1 7 
x– 3y + 4z = 3, 2x – 5y + 7z = 6, 3x – 8y + 11z = 1
/ 81243 01000
Solution: Given
[A, B] Transformation  1 0 0  x   2
 1 −3 4 3 0 0 1 y =  −1
   
  
 2 −5 7 6  0 1 0  z   3
 
 3 −8 11 1  x + 0 + 0  2
m
Þ  0 + 0 + z  =  −1
 1 −3 4 3    
R2 → R2 – 2R1  0 + y + 0  3

~ 0 1 −1 0 R3 → R3 – 3R1
co

0 1 −1 −8  x  2
Þ  y =  −1
   
 1 −3 4 3  z  3
~  0 1 −1 0 R3 → R3 – R2 Þ x = 2, z = –1 and y=3
s.

 0 0 −0 −8
∴ Solution set is {2, 3, –1}
Clearly ρ(A) = 2 and ρ(A, B) = 3  2 4  n  8
ok
8. If A =   , X =   B =   and AX = B
 4 3  1  11
ρ(A, B) ≠ ρ(A)
then find n.
Hence, the given system is inconsistent and has Solution:
no solution. Given AX = B
o
6. Solve : 2x – 3y – 1 = 0, 5x + 2y – 12 = 0 by  2 4  n  8
Cramer's rule.  4 3 1  = 11
ab
Solution:
The non-homogeneous equations are  2n + 4  8
Þ  4n + 3 = 11
2x – 3y – 1 = 0, 5x + 2y – 12 = 0
2 −3 Equating the corresponding entries on both
ur
∆ = = 4 + 15 = 19 ≠ 0 sides, we get
5 2
2n + 4 = 8
2n = 8 – 4
2n = 4
.s
1 −3 4
∆x = = 2 + 36 = 38 n =
12 2 2
2 = 2.
w
2 1 9. Solve: 2x + 3y = 5, 6x + 5y = 11
∆y = = 24 – 5 = 19
5 12 Solution:
∆x
w
38
x= = =1 2x + 3y = 5, 6x + 5y = 11
∆ 19 2 3
∆= = 10 – 18 = – 8
∆y 19 6 5
y= = =1
w
∆ 19 Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer's rule can be applied and the

∴ Solution set is {2, 1}
5 3
1 0 0  x   2 ∆x = = 25 – 33 = – 8
0 0 1  y   −1 11 5
7. If     =   find x, y and z. 2 5
0 1 0  z   3 ∆y = = 22 – 30 = – 8
6 11
/ 81243 01000
∆x −8 Augmented matrix Elementary

\ x= = =1
∆ −8 [A, B] Transformation
∆y −8
y= = =1 1 1 1 6 
∆ −8 1 0 2 7 
∴ Solution set is {1, 1}  
 3 1 1 12
m
10. Two products A and B currently share
the market with shares 60% and 40% each 1 1 1 6
respectively. Each week some brand switching R2 → R2 – R1
~  0 −1 1 1 

R3 → R3 – 3R1
co
latees place. Of those who bought A the
previous week 70% buy it again whereas 30%  0 −2 −2 −6
switch over to B. Of those who bought B the
previous week, 80% buy it again whereas 20% 1 1 1 6
switch over to A. Find their shares after one ~  0 −1 1 1  R3 → R3 – 2R2
s.
week and after two weeks.
 0 0 −4 −8
Solution:
Transition probability matrix The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form
ok
A B
ρ(A) = 3 and ρ(A, B) = 3
A 0⋅7 0 ⋅ 3
T =  ∴ ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 3 = Number of unknowns
B  0 ⋅ 2 0 ⋅ 8
Shares after one week ∴ The system is consistent and has unique
 ⋅7 ⋅3
o
(⋅6 ⋅4)  solution.
 ⋅2 ⋅8
= (⋅6 × ⋅7 + ⋅4 × ⋅2 ⋅6 × ⋅3 + ⋅4 × ⋅8) To find the solutions, let us rewrite the echelon
ab
form into matrix form.

= (⋅42 + ⋅08 ⋅18 + ⋅32) = (⋅50 ⋅50)  1 1 1   x  6
Þ A = 50% and B = 50%    
 0 −1 1   y  =  1 
×7 ×3ö  
Shares after two weeks (×5 ×5) æ  0 0 −4  z   −8
ur
çè ×2 ×8÷ø
x + y + z = 6 ----- (1)
= (⋅5 × ⋅7 + ⋅5 × ⋅2 ⋅5 × ⋅3 + ⋅5 × ⋅8)
– y + z = 1 ----- (2)
= (⋅35 + ⋅10 ⋅15 + ⋅40) = (⋅45 ⋅55)
.s
– 4z = – 8 ----- (3)
A = 45% and B = 55% −8
From (3), –4z = – 8 Þ z = =2
5 Mark questions: −4
w
Substituting z = 2 in (2) we get

1. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply
the third number by 2 and add the first number –y+2=1Þ–y=1–2Þ–y=–1
to the result we get 7. By adding second and
Þ y = 1
w
third numbers to three times the first number

we get 12. Find the numbers using rank Substituting y = 1 and z = 2 in (1) we get,
method. x+1+2=6Þx+3=6Þx=6–3
w
Solution:
Þ x = 3
Let the three numbers be x, y and z respectively
Hence, the numbers are 3, 1, 2.
Given x + y + z = 6
2. A mixture is to be made of three foods A, B, C.
x + 2z = 7
The three foods A, B, C contain nutrients P, Q,
3x + y + z = 12 R as shown below
/ 81243 01000
Ounces per pound of Nutrient 1 3 8

1 5 2 5 2 1
Food P Q R ∆z = 2 1 5 = 1 −3 +8
1 7 5 7 5 1
A 1 2 5 5 1 7
B 3 1 1 = 1(7 – 5) – 3(14 – 25) + 8(2 – 5)
C 4 2 1
= 1 (2) – 3 (– 11) + 8 (– 3)
m
How to form a mixture which will have 8
= 2 + 33 – 24
ounces of P, 5 ounces of Q and 7 ounces of R?
(Cramer's rule). = 11
co
Solution: ∆x 11
Let x pounds of food A, y pounds of food B and z \ x= = = 1
∆ 11
pounds of food C be needed to form the mixture.
∆y 11
Given x + 3y + 4z = 8 y= = = 1
∆ 11
s.
2x + y +2z = 5
5x + y + z = 7 ∆z 11
z= = = 1
∆ 11
ok
1 3 4
Hence, the mixture is formed by mixing one
∆= 2 1 2 pound of each of the foods A, B and C.
5 1 1
3. For what values of k, the system of equations
kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = 1, x + y + kz = 1 have
o
1 2 2 2 2 1
=1 −3 +4
1 1 5 1 5 1 (i) Unique solution
(ii) More than one solution
ab
= 1(1 – 2) – 3(2 – 10) + 4(2 – 5) (iii) no solution

= 1 (– 1) – 3 (– 8) + 4 (– 3) Solution:
= – 1 + 24 – 12 = 11 The given non-homogeneous equations can be

written as
ur

system has unique solution.  k 1 1  x  1
8 3 4 1 k 1 y = 1
   
    
∆x = 5 1 2  1 1 k  z 1
.s
7 1 1 Augmented matrix Elementary

1 2 5 2 5 1 [A, B] Transformation
= 8 −3 +4
w
1 1 7 1 7 1  k 1 1 1
 1 k 1 1
= 8(1 – 2) – 3(5 – 14) + 4(5 – 7)  
 1 1 k 1
w
= 8 (– 1) – 3 (– 9) + 4 (– 2)
= – 8 + 27 – 8 = 11
1 8 4  1 1 k 1
~  1 k 1 1
5 2 2 2 2 5
w
∆y = 2 5 2 = 1 −8 +4 R1 ↔ R3
7 1 5 1 5 7
5 7 1  k 1 1 1
= 1(5 – 14) – 8(2 – 10) + 4(14 – 25)
1 1 k 1 R2 → R2 – R1
= 1 (– 9) – 8 (– 8) + 4 (– 11)  
~ 0 k −1 1− k 0 R3 → R3 – kR1
= – 9 + 64 – 44 = 11  0 1 − k 1 − k 2 1 − k 
/ 81243 01000
1 1 k 1 1 1 1
~  
 0 k − 1 1 − k 0  R3 → R3 + R2 Now ∆ = 4 2 1
 0 0 2 − k − k 2 1 − k  9 3 1
1 1 k 1 = 1(2 – 3) – 1(4 – 9) +
~  
1(12 – 18)
0 k −1 1− k R1 → R3(– 1)
m
0
 0 0 k 2 + k − 2 k − 1 = – 1 + 5 – 6 = – 2 ≠ 0.
1 1 k 1 Since ∆ ≠ 0, Cramer's rule can be applied and the
~
co
0 k −1 1− k 0 system has unique solution.
 
0 0 (k − 1)(k + 2) k − 1
0 1 1
Case (i) ∆a = −2 2 1
When k ≠ 1, and k ≠ – 2 −6 3 1
s.
ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 3 = Number of unknowns. = 0 –1(–2 + 6) + 1(– 6 + 12)
∴ The system has unique solution. = – 4 + 6 = 2
ok
Case (ii) 1 0 1
When k = 1 ∆b = 4 −2 1
9 −6 1
 1 1 1 1
= 1(– 2 + 6) + 0 + 1(– 24 + 18)
[A, B] ~  0 0 0 0
o
 0 0 0 0 = 4 – 6 = – 2
ab
ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 1 < Number of unknowns. 1 1 0

∴ The system is consistent and has infinitely ∆c = 4 2 −2
many solutions. 9 3 −6
Case (iii) = 1 (–12 + 6) – 1( – 24 + 18) + 0
ur
When k = – 2 = – 6 + 6 = 0
 1 1 −2 1  ∆a 2
a= = =–1
[A, B] ~  0 −3 3 0  ∆ -2
.s
 
 0 0 0 −3 ∆b -2
b= = =1
ρ(A) =2, ρ(A, B) = 3 ∆ -2
∆c
w
Þ ρ(A) ≠ ρ(A, B) 0
c= = =0
∴ The system is inconsistent and has no solution. ∆ −2
4. Using determinants, find the quadratic defined f(n) = (– 1)x2 + 1(x) + 0 Þ f(x) = x2 + x.
by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c if f(1) = 0, f(2) = – 2 and
w
f (3) = –6. 5. A new transit system has just gone into

Solution:
operation in a city. Of those who use the transit
system this year, 10% will switch over to using
Given f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
w
their own car next year and 90% will continue

f(1) = 0 Þ a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 0 Þ a + b + c = 0 to use the transit system. Of those who use
-----(1) their cars this year, 80% will continue to use
f(2) = – 2 Þ a(22) + b(2) + c = –2 Þ 4a + 2b + c = – 2 their cars next year and 20% will switch over
-----(2) to the transit system. Suppose the population
of the city remains constant and that 50% of
f(3) = – 6 Þ a(32) + b (3) + c = – 6 Þ 9a + 3b + the commuters use the transit system and 50%
c = – 6 -----(3) of the commuters use their own car this year,
/ 81243 01000
(i) What percent of commuters will be using (ii) Equilibrium will be reached in the long run at
the transit system after one year? equilibrium, we must have
(ii) What percent of commuters will be using (A B) T = (A B) where A + B = 1
the transit system in the long run?
Solution:
 ⋅9 ⋅1
Þ (A B)  = (A B)
 ⋅2 ⋅8
m
Let A represents the percent of commuters
who use the transit system and B represents the (⋅9A+ ⋅ 2B ⋅1A+ ⋅ 8B) = (A B)
percent of commuters who use their own car. Equating the corresponding entries on both sides
Transition probability matrix
co
we get,
A B
·9A + ·2B = A Þ ·9A + ·2(1 – A) = A
A  ⋅9
⋅1
T =  [Since A + B = 1Þ B = 1 –A]
B  ⋅2 ⋅8
Þ ·9A + ·2 – ·2A = A
s.
Given 50% of commuters use the transit system
and 50% of the commuters use their own car this Þ ·2 = A – ·9A + ·2A
year.
Þ ·2 = A (1 – ·9 + ·2)
ok
(i) Percentage of commuters after one year
 ⋅9 ⋅1 Þ ·2 = A (·3)
(⋅5 ⋅5)  ⋅2
 ⋅2 ⋅8 Þ A = = 0.666 Þ A = 67%
⋅3
= (⋅5 × ⋅9 + ⋅5 × ⋅2 ⋅5 × ⋅1 + ⋅5 × ⋅8) ∴ 67% of the commuters will be using the transit
o
= (×45 + ×10 ×05 + ×40) system in the long run.
= (⋅55 ⋅45)
ab
A = 55% and B = 45%


ur
.s
w
w
w
/ 81243 01000
Chapter
m
INTEGRAL
co
CALCULUS- I
s.
(i) Integration is the reverse process of differentiation
(ii) ∫ k f(x) dx = k ∫ f(x) dx where k is a constant.
ok
(iii) ∫ [ f(x) ± g (x)] dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x) dx
(iv) The following are the four principal methods of integration
(i) Integration by decomposition
(ii) Integration by Parts
o
(iii) Integration by Substitution
(iv) Integration by successive reduction
ab
First fundamental theorem of integral calculus :

x
If f(x) is a continuous function and F (x) = ò f (t )dt , then F'(x) = f (x).
a
Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus :
b
ur
ò f ( x) dx = F (b) –F(a)
a
b x
(i) ò f ( x) dx is a definite constant, whereas ò f (t ) dt is a function of the variable x
.s
a a
Indefinite integral :-
An integral function which is expressed without limits, and so containing an containing an arbitrary
constant.
w
Proper definite integral :-

An integral function which has both the limits. a and b are finite.
Improper definite integral :-
w
An integral function, in which the limits either a or b or both are infinite.

Gamma function :-
∞
For n > 0, ∫ x n − 1e − x dx and is denoted by Γ(n)
w
38
/ 81243 01000
Unit 2 ➠ Integral Calculus- I Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics 41
Properties of definite integral
b b
1)
ò f ( x) dx = ò f (t ) dt
a a
m
b a
2) ò f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx
a b
co
b b b
3)
ò [ f ( x) ± g ( x)] dx = òa f ( x) dx ± ò g ( x)dx
a a
b c b
4)
ò f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
s.
a a c
b a
5) ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
ok
o o
a a
6) ∫ f ( x)dx = 2 ∫ f ( x)dx if f (x) is an even function
−a o
o
a
7)
∫ f ( x)dx = 0 if f (x) is an odd function
−a
ab
b b
8)
ò f ( x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS 2
ur
2.  2 4
 9 x − 2 
x
EXERCISE 2.1 2
Sol. ∫  9 x 2 − 4  dx
Integrate the following with respect to x  x2 
.s
1. 3x + 5  2  4   4 2
( )
2
= ∫  9x − 2(9 x )  2  +  2   dx
2
Sol. ∫ 3 x + 5 dx
  x   x  
w
= ∫ (3 x + 5) 2 dx
1
[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
16
(3 x + 5 ) = ∫ (81x4–72 + 4 ) dx
1 +1
2
w
x
=  1  +c
x4 +1 − 4 +1
3  + 1
2  = 81 – 72x + 16 x +c
4 +1 −4 + 1
(ax + b)n +1 16
w
[  ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + c] [  4 =16x – 4]

a (n + 1) x
x5 x −3
(3 x + 5 )
3
2 (3 x + 5 )
3
2 = 81 –72x + 16 +c
5 −3
= +c= +c
 3 9
3  81 5 16
 2 2 = x – 72x – 3 + c
2 5 3x
= (3 x + 5) 2 + c
3
/ 81243 01000
42 Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 2 ➠ Integral Calculus- I
3. (3 +x) (2–5x)
( 4 x + 7) 2 ( 4 x + 7) 2
3 1
= 2 − +c
Sol. ∫ (3 + x ) (2–5 x) dx  3  1
4  4 
= ∫ (6 –15x + 2x – 5x2) dx  2 3  2 1
= ∫ (6 –13x – 5x2) dx ( 4 x + 7) 2 ( 4 x + 7) 2
= 2 − +c
2
= 6x – 13 x − 5 x + c
2 3 6
m
3
(4 x + 7) 2 (4 x + 7) 2 +c
1
2 3 3
= −
4. x (x3–2x +3) 3 2
Sol. ò x (x3– 2x + 3) dx 1
co
6. x + 1 + x −1
= x
ò 2 (x3– 2x + 3) dx
1
1
 3+ 1 1 Sol. ∫ dx
x +1 + x −1
1
1+
∫  x 2 − 2 x 2 + 3 x  dx
=
2
 
s.
= Multiplying and dividing the conjugate of
7
+1
3
+1
1
+1 the denominator we get
= x 2x 3x + c
2 2 2
− + x + 1 − x − 1 dx
ok
∫
( )( )
7 3 1 =
+1 +1 +1 x +1 + x −1 x +1 − x −1
2 2 2
x2 x2 x2 x +1 − x −1
9 5 3
= − 2 +3 +c = ∫ dx
9 5 3 ( x + 1) − ( x − 1)
o
2 2 2 [ (a+b) (a–b) =a2–b2]
2 92 2 52 2 32
= x − 2 × x + 3 × x +c x +1 − x −1
ab
9 5 3 = ∫ dx
5 x +1− x +1
2 92 4 2 3
x − x + x
2
= 2 +c x +1 − x −1
9 5 = dx
∫
8 x + 13 2
ur
5. 1
4x + 7 = ∫ ((x+1)½ –(x–1)½) dx
2
8 x + 13
Sol. ∫ dx  3 
4x + 7 1  ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2 
3
.s
 − +c
8 x + 14 − 1 = 2 3 3 
∫
= dx 
4x + 7  2 2 
1 
( x + 1) 2 − ( x − 1) 2  + c
w
3
2(4 x + 7) − 1
3
=
= ∫ dx 3  
4x + 7 2×
2
( 4 x + 7) 1
w
1
= dx − ∫ dx ( x + 1) 2 − ( x − 1) 2  + c
3
2∫
3
4x + 7 4x + 7 = 3  
2 ∫ 4 x + 7 dx − ∫ 1 7. If f(x) = x + b, f (1) = 5 and f(2) = 13, then find

= dx
w
4x + 7 f (x)
Sol.
2 ∫ (4 x + 7) 2 dx − ∫ (4 x + 7) − 2 dx
1 1
= Given f ´(x) = x + b, f (1) =5 and f (2) =13

− +1
f ´(x) = x + b
(4 x + 7) 2 +1 − (4 x + 7) 2 + c
1 1
= 2 ⇒ ∫ f ´(x) dx = ∫ (x+b) dx
1   −1 
4  + 1 4  + 1
2   2  [\ Integration is the reverse process of
differentiation]
/ 81243 01000
x2 ⇒ 8 = 32 – 4 + c
⇒ f (0) = + bx + c ---(1)
2 ⇒ 8 = 32 – 4 + c
Given f (1) = 5 ⇒ 8 – 28 = c
2
⇒ 5 =
1
+ b (1) + c ⇒ c = –20
2 Substituting c = –20 in (1) we get.
m
1 1
⇒ 5 = + b (1) + c ⇒ 5 – = b +c f (x) = 2x4 –x2 – 20
2 2
10 − 1 9 EXERCISE 2.2
co
⇒ =b+c ⇒b+c=
2 2 Integrate the following with respect to x.
⇒ 2b + 2c = 9 ---(2)
2
 1 
22 1.
 2 x − 
Also f (2) = 13 ⇒ 13 = + b (2) + c 2x 
2
s.
⇒ 13 = 2 + 2b + c  1 
2
Sol. ∫  2 x −  dx
⇒ 13 – 2 = 2b + c  2x 
ok
 2
( )
⇒ 2b + c = 11---(3)  
( )
= ∫  2 x − 2 2 x  1  +  1   dx
2
 
(2) – (3) → 2b + 2c = 9   2 x   2 x  
– 2b + –c = –11 [ (a–b)2 = a2–2ab + b2]
c = –2  1
= ∫  2 x − 2 +  dx
o
 2x 
Substituting c = –2 in (3) we get x2 1
= 2 − 2 x + log |x| + c
ab
2b – 2 = 11 ⇒ 2b = 11 + 2 ⇒ 2b = 13 2 2
1
13 = x2–2x + 2 log |x| + c
⇒ b =
2
13
Substituting b = , c = –2 in (1) we get, x4 − x2 + 2
ur
2 2. x3 + x2
x −1
x–1 x4 – x2 + 2
f (x) = x + 13 x – 2
2
x4 − x2 + 2 x – (+)x3
(–) 4
2 2 Sol. ∫ dx
8. If f(x) = 8 x3 − 2x and f (2)=8, then find f(x). x −1
.s
x3 – x2
Sol.  3 2  x – (+)x2
(–) 3
= ∫  x + x + x − 1 dx
2
Given f ´(x) = 8x3 –2x, f (2) = 8 2
f ´(x) = 8x3 –2x
w
⇒ ∫ f ´(x) dx = ∫ (8x3–2x) dx x 4 x3
= + + 2 log |x–1| + c
2 4 3
8 x4 2 x2
w
⇒ f (x) = − +c x3
4 2 3. ∫ dx
⇒ f (x) = 2x4 –x2 + c---(1) x+2
x3
Given f (2) = 8 dx
w
Sol. ∫
x+2
⇒ 8 = 2 (2 ) – 2 + c
4 2
 2 8 
= ∫  x − 2 x + 4 −  dx
x + 2
x3 2 x 2
= − + 4 x – 8 log |x + 2| + c
3 2
x3
= – x2 + 4x – 8 log |x + 2| + c
3
/ 81243 01000
Miscellaneous problems
1 dx
= − ∫
Evaluate the following integrals
2
2  3 25
 x +  −
4 16
1
1. ∫
x+2− x+3
dx 1
= ∫
dx
m
2
2 25  3
1 −x+ 
Sol. I = ∫ dx 16  4
x+2 − x+3 1 dx
= ∫
co
Multiply and divide with the conjugate of the 2  5 2
 3
2
  −  x + 
denominator, 4 4
We get  dx 1  a + x 
∵ ∫ a 2 − x 2 = 2a  a − x  
log +c
x+2 + x+3
∫
s.
I=
( x+2 − x+3 )( x+2 + x+3 ) 
1 1
5
+ x+
3 

4 4
x+2 + x+3 =  log +c
= ∫ dx 2 2 × 5 5
−x−
3 
ok
( x + 2) − ( x + 3)  4 4 4 
[ (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]  
11 2+ x 
x+2 + x+3 =  log +c
= ∫ dx 25 1
−x
o
x +2− x −3  2 2 
= − ∫ ( x + 2 + x + 3 dx ) 2+ x
ab
1
 = log +c
1 +1 1 +1  5 1 − 2x
 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2  dx
= 
1
+
1 +c 3. ∫ e x + 6 + 5e − x
 +1 +1 
 2 2 
Sol.
ur
dx

2 3 3
= − ( x + 2) 2 + ( x + 3) 2  + c
I =
5 ∫
3  ex + 6 +
dx ex
2. ∫ 2 − 3 x − 2 x2 e x dx
.s
= ∫ 2 x
Sol. e + 6e x + 5
dx
I = ∫ 2 − 3x − 2 x 2 Put ex = t ⇒ exdx = dt
w
dt
1 dx ⇒ I = ∫ 2
= − ∫
2 x2 + 3 x − 1
t + 6t + 5
dt
I = ∫
w
2
1 dx (t + 5) (t + 1)
− ∫
= A B
2 x2 + 3 x + 9 − 9 − 1 = ∫ t + 5 dt + ∫ t + 1 dt -----(1)
w
2 16 16
1 A B
= +
2
 1  3 
2
 3
(t + 5) (t + 1) t + 5 t +1
 2  2   =  4  ⇒ 1 = A(t+1) + B(t+5)
 
Adding & subtracting Put t = – 1
9
= Þ 1 = B(–1 + 5)
16
/ 81243 01000
Þ 1 = B (4)
5. ∫ 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 dx
1 Sol.
⇒ B =
4 Let I = ∫ 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 dx
Put t = – 5
 12 3
⇒ 1 = A(– 5 + 1) = ∫ 9  x 2 + x +  dx
 9
m
1 = A(– 4) 9
1 4 1
⇒ A = – = 3∫ x + x + dx
2
4 3 3
co
1 1
− dt dt 4 4 4 1
= 3∫ x + x+ − + dx
2
From (1), I = ∫ 4 + ∫ 4 9 9 3a
t+5 t +1 3
2 2
1 1
− log t + 5 + log t + 1 + c  1  4   2 4
=  2  3   =  3  = 9
s.
4 4  
4
1
= log t + 1 − log t + 5  + c Adding & subtracting
4 9
1
= log
4
1
4
t +1
t+5
+c
ex + 1
= log x
e +5
+c
o ok = 3∫
 2  1
= 3∫  x +  −   dx
 2
3 3
2
 1
 x +  −   dx
2
2
 3  3
[ t = ex]
ab
∵ ∫ x − a dx =
2 2
4. ∫ 2 x 2 − 3 dx 
x 2 a2 
Sol. x − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + c 
2 2 

I = ∫ 2 x 2 − 3 dx  2
ur
  x + 3  12 x 3
 3 =
1
= ∫ 2  x 2 −  dx
 2
3
 2
x2 +
9
+ −
9 9(2)

12 x 3 
2
.s
 3 2
= 2∫ x − log x + + x 2 + + +c
 dx
2
 2 3 9 9 
∵ x 2 − a 2 dx =  3 x + 2 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 1
 ∫

w
=
3  −
 6 3 18
x 2 a2 
x − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + c 
2 2 log 3 x + 2 + 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3  + c
 
w

x 2 3 3 3 3x + 2 1
= 2 x − − log x + x 2 −  + c = 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 −
2 2 ( 2) 6 6
w
2 2 
 x 2 x2 − 3 3 log 3 x + 2 + 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3 + c
= 2 −
∫ ( x + 1)
2
 2 2 4 6. log x dx
log 2 x + 2 x 2 − 3  + c Sol.
 ∫ ( x + 1)
2
Let I = log x dx
x 3 2
= 2 x3 − 3 − log 2 x + 2 x 2 − 3 + c
2 4
/ 81243 01000
Let u = log x; dv = (x + 1)2 dx −1

du = dx
1 ( x + 1)
3
x2 − 1
du = dx ; v =
x 3
∴ Using integration by parts, ∴ Using integration by parts,
I LAT E I = ∫u dv = uv – ∫v du
m

logarithmic function = ∫ log x − x − 1 dx
2
( )
( )  −1
= x log x − x − 1 − ∫ x ⋅  2

dx
co
2
I = ∫udv = uv – ∫vdu
 x −1 
∫ ( x + 1)
2
log x dx
= x log ( x − x − 1) + ∫
I = x
2
dx
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x −1
3 3 2
1
I = x log ( x − x − 1) + I -----(1)
= log x − ∫
⋅ dx
s.
3 3 x 2
1
( x + 1) log x − 1 x + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 dx
3 3
3∫
= Consider
3 x x
∫
ok
I1 = dx
( x + 1) log x − 1  x 2 + 3x + 3 + 1  dx
3
x2 − 1
3∫
=  
3 x Put t = x2 – 1
dt
=
( x + 1)3 log x − 1  x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + log x  + c dt = 2x dx ⇒
2
= x dx
 
o
3 3 3 2  1 dt 1 −1
1 
I1 = ∫
2 t
= ∫ t 2 dt
ab
x3 3x 2 2
( x + 1) log x −
3
= − − 3 x − log x  + c
3 3 2   − 1 +1  1
1 t 2  1 t2
∫ log ( x − ) =  = ⋅
7. x 2 − 1 dx 2 − 1 + 1 2 1
Sol.  
( )
ur
2 2
Let I = ∫ log x − x − 1 dx
2
( )
= t =
x2 − 1
Let u = log x − x − 1 ;
2
[ t = x2 – 1]
.s
dv = dx Substituting I1 in (1) we get,

and v = x
du =
1 d 
 dx x − x − 1  dx
2
( ) ( 2
)
I = x log x − x − 1 + x − 1 + c
2
w
x − x −1
2 1
8. ∫ x ( x − 1) dx
 
( )
1 −1
1 1 2 Sol. 0
1 − 2 x − 1
2 ( 2 x)
=  dx
1
∫ x ( x − 1) dx
w
x − x −1
2 Let I =
0
 1 x  1
= 1 −  dx = ∫ x 2 − x dx
w
x − x2 − 1  x2 − 1 
0
1
 x2 − 1 − x  1 1
=
1
  dx
= ∫ x2 − x + − dx
4 4
x − x 2 − 1  x 2 − 1  0
 
1 x − x2 − 1
=   dx
x− x 2 − 1  x 2 − 1 
/ 81243 01000
1
 1
2
 1
2
1 2 5  1  e4 − 5 
= ∫  x −  −   dx
2 2
=
4
 e − 
e2 
=
4  e 2 
0 3
xdx
∵ x 2 − a 2 dx
 ∫
10. ∫ x + 1 + 5x + 1
0
x 2 a2  Sol. 3
x dx
x − a − log x + x 2 − a 2  ∫
2
= 2 Let I =
0 x + 1 + 5x + 1
2 
m
1
 1  Multiply and divide with the conjugate of the
x− 2 2 1 1 
=  x − x − log x − + x 2 − x  denominator
 2 8 2 
co
 0 We get
 1
1 − 2
 3 x ( x + 1 − 5 x + 1 dx )
 1 I= ∫
( )( x + 1 − )
1 1 1
=  0 − log 1 − + 0  –[0 – log −  0 x + 1 + 5x + 1 5x + 1
 2 8 2  8 2
x( 5 x + 1) dx
 
s.
3 x +1 −
1
= − log + log
1 1 1 = ∫ ( x + 1) − (5 x + 1)
8 2 8 2 0
ok
= 0. [ (a + b) (a - b) = a2 – b2]
1 3 x ( x + 1 − 5 x + 1 dx )
9. ∫ x 2 e −2 x dx = ∫ x + 1 − 5x − 1
Sol. −1
1 0
∫x e ( )
2 −2 x
Let I = dx
o
3 x x + 1 − 5 x + 1 dx
−1 = ∫ −4 x
u = x2
dv = e–2x
ab
( )
3
e −2 x − e −2 x 1
= − ∫ x + 1 − 5 x + 1 dx
u1 = 2x v= = 40
−2 2
−2 x
e  
3
u4 = 2 v1 = +
ur
3 3
4 1  ( x + 1) 2 (5 x + 1) 2 
e −2 x = −  3 − 
v2 = − 4  3 
 2 5  
8  2  0
.s
Using Bernoulli's formula,

3
1 2 3 2 3
I = uv – u1v1 + u4v2 = −  ( x + 1) 2 − (5 x + 1) 2 
1
4 3 15 0
  − e −2 x   e −2 x   − e −2 x  
w
=  x2  − x +  8 
3
= −  ( x + 1) 2 − (5 x + 1) 2 
 2  4  2 1 1 3 1 3
  2       −1
2 3 15 0
1
 −2 x  − x 2 x 1 
w
= e  − −  1  1 3 1 3  1 3 1 3
= −   ( 4) 2 − (16) 2  −  (1) 2 − (1) 2 
  2 2 4 
−1 2  3 15  3 15 
 −2  1 1 1    2  1 1 1   1  1 1  1 1 
= e  − − −   − e  − + −   = −  ( 4) 4 − 16 16  −  −  
w
 2 2 4    2 2 4   
2 3 15   3 15  
 5  1 1  8 64  1 1 
= e −2  −  − e 2  − 
 4  4 = −  − − +
2  3 15  3 15 
= −5 e −2 + 1 e 2 1  8 64 1 1 
4 4 = −  − − +
2  3 15 3 15 
/ 81243 01000
1  8 1 64 1 
= −  − − + [Ans: (d) none of these]
2  3 3 15 15 
1 105 − 189  cos x
1  7 63 
= −  −  = −  4. ∫ dx = ______ + c
2  3 15  2  45  x
1  −84  cos x
42 14 (a) 2cos x (b)
= −   = = x
2  45 
m
45 15
14 (c) sin x (d) 2sin x
∴ I= [Ans: (d) 2sin x]
15
Hint:
co
Additional problems 1
put t = x 2
dt 1 1 −1 1
I. Choose the correct answer : = x 2 =
dx 2 2 x
1. ∫(x-1)e–x dx = _______+ c
s.
1
(a) – xex (b) xex (c) –xe–x (d) xe–x 2 dt = dx
x

[Ans: (c) –xe–x]
Hint: I = 2∫cos t dt = 2 sin t = 2 sin x
Let u = x – 1 dv = e–x dx
u1 = 1 v = –e–x
u11 = 0 v1 = e–x
2t −2 x
1
o ok
5. ∫
(a)
(e x
e +ex
2
+ e− x
−e − x
)
−x
2
dx = _______ + c
(b) −
1
e + e− x x
I = –∫2 dt = t
+c = +c −1 1
(c) (d) x
log e log e
( )
2
e − e− x
2
ab
2
1 ex + 1
2x 1 −e − x
[Ans: (a) x ]
2. If ∫ x 2 dx = k 2x + c, then k is
e + e− x
1 Hint:
(a) − (b) – loge2 2
I = ∫ dx
ur
log e 2 2
1 x 1
(c) –1 (d)  e + x 
2 e
1 2e 2x
[Ans: (a) − ]
log e 2 = ∫ dx
(e )
.s
2x 2
Hint: +1
1
put t = = x–1
x put t = e2x + 1
dt −1
w
= (–1)x–2 = 2 dt
dx x = 2e2x Þ dt = 2e2x dx
−1 1 dx
dt = 2 dx Þ – dt = 2 dx dt
x x I = ∫ 2 = ∫ t −2 dt
2t t
w
I = – ∫2 dt =
t
+c
log e 2 t −2+1 1
= = −
1
−2 x −2 + 1 t
= +c
w
log e 2 −1 −1
= 2 x = x x
3. ∫ |x|3 dx = ______+ c
−x 4 x
4
e + 1 e e + e− x ( )
−x
(a) (b) −e
4 4 =
e + e− x
x
4
x
(c) (d) none of these
4
/ 81243 01000
4. 8.
(i) ∫ udv = uv – ∫ vdu (ii) ∫ udv = uv – u1v1 b
(iii) ∫ udv = uv – u1v1 + u11 v2– ... (i) ∫ f ( x) dx = F(x) + c

(iv) ∫ udv = uv – u1v1 + u11 v2 – u111 v3 +...... a
Where u and v are functions of x b

(ii) ∫ f ( x) dx = F (b) – F (a)
[Ans: (ii) ∫ udv = uv – u1v1]
m
a
5. b
(iii) ∫ f ( x) dx = [ F( x)]a
b
a a
(i) ∫ f ( x) dx = 2∫ f ( x) dx a
co
−a 0 b
(iv) ∫ f ( x) dx = [ F( x)]b
a
a
(ii) ∫ f ( x) dx = 0 if f (x) is an odd function a b
[Ans: (iv) ∫ f ( x ) dx = [F( x )]b ]

−a a
a a
a
(iii) ∫ f ( x) dx = 2∫ f ( x) dx if f (x) is an even
s.
9.
−a 0 (i) ∫ ex [f(x) + f´(x)] dx = ex f (x) + c
function
b
b (ii) ∫ eax [a f (x) + f ´(x)] dx = eax f (x) + c
∫
ok
(iv) ∫ f ( x) dx = f (t ) dt
a a
a a (iii) ∫ eax [a f (x) + f ´(x)] dx = aeax f (x) + c
[Ans: (i) ∫ f ( x ) dx= 2∫ f ( x ) dx]
0 f ´( x)
(iv) ∫
−a
dx = log |f (x)| + c
6. If f (x) is an anti-derivative of f (x), then f ( x)
o
b [Ans: (iii) ∫ eax [a f (x) + f´(x)] dx = aeax f (x) + c]
(i) ∫ f ( x) dx = F(b) – F(a)
10.
ab
a
(i) ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + c
b
(ii) ∫ f ( x) dx = ( F(a ) − F(b) ) (ii) ∫ cosec2 x dx = cot x + c
a (iii) ∫ cosec2 x dx = – cot x + c
b
1
ur
(iii) ∫ f ( x) dx = – F(a) – F(b) (iv) ∫ cosec2 (ax + b) dx = − cot (ax + b) + c

a
a
[Ans: (ii) ∫ cosec2 x dx = cot x + c]
b
(iv) ∫ f ( x) dx = [ b
F( x) a ] Additional Question
.s
a b
[Ans: (iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = – F(a) – F(b)] 2 Mark Questions

a
7.
w
3 log a x
a a 1. Evaluate òa dx
Sol.
(i) ∫ fx dx = ∫ f (a − x) dx
0 0 We know that alogax = x
w
b c b
(ii) ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx if a < c < b 3log x
∴ ò a a dx =
log ax3 3
a a c
òa dx = òx dx
b b x4
w
(iii) ∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx = +c
4
a a
2 cos 2 x − cos 2 x
b a 2. Evaluate ∫
(iv) ∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx Sol. sin 2 x
a b b b
2 cos 2 x − cos 2 x
[Ans: (iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx =− ∫ f ( x ) dx] ∴ ∫ sin 2 x
a a
/ 81243 01000
∴ ∫ f ´(x) dx = ∫ (8x3 – 2x2) dx

=
(
2 cos 2 x − 2 cos 2 x −1 ) dx
∫ sin 2 x ⇒ f (x) =
8 x 4 2 x3
− +c
4 3
2 cos 2 x − 2 cos 2 x + 1
= ∫ dx 2 x3
sin 2 x ⇒ f (x) = 2x4 – +c ----- (1)
1 3
= ò sin 2 x dx
m
Also, f (2) = 1
2(23 )
⇒ 1 = 2(24) – +c
ò cos ec x dx
2
= 3
co
= – cot x + c ⇒ 1 = 32 –
16
+c
3
3. Evaluate ∫ tan2x dx 16 16
Sol. ⇒ 1 – 32 + = c ⇒ – 31 + =c
3 3
∫ tan2x dx = ∫ (sec2x–1) dx −93 + 16
s.
⇒ = c
[ 1 + tan2x = sec2x] 3
= ∫ sec2x dx – ∫ 1. dx −77
⇒ c =
ok
3
= tan x – x + c.
2 x3 77
∴(1) → f (x) = 2 x − −
4
2 + 3 cos x
4. Evaluate ∫ 2
dx 3 3
Sol. sin x 7. Evaluate ∫ x x + 2 dx
2 + 3 cos x 2 3 cos x Sol.
o
∫
sin 2 x
dx = ∫ sin x
2
dx + ∫
sin 2 x
dx
∫ x x + 2 dx = ∫ ( x + 2 − 2) x + 2 dx
cos x 1 [Adding & subtracting 2]
ab
1
= 2∫ 2 dx + 3∫ ⋅ dx
sin x sin x sin x = ∫ ( x + 2) x + 2 dx − ∫ 2 x + 2 dx
= 2∫ cos ec x dx + 3∫ cot x cos ecx dx
2 3 1
= ∫ ( x + 2) 2 dx − 2∫ ( x + 2) 2 dx
= – 2 cot x – 3 cosec x + c
ur
3 1
2 +3 x x
=
( x + 2) 2 +1 − 2 ( x + 2) 2 +1 + c
5. Evaluate ∫ dx 3 1
5x +1 +1
Sol. 2 2
2 x + 3x 2x 3x
.s
∫
5x
dx = ∫ 5x ∫ 5x dx
dx +
( x + 2) 2
5 3
( x + 2) 2
x x = −2 +c
 2  3 5 3
= ∫   dx + ∫   dx
 5  5
w
2 2
x x 2 5 4 3
 2  3 = ( x + 2) 2 − ( x + 2) 2 + c
    5 3
5 5 1
= + +c
( )
w
 2  3
log e   log e   8. If ∫ 3 x 2 + 2 x + k dx = 0, find k.
 5  5 Sol. 0
 a x dx ax  Given
 ∫ = + c
w
( )
1
log e a  ⇒ ∫ 3 x 2 + 2 x + k dx = 0
6. If f´(x) = 8x3 – 2x2, f (2) = 1, find f(x) 0
Sol. 1
 3x3 2 x 2 
Given f ´(x) = 8x3 – 2x2
⇒  + + kx  = 0
 3 2 0
1
⇒ \  x3 + x 2 + kx  = 0
 0
/ 81243 01000
⇒ [1 + 1 + k (1)] – (0) = 0 3 Mark Questions

⇒ 2 + k = 0
x4 + x2 + 1
⇒ k = – 2 1. Evaluate ∫ x2 − x + 1
dx
π
( x + 1)
2
9. Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x dx 2
− x2
m
Sol. π 0 π
3 sin x − sin 3 x
Sol. ∫x2 − x + 1
dx
( x + 1)
2 2
− x2
∫ sin 3 x dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
0 0
4 x2 − x + 1
[ sin3x = 3sin x – 4 sin3x]
co
1
π (x 2
+1+ x ) (x 2
+1− x )
=
4 ∫ (3 sin x − sin 3x ) dx = ∫ x2 − x + 1
dx
0
π
1 1  [ a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= −3 cos x + cos 3 x 
s.

4 0
∫ (x )
3
=
2
+ 1 + x dx
1  1 
=  −3 cos π + 3 cos 3π − x3 x2
ok
4  = + x+ +c
 1  3 2
 −3 cos 0 + cos 3(0)  cos 2 x − cos 2α
3  2. Evaluate ∫ dx
cos x − cos α
1  1  1  cos 2 x − cos 2α
=  3 −  −  −3 +   Sol. ∫ dx
o
4 3 3  cos x − cos α
[ cos π = – 1, cos 3π = – 1 and cos 0 = 1]
1  8  −8  
(2 cos 2
) (
x − 1 − 2 cos 2 α − 1 ) dx
∫
ab
=  −    =
4 3  3   4 cos x − cos α
1  8 8 1  16  2 cos x − 1 − 2 cos 2 α + 1
2
=  +  = 4  3  =
4 = ∫ dx
4 3 3 3 cos x − cos α
a
cos 2 x − cos 2 α
ur
10. If ∫ 3 x dx = 8, find the value of a.

2
= 2∫ dx
Sol. 0 a cos x − cos α
Given ò 3 x 2 dx = 8
(cos x + cos α ) (cos x − cos α )
= 2∫ dx
cos x − cos α
.s
0
a
 x3  = 2∫ (cos x + cos α) dx
⇒  3 ⋅  = 8
 3 0
w
= 2 [sin x + cos α . x]+c

a
⇒  x3  = 8
 0 = 2 sin x + 2x cos α + c
⇒ a3 – 0 = 8
(a )
2
w
x
⇒ a3 = 8 + bx
⇒ a3 = 23
3. Evaluate ∫ a xbx
dx
⇒ a = 2
w
(a )
x 2
+ bx
∴ a = 2 Sol.
∫a xb x
dx
a 2 x + b 2 x + 2a x b x
= ∫ dx
a xb x
[ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
 a2x b2 x 2a x b x 
= ∫  x x + x x + x x  dx
a b a b a b 
/ 81243 01000
 ax bx  22 x + 3 22 −3 x
∫  b x + a x + 2 dx
= = +
2 log 2 −3 log 2
+c
 a x  b x  22 x + 3−1 22 −3 x
∫   b  +  a  + 2 dx
= = − +c
log 2 3 log 2
m
 a  b
x 2 22 x + 2 22 −3 x
= − +c
    log 2 3 log 2
b a
= + + 2x + c sec 2 x
a
   b 6. Evaluate ∫ 3 + tan x dx
co
log e   log e  
 b  a Sol.
sec 2 x
2 Let I = ∫ dx
4. If f´(x) = 3x2 – 3 and f(1) = 0, find f(x) 3 + tan x
Sol. Given x Put 3 + tan x = t
s.
f ´(x) = 3 x − 3
2 2 ⇒ 0 + sec2x dx = dt
x
⇒ sec2x dx = dt
We know f (x) = ò f ´( x ) dx
dt
ok ò
 2 2 ∴ I =
= ∫  3 x − 3  dx t
 x  = log |t| + c
x 3  x −2  = log |3 + tan x| + c
f(x) = 3   − 2   +c
 3  −2 
o
[ t = 3 + tan x]
1 7. Evaluate ∫ sin3x cos x dx
f(x) = x + 2 + c ......(1)
3
Sol.
ab
x
Also f (1) = 0 Let I = ∫ sin3x cos x dx
1
0 = 1 +
3
+c Put t = sin x
12
⇒ dt = cos x dx
ur
0 = 1 + 1 + c
t4 sin 4 x
c = – 2 \ I = ∫ t3. dt = +c= +c
1 4 4
\ f(x) = x3 + −2
x2 1
∫
.s
1+ x 1− x 8. Evaluate dx
8 +4
5. Evaluate ∫ dx 16 x 2 + 25
2x 1
1+ x
8 +41− x Sol. ∫ dx
∫
w
Sol. dx 16 x 2 + 25 1
2x = ∫  25 
dx
(2 )3 1+ x
+ 2 ( )
2 1− x 16  x 2 + 
 16 
= ∫ dx
w
x
2
1 dx
4∫
23+ 3 x + 22 − 2 x =
= ∫ dx  5
2
2x x2 +  
w
 4
23+ 3 x 22 − 2 x
= ∫ 2x dx + ∫ 2 x dx 1  5
2
= log x + x 2 +   +c
4  4
= ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 22 − 2 x − x dx
3+ 3 x − x
1 4 x + 16 x 2 + 25
= log +c
= ∫ 22 x + 3 dx + ∫ 22 −3 x dx 4 4
/ 81243 01000
1 1  1 1 
2
= log 4 x + 16 x 2 + 25 − log 4 + c
4 4  − log x + ∫ 2 dx 
=
 x x 1
2
 1 1
=
1
log 4 x + 16 x 2 + 25 + c1 =  − x log x − x 
4  1
2
1 1
m
where
1
c1 = − log 4 + c = −  log x + 
4 x x 1
 1 1  1
x  1 + sin x cos x  = −  log 2 +  − 1log1 + 1  
9. Evaluate ∫ e   dx  2 2  1 
co
 cos 2
x
Sol.
x  1 + sin x cos x  1 
I = ∫ e 
1

  dx = −  log 2 + − 0 − 1
cos 2 x   2 2 
x 1 sin x cos x  [ log 1 = 0]
= ∫ e 
s.
+ dx
 cos x cos x cos x 
2
1 1
= −  log 2 − 
( ) 2 2
I = ∫ e sec x + tan x dx
x

2
ok
1 1 1
= - log 2 = (1 − log 2)
-----(1) 2 2 2
Let f(x) = tan x 5 Mark Questions
f ´(x) = sec2x dx
o
1. If f´(x) = a sin x + b cos x and f´(0) = 4, f(0) = 3,
We know ∫ e ( f ( x) + f ´( x) ) dx = ex . f(x) + c
x
 π
f   = 5, find f (x).
I = ∫ e x ( f ( x) + f ´( x) ) dx
ab
\  2
Sol.
= ex . f(x) + c
Given f ´(x) = a sin x + b cos x -----(1)
= ex tan x + c
2
log x ∫ f ´(x) dx = a ∫ sin x dx + b ∫ cos x dx
10. Evaluate ò dx
ur
x2 [ ∫ f ´(x) dx = f (x)]

Sol. 1
2
log x ⇒ f(x) = – a cos x + b sin x + c -----(2)
Let I = ò x2
dx
1 Given f ´(0) = 4
.s
ILATE ∴ (1) 4 = a sin 0 + b cos 0

Logarithmic function
⇒ 4 = a (0) + b (1)
w
Put u = log x [ sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 = 1]

1 ⇒ 4 = b
u = log x and dv = dx = x–2 dx
x2 Also, f (0) = 3
w
1 x −2+1 x −1 −1
du = ; v = = = ∴ (2) 3 = – a cos 0 + b sin 0 + c
x −2 + 1 −1 x
⇒ 3 = – a (1) + b (0) + c
Using integration by parts we get,
w
⇒ 3 = – a + c ----- (3)
∫ u dv = uv – ∫ v du  π
And f   = 5
 2
2
log x π π
\ I = ò x2
dx ∴ (2) 5 = – a cos + b sin +c
1 2 2
 1 1 1 
2
⇒ 5 = – a (0) + b (1) + c
=  − log x − ∫ − ⋅ dx  π π
 x x x 1 [ sin = 1 and cos = 0]
2 2
⇒ 5 = b + c
/ 81243 01000
⇒ 5 = 4 + c [ b = 4] 1
= − cost + c
⇒ 5 – 4 = c 4
c = 1
Substituting c = 1 in (3) we get,
1
= − cos x + c [ t = x4]
4
4
( )
1
3 = – a + 1 4. Evaluate ∫ 2 dx
m
3 x + 13 x − 10
⇒ a = 1 – 3 Sol.
1
⇒ a = – 2 Let I = ∫ 2 dx
3 x + 13 x − 10
\ From (2), f(x) = – (– 2) cos x + 4 sin x + 1
co
1 dx
⇒ f(x) = 2 cos x + 4 sin x + 1 = ∫
3 x 2 + 13 x − 10
x7 3 3
2. Evaluatex6∫– x5 + xdx
x + 1 4 – x3 + x2 – x + 1 dx
Sol. 1
∫
s.
x7 x7 =
+1
x(–)7 + x(–)6 ∫ x + 1
xLet I = dx 3 x 2 + 13 x + 169 − 169 − 10
3 36 36 3
Using long division
– x6 method, 1 dx
= ∫
– x – x
ok
(+)6 (+) 5 2
3  13  289
 x +  −
x5 6 36
x(–)5 + x(–)4 2
1 
–x 4
 2 (co-efft of x )
o
– x – x
(+)4 (+) 3
ab
2 2
x3  1  13    13  169
=     =   =
x(–)3 + x(–)2 2  3  6 36
– x2 169
Adding & subtracting
36
– x – x
(+)2 (+)
ur
x -169 10 -169 -120 -289

- = =
(–) x + (–)1 36 3 36 36

–1 1 dx
∫
.s
x7 =
I = ∫ dx
2 2
∴ 3  13   17 
x +1  x +  −  
6 16
= ∫  x 6 − x5 + x 4 − x3 + x 2 − x + 1 −
1 
 dx
w
  dx 1 x−a 
x + 1  ∫ 2 = log + c
 2
x −a 2a x+a 
x 7 x 6 x5 x 4 x3 x 2
I= − + − + − + x − log x + 1 + c
7 6 5 4 3 2
w
13 17
− x+
3. Evaluate ∫ x sin (x ) dx
3 4
=
1
×
1
log 6 6 +c
Sol. 3 2 × 17 13 17
x+ +
w
6 6 6
Let I = ∫ x3 . sin (x4) dx
2
Put t = x4 x−
1 3 +c
⇒ dt = 4x3 dx = log
17 x+5
dt
⇒ = x3 dx 3x − 2
4 dt 1 =
1
log +c
∴ I = ∫ sin t ⋅ = ò sin t dt 17 3 ( x + 5)
4 4
/ 81243 01000
Chapter
m
INTEGRAL
co
CALCULUS- II
SNAPSHOT
s.
Geometrical interpretation of definite integral is the area under a curve between the given limits.
ok
Integration helps us to find out the total cost function and total revenue function from the marginal cost.
Consumer's surplus & producer's surplus theory was developed by the economist Marshal.
o
1. Area of the region bounded by y = f(x), with X-axis and the ordinates at x = a and x = b is
b b
A= ∫ ydx = ∫ f ( x)dx
ab
a a
2. Area of the region bounded by y = f(x), between the limits x = a, x = b and lies below X - axis
is
b
ur
b
A = ∫ − ydx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
a a
3. Area of the region bounded by x = f(y), between the limits y = c, y = d with Y - axis and the
area lies the right of Y-axis is
.s
d d
A= ∫ xdy = ∫c f ( y)dy
w
c
4. Area bounded by x = f(y) between the limits y = c, y = d with Y-axis and the area lies to the left
of Y-axis is
w
d d
A = ∫ − xdy = − ∫ f ( y )dy
c c
Area between two curves from x = a to x = b is

w
5.
b
A= ∫ [ f ( x) − g ( x)] dx
a
dC
6. If c is the cost function, marginal cost function MC =
dx
90
/ 81243 01000
92 Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics & Statistics Unit Chapter ➠ Integral Calculus- II
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS 2. Find the area bounded by the lines y − 2x − 4 = 0,

y = 1, y = 3 and the y-axis
Sol: y – 2x – 4 = 0
EXERCISE 3.1 x 0 –2
Y
y 4 0
1. Using Integration, find the area of the region
m
bounded the line 2y + x = 8, the x axis and the
lines x = 2, x = 4.
(0, 4)
Sol: 2y + x = 8
co
Y
x 0 8 3
y=3
y 4 0
(4, 0)
x=2 y=1
1
s.
x=4
(-2, 0) X
2 4
o
(8, 0) X ok Given y – 2x – 4 = 0
Þ
Þ
y – 4 = 2x
1 2
x = × 4 (y – 4)
2
Given 2y + x = 8
ab
Since the area lies to the left of Y-axis, with the

2y = 8 – x limits y = 1 & y = 3.
1 3
y = (8 – x) Area = ∫ − x dy
2
Given limits are x = 2 and x = 4 1
ur
Area of the shaded region between the given 3

 1
limits = ∫ −   ( y − 4)dy
 2
b 4 1
1
A = ∫ y dx = ∫ (8 − x)dx 3
.s
1 y2 
3
1
2 ∫1
a 2 =
− y dy = y −
2 ( 4 )  4 
4
2 2 1
 x2 
4
1 1
2 ∫2
(8 − x)dx =  x −  
8 32   12  
w
2  x 2
=
1
 4(3) − − 4 (1) − 
2  2   2  
1  42   22 
= 8(4) −  − 8(2) −   9  1 
w
2  2   2  1
= 12 − 2  −  4 − 2  
 
2
1
= (32 − 8) − (16 − 21) 1  24 − 9   8 − 1 
=   − 
2  2   2  
w
2
1
= [24 − 14] 1 15 7 
2 =  −  = 1  8 
2  2 2 2  2 
1 2
= × 4 (10) 1 2
2 = × 4 A = 2 sq. units.
2
A = 5 sq. units.
/ 81243 01000
Unit Chapter ➠ Integral Calculus- II Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics & Statistics 99
11. If the marginal revenue function for a −2

commodity is MR = 9 − 4x2 . Find the demand Þ R = −x+k ----- (1)
(2 x + 3)
function.
Sol: When x = 0, R = 0
−2 2
Given marginal revenue Þ 0 = –0+kÞk=
3 3
m
MR = 9 – 4x2 ∴ (1) becomes
dR −2 2
Þ = 9 – 4x2 R = −x+
dx 2x + 3 3
Þ dR = (9 – 4x2) dx R
co
We know that R = Px Þ P =
x
Þ ∫dR = ∫ (9 − 4 x ) dx
2
∴ Average revenue function
4 x3 R −2 x 2
Þ R = 9x – +k ----- (1) P = = − +
3 x x(2 x + 3) x 3 x
s.
When no product is sold, revenue is zero
−2 2
∴When x = 0, R = 0 = −1+
x(2 x + 3) 3x
Þ 0 = 0 – 0 + k Þk=0 −2
ok
2
∴ (1) becomes = x(2 x + 3) + 3 x − 1
4 x3
R = 9x –
3 −6 + 2(2 x + 3)
We know that R = Px where P is the demand = −1
3 x(2 x + 3)
function
o
 − 6 + 4x + 6
4 x2  = −1
Þ x
P x =  9 − 3 x(2 x + 3)
 3 
ab
4x
4 x2 = −1
Þ P = 9 − 3 x (2 x + 3)
3
4 x2 4
−1
Hence, the demand function is 9 − . =
3(2 x + 3)
ur
3
12. Given the marginal revenue function
4
4 P = −1
− 1 , show that the average revenue 6x + 9
( 2 x + 3)2 Hence Proved.
.s
4
function is P = −1. 13. A firm’s marginal revenue function is
( 6 x + 9) −x
 x
MR = 20e 10  1 −  Find the corresponding
 10 
w
Sol:
4 demand function.
Given marginal revenue function = −1 Sol:
(2 x + 3) 2
Given marginal revenue function
w
dR
Þ MR = = 4 (2x + 3)–2 – 1 dR −x  x
dx MR = = 20e 10 1 − 
dx 10
Þ dR = (4 (2x + 3)–2 – 1) dx
w
−x  x 
dR = 20e 10 1 −  dx
10
Þ ∫dR = 4 ∫ (2x + 3)–2 dx – ∫ dx
(2 x + 3) −2+1
−x  x
Þ R = 4 −x R = ∫ 20e 10 1 −  dx
( −2 + 1) 2 10
We know that ∫ eax [af (x) + f´(x)]dx = eax f (x) + c
(2 x + 3) −1 −1
Þ R = 4 −x Here a = f (x) = x,
, f´(x) = 1
−2 10
/ 81243 01000
−x −x Sol:
 1 
R = 20 ∫ e 10  − x + 1 dx = 20e 10 x + k
 10  Given
−x MR = R´(x) = 1500 – 4x – 3x2
Þ R = 20e 10 x+k -----(1)
Þ ∫R´(x) = ∫ (1500 – 4x – 3x2) dx
When x = 0, R = 0
4 x 2 3 x3
R(x) = 1500 x − − +k
m
Þ 0 = 0 + k Þ k = 0 Þ
2 3
(1) becomes −x Þ R(x) = 1500x – 2x2 – x3 + k
R = 20 x e 10
When x = 0, R = 0 Þ k = 0
co
Demand function P Þ R(x) = 1500x – 2x2 – x3
−x
R 20 xe 10 R( x)
= = Average revenue function =
x x x
s.
−x 1500 x − 2 x 2 − x3
Þ P = 20 e 10 =
x
14. The marginal cost of production of a firm
is given by C´(x) = 5 + 0.13x , the marginal AR = 1500 – 2x – x2
Sol:
revenue is given by R´(x) = 18 and the fixed
cost is ` 120. Find the profit function.
Given C´(x) = 5 + 0. 13x

R´(x) = 18
o ok 16. Find the revenue function and the demand
Sol:
function if the marginal revenue for x units is
MR = 10+3x − x2 .
Given MR = 10 + 3x – x2
ixed cost is ` 120
F dR
= 10 + 3x – x2
ab
C´(x) = 5 + 0.13x dx
Þ dR = (10 + 3x – x2) dx
Þ ∫C´(x) = ∫(5 + 0.13x) dx
Þ ∫ dR = ∫ (10 + 3x – x2) dx
0.13 x 2
Þ C (x) = 5x + + k1 3x 2 x3
ur
2 Þ R = 10x + − +k
Since fixed cost is ` 120 Þ k1 = 120 2 3
0.13 x 2 When x = 0, R = 0 Þ k=0
∴ C(x) = 5x + + 120 ----- (1)
2 3x 2 x3
.s
Also R´(x) = 18 Þ R = 10x + −

2 3
Þ ∫R´(x) = ∫18 dx 3x 2 x3
Þ R(x) = 18x + k2 10 x + −
R
w
2 3
Demand function P = =
When x = 0, R = 0 Þ k2 = 0 x x
∴ R(x) = 18x ----- (2) 3x x 2
P = 10 + −
w
2 3
Profit function Þ P(x) = R(x) – C(x) 17. The marginal cost function of a commodity is
0.13 x 2 14000
= 18x – 5x – – 120 given by MC = and the fixed cost is
2 7x + 4
w
[from (1) & (2)] ` 18,000.Find the total cost and average cost.
P(x) = 13x – 0.065 x2 – 120. Sol:
14000
15. If the marginal revenue function is R´(x)=1500 Given MC =
7x + 4
− 4x − 3x2. Find the revenue function and
dC 14000
average revenue function. Þ =
dx 7x + 4
14000
Þ dC = dx
7x + 4
/ 81243 01000
dx Given fixed cost is ` 5000

Þ ∫dC = 14000 ∫ 7x + 4 \ When x = 0, C = 5000
−1 5000 = k1(0) + k2 Þ k2 = 5000
Þ = 14000 ∫ (7 x + 4) 2 dx Þ
− 1 +1 x2
(7 x + 4) 2 ∴(1) becomes C = k1 + 5000 ----- (2)
Þ C = 14000 +k 2
m
 1  Also it is given that when x = 50, C = ` 5625
 − + 1 7
2  x2
1 ∴(2) 5625 = k1 + 5000
( 7 x + 4) 2 2
co
Þ C = 14000 +k (50) 2
7 Þ 5625 – 5000 = k1 ×
2
2
2000 (50) × (50)
Þ C = 14000 ×
2
7x + 4 + k Þ 625 = k1 ×
7 25 2
s.
625 × 2 1
Þ C = 4000 7 x + 4 + k ----- (1) Þ = k1 Þ k1 =
50 × 50 2
Given fixed cost is 18,000 25 2
ok
(2) becomes
When x = 0, C = 18000 1  x2 
C =   + 5000
2 2 
Þ 18000 = 4000 4+k
Þ 18000 = 4000(2)+k x2
o
Þ C = + 5000
Þ k = 18000 – 8000 4
19. If MR = 20 − 5x + 3x2 , find total revenue
ab
Þ k = 10000 function.
∴ (1) becomes, Sol:
C = 4000 7 x + 4 + 10000 Given MR = 20 – 5x + 3x2

dR
Average cost (AC) Þ = 20 – 5x + 3x2
ur
C dx
= Þ dR = (20 – 5x + 3x2) dx
x
4000 10000 Þ ∫dR = ∫(20 – 5x + 3x2) dx
= 7x + 4 +
.s
x x 5 x 2 3x3
Þ R = 20x – + +k
18. If the marginal cost (MC) of a production 2 3
of the company is directly proportional to
When x = 0, R = 0 Þ k = 0
w
the number of units (x) produced, then find

the total cost function, when the fixed cost is 5x2
∴ + x3
R = 20x –
` 5,000 and the cost of producing 50 units is 2
` 5,625. 20. If MR = 14 − 6x + 9x2 , find the demand
w
Sol: function.
dC Sol:
Given MC = ∝x
dx
w
dC Given MR = 14 – 6x + 9x2
Þ = k1 x dR
dx Þ = 14 – 6x + 9x2
Þ dC = k1 x dx dx
Þ dR = (14 – 6x + 9x2) dx
Þ ∫dC = k1 ∫ x dx
Þ ∫dR = ∫(14 – 6x + 9x2) dx
x2 6 x 2 9 x3
Þ C = k1 + k2 ----- (1) Þ R = 14x – + +k
2 2 3
/ 81243 01000
Miscellaneous problems x3
C = 125 x + 5 x − +k
2
Þ
27
1. A manufacture’s marginal revenue function Given fixed cost is ` 250,
is given by MR = 275 − x − 0.3 x2. Find the
increase in the manufactures total revenue When x = 0, C = 250 Þ k = 250
if the production is increased from 10 to 20 x3
∴ C = 125 x + 5 x 2 − + 250
m
units. 27
Sol: When x = 15, C = ? 3
2 15
Given MR = 275 – x – 0.3x2 ∴ C = 125(15) + 5(15) − + 250
co
27
∫MR = ∫(275 – x – 0.3x2) dx 3375
= 1875 + 1125 − + 250
To find the total revenue, when it is increased 27
from 10 to 20 units = 3000 – 125 + 250
s.
20 = ` 3125
∫ (275 − x − 0.3x ) dx
2
R = ∴ C = ` 3125
10
3. The marginal revenue function for a firm is
ok
20
 x2 x3  2 2x
=  275 x − − 0 .3 given by MR = - + 5 . Show that
 2 3  10 x + 3 ( x + 3)2
20 2
 x2  the demand function is P = +5.
=  275 x − − 0.1 x3  x+3
o
 2  10 Sol:
2 2x
Given MR = − +5
  2 x + 3 ( x + 3) 2
=  275(20) − 20 − 0.1(20)3 
ab
 2   2 2x 
Þ ∫MR = ∫  − + 5 dx
 102   x + 3 ( x + 3) 2
−  275(10) − − 0.1(103 )  x
 ÞR = 2 log( x + 3) − 2∫
2  dx + 5 x + k
ur
( x + 3) 2
= [5500 – 200 – 800] – [2750 – 50 – 100]
 x+3−3 
= [5500 – 1000] – [2750 – 150] ÞR = 2 log( x + 3) − 2  ∫ dx  + 5 x + k
 ( x + 3)
2

= 4500 – 2600
.s
 1 dx 
R = ` 1900 ÞR = 2 log( x + 3) − 2 ∫ x + 3 dx − 3∫ ( x + 3)2  + 5 x + k
 
2. A company has determined that marginal ( x + 3) −1
2 log( x + 3) − 2 log( x + 3) + 6 + 5x + k
w
cost function for x product of a particular ÞR = −1

x2 -6
commodity is given by MC = 125 + 10x − . ÞR = x + 3 + 5 x + k
9
w
Where C is the cost of producing x units of the when x = 0, R = 0 Þ k=0

commodity. If the fixed cost is ` 250 what is
−6
cost of producing 15 units. 0 = +0+kÞk=+2
3
w
Sol:
x2 −6
Given MC = 125 + 10x – \ R = + 5x – 2
9 x+3
R
 x2  Demand function P =
Þ ∫MC = ∫  125 + 10 x − dx x
 9  −6 2
Þ P = +5+
10 x 2 x3 x( x + 3) x
Þ C = 125 x + − +k
2 9×3
/ 81243 01000
−6 + 2( x + 3) Þ R(x) = 30x + k2
Þ P = +5
x( x + 3) when x = 0, R = 0 Þ k2 = 0
−6 + 2 x + 6 ∴ R(x) = 30x ----- (2)
Þ P = +5
x( x + 3) Profit function = R(x) – C(x)
2x  x2 
m
= +5 = 30 x −  20 x + + 100
x ( x + 3)  40 
2
Þ P = +5 x2
x+3 = 30 x − 20 x − − 100
co
4. For the marginal revenue function 40
MR = 6 − 3x2 − x3, find the revenue function x2
and demand function. P = 10 x −
− 100
40
Sol: 6. The demand equation for a product is
s.
Given MR = 6 – 3x2 – x3 pd = 20 − 5x and the supply equation is
ps = 4x + 8. Determine the consumer’s
Þ ∫MR = ∫(6 – 3x2 – x3) dx surplus and producer’s surplus under market
3 x3 x 4 equilibrium.
ok
Þ R = 6 x − − +k
3 4 Sol:
Given demand function pd = 20 – 5x and
x4
Þ = 6 x − x − +k
3
4 supply function ps = 4x + 8
o
when x = 0, R = 0 Þk=0 Under market equilibrium ps = pd
x4 Þ 20 – 5x = 4x + 8
R = 6 x − x −
3
Þ
ab
4
R x3 Þ 20 – 8 = 4x + 5x
Demand function P = = 6 – x2 –
x 4 Þ 12 = 9x
5. The marginal cost of production of a firm is
4
12 4
ur
x Þ x = =
given by C´(x) = 20 + the marginal revenue 9 3
20 3
is given by R´(x) = 30 and the fixed cost is ` 4  4 20
100. Find the profit function. when x0 = , p0 = 20 − 5   = 20 −
3  3 3
.s
Sol:
x 60 − 20 40
Given C´(x) = 20 + = =
20 3 3
R´(x) = 30
w
40 4 160
x ∴ p0 x0 = × =
C´(x) = 20 + 3 3 9
20 Consumer's Surplus (CS)
 x
w
Þ ∫C´(x) = ∫  20 +  dx x
 20 
x2
= ∫ f ( x) dx − p0 x0
= 20 x + + k1
0
w
40 4
3
Since fixed cost is ` 100 = ∫ (20 − 5 x) dx
when x = 0, C = 100 Þ k1 = 100 0
4
x2  5 x 2  3 160
∴ C(x) = 20 x + + 100 ----- (1) =  20 x −  −
40  2 0 9
Also, R´(x) = 30
 4  5  16  160
Þ ∫R´(x) = ∫30 dx = 20  3  − 2  9  − 9
/ 81243 01000
=
80 40 160
− − = 3000 (900) − (500)
0.6 0.6
( )
3 9 9
= 3000 (59.22 – 41.63)
240 − 40 − 160 40
= = [ (900)0.6 = 59.22 & (500)0.6 = 41.63]
9 9
40 = 3000 (17.59)
∴ CS = units
m
9 = 52,770.
Producer's Surplus x Hence, 52,770 hours are required to manufacture
(PS) = p0 x0 − ∫ g ( x) dx additional 400 units.
co
0
8. The price elasticity of demand for a commodity
is p . Find the demand function if the
4
3
160
9 ∫0
= − (4 x + 8) dx x3
quantity of demand is 3, when the price is ` 2.
s.
4 Sol:
160  4 x 2 3 p
= − + 8x Given elasticity of demand =
9  2 0 x3
ok
− p dx p
160   16   4  Þ . = 3
= −  2  + 8   x dp x
9   9   3 
−x3 dx dp
160  32 32  Þ = p.
= − +  x p
9  9 3
o
Þ – x2 dx = dp
160 32 32 Þ – ∫x2 dx = ∫dp
= − −
ab
9 9 3 x3
Þ − + k = p ----- (1)
160 − 32 − 96 32 3
PS = = units
9 9 When p = 2, x = 3
7. A company requires f(x) number of hours
33
to produce 500 units. It is represented by Þ − + k = 2
ur
f(x) = 1800x−0.4. Find out the number of hours 3

k = 2 + 9 Þ k = 11
required to produce additional 400 units.
[(900)0.6 = 59.22, (500)0.6 = 41.63] ∴ (1) becomes
x3
.s
Sol:
P = −
+ 11
3
Given f(x) = 1800x–0.4 x3
= 11 −
Since additional 400 units are required, the limits 3
w
are from x = 500 to x = 900. 9. Find the area of the region bounded by the
900 curve between the parabola y = 8x2 − 4x + 6 the
∫ ∫ 1800 x
−0.4
\ f ( x) dx = dx y – axis and the ordinate at x = 2.
w
500 Sol:
900
 x −0.4+1  Given y = 8x2 – 4x + 6
Number of hours = 1800  
w
 −0.4 + 1 500
2
Area = ∫ (8 x − 4 x + 6) dx
2

900
 x 0.6  0
= 1800    8 x3 4 x 2 
2
 0.6  500 =  − + 6 x
 3 2 0
( )
900
= 3000 x 0.6
500
/ 81243 01000
2 2
 8 x3   x 2 x3 
=  − 2 x 2 + 6 x =  2 − 
 3 0  2 3 0
 8(8) 
=  − 2( 4) + 6( 2)  − 0 8 4
 3  = 4 − =
3 3
m
64
− 8 + 12 =
64
+4 2. The area of the region bounded by the ellipse
=
3 3 πa
64 + 12 76 (a) πab sq.units (b) sq.units
= = b
co
3 3 π
(c) 2πab sq.units (d) ab sq.units.
76 2
Area = sq. units [Ans: (a) πab sq.units]
3
a
10. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y2 = 27x3 and the lines x = 0, y = 1 and y = 2. Hint: Area = 4 y dx ∫
s.
3. The area bounded by the curves y = 2x, x = 0
0
Sol:
and x = 2 is _____ sq. units.
Given curve is y2 = 27x3.
(a) loge2 (b) 3loge2
ok
y2
x =
3
3
27 1 2 (c) (d) 2 loge3
 y2  3 y3 log e 2
x =   = 3
 27  3 [Ans: (c) ]
log e 2
o
2
 2 +1  Hint: 2
2
1 23 1  y3   2x 
2 2
\ Area = ∫ y dy =  Area = ∫ y dx = ∫ 2 dx = 
x
3 2 + 1 
ab
31
   log 2  0
3 1
0 0
22 20
 5
2
= −
1 y log 2 log 2
=  . 
3
3 5 4 1 3
  = − =
ur
3 1 log 2 log 2 log e 2

1 3 5 1 5 5
2
4. The area of the region bounded by the line 2y
= ×  y 3  =  2 3 − 13  = –x + 8, X - axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 4
3 5  1 5  
.s
is ____ sq.units.
1 5 
=  2 3 − 1 sq.units. 1 2 5
5  (a) (b) (c) 5 (d)
5 5 2
w
[Ans: (c) 5]
Additional 4 4
 −x   −x 2 4
Hint: A = ∫ y dx 
= ∫  +  dx  + x 
 2
4  =  4 4 
  2
w
Choose the correct answer 2 2
= 12 – 7 = 5
1. The area bounded by y = 2x – x2 and X-axis is 5. The area enclosed by the curve y = cos2x in
_____ sq. units
w
[0, π] the lines x = 0, x = π and the X-axis is

2 4 _____ sq.units.
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
3 3 4 2 π
[Ans: (b) ] (a) π (b) 2π (c) (d)
3 π 2
Hint: p
[Ans: (d) ]
∫ (2 x − x ) dx
2 2
2
A = ∫ y dx =
2

0 0
/ 81243 01000
Hint: π Hint: When x = 0 ⇒ y2 – 2y = 0 ⇒ y(y–2) = 0 ⇒ y

π
A = ∫ y dx = = 0, 2
∫ cos x dx
2
2
0
π
0 ∴ Area = ∫ x dy
1 0
[1 + cos 2 x ]dx
2 ∫0
= 10. The area bounded by the curve y2 = 4ax and the
lines y = 2a and Y–axis is _____ sq. units.
m
π
1 sin 2 x 
=  x +  2a a2 2a 2
2  2  0 (a) (b) 2a2 (c) (d)
3 3 3
p
co
= [π + 0 − 0] =
1 2a 2
2 [Ans: (d) ]
2 3
2a
6. The area of the region bounded by the line
y = 3x + 2, the X-axis and the ordinates x = – 1 Hint: A = ∫ x dy
and x = 1 is ______ sq. units. 0
s.
11. If the marginal cost function MC = 2 – 4x, then
13 26 3 the cost function is
(a) (b) 13 (c) (d)
3 3 13 (a) 2x – 2x2 + k (b) 2 – 4x2
13
ok
[Ans: (a) ] 2
3 (c) − 4 (d) 2x – 4x2
−2 x [Ans: (a) 2x – 2x2 + k]
3 1
Hint: A = ∫ − y dx + ∫ y dx Hint:
−1 −2
3

∫ MC dx = ∫ (2 – 4x) dx
o
1
= 2x – 2x2 + k
7. The value of ∫ x + 1 dx is ______.
12. If MR = 15 – 8x, then the revenue function is
ab
−3
15
1 (a) 15x – 4x2 + k (b) −8
(a) 4 (b) (c) 8 (d) 2 x
4
(c) – 8 (d) 15x – 8
[Ans: (a) 4] [Ans: (a) 15x – 4x2 + k]
ur
1 −1 3 Hint:
Hint: ∫ x + 1 dx = ∫ −( x + 1)dx + ∫ ( x + 1)dx ∫ MR dx = ∫ 15 – 8x dx = 15x – 4x2 + k
−3 −3 −1
1
.s
8. The area lying above the X–axis and under the 13. If R´(x) = , then the revenue function is
x +1
parabola y = 4x – x2 is _____ sq. units
−1
(a) log |x + 1| + k (b)
x +1
w
16 8 32 64
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 1
3 3 3 3 (c) (d) log
32
( x + 1) 2
x +1
w
[Ans: (c) ] [Ans: (a) log |x + 1] + k]

4 3
14. The Consumer's surplus for the demand function
Hint: A = ∫ y dx p = f(x) for the quantity x0 and price p0 is
w
0
x0 x0
9. The area of the region bounded by the curve (a) ∫ f ( x) dx − p0 x0 (b) ∫ f ( x)dx
y2 = 2y – x and the y–axis _____ sq.units 0 0
x0 p0
∫
2 (c) p0 x0 − g ( x)dx (d) ∫
4 16 f ( x) dx
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d)
3 3 3 0
x0 0
4
[Ans: (a) ]
3 [Ans: (a) Ú f ( x ) dx - p0 x0
]
0
/ 81243 01000
2 Mark questions  4 x3 8 x 2 
2
=  − + 6 x
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the  3 2 0
parabola x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y-axis.  8
Sol: = 4   − 4(4) + 6(2)
y
x2 = 4y
 3
m
y=4
32 32
= − 16 + 12 = −4
y=2 3 3
32 − 12 20
= =
co
x
3 3
20
\ Area = sq. units.
Area under the curve is 3
d 4 3. Find the area under the curve y = 4x – x2
A = ∫ x dy = ∫ 4 y dy included between x = 0, x = 3 and the X-axis.
s.
c 4
 3 2 Sol:
 y2  iven curve is y = 4x – x2
G
1 4
= 2 ∫ y 2 dy = 2  
3 The limits are from x = 0 to x = 3
ok
2   3
2 2 3
4  32  ∴ Area = ∫ y dx = ∫ (4 x − x 2 ) dx
=  y 
3  0 0
4  32 3
 4 x 2 x3 
3
=  4 − 22 −  = 2(9) −
27
o
3 = 
 2 3 0 3
= 4 4 − 2 2
4
( ) = 18 – 9
ab
3
Area = 9 sq. units
4
= 8 − 2 2 sq. units.
3
( ) 4. The marginal cost function of manufacturing
2. Find the area under the curve y = 4x2 – 8x + 6 x units of a commodity is 3x2 – 2x + 8. If there
bounded by the Y-axis, X-axis and the ordinate is no fixed cost, find the total cost function?
ur
at x = 2. Sol:
y
Sol:
Given MC = 3x2 – 2x + 8
.s
⇒ ∫MC = ∫(3x2 – 2x + 8) dx
3x3 2 x 2
x=0 x=2 ⇒ C = − + 8x + k
3 2
w
x
⇒ C = x3 – x2 + 8x + k
Since there is no fixed cost,
w
when x = 0, C = 0 ⇒ k = 0
∴ C = x3 – x2 + 8x
The Y-axis is the ordinate at x = 0. 5. If the marginal revenue for a commodity is MR
w
The area bounded by the ordinates at x = 0, x = 2 = 9 – 6x2 + 2x, find the total revenue function.
and the given curve is Sol:
b
A = ∫ y dx Given MR = 9 – 6x2 + 2x
a
2 ⇒ ∫MR = ∫(9 – 6x2 + 2x) dx
= ∫ (4 x 2 − 8 x + 6)dx 6 x3 2 x 2
0 ⇒ R = 9 x − + +k
3 2
/ 81243 01000
⇒ R = 9x – 2x3 + x2 + k = 100 (log x – log 16 + 1)

 x
C = 100 (log   + 1)
When x = 0, R = 0 ⇒ k = 0  16 
8. Find the demand function for which the
\ R = 9x – 2x3 + x2 elasticity of demand is 1
6. The marginal cost at a production level of x Sol:
m
375 Given ηd = 1
units is given by C´(x) = 85 + . Find the − p dx
x2 ⇒ . = 1
cost of producing 10 in elemental units after x dp
−dp
co
dx
15 units have been produced? ⇒ =
x p
Sol: ⇒ log x = log p + log k
375
Given C´(x) = 85 + ⇒ log x + log p = log k
x2
s.

We know C(x) = ∫C´(x) +k ⇒ log px = log k
The cost of producing 10 incremental units after ⇒ px = k
15 units have been produced k
ok
Demand function P =
25 x
= ∫ C´( x) dx 9. Find the consumer's surplus for the demand
15 function p = 25 – x – x2 when p0 = 19
25 Sol:
 375 
o
= ∫  85 + x 2  dx Given demand function is p = 25 – x – x2
15 and p0 = 19
ab
25
 375  ⇒ 19 = 25 – x – x2
= 85 x −
 x 15 ⇒ x2 + x – 6 = 0
 375   375  ⇒ (x + 3) (x –2) = 0

=  85(25) −  −  85(15) − 
 25   15 
ur
⇒ x = – 3 or x = 2
Since x cannot be negative x0 = 2
= (2125 – 15) – (1275 – 25)
p0 x0 = 19(2) = 38
= 2110 – 1250 = ` 860 2
.s
100 CS = ∫ f ( x)dx − p0 x0
7. The marginal cost function is MC = . Find 0
the cost function C(x) if C(16) = 100. x
∫ (25 − x − x ) dx − 38
2
w
2
Sol: =
100 0
Given MC = 2
x  x 2 x3 
=  25 x − −  − 38
w
100  3 0
∫MC = ∫ dx 2
x 4 8
⇒ C = 100 log x + k = 25(2) − − − 38
2 3
w
Given C(16) = 100 ⇒ When x = 16, 8

= 50 − 2 − − 38
C = 100 3
\ 100 = 100 log 16 + k 8 30 − 8
= 10 − =
3 3
⇒ k = 100 - 100 log 16
22
C = 100 log x + 100 – 100 log 16 CS = units
3
/ 81243 01000
10. Find the producer's surplus for the supply π

function p = x2 + x + 3 when x0 = 4 2
= 2 ∫ cos x dx [ cos x is an
Sol:
0 even function]
Given supply function is p = x + x + 3 and x0 = 4 π
∴ p0 = 42 + 4 + 3 = 2 [sin x ]02
= 16 + 4 + 3 = 23  π 
m
∴ p0 x0 = 23(4) = 92 = 2 sin − sin 0 = 2 [1 – 0]
 2 
Producer's surplus x0 A = 2 sq.units.
PS = p0 x0 − ∫ g ( x) dx
co
2. Find the area under the demand curve xy = 1
0
bounded by the ordinates x = 3, x = 9 and x
( )
4
= 92 − ∫ x + x + 3 dx -axis
2
0 y
4 Sol:
 x3 x 2 
s.
= 92 −  + + 3 x
 3 2 0
 43 4 2 
= 92 −  + + 3(4)
 3 
ok
2
x
 64  x=3 x=9
= 92 −  + 8 + 12
 3 
64 64
o
= 92 − − 20 = 72 −
3 3 b
216 − 64 Area = ∫ y dx
ab
= a
3
9
1
PS =
152
units. = ∫ dx
3 3
x
3 Mark questions = [log x ]3
9
ur
1. Find the area contained between the x-axis and = log 9 – log 3
one arc of the curve y = cos x bounded between
= log  
9
π p
x = − and x =  3
.s
2 2
y A = log 3 sq.units.
Sol:
3. Find the area bounded by one arc of the curve
w
y = sin ax and the x-axis.

Sol:
Y
π x
w
− 0 π π
2 2
π
w
2
Area = ∫ y dx
−π
2
π x
π
2 0
= ∫ cos x dx a
−π
2 The limits for one arch of the curve y = sin ax
When y = 0 Þ Sin ax = 0
/ 81243 01000
sin ax = sin 0, sin π 5. Find the area of the region bounded by the line
Þ ax = 0 or ax = π y = x – 5, the x-axis and between the ordinates
π x = 3 and x = 7
Þ x = 0, x= y=x–5
a π Sol:
∴The limits are from x = 0 to x = y x 0 5
b a
y –5 0
∴ Area = ∫ y dx
m
x=7
a
π
a x=3
x
= ∫ sin ax dx (5, 0)
co
0
π
 cos ax  a (0, -5)
=  −
 a  0
1 π  The required area lies partially above X-axis and
= − cos a × − cos(a )(0) 
s.
a a  partially below X-axis
5 7
1
= − [cos π − cos 0] \ Area = ∫ − y dx + ∫ y dx
a
ok
3 5
1
= − ( −1 − 1) [cos 0 = 1 &
5 5
a = ∫ (5 − x)dx + ∫ ( x − 5)dx
cos π = – 1]
2 3 7
A = sq.units. [ y = x – 5 ⇒ – y = 5 – x]
a
o
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the line
5
 x 2   x2 7
x – y = 1, x-axis and the lines x = –2 and x = 0. = 5 x −  +  − 5 x
 
ab
x–y=1  2  3  2  5
Sol:
y 
x 0 1 25   9
= 5(5) −  − 15 − 
y –1 0  2  2
x = -2
 49   25 
+  − 35 −  − 25
ur
0 x
(1, 0) 2 2
25 9 49
(0, -1) = 25 – – 15 + + –
2 2 2
.s
25
35 – + 25
2
= (25 – 15 – 35 + 25)
w
Here, the area lies below the x-axis  25 9 49 25 

0 −2 +  + + − 
A = ∫ ( − y ) dx =  2 2 2
\ ∫ y dx 2
−2 0  −25 + 9 + 49 − 25 
w
 b a  = 0 +  
 
∵ ∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx  2
 a b  58 - 50 8
−2 −2 = =
w
x 2  2 2
= ∫ ( x − 1) dx =  2 − x
A = 4 sq.units
0  0
 ( −2) 2  6. The Marginal revenue for a commodity is
=  − ( −2) − 0
 2  ex
MR = + x + x 2 , find the revenue function.
4 100
= + 2 = 2 + 2
2
A = 4 sq. units
/ 81243 01000
Sol:
2. x. x
ex x =
Given that MR = + x + x2 x
100
 ex 
∫MR = ∫  + x + x 2  dx = 2 x
100  2
R = 2 x and p =
m
ex
x x 2 3 x
R = + + +k 8. A company determines that the marginal cost
100 2 3
of producing x units is C´(x) = 10.6x. The fixed
co
When x = 0, R = 0 cost is ` 50. The selling price per unit is ` 5.
e0 Find the profit function.
Þ 0 = +0+0+k Sol:
100
1 C´(x) = 10 – 6x
k = - [ e0 = 1] ⇒ ∫ C´(x) = ∫ 10.6x dx
s.
100
ex x 2 x3 1 x2
\ Revenue R = + + − ⇒ C(x) = 10.6 + k1
100 2 3 100 2
7. The elasticity of demand with respect to price
ok
= 5.3 x2 + k1
for a commodity is a constant and is equal to 2.
Find the demand function and hence the total Given fixed cost is ` 50
revenue function, given that when the price is
1, the demand is 4. When x = 0, C = 50 ⇒ k1 = 50
o
Sol: ∴ C(x) = 5.3x2 + 50 -----(1)
Given that ηd = 2 Total revenue = number of units sold × price

ab
− p dx per unit
⇒ . = 2
x dp R(x) = 5(x) -----(2)
dx dp ∴ Profit = R(x) – C(x)
⇒ = -2
= 5x – (5.3x2 + 50)
ur
x p
Integrating both sides, [From (1) & (2)]
dx dp P = 5x – 5.3x – 50
2
ò x
= −2 ∫
p
+ log k
9. Determine the cost of producing 3000 units of
.s
⇒ log x + 2 log p = log k commodity if the marginal cost in rupees per

x
log x.p2 = log k [ a log b = log ba] unit is C´(x) = + 2.50
3000
w
Sol:
⇒ xp2 = k x
Given, marginal cost, C´(x) = + 2.50
when x = 4, p = 1 3000
 x 
w
4(1)2 = k ∫ C´(x) = ∫  + 2.50 dx

300 
⇒ k = 4 x2
C(x) = + 2.50 x + k
w
\ xp2 = 4 6000
4
⇒ p2 = when x = 0 C = 0 ⇒ k = 0
x x2
\ C(x) = + 2.50 x
4 2 6000
⇒ p = =
x x when x = 3000
2
Revenue R = px = .x
x
/ 81243 01000
Cost of production ⇒ x2 = 4
(3000)
2
= + 2.50 (3000) ⇒ x = ± 2
6000
1500 Since x = 2 is not possible x0 = 2
3000 × 3000 p0 = 16 – 22 = 16 – 4 = 12
= + 7500
6000
m
2 \ p0 x0 = 2 × 12 = 24
x0
= 1500 + 7500
= ` 9000
Consumer's Surplus CS = ∫ f ( x) dx − p0 x0
0
co
2
10. The marginal revenue function is given by
3 2
= ∫ 16 − x 2 dx − 24 ( )
R´(x) = 2 - . Find the revenue function 0
x x  2
 x3 
and demand function if R(1) = 6 = 16 x −  − 24
s.
Sol:  3  0
3 2 23
Given R´(x) = - = 16(2) - - 24
x2 x 3
ok
 3 2  8
= 32 - - 24
⇒ ∫ R´(x) = ∫  2 −  dx 3
x x
8 24 - 8
−3 = 8 - =
⇒ R(x) = − 2 log x + k 3 3
o
x 16
= units
Given R(1) = 6 ⇒ when x = 1, R = 6 3
x0
ab
−3
⇒ 6 = − 2 log1 + k Producer's Surplus PS = p0 x0 − ∫ g ( x) dx
1
0
⇒ 6 + 3 = k [ log 1 = 0] 2
= 24 − ∫ 2 x + 4 dx ( 2
)
⇒ k = 9
ur
0
 2 x3 2
3 = 24 −   + 4 x
∴ R(x) = − − 2 log x + 9
x  3  0
R 16 
Demand function P = = 24 −  + 8
.s
x  3 
3 2 log x 9 16 16
= − x 2 − + = 24 - - 8 = 16 -
x x 3 3
w
48 -16 32
5 Mark questions = = units.
3 3
2. The demand and supply curves are given by
w
1. The demand and supply functions under pure 16 x

competition are pd = 16 – x2 and ps = 2x2 + 4. pd = and ps = . Find the Consumer's
x+4 2
Find the consumer's surplus and producer's surplus and producer's surplus at the market
surplus at the market equilibrium price.
w
equilibrium price.
Sol: Sol:
For market equilibrium, Pd = Ps
For market equilibrium, Pd = Ps
⇒ 16 – x2 = 2x2 + 4
16 x
⇒ 16 – 4 = 2x2 + x2 ⇒ = ⇒ 32 = x(x + 4)
x+4 2
⇒ 3x2 = 12 ⇒ 32 = x2 + 4x
/ 81243 01000
⇒ x2 + 4x – 32 = 0 Given when x = 0, C = 200
⇒ (x + 8) (x – 4) = 0 ⇒ k1 = 200
x2
⇒ x = – 8, x=4 ∴ C(x) = 20 x + + 200 -----(1)
40
Also, R´(x) = 30
Since x = – 8 is not possible, x0 = 4
m
R(x) = ∫ 30 dx + k2 = 30x + k2
16 16
\ p0 = = =2
4+4 8 When
x = 0 R = 0 ⇒ k2 = 0
\ p0 x0 = 2(4) = 8 ∴ R(x) = 30x -----(2)
co
x0 Profit = Total revenue – total cost
Consumer's Surplus CS = ∫ f ( x) dx − p0 x0 x2
= 30x – 20x – – 200
0 40
x 2
s.
4
16 \ P = 10x – – 200 -----(3)
CS = ∫ x+4
dx − 8 40
0 dp 2x x
= 10 – = 10 -
dx
ok
40 20
= 16 log ( x + 4) − 8
4
 0 dp
= 0
= 16 [log (4 + 4) –log (0 +4)] dx
–8 x
⇒ 10 - = 0
o
20
= 16 [log 8 – log 4] – 8 x
Þ 10 = Þ x = 200
8
ab
20
= 16 log   – 8
 4 d2 p 1
CS = (16 log 2 – 8) units. 2 = − <0
dx 20
Producer's Surplus x0
\Profit is maximum when x = 200
ur
(200)
2
PS = p0 x0 − ∫ g ( x) dx \ maximum profit P = 10(200) –
– 200
0 40
4
x  x2  4 [From (3)]
= 8 − ∫ dx = 8 −  
.s
P = 2000 – 1000 – 200

2  4  0
= 2000 – 1200
0
 42  16
= 8 −   = 8 - =8–4 P = ` 800.
w
4 4
  Hence, the maximum profit is ` 800.
PS = 4 units
4. The marginal revenue function (in thousands
3. The marginal cost C´(x) and marginal revenue
w
of rupees) of a commodity is 7 + e–0.05x

x
R´(x) are given by C´(x) = 20 + and where x is the number of units sold. Find
20 the total revenue from the sale of 100 units
R´(x) = 30. The fixed cost is ` 200. Determine
(e–5 = 0.0067)
w
the maximum profit.

Sol: Sol:
x
Given C´(x) = 20 + Given R´(x) = 7 + e–0.05 x
20
 x Total revenue from sale of 100 units is
⇒ ò C´( x) dx = ∫ 20 +  dx 100
 20 
∫ (7 + e )dx
−0.05 x
R =
x 2
C(x) = 20 x + + k1 0
40
/ 81243 01000
100 6. The marginal cost function of a commodity in

 e−0.05 x 
= 
7 x + a firm is 2 + 3e3x where x is the output. Find
 −0.05  0 the total cost and average cost function if the
fixed cost is ` 500.
= 700 −
100 −5
5
e − e0 ( ) Sol:
5  Given C´(x) = 2 + 3e3x
m
[0.05 = 100 

∫ (2 + 3e ) dx
3x
= 700 – 20 (0.0067 – 1)
⇒ ò C´( x) =
[ e0 = 1] 3e3 x
C(x) = 2 x + +k
co
= 700 – 0.134 ⇒
3
= 719.866 ⇒ C(x) = 2x + e3x + k
Since the revenue is given in thousands, Since the fixed cost is ` 500, when x = 0, C = 500
Total revenue = 719.866 × 1000
⇒ 500 = 0 + e0 + k [ e0 = 1]
s.
= ` 7,19,866
⇒ 500 – 1 = k ⇒ k = 499
5. The elasticity of demand with respect to price
x −5 \ C(x) = 2x + e + 499 3x
ok
p for a commodity is , x > 5 , When
x C
the demand is x. Find demand function if the Average cost function AC =
x
price is 2 when the demand is 7. Also, find the 2 x + e3 x + 499
revenue function. AC =
x
o
Sol: 3x
e 499
x -5 = 2+ +
Given ηd = x x
x
ab
x -5 7. Find the area of the region bounded by the

-p dx
Þ . = curve y = 3 x2 – x, X-axis and the lines between
x dp x x = – 1 and x = 1
dx dp x=-1
Þ = Integrating both sides, Sol: x=1
x -5 p
ur
dx dp
∫ x −5 = −∫
p
log (x – 5) = – log p + log k
.s
log (x – 5) + log p = log k -1 0 1 1

3
log p(x – 5) = log k
k
w
p(x – 5) = k Þ p= y = 3x2 – x is an open upward parabola and meets

x -5
Given that when 1
the X-axis at x = 0, x = when y = 0.
p = 2, x = 7 3
w
\ The required area is the combination of 3 pies

2(7 – 5) = k Þ 2(2) = k 1
0 3 1
Þ k = 4
A= ∫ y dx + ∫ − y dy + ∫ dy [Since the second
w
The demand function is 1 0 1

3
4 area lies below the X - axis]
p =
x -5 1
 4  0 3 1
Revenue, R = px =  x ∫ (3x
2
) ( )
− x dx + ∫ x − 3 x 2 dx + ∫ 3 x 2 − x dx ( )
 x − 5  A=
−1 1
4x
0
3
= ,x>5
x -5
/ 81243 01000
 3x3 x 2  0
1
 x 2 3 x 3  3  3 x 3 x 2 1 1 16  4  1  64 8 
=  + 16 −  − 8 −  + 

=  −  +  −
  +  
2  2    4  3 3 
x   3 − 2  2   
 3 2  −1  3  0   1
3 1 1  64 + 8 
 1   1 1  = [ 24 + 6] −  
= 0 − −1 −  +  −  − 0 2 4  3 
2 18 27
m
 1  1 1 1 1  72 
+1 −  −  −  = (30) −  
 2   27 18  2 4 3 
1
3 1 1 1 1 1 = 15 - (24) = 15 – 6
co
= + − + − + 4
2 18 27 2 27 18
= 9 sq. units.
3 1  1 1 1 1
=  +  +  +  −  +  9. Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x
 2 2  18 18   27 27 
between x = 0 and x = 2π
54 + 3 − 2
s.
2 2 1 2 y
= 2+ − = 2+ − = Sol:
18 27 9 27 27 y2 = 4x
1
55
A= sq.units.
ok
27 π
0
x
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the 2π
parabola y2 = 4x and the line 2x – y = 4.

y 2x – y = 4 -1
Sol:
o
y2 = 4x
x 0 2
y –4 0 2π
Required area = ∫ y dx
ab
0 0
2 x π 2π
= ∫ y dx + ∫ − y dx
0 π
-4
ur
[\ the second area lies below the X-asis]

π 2π
y 2 = 4x and 2x = 4 + y ⇒ 4x = 8 + 2y = ∫ sin x dx + ∫ − sin x dx

0 π
.s
y2 = 8 + 2y ⇒ y2 – 2y – 8 = 0 = [− cos x ]0 − [− cos x ]π
π 2π
(y – 4) (y + 2) = 0 π 2π
= −[cos x ]0 + [cos x ]π
y = – 2, 4.
w
4 = −[cos π − cos 0] + [cos 2π − cos π]

Required area = ∫ ( x1 − x2 ) dy = −[−1 −1] + [+1 − (−1)]
w
−2
4  2
 y + 4 − y  dy [\cos π = –1 cos 0 = 1 & cos 2π = 1]
= ∫  2

4  = – (– 2) + (2)
−2
w
= 2 + 2
Where x1 is the line & x2 is the parabola A = 4 sq. units.
4 4
y+4 1
= ∫ dy − ∫ y 2 dy
−2
2 4 −2
1  y 2 4 1  y 3 
4

=  + 4 y −  
2  2  −2 4  3  −2
/ 81243 01000
4
Chapter
m
DIFFERENTIAL
co
EQUATIONS
SNAPSHOT
s.
*
ok
of a function y = f (x). Here we have one independent variable.
o  dy d 2 y 
An ordinary differential equation is an equation that involves some ordinary derivatives  , 2 ,...
 dx dx 
* Sometimes a family of curves can be represented by a single equation with one or move arbitrary
constants. By assigning different values for constants, we get a family of curves. The arbitrary constants
ab
are called the parameters of the family.

* Solution of the differential equation must contain the same number of arbitrary constants as the order
of the equation. Such a solution is called General (complete) solution of the differential equation.
* The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is the order of the differential equation.
ur
* Degree is the highest power of the highest order derivative in the differential equation.
* Variable separable method
If in an equation, it is possible to collect all the terms of x and dx on one side and all the terms of y and
.s
dy on the other side, then the variable are said to be separable.

* Homogeneous differential equations:
dy f ( x, y )
w
dx = g ( x, y ) is homogeneous differential equation if f (x, y) and g(x, y) are homogenous functions

of the same degree in x and y.
* Linear differential equations of first order:
w
dy
General form of linear equation of first order is + Py = Q.
dx
* Second order first degree differential equations
w
d2y dy
a +b + cy = f ( x) is the general form of second order first degree differential equations.
dx 2
dx
130
/ 81243 01000
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations 135
7. Find the differential equation of the family

1 + x2 dy
of parabola with foci at the origin and axis (ii) = xy
along the x-axis. 1+ y dx
Sol. Equation of family of parabolas with foci at the 1 + x2 dy
origin and axis along the x-axis is Sol. Given = xy
1+ y dx
y2 = 4a(x + a)(1)
m
Separating the variables we get,
[ the focus is at the origin its vertex will be (1 + x 2 )dx
(–a, 0) and latus rectum is 4a] = y(1 + y)dy
x
co
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get,  1 x2 
⇒  +  dx = (y + y2)dy
x x 
 dy 
2 y   = 4a (1)(1) 1 
 dx  ⇒  + x  dx = (y + y )dy
2
 x 
s.
 dy  Integrating both sides we get,
⇒ 2 y   = 4a (2)
 dx 
1 
∫  x + x  dx = ∫ ( y + y )dy
2
ok
2 y  dy 
Also  =a
4  dx  x2 y 2 y3
⇒ log x + = + +c
y  dy  2 2 3
⇒   = a (3) dy
2  dx 
o
2. Solve: y (1 – x) – x =0
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get, dx
Sol.
 dy   y  dy  
ab
y2 = 2 y    x +    dy
 dx   2  dx   Given y(1 – x) – x =0
dx
2 dy
 dy  2  dy  ⇒ y(1 – x) = x
⇒ y2 = 2 xy   + y   dx
 dx   dx 
ur
Dividing by y we get, Separating the variables we get,

2 (1− x) dy
 dy   dy  ⇒ dx =
y = 2x   + y   x y
 dx   dx 
.s
1  dy
EXERCISE 4.2 ⇒  − 1 dx = y
x 
w
Integrating both sides we get,

dy
1. Solve (i) = ae y 1  dy
dx ∫  x − 1 dx = ∫ y

w
dy ⇒ log x – x = log y + c
Sol. Given = ae y
dx
3. Solve (i) ydx – xdy = 0
w
Sol.
dy
y
= adx ⇒ e–y dy = adx Given ydx – xdy = 0
e
Integrating both sides we get, Þ ydx = xdy
−y
∫e dy = a ∫ dx Separating the variables we get,
dx dy
–e–y = ax + c = y
ax + e + c = 0
–y x
/ 81243 01000
136
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit 4 ➠ Differential Equations
Integrating both sides we get, 5. Solve: (1 – x) dy – (1 + y) dx = 0

dx dy Sol.
∫ = ∫ (1 – x)dy = (1 + y)dx
x y
log x = log y + log c Separating the variables we get,
log x = log cy dy dx
=
m
[ log m + log n = log mn] 1+ y 1− x
x = cy
dy dy dx
+ e x + ye x = 0
co
(ii)
dx ∫ 1+ y = ∫ 1− x

dy
⇒ = –ex (1 + y) log(1 − x)
dx log (1 + y) = + log c
−1
s.
log (1 + y) = –log (1 – x) + log c
dy ⇒ log (1 + y) + log (1 – x) = log c
⇒ = –ex dx
1+ y ⇒ log (1 + y) (1 – x) = log c
ok
⇒ l og (1 + y) = –ex + c ⇒ (1 + y) (1 – x) = c
4. Solve: cos x (1 + cos y) dx – sin y (1 + sin x) Multiplying by a negative sign we get,
dy = 0. (x – 1)(y + 1) = –c = C where C = –c
Sol.
o
cos x (1 + cos y)dx = sin y (1 + sin x)dy dy
6. Solve (i) = y sin 2x
Sol.
dx
ab
Separating the variables we get

cos x sin y Separating the variables we get,
dx = dy
1+ sin x 1+ cos y dy
= sin2x dx
Integrating both sides we get y
ur
cos x sin y Integrating both sides we get,

∫ dx = ∫ dy
1+ sin x 1+ cos y
dy
put 1 + sin x = t ⇒ cos x dx = dt ∫ = ∫ sin 2x dx
y
.s
Also 1 + cos y = s ⇒ –sin y dy = ds

⇒ sin y dy = –ds − cos 2 x
Þ log y = +c
dt ds 2
⇒ ∫ t = −∫ s
w
 dy 
⇒ log t = log s + log c (ii) Solve log   = ax + by
 dx 
c Sol.
⇒ log t = log  
w
s  dy 
m Given log   = ax + by
[ log m – log n = log ]  dx 
c n
dy
w
⇒ t = ⇒ = eax+by
s dx
c
⇒ 1 + sin x = [Since logarithmic & exponential
1+ cos y
are reversible functions]
[ t = 1 + sin x & s = 1 + cos y] dy
⇒ (1 + sin x) (1 + cos y) = c ⇒ = eax × eby[ am × an = am+n]
dx
/ 81243 01000
Separating the variables we get, (y – b)2 – b2 = (x – a)2 – a2

dy Þ (y – b)2 = (x – a)2 + b2 – a2
= eax dx
eby
⇒ e–by dy = eax dx EXERCISE 4.3
Solve the following homogeneous differential
m
− by ax
∫ e dy = ∫ e dx equations.
dy
e −by e ax 1. x =x+y
co
⇒ = +c dx
−b a Sol.
dy x+ y
−e −by e ax =
⇒ = +c dx x
b a
Since the numerator and denominator are
s.
e ax e −by homogeneous functions of degree 1,
⇒ = +c
a b dy dv
put y = vx ⇒ = v (1) + x ×
7. Find the curve whose gradient at any point 0 dx dx
dv x + vx
ok
x−a \ v+x =
on it is and which passes through the dx x
y−b x 1+ v)
origin. dv (
⇒ v+x = =1+v
Sol. dx x
x-a
Given Gradient = dv
o
y -b ⇒ x = 1 + v – v = 1
dx
dy x-a
⇒ = dv
ab
dx y -b ⇒ x = 1
dx
Separating the variables we get, Separating the variables we get
dv dx
(y – b) dy = (x – a) dx =
1 x
ur

ò ( y - b) dy = ò ( x - a) dx ò dv = ò x
dx
y2 x2 dx
– by = – ax + c(1)
ò x = ò dv ⇒ log x = v + log c
.s
2 2

Since the curve passes through the origin (0, 0), ⇒ log x – log c = v
we get x x ev
w
⇒
log æç ö÷ = v ⇒ =
0 – 0 = 0 – 0 + c ⇒ c = 0 c
è ø c
\ (1) be comes, v
x = c × e
w
2 2
y x Replace v by y x we get,
– by = – ax
2 2 x = c e y x
y 2 - 2by x 2 - 2ax
w
⇒ = dy
2 2 2. (x – y) = x + 3y
dx
y2 – 2by = x2 – 2ax Sol.
dy x + 3y
Adding and subtracting b in the L.H.S and a in
2 2 = x - y
dx
the R.H.S we get,
y 2 - 2by + b 2 - b 2 = x2 – 2ax + a2 – a2 homogeneous functions of degree 1,

/ 81243 01000
138
dy dv y
put y = vx and =v+x Replace v by we get,
dx dx x
dv x + 3vx x (1 + 3v) -2 æy ö
v+x = =
= log xc ç + 1÷
x (1 - v) y èx ø
dx x - vx +1
x
m
dv 1 + 3v 1 + 3v - v(1 - v) -2x æ x+ yö
Þ x = – v = ⇒ = log xc ç ÷
dx 1- v 1- v x+ y è x ø
-2x
co
1 + 3v - v + v 2 ⇒ = log c(x + y)
= x+ y
1- v
-2 x x+ y
dv 1 + 2v + v 2 ⇒ e
= c (x + y)
Þ x =
dx 1- v 1
s.
⇒ x + y = e -2 x x + y
separating the variables we get, c
1
⇒ x + y = k e -2 x x+ y
where k = ,
1- v dx c
ok
2 dv =
1 + 2v + v x
dy
3. x – y = x2 + y2
(1 - v)dv dx dx
⇒ ò v 2 + 2v + 1 = ò x Sol.
dy
o
x = y + x 2 + y 2
(1 - v)dv dx
Þ ò (v + 1)2 = log x + log c é y + x2 + y 2 ù
ab
dy ëê ûú
1- v =
= A + B dx x

(v + 1) 2
v +1 (v +1) 2
Since the numerator and denominator is a
1 – v = A (v + 1) + B homogeneous function of degree 1,
ur
put v = –1, dy dv
put y = vx and =v+x
2 = B dx dx
put v = 0 dv vx + x 2 + v 2 x 2 vx + x 1 + v 2
\v+x = =
.s
1 = A + B ⇒ 1 = A + 2 dx x x
⇒ A = -1 é v + 1 + v2 ù
= xê ú = v + 1 + v2
w
1- v -1 2 êë x úû
\ 2 = +
(v + 1) v + 1 (v + 1) dv
⇒ x = v + 1 + v2 – v = 1 + v2
dx
-1
w
2
⇒ ò v + 1 dv + ò (v + 1)2 dv = log xc Separating the variables we get,
dv dx
=
x
w
2 1 + v2
⇒ –log (v + 1) – = log xc
v +1
-2
⇒ = log xc + log (v + 1)
v +1 dv dx
ò 1+ v
= ò
x
-2
2
⇒ = log xc (v + 1)
v +1
/ 81243 01000
é dx ù (6v - 4) dv dx
ê∵ ò = log x + x 2 + a 2 + c ú ⇒ ò 3v 2 - 4v + 3 = -2 ò
x
êë x2 + a2 úû
Put t = 3v2 – 4v + 3 ⇒ dt = (6v – 4) dt
⇒ log v + v + 1 = log x + log c
2
dt dx
⇒ ò t
= ò x
m
⇒ log (v + v 2 + 1 ) = log xc
⇒ log t = –2 log x + log c
⇒ v+ v 2 + 1 = xc ⇒ log t + 2 log x = log c
y
co
Replace v by we get, ⇒ log t + log x2 = log c
x
⇒ log tx2 = logc
y y2
+ + 1 = xc ⇒ tx2 = c
x x2
s.
⇒ (3v2 – 4v + 3) x2 = c
y x2 + y 2 y
⇒ + = xc Replacing v by we get,
x x x
ok
x2 + y 2 æ 3y2 4 y ö
y+ çç 2 - + 3 ÷÷ x 2 = c
x è x x ø
⇒ = xc
x æ 3 y - 4 xy + 3 x ö 2
2 2
⇒ çç ÷÷ × x = c
⇒y+ x 2 + y 2 = x2c x2
o
è ø
dy 3x − 2 y ⇒ 3y – 4xy + 3x2 = c
2
4. = 2x − 3 y
ab
dx
5. (y2 – 2xy) dx = (x2 – 2xy) dy.
Sol.
Sol.
Since the numerator and denominator is a
homogeneous function of degree 1, (y2 – 2xy)dx = (x2 – 2xy) dy
dy dv
ur
put y = vx and =v+x dy y 2 - 2 xy

dx dx ⇒= 2
dx x - 2 xy
dv 3 x - 2vx x (3 - 2v) (3 - 2v)
v+x = = = Since the numerator and denominator are
dx 2 x - 3vx x (2 - 3v) (2 - 3v) homogeneous functions of degree 2,
.s
dv (3 - 2v) 3 - 2v - v(2 - 3v) dy dv

x = (2 - 3v) –v= put y = vx and =v+x
dx 2 - 3v dx dx
w
dv v 2 x 2 - 2 x × vx x 2 ( v 2 - 2v )
dv 3 - 2v - 2v - 3v 2 3 - 4v - 3v 2 v+x = =
x = = x 2 (1 - 2v)
dx 2 - 3v 2 - 3v dx x 2 - 2 x - vx
Separating the variables we get, v 2 - 2v
w
(2 - 3v) dv dx =
= 1 - 2v
3v 2 - 4v + 3 x
Integrating both sides we get, dv v 2 - 2v v 2 - 2v - v(1 - 2v)
w
Þ x = –v=
dx 1 - 2v 1 - 2v
(2 - 3v) dv dx
⇒ ò 3v 2 - 4v + 3 = ò x =
v 2 - 2v - v + 2v 2 )
1 - 2v
Multiplying by –2 both sides we get,
dv 3v 2 - 3v
-2(2 - 3v) dv dx ⇒ x =
⇒ ò 2 = -2 ò dx 1 - 2v
3v - 4v + 3 x
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140
Separating the variables we get, dv v3 - 2v v3 - 2v - v(1 - 2v 2 )

⇒ x = – v =
(1 - 2v)dv dx dx 1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
=
3v - 3v
2
x
dv v - 2v - v + 2v v3 + 2v3 - 3v
3 3
(2v - 1)dv dx ⇒ x = =
= – = 3 dx 1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
v -v
2
x
m
3v3 - 3v
Integrating both sides we get, =
1 - 2v 2
(2v - 1)dv dx
– ò = 3 ò Separating the variables we get,
v -v
2
x
co
1 - 2v 2 dx
⇒ –log(v2 – v) = 3 logx + log c dv =
3v - 3v
3
x
⇒ log x3 + log (v2 – v) = – log c = log k
1 - 2v 2 dx
[where log k = – log c] ⇒ 3 dv = 3
v -v x
s.
⇒ log x3 (v2 – v) = log k
1 - 2v 2 1 - 2v 2
⇒ x (v – v) = k
3 2 =
v3 - v v(v3 -1)
y
ok
Replace v by we get, 1 − 2v 2
x =
v(v + 1) (v −1)
3æ y yö
2
A B C
x çç 2 - ÷÷ = k = + +
èx xø v v + 1 v −1
o
3 æ y - xy ö 1 – 2v2 = A(v + 1)(v – 1) + Bv (v – 1) + Cv (v + 1)
2
⇒ x çç ÷÷ = k
è x
2 1
ø put v = 1 ⇒ –1 = 2c ⇒ c = -
ab
⇒ x (y2 – xy) = k 2
put v = –1 ⇒ –1 = –B(–2)
6. The slope of the tangent to a curve at any 1
point (x, y) on it is given by (y3−2yx2) dx + ⇒ – 1 = 2B ⇒ B = -
2
(2xy2 − x3)dy = 0 and the curve passes through
ur
put v = 0 ⇒ 1 = –A + 0 + 0
(1, 2). Find the equation of the curve.
⇒ A = –1
Sol.
Given (y3 – 2yx2) dx + (2xy2 – x3) dy = 0 æ 1 1 ö

.s
ç -1 - 2 - 2 ÷ dx
(y3 – 2yx2) dx = – (2xy2 – x3) dy ⇒ òç ÷ dv = 3 ò
ç v v +1 v -1÷ x
(y3 – 2yx2) dx = (x3 – 2xy2) dy è ø
w
1 1
⇒ – log v – log (v + 1) – - log (v – 1)
dy y 3 - 2 yx 2 2 2
⇒ = 3
dx x - 2 xy 2
= 3 log x + log c
w

homogeneous functions of degree 3, 1
⇒ – log (v – 1) = 3 log x + log c
2
dy dv
w
ut y = vx and
p =v+x 1 1
dx dx ⇒ log v + log (v + 1) + log (v – 1)
2 2
dv v x - 2 xv × x x 3 ( v 3 - 2v )
3 3 2
⇒v+x = 3 = = – 3 log x + log c
dx x - 2 x × v2 x2 x 3 (1 - 2v 2 )
dv v - 2v ⇒ log v · v +1 v -1 = log æç 1 ö÷ · c
3
⇒v+x = è x3 ø
dx 1 - 2v 2 c
⇒v v -1 = 3
2
x
/ 81243 01000
y Separating the variables we get,

Replace v by we get, dv -v 3
x
x =
dx 1 + v2
y y2 c
-1 = (1 + v 2 )dv -dx
x x x3
2
⇒ =
v 3
x
m
y y 2 - x2 c v 2
dx
⇒ = 3
1
⇒ 3 dv + 3 dv = - ò
x x x v v x
c dv dx
⇒ y y 2 - x2 = ⇒ x y y 2 - x 2 = c (1) 1
dv + = -
co
x ⇒
v 3
v x
Since the curve passes through (1, 2) we get Integrating both sides we get,
(1) (2) 4 -1 = c ⇒ c = 2 3 -3 dv dx
ò v dv + ò = - ò
v x
s.
Substituting c = 2 3 in (1) we get -1
+ log v = –log x + log c
2v 2
xy y 2 - x2
= 2 3
ok
1
⇒ – log v = log x – log c
7. An electric manufacturing company makes 2v 2
small household switches. The company 1
⇒ = log v + log x – log c
estimates the marginal revenue function for 2v 2
these switches to be (x2 + y2) dy = xy dx where x
o
represents the number of units (in thousands).
1 vx
⇒ = log
What is the total revenue function? 2v 2 c
ab
Sol. y
Replace v by we get,
x
(x2 + y2) dy = xy dx
x2 y x
dy xy = log ×
⇒ + 2 .....(1) 2 y2 x c
x + y2
ur
dx
x2 y
Since the numerator and denominators are ⇒ 2 = log
2y c
homogeneous functions of degree 2,
2 2 y
dy dv ⇒ e x 2 y = c
.s
put y = vx, and =v+x

dx dx 2 2 y2
⇒ y = c e x
(1) becomes
w
dv x × vx x 2v EXERCISE 4.4
⇒v+x = 2 =
dx x + v2 x2 x 2 (1 + v 2 )
v Solve the following
w
=
1 + v2 dy y
1. – =x
dv v v - v(1 + v 2 ) dx x
⇒x = – v = Sol.
w
dx 1 + v 2 1 + v2
dy y
Given – = x
v - v - v3 dx x
= dy
1 + v2 It is in the linear form + Py = Q
dx
-v 3
-1
= ⇒P= ,Q=x
1 + v2 x
-1
\ ò Pdx = -ò x dx = – log x = log x–1
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142
log x -1 1 dy
\ I.F = e ò
Pdx
=e = x–1 = 3. x + 2y = x4
x dx
\ Solution is Sol.
dy 2
+ y = x3
dx x
ò Pdx ò Pdx
ye = ò Qe dx + c The given differential equation is of this form
m
1 1 [Divided by x]
⇒ y ( ) = ò xx dx + c dy
x x + Py = Q Where
dx
y 2
⇒ = dx + c
ò P = ò and Q = x3
co
x x
y 2
⇒
x
=x+c ò
\ pdx = ò dx = 2 log x = log x2
x
dy ò pdx
\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e
log x 2
2. + y cos x = sin x cos x =e = x2
s.
dx
Sol. Hence the solution is
= ò Q × e ò
pdx
y eò
pdx
The given differential equation is of the follows dx + c
ok
dy 3
+ Py = Q where ⇒ y · x2 = ò x ·x2 dx + c
dx
5
P = cos x, Q = sin x cos x ⇒ x2y = ò x dx + c
x6
\ ò Pdx = ò cos x dx = sin x ⇒ x2y = +c
o
6
\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e ò
Pdx
= e sin x dy 3 x2 1 + x2
ab
4. + y =
dx 1 + x3 1 + x3
Hence, the solution is Sol.
The given differential equation is of this form
= ò Qe ò dx + c
Pdx
y eò
Pdx
dy
+ Py = Q Where
ur
sin x dx
⇒ y · esin x = ò sin x cos x × e dx + c
P =
3x 2
; Q =
1 + x2
put t = sin x ⇒ dt = cos x dx 1 + x3 1 + x3
pdx = ò 3x dx
2
t
⇒ y esin x = ò t e dt (1) \ ò
.s
1 + x3
ILATE put t = 1 + x3 ⇒ dt = 3x2 dx
dt
= ò = log t = log (1 + x3)[ t = 1 + x3]
w
t
Algabraic function

\ Integrating factor (I. F) = e ò
pdx
=e
( )
log 1+ x3
put u = t; dv = et dt
w
du = dt; v = et = 1 + x3
Using integration by parts Hence the solution is
ò u dv = uv – ò v du y eò
pdx
= ò Q × e ò
pdx
w
dx + c
t
⇒ ò t e dt = t e – ò e dt = te – e (2)
t t t t
æ 1 + x2 ö
Substituting (2) in (1) we get, ⇒ y (1 + x3) = ò ç × 1 + x3 ÷ dx + c
ç 1 + x3 ÷
è ø
y esin x = t et – et + c
ò 1 + x dx + c
=
2
( )
⇒ye sin x
= e (t – 1) + c
t
3
x
⇒ y esin x = esin x(sin x – 1) + c[  t = sin x] ⇒ y (1 + x3) = x + +c
3
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152
20. The general solution of the differential

dv x.vx − v 2 x 2 x 2 (v − v 2 ) v − v 2
dy v + x = 2 = =
equation = cos x is dx x + x − vx 1+ v
dx x 2 (1 − v)
(a) y = sin x + 1 (b) y = sin x –2
dv v − v2 v − v 2 − v(1 + v)
(c) y = cos x + c, c is an arbitrary constant ⇒x = -v=
(d) y = sin x + c, c is an arbitrary constant dx 1+ v 1+ v
m
[Ans: (d) y = sin x + c, c is an arbitrary v − v2 − v − v2
constant] =
dy 1+ v
Hint: = cos x ⇒ dy = cos x dx
dx dv −2v 2
⇒ x =
co
dx 1+ v
∫ dy = ∫ cos x dx ⇒ y = sin x + c
(1 + v)dv dx
21. A homogeneous differential equation of the ⇒ =-
dy  y 2v 2 x
form = f   can be solved by making
dx  x
s.
substitution, 24. Which of the following is the homogeneous
(a) y = v x (b) v = y x differential equation?
(a) (3x − 5)dx = (4y − 1)dy
ok
(c) x = v y (d)
x=v
(b) xy dx − (x3 + y3)dy = 0
[Ans: (a) y = v x]
(c) y2dx + (x2 − xy − y2)dy = 0
22. A homogeneous differential equation of the
(d) (x2 + y)dx = (y2 + x)dy
dy  x
o
form = f   can be solved by making
dx  y [Ans: (c) y2dx + (x2 – xy – y2)dy = 0]
substitution, Hint:
ab
(a) x = v y (b) y = v x Only in (c) each and every term is of degree 2
(c) y = v (d)
x=v 25. The solution of the differential equation
 y
[Ans: (a) x = v y] f 
dy y  x
ur
dy y ( x − y ) = +
23. The variable separable form of = dx x  y
dx x ( x + y ) f ´ 
 x
dy dv  y  y
by taking y = vx and = v+x is (a) f   = k x (b) x f   = k
.s
dx dx  x x
2v 2 dx  y  y
(a) dv = (c) f   = k y (d) y f   = k
1+ v x  x x
w
2v 2 dx  y
(b) dv = – [Ans: (a) f   = kx]
1+ v x  x
 y
2v 2 dx f 
w
(c) dv = y x
1− v x dy
Hint = = 1 y 
dx x f  
1+ v dx x
(d) 2 dv = –
w
2v x
1+ v dx  y
f 
[Ans: (d) dv = – ] dy y x
2v 2 x ⇒ - =
y( x − y) xy − y 2 dx x  y
dy f 1 
Hint: = = 2 x
dx x( x + y ) x + xy
dy dv
put y = vx and =v+x is
dx dx
/ 81243 01000
 y Differentiating again w. r. t. ‘x’, we get,

f 
x d2y 1æ d2y ö
P = -Yx; Q=
 y = 2a ⇒ ç ÷ = a(3)
f 1  dx 2 2 çè dx 2 ÷ø
x
Substituting (3) in (2) we get,
 y
m
only when f   = kx, Q will be a function of x dy æ d2y ö
x = x çç 2 ÷÷ + b
dx è dx ø
æ d2y ö
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS dy
– x çç 2 ÷÷
co
⇒b=
dx è dx ø
dp d 2 P æ dy ö æ d2y ö
1. Suppose that Qd = 30 − 5 p + 2 + and ⇒ bx = x ç ÷ – x çç 2 ÷÷ (4)
2
dt dt 2 è dx ø è dx ø
Qs = 6 + 3P. Find the equilibrium price for
s.
market clearance. Substituting (3) and (4) in (1) we get
Sol.
dp 1æ d2y ö 2 dy æ d2y ö
d2 p y= ç ÷ x + x – x2
çç 2 ÷÷
Given Qd = 30 – 5p + 2 + and 2 çè dx 2 ÷ø dx
dt 2 è dx ø
ok
Q = 6 + 3p dt
3
At equilibrium, Qd = Qs 1 2 æ d2y ö dy
y=– x çç 2 ÷÷ + x
dp d2 p 2 è dx ø dx
⇒ 30 – 5p + 2 + = 6 + 3p
dt dt 2 Multiplying by 2,
o
d2 p dp
⇒ 2 +2 – 5p + 30 – 6 – 3p = 0 æ d2y ö dy
dt dt 2y = – x2 çç 2 ÷÷ + 2x
ab
d2 p dp è dx ø dx
⇒ 2 +2 – 8p = –24
dt dt æ d2y ö dy
⇒ x2 çç 2 ÷÷ – 2x + 2y = 0.
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m – 8 = 0 è dx ø dx
–8
ur
⇒ (m + 4) (m – 2) = 0
2
3. Solve: yx2 dx + e–x dy = 0.
⇒ m = –4, 2 4 –2
Sol.
\ C.F. is Ae–4t + Be2t
yx2 dx = – e–x dy
.s
−24
Particular Integral (P.I.) = e0x
(D + 4)(D − x) x2 dy
⇒ -x
dx = –
-24 -24 e y
w
= = =3
(0 + 4)(0 - 2) -8 dy
⇒ x2 ex dx = –
y
y = CF + PI
w
Integrating both sides,

\ The general solution is
2 dy
y = Ae–4t + Be2t + 3 ò x ex dx = – ò y (1)
w
2. Form the differential equation having for its

general solution y = ax2 + bx put u = x2 dv = exdx
Sol. u1 = 2x v = ex
Given equation is y = ax2 + bx(1)
u11 = 2 v1 = ex
Differentiating w. r. t. ‘x’, we get,
dy v2 = ex
= 2ax + b(2)
dx
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154
Using Bernoulli’s formula, æ 3y2 ö

çç1 + 2 ÷÷ · x3 = C
ò udv = uv – u v 1
1
+ u11v2 è x ø
2
\ òx ex dx = x2 ex – 2x ex + 2 ex 1
æ 2 ö3
⇒ x ç1 + 3 y ÷ = C
ç x 2 ÷ø
m
\ From (1), x2ex – 2 x ex + 2 ex = –log y + C è
⇒ ex (x2 – 2 x + 2) + log y = C dy
5. Solve: x + 2y = x4
dx
co
4. Solve: (x2 + y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0. Sol.
Sol. Dividing by x we get,
dy 2
(x2 + y2) dx = –2xy dy + y = x3
dx x
( )
s.
dy x2 + y 2 dy
⇒ =– This is of the form + Py = Q where
dx 2 xy dx
2
Since the numerator and denominator is a P = and Q = x3
x
ok
homogenous function of degree 2, 2
∫ Pdx = ò dx = 2 log x = log x2
x
dy dv
\ Integrating factor (I.F.) = e ò
put y = vx and =v+x pdx 2
= elog x
dx dx
o
dv æ x2 + v2 x2 ö = x2
\ v+x = –ç
dx ç 2 x vx ÷÷
è ø
∫
ab
Pdx
\ The solution is y e∫ = ∫Q e
Pdx
dx + C
æ x (1 + v ) ö
2 2
÷ = 1+ v
2
= –ç ⇒ y x2 =ò x × x dx + C
3 2
ç 2 x2 v ÷ -2v
è ø
æ 1 + v2 ö ⇒ x y = ò x5 dx + C
2
dv
ur
x = – çç ÷÷ – v
dx è 2v ø x6
⇒ x2 y = 6 + C.
−1 − v 2 − 2v 2 -1 - 3v 2 æ 1 + 3v 2 ö
= – = – çç ÷÷ 6. A manufacturing company has found that
2v 2v è 2v ø
.s
the cost C of operating and maintaining the

2v × dv dx equipment is related to the length ‘m’ of
=–
1 + 3v 2
x intervals between overhauls by the equation
Multiplying by 3,
w
dC
put 1 + 3v2 = t m2 + 2m C = 2 and c = 4 and when m = 2.
6v dv dx dm
∫ 1 + 3v 2 dv = – ò 3 x 6v dv = dt Find the relationship between C and m.
w
Sol.
dt dx
ò t = –3 ò x Given m2
dc
+ 2mc = 2
dm
⇒ log t = – 3 log x + log C
w
⇒ log (1 + 3v ) + 3 log x = log C

2
Dividing by m2, we get,
⇒ log (1 + 3v2) · x3 = log C
dC 2c 2
⇒ (1 + 3v2) x3 = C + = 2
dm m m
y
Replace v by we get, dy
x This is of the form + Py = Q
dx
/ 81243 01000
1
2 2 ⇒ A + B = - (2)
where P = and Q = 6
m m
Also, when x = 1, y = 0
2
∫ Pdm = ò m dm = 2 log m = log m2
e4
⇒ Ae + Be2 = -
⇒ 0 = Ae1 + Be2 +
e4
6 6
\ Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e∫ Pdm = elog m
2
e
m
(2) xe → Ae + Be = –
= m2 6
\ The solution is (–) (–) (+) 4
(3) → Ae + Be2 = – e 6
∫ Pdm
c e∫
Pdm
= ∫Q e
co
dm + c · K e4 e
B (e – e2) = −
2 6 6
cm2 = ò m2 m2 dm + K = ò 2 dm + c K
B. e (1 – e) =
e 3
(e – 1)
6
cm2 = 2m + K (1)
s.
e3 - 1 1 (e3 - 1)
Given that c = 4, when m = 2 ⇒B= =-
6(1 - e) 6 e -1
4(22) = 2(2) + K ⇒ 16 – 4 = K 1 (e - 1) (e + e + 1)
2
ok
= -
⇒ K = 12 6 (e - 1)
\ (1) becomes 1 2
⇒ B = - (e + e + 1)
cm2 = 2m + 12 6
o
⇒ cm2 = 2 (m + 6) Substituting the value of A and B in (2) we get,
1 2 1
7. Solve: (D2 – 3D + 2)y = e4x, given y = 0, when A– (e + e + 1) = −
ab
6 6
x = 0, and x = 1. 1 1 2 1
Sol.
⇒ A = - + (e + e) +
6 6 6
The auxiliary equation is 1 2
⇒ A = (e + e)
ur
6
m2 – 3m + 2 = 0
Substituting the value of A and B in (1) we get,
⇒ (m –2) (m –1) = 0 1 2 1 e
4x
y= (e + e)e x - (e 2 + e + 1)e 2 x +
.s
⇒ m = 1, 2 6 6 6
⇒ 6y = (e + e)e – (e + e + 1) e + e
2 x 2 2x 4x
The roots are real and equal.

8. Solve: dy + y cos x = 2 cos x.
w
\ Complementary function CF is Aex + Be2x

Sol. dx
1 1 dy
PI = f(x) = e4x + y cos x = 2 cos x
f(D)
w
(D - 2)(D - 1) dx
dy
e4 x e4 x e4 x This is of the form + Py = Q where
= = = dx
(4 - 2)(4 - 1) 2(3) 6
P = cos x and Q = 2 cos x
w

\ y = CF + PI ∫ Pdx = ò cos x dx = sin x
e4 x
Integrating factor (I.F.) = e ò
y = Aex + Be2x + (1) pdx sin x
6 =e
Given that when x = 0, y = 0 \ The Solution is

e0 ∫ Pdx ∫ Q e∫ Pdx
⇒ 0 = Ae0 + Be0 + ⇒0=A+B+
1 ye = dx + C
6 6
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156
sin x
⇒ y esin x = ò (2 cos x) e dx + C 1
sin x ⇒ 3v3 = log vx + K [Where K = –C]
⇒ y esin x = 2 ò cos x e dx + C
y
⇒ y esin x = 2I1 + C (1) Replacing v by we get,
x
sin x x3 y
I1 = ò cos x e dx 3 = log ·x+K
m
3y x
put sin x = t ⇒ cos dx = dt
x3

t
\ It = ò e dt = e = e t sin x ⇒ = log y + C
3 y3
co
\ (1) becomes, y esin x = 2 · esin x + C dy
10. = xy + x + y + 1.
9. Solve: x2 y dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0. dx
Sol.
Sol.
dy
= xy + x + y + 1
s.
x2 y dx = (x3 + y3) dy dx
dy x2 y dy
⇒ = 3 ⇒ = x (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)
dx x + y dx
3
ok
The numerator and denominator are dy
⇒ = (y + 1) (x + 1)
homogeneous functions of degree 3, dx
dy dv Separating the varibales we get,
So put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx dy
o
= (x + 1) dx
dv x vx
2 x −v
3
v y +1
v+x = 3 3 3 = 3 3 =
dx x + v x x (1 + v ) 1 + v3 Integrating both sides we get,
ab
dv v v − v(1 + v3 ) v − v − v4 dy
⇒x = 3 = =
1 + v3
ò y + 1 = ò ( x + 1) dx
dx 1 + v 1 + v3
x2
−v 4 log (y + 1) = + x + C.
2
ur
=
1 + v3
PRACTICE 2 MARK QUESTIONS
dv −v 4
⇒x =
dx 1 + v
3
1. Write down the order and degree of the
.s
Separating the variable we get, following differential equations.

(1 + v3 )dv dx æ dy ö
3
æ dy ö
=- (i) ç ÷ – 4 ç ÷ + y = 3ex
w
v 4
x è dx ø è dx ø
Sol.
1 v3 dx
⇒ 4 dv + dv = − The highest derivative is of order 1 and its
v v 4
x
w
power is 3
−4 1 dx
⇒ v dv + dv = − \ order is 1 and degree is 3.
v x 2
æ dy ö d3y d2y dy
w
Integrating both sides we get, (ii) ç ÷ – 7 3 + y 2 + 4 – log x = 0.

è dx ø dx dx dx
1 dx Sol.
∫ v dv + ∫ vdv = −∫ x
−4
The highest derivative if of order 3 and its power

v −3 is 1
⇒ + log v = –log x + C
−3
\ order is 3 and degree is 1.
−1
⇒ 3 = – log x = –log v + C
3v
/ 81243 01000
2. Write down the order and degree of the 4. Form the differential equation of family of
following differential equations. rectangular hyperbolas whose asymptotes
æ dy ö
2 are the Co–ordinate axes.
(i) 1 + ç ÷ = 4x Sol.
è dx ø
Sol. Equation of family of rectangular hyperbolas
whose asymptotes are the Co–ordinate axis is
m
Squaring both sides we get,
2 xy – c2
é 2ù 2
ê 1 + æç dy ö÷ ú = (4x)2 ⇒ 1 + æç dy ö÷ = 16x2 Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get,
ê è dx ø ú è dx ø
co
ë û dy
x. + y(1) = 0
The highest derivative is of order 1 and its power dx
is 2
\ order is 1 and degree is 2. æ dy ö
⇒ x ç ÷ + y(1) = 0 which is the required
è dx ø
s.
2
é æ dy ö 2 ù 3 d 2 y differential equation.
(ii) ê1 + ç ÷ ú = 2
êë è dx ø úû dx 5. Solve: x dy + y dx = 0
Sol.
ok
Sol.
Taking power 3 both sides, we get
x dy = –y dx
2
é æ dy ö 2 ù 3 ´3 3
æ d2y ö
ê1 + ç ÷ ú =ç 2 ÷
ç dx ÷ dy dx
êë è dx ø úû
o
è ø =-
2 y x
é æ dy ö 2 ù æ d 2 y ö
3
dy dx
Integrating, ò = -ò
ab
⇒ ê1 + ç ÷ ú = ç 2 ÷ y x
ç ÷
êë è dx ø úû è dx ø
⇒ log y = –log x + log C
The highest derivative is of order 2 and its power
is 3 æCö C
⇒ log y = log ç ÷ ⇒
y = ⇒ xy = C.
èxø x
ur
\ order is 2 and degree is 3.

a 6. Solve: (x2 – ay)dx = (ax–y2)dy
3. Find the differential equation for y = mx +
m Sol.
where m is arbitrary constant.
.s
Sol. x2 dx – ay dx = axdy – y2dy

a ⇒ x2 dx + y2dy = ax dy + aydx
Given y = mx + (1)
m
w
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get, ⇒ ò x 2 dx + ò y 2 dy = a éë ò xdy + ò ydx ùû

dy dy x3 y 3
= m(1) + 0 ⇒ m = (2) ⇒ + = a (xy) + C [ d(xy) = x·dy + y·dx]
dx dx 3 3
w

æ dy ö
2 7. Solve: dy + ay = ex (where a ≠ –1)
a ç ÷ x+a Sol. dx
w
æ dy ö è dx ø
y = ç ÷ x + dy ⇒ y = dy
è dx ø æ dy ö The given equation is of the form +Py = Q
dx ç ÷ dx
è dx ø
2 where P = a and Q = ex
dy dy
⇒ y æç ö÷ = x æç ö÷ + a. which is the required
è dx ø è dx ø ∫ Pdx = ò a dx = ax
differential equation. ∫ Pdx
Integrating factor (I.F.) = e = eax
/ 81243 01000
158
2x
∫ Pdx \ Complementary function CF is Aex + Be 3

\ The solution is y e∫ = ∫Q e
Pdx
dx + C 2x
x ax \ The general solution is y = Aex + Be 3
⇒ y·eax = ò e × e dx + C
⇒ y·eax = ò e( a +1) x dx + C 10. Solve: (D2 – 6D + 25)y = 0.

Sol.
e( a +1) x
m
⇒ y·eax = +C The auxiliary equation is m2 – 6m + 25 = 0
a +1
Here a = 1, b = –6, c = 25
8. The change in the cost of ordering and holding
co
dC C -b ± b 2 - 4ac 6 ± 36 - 4(1)(25)
C as quantity q is given by =a– where \m= =
dq q 2a 2
a is a Constanst. Find C as a function of q.
Sol. 6 ± 36 - 100 6 ± −64 6 ± 8i
= = =
dC
s.
c 2 2 2
Given =a–
dq q 2 (3 ± 4i )
=
dC C 2
⇒ + =a
ok
dq q = 3 ± 4i
\ α = 3, β = 4
The given differential equation is of the form Complementary function CF is eαx
dC [A cos b x + B sin b x]
+ PC = Q where
dq
o
1 ⇒ CF = e3x [A cos 4x + B sin 4x]
P = and Q = a
q \ The general solution is e3x
ab
1 [A cos 4 x + B sin 4x]

ò pdq = ò q dq = log q
PRACTICE 3 MARK QUESTIONS
Integrating factor I.F. = elog q = q
∫ Pdq ∫ Pdq
\ The solution is C y e = ∫Q e 1. Find the differential equation of all circles
ur
dq + C
x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0 which pass through the origin
⇒ C(q) = ò a × q dq + C and whose centres are on the X–axis.
Sol.
æ q2 ö
.s
⇒ C.q = a ç ÷ + C Given x2 + y2 + 2gx = 0 (1)

ç 2 ÷
è ø
⇒ 2Cq = aq2 + K where K = 2C. where g is the arbitrary constant.
w
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get,

2
d y dy dy
9. Solve: 3 2
–5 + 2y = 0 2x + 2y + 2g = 0
dx dx dx
w
Sol. dy
⇒ 2g = – 2x – 2y (2)
dx
The auxiliary equation is 3m2 – 5m + 2 = 0
w
⇒ (m – 1)(3m – 2) = 0
æ dy ö
2 x2 + y2 + x ç -2 x - 2 y ÷ = 0
⇒ m = 1, . è dx ø
3
The roots are real and different æ dy ö
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2x2 + 2xy ç ÷ = 0
è dx ø
/ 81243 01000
æ dy ö d2y æ dy ö
⇒ y2 – x2 + 2xy ç ÷ = 0 which is the required = 3 ç ÷ + Be3x (3)
è dx ø dx 2
è dx ø
2
differential equation. d y æ dy ö é dy ù
⇒ 2 = 3 ç ÷ + 3 ê - 3 y ú [Using (2)]
2. Form the differential equation for dx è dx ø ë dx û
x2 y2 d2y dy dy
+ = 1 where a & b are arbitrary ⇒ = 3 æç ö÷ + 3 æç ö÷ – 9y
m
a2 b2 dx 2
è dx ø è dx ø
constants. 2
d y æ dy ö
Sol. ⇒ = 6 ç ÷ – 9y which is the required
x2 y 2 dx 2
è dx ø
co
Given 2 + 2 = 1
a b differential equation
b2 x2 + a 2 y 2 4. Solve: sec 2x dy – sin 5x sec2 y dx = 0
⇒ =1
a 2b 2 Sol.
s.
⇒ b x + a y = a b (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 Given Sec 2x dy = sin 5x sec2 y dx
Differentiating again w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
dy sin 5 x
ok
dy = dx
2b x + 2a y
2
= 0 ⇒ b2x + a2yy1 = 0
2
(2) sec y sec 2 x
2
dx
⇒ cos2 y dy = sin 5x · cos 2x dx
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
b2 + a2 [ yy2 + y1y1] = 0 Integrating, ò cos 2 y dy = ò sin 5x cos 2x dx
o
⇒ b2 + a2 [ yy2 + y12] = 0 (3) 1 + cos 2 y æ sin 7 x + sin 3 x ö
⇒ò dy = ò ç ÷ dx + C
ab
2 è 2 ø
Eliminating a2 and b2 from (1) and (3) we get
[ cos 2y = 2 cos2 y – 1
x yy1 1
=0 and sin C sin D = [sin (C + D) + sin (C – D)]
1 y12 + yy2 2
ur
sin 2 y cos 7 x cos3 x

⇒ x (y12 + yy2) – yy1 = 0 ⇒y+ = + +C
2 7 3
  dy  2 d2 y  dy 
⇒ x    + y ⋅ 2  − y   = 0 which is 5. Solve: cos2 x dy + y · e tanx dx = 0.
 dx dx  dx
.s
Sol.
the required differential equation.
Given cos2 x dy + y · e tanx dx = 0
w
3. Form the differential equation for ⇒ cos2 x dy = – y e tanx dx [ t = tan x

y = (A + Bx)e3x where A and B are constants.
Sol. dy e tan x dt = sec2 x dx
⇒ =– dx
Given y = (A + Bx)e3x(1) y cos 2 x \ ò et dt = et
w
Differentiating w.r.t ‘x’ we get, dy

= –sec2 x · e tanx dx.
⇒ = e tan x]
dy
= (A + Bx)e3x(3) + e3x(B) y
dx dy
w
Integrating, ò = – ò sec x · e tanx dx

2
dy y
⇒ = 3y + Be3x [Using (1)]
dx log y = – e tanx + C
dy
⇒ Be3x = – 3y(2)
dx Þ log y + e tanx = C
Differentiating again w.r.t ‘x’ we get,
6. Solve: (x2 – yx2) dy + (y2 + xy2) dx = 0.
Sol.
/ 81243 01000
160
Given (x2 – yx2) dy + (y2 + xy2) dx = 0 æ 1 + z2 -1 ö

⇒ x2(1 – y) dy + y2(1 + x) dx = 0
çç 2 ÷÷ dz = dx
è 1+ z ø
⇒ x2(1 – y) dy = –y2 (1 + x) dx æ 1 + z2 1 ö
Separating the variables we get, ⇒ çç - ÷ dz = dx
2 ÷
è1+ z 1+ z ø
2
(1 - y ) (1 + x)
m
dy = – 2 dx æ 1 ö
y 2 x ⇒ çz- ÷ dz = dx
è 1 + z2 ø
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2 dy – dy = – 2 dx – dx dz
y y x x Integrating, ∫dz – ò = dx
co
1 + z2
-2 1 1 1 dz
Integrating, ò y dy – ò dy = – ò 2 dx – ò dx
y x x [ ò 1 + x2 = tan–1 x + y]
1 1
– – log y = – log x + C ⇒ z – tan–1 (2) = x + C
y x
s.
1 1 ⇒ (x + y) – tan–1 (x + y) = x + C
⇒ log x – log y = + + C
x y ⇒ y – tan–1 (x + y) = C
x+ y
⇒ log æç x ö÷ = 8. Find the equation of the Curve passing
ok
+C
y xy y
è ø through (1, 0) and which has slope 1 + at
x+ y
+C (x, y). x
x e xy
⇒ =
y Sol.
y
o
x+ y
x xy
Given slope is 1 +
⇒ =K·e [where e = K] C x
y dy x + y
dy y
ab
⇒ = 1 + ⇒ =
dy dx x dx x
7. Solve: (x + y)2 =1
dx The numerator and denominator are
Sol.
dy homogeneous functions of degree 1,
Given (x + y)2 = 1 (1)
ur
dx dy dv
put x + y = z So put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx
dy dz dv x + vx x (1+ v)
⇒1+ = \V+x = = =1+v
dx dx dx x x
.s
dy dz dv
= –1 ⇒ V +x =1+ V
dx dx dx
\ (1) becomes, dv
w
⇒ x =1
æ dz ö dx
z2 ç - 1 ÷ = 1
è dx ø Separating the variables we get,
dz 2 dx
w
⇒ z2 –z =1 dv =
dx x
dz dx
⇒ z2 = 1 + z2 Integrating, ò dv = ò
x
w
dx
⇒ v = log x + log c
Separating the variables we get, ⇒ v = log x c
æ z2 ö y
çç ÷ dz = dx
2 ÷ Replacing V by we get,
è 1+ z ø x
Adding and Subtracting 1 in the numerator, y
log x c ⇒ y – x log c x(1)
we get x
/ 81243 01000
Since the Curve passes through (1, 0), Sol.

0 = 1 log c ⇒ log c = 0 ⇒ c = e0 = 1 The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0
\ c=1
⇒ m2 = –1
\ (1) becomes, y = x log x.
⇒ m = ± −1 = ± i
9. Show that the equation of the curve
m
whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x Here α = 0, β = 1
and which passes through the origin is \ CF is e0x [A cos x + B sin x]
y = 2 (ex – x – 1).
\ The general solution is
co
Sol.
y = A cos x + B sin x(1)
Given slope = y + 2x
dy Given when x = 0, y = 2
⇒ = y + 2x
dx \ 2 = A cos 0 + B sin 0
s.
dy
⇒ – y = 2x ⇒2=A+0⇒A=2
dx
dy [ cos 0 = 1 and sin 0 = 0]
ok
This is of the form + Py = Q where P = –1, Q p
= 2x. dx Also, when x = , y = –2
2
p p
ò Pdx = ò -1 dx = –x \ – 2 = A cos
2
+ B sin
2
∫
o
Pdx
\ I.F. = e = e–x ⇒ – 2 = A (0) + B (1) ⇒ B = – 2

eò
Pdx ∫ Pdx
\ The solution is y · = ∫ Q ⋅e dx + C [ cos
p
= 0 and sin
p
= 1]
ab
2 2
⇒ y ·e–x = ò 2x × e - x dx + C
Substituting the values of A & B in (1) we get,
Let u = x; dv = e–x
u1 = 1; v = – e–x y = 2 cos x – 2 sin x
ur
v1 = e–x ⇒ y = 2 (cos x – sin x)

⇒ y e–x = 2 [– x e–x – 1 (e–x)] + C PRACTICE 5 MARK QUESTIONS
[Bernoulli's formula]
.s
dy
1. Solve: = sin (x + y).
⇒ y e = – 2x e – 2 e + C
–x –x –x
(1) dx
Sol.
Since the Curve passes through (0, 0), we get dy
w
Given = sin (x + y)(1)

⇒ 0 = 0 – 2e0 + C ⇒ C = 2 dx
put x + y = z
(1) becomes, dy dz
w
⇒1+ =
\ ye = –2xe – 2e + 2
–x –x –x
dx dx
y e–x = – 2x e–x – 2 e–x + 2 ex · e–x dy dz
⇒ = –1
w
dx dx
= e–x (2 ex – 2x – 2) dz
\ (1) becomes, –1 = sin z
y e–x = 2 e–x (ex – x – 1) dx
dz
Hence proved. ⇒ = 1 + sin z
dx
10. Solve: (D2 + 1)y = 0 when x = 0, y = 2 and when Separating the variables we get
p dz
x = , y = –2.
2 = dx
1+ sin z
/ 81243 01000
162
Multiplying & dividing by (1 + sin z) we get, 1 A B

= +
v(v + 1) v v +1
(1 + sin z )dz 1 = A(v + 1) + Bv
= dx
(1 + sin z ) (1 − sin z ) put v = – 1
1=–B
(1 + sin z ) dz
⇒ = dx put v = 0
m
1 − sin 2 z 1=A

⇒ (1 + sin z ) dz = dx [ sin2 x + cos2 x = 1] æ1 1 ö dx
cos z
2
\ ç + ÷ dv =
èv v+vø x
co
æ 1 sin z ö
⇒ç + ÷ dz = dx
è cos z cos 2 z ø
2
Integrating,
⇒ (sec2 z + tan z sec z) dz = dx dv dv dx
òv – ò v +1 = ò x
s.
Integrating ò sec 2 z dz + ò tan z sec z dz = ò dx
⇒ log v – log (v +1) = log x + log c
⇒ tan z – sec z = x + C y
Replacing v by we get
ok
⇒ tan (x + y) – sec (x + y) = x + C [ z = x + y] x
⇒ log v – log (v +1) = log x c
dy
2. Solve: x2 = y2 + 2xy given that y = 1, when
dx æ v ö
x = 1. ⇒ log ç ÷ = log (x c)
o
Sol.
è v +1ø
dy v
Given x2 = y2 + 2xy
ab
⇒ = (x c)
dx v +1
y
y 2 + 2 xy
⇒ dy = Replacing v by
x
we get,
dx x2 y y
ur
The numerator and denominator are x x

= x c ⇒ = x c
homogeneous function of degree, y x+ y
+1
dy dv x x
\ put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx y
.s
⇒ = x c
⇒v+x
dv
=
v 2 x 2 + 2 xvx
=
x 2
(v 2
+ 2v ) x+ y
dx x2 x2 ⇒ y = c x (x + y)(1)
w
= v2 + 2v Given, when x = –1, y = 1

dv \ 1 = c(1) (1+1) ⇒ 1 = 2c ⇒ c =
1
⇒v+x = v2 + 2v
w
dx 2
x
dv \ (1) becomes, y = (x + y)
⇒ x = v2 + 2v – v = v2 + v 2
dx ⇒ 2y = x (x + y)
w
Separating the variables,

dy
3. Solve: (y – x) = a2
dv dx dv dx dx
Sol.
2
= ⇒ =
v +v x v ( v +1) x dy
Given (y – x) = a2
dx
/ 81243 01000
5. The net profit p and quantity x satisfy the

dy a2 dx y-x
⇒ = ⇒ = dp 2 p 3 − x 3
dx y-x dy a2 differential equation = . Find
dx 3 xp 2
dx y x the relationship between the net profit and
⇒ = 2- 2
dy a a demand given that p = 20, when x = 10.
Sol.
m
dx x 1 dp
⇒ + 2 = 2y 2 p3 − x3
dy a a Given =
dx dx 3 xp 2
This is of the form + Px = Q
dx
co
The numerator and denominator are
1 1 homogeneous functions of 3,
where P = 2 and Q = 2 y
a a dv
dp
1 1 \ Put p = vx and =v+x
\∫
Pdy = ∫ 2 dy = 2 y dx dx
a a
s.
dv 2v3 x3 − x3 x3 (2v3 − 1)
I.F = e∫ pdy = e y / a
2
\v+x = =
dx 3 xv 2 x 2 3 x3 v 2
∫ pdy
∫ x.e∫
pdy
\ The solution is = ∫ Q.e dy + C
ok
2v3 − 1
= 2
3v
y / a2 1 2
⇒ x.e
(1) = ∫ 2 y e y / a dy + C
a dv 2v3 − 1 2v3 − 1 − 3v3
⇒x = –v =
dx 3v 2
o
1 [ u = t; d = et] 3v 2
Put 2 y = t ⇒ dy = a2 dt −1 − v 3
a u1 = 1; v = et =
v1 = et 3v 2
ab
2
\ (1) ⇒ x.e y / a = a 2 tet dt

∫ ∫udv = uv – u1v1
 3v 2  dx
⇒  dv = −
= a2 [tet – et] + C 3
 x
y 1+ v 
2
xe a 3v 2 dx
= a2.et(t – 1) + C Integrating, ∫ dv = – ∫
ur
y2 y
1+ v 3
x
 y  y ⇒ log (1 + v ) = – log x + log c
a2
3
x ⋅ea = a .e
2  −1 [ t = 2 ]
 a 2  a
c
.s
⇒ 1 + v3 =
4. Solve: (D + 14D + 49)y = e + 4.
2 –7x
x
Sol. The auxilary equation is m2 + 14m + 49 = 0
p
Replacing v by we get
⇒ (m + 7)2 = 0
w
x
⇒ m = –7, – 7 p3 x3 + p3 c
c
1+ = ⇒ =
The roots are real and equal x 3
x x3 x
w
\ CF is (Ax + B) e–7x
x3 + p3
[\ (D – 7)2 = 0, ⇒ = c ⇒x3 + p3 = cx2(1)
e −7x x 2 –7x x2
PI1 = = .e
w
when D = 7]
( D − 7) 2 2 When x = 10, p = 20
4 . e0 x 4 . e0 x 4 ⇒ 103 + 203 = c(10)2 ⇒ 1000 + 8000 = 100 c

PI2 = = =
(D − 7)(D − 7) (0 − 7)(0 − 7) 49 ⇒ 9000 = 100 c
\ The general solution is y = CF + PI1 + PI2 ⇒ c = 90
⇒ y = (Ax + B) e–7x + x e −7 x +
2 4

2 49
/ 81243 01000
164
\ (1) becomes, ⇒ log v – log (v + 1) = log q + log k

x3 + p3 = 90x2 v
⇒ log = log q. k
v +1
⇒ p3 = 90x2 – x3
v
⇒ = q. k
⇒ p3 = x2 (90 – x) which is the required v +1
relationship. c
m
Replacing v by , we get,
6. The rate of increase in the cost Cof ordering q
holding as the size q of the order increases c/q
.
c / q +1 = q k
co
is given by the differential equation c
⇒ = kq
dc c 2 + 2cq c+q
= . Find the relationship between
dq q2 ⇒ c = kq (c + q)(1)
c and q if c = 1 when q = 1. Given when c = 1 and q = 1
s.
Sol. 1
⇒ 1 = k (1) (1 + 1) ⇒ 1 = 2 k ⇒ k =
dc c 2 + 2cq q
2
Given = \(1) ⇒ c = (c + q)
q2
ok
dq 2
\ ⇒ 2c = q (c + q)
This is a homogeneous equation in c and q of
order 2 7. The total cost of production y and the level
dc dv of output x are related to the marginal cost
\ Put c = vq and =v+q
o
dq dq of production by the equation (6x2 + 2y2)dx –
(x2 + 4xy)dy = 0. What is the relation between
dv q v + 2v 2
( 2
) total cost and output if y = 2 when x = 1?
ab
\v+q = v2a2 + 2vq0q = v2 +

dq q 2
Sol.
2vv
Given (6x2 + 2y2)dx – (x2 + 4xy)dy = 0
dv
q = v2 + 2v – v = v2 + v ⇒ (6x2 + 2y2)dx = (x2 + 4xy)dy
dq
ur
Separating the variables we get, dy = 6 x + 2 y

2 2
⇒
dv dq dx x 2 + 4 xy
=
v+v q This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
.s
dv dq
Integrating, ∫ = ∫ dy dv
v(v + 1) q \ Put y = vx and =v+x
dx dx
w
1 A B

v(v + 1)
= +
v +1 dv 6 x 2 + 2v 2 x 2 x 2 ( 6 + 2v 2 )
v ⇒v+x = =
dx x 2 + 4 xvx x 2 (1 + 4v)
⇒ 1 = A (v + 1) + B
w
put v = –1 dv 6 + 2v 2
⇒v+x =
dx 1 + 4v

1 = –B ⇒ B = –1
w
put v = 0 dv 6 + 2v 2 6 + 2v 2 − v(1 + 4v)

⇒x = –v=
dx 1 + 4v 1 + 4v
⇒1=A

6 + 2v 2 − v − 4v 2
= (1)
1 1  dq 1 + 4v
∫  v − v + 1  dv = ∫ q dv 6 − v − 2v 2
⇒ x =
dx 1 + 4v
/ 81243 01000
Separating the variables we get,  1  10 1

⇒ c.  10  = ∫ − 2 . 10 dx + k
(1 + 4v)dv dx x  x x
= x
6 − v − 2v 2 1
= –10 ∫ x12 dx + k
dt
[ t = 6 – v – 2v2 Þ dt = (–1 – 4v) dv, ò = log t] c
m
∫x
−12
t ⇒ = –10 dx + k
x10
(−1 − 4v)dv dx
\–∫
6 − v − 2v 2
= ∫ x ⇒
c
= –10
x −11
+k
co
x10 −11
⇒ –log (6 – v – 2v2) = log x + log k c 10  1 
⇒ 10 =   +
1 x 11  x11 
⇒ = kx k
6 − v − 2v 2
y
s.
1 When c = c0, x = x0
Replacing v by we get, = kx
x y 2y 2
6− −
x x2
c0 10  1 
x2 ⇒ =  11  + k
 x0 
ok
⇒
6 x 2 − xy − 2 y 2
= kx x0 11
⇒ x = k (6x2 – xy – 2y2) c 10
⇒ k = –
x010 11. x011
When x = 1, y = 2 ⇒ \ The solution is
o
1
1 = k (6 – 2 – 8) ⇒ 1 = k (–4) ⇒ k = − c 10  1   c 10 
⇒ 10 =  11  +  10 − 
11x011 
4 11  x   x0
1 x
ab
⇒x= −
4 (6x – xy – 2y )
2 2
c c 10  1 1 
⇒ 4x = 2y2 + xy – 6x2 ⇒ − = 11  11 − 11 
x
10
x010 x x0 
8. Equipment maintenance and operating costs
(are related to the overhaul interval x by the
ur
9. Suppose that the quantity needed Qd = 42

dc
equation x 2
– 10xc = –10 with c = c0 and dp d2 p
dx – 4p – 4 dt + and quantity supplied
dt 2
x = x0. Find c as a function of x.
Qs = –6 + 8p where p is the price. Find the
.s
Sol.
dc equilibrium price for market clearance.
x2 – 10xc = –10
dx Sol.
dc 10c
w
10 For market clearance, Qd = Qs

÷ x2, – =– 2
dx x x
dp d2 p
This is a first order linear differential equation of ⇒ 42 – 4p – 4 + = – 6 + 8p
dt dt 2
w
dc
the form + Pc = Q where dp d2 p
dx ⇒ 48 – 12p – 4 + =0
10 10 dt dt 2
P=– and Q = – 2
x x
w
d2 p dp
10  1  ⇒ –4 – 12p = –48
∫ pdx = – ∫ x dx = – 10 log x = log  x10  dt 2 dt
10 The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m – 12 = 0
elog 1/ x 1
\ I. F. = e = ∫ pdx =
x10 ⇒ (m – 6) (m + 2) = 0
\ General solution is
⇒ m = –2, 6
e∫
px ∫ pdx
c = ∫ Q. e dx + k
/ 81243 01000
166
The roots are real and different –12 ⇒ 25000 (e–0.6) = p

\ C.F. is Ae–2t + Be6t ⇒ 25000 (0.5488) = p
–4
⇒ ` 13720
–6 2
Hence, to get an amount of ` 25000 at the end of
48 −48 5 years, ` 13720 must be invested.
m
P.I. = (D − 6)(D + 2) e0t = (0 − 6)(0 + 2)
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
−48
= =4
−12
co
2 1
Ê dx ˆ
\ The general solution is 1. The differential equation Á ˜ + 5 y 3 = x is
Ë dy ¯
P = C.F. + P.I. (a) order 2 degree 1
⇒ P = Ae–2t + Be6t + 4 (b) order 1 degree 2
s.
(c) order 1 degree 6
10. A man plans to invest some amount in a
small saving scheme with a guaranteed (d) order 1 degree 3
ok
compound interest compounded [Ans: (b) order 1 degree 2]
continuously at the ratio of 12 percent for
5 years. How much should he invest if he 1
1 1
 dy 
2
wants an amount of Rs. 25000 at the end of Hint: +5 y3 =x⇒1+5 y3  

 dy 
2  dx 
5 year period? (e–0.6 = 0.5488)
o
  2
Sol.  dx   dy 

=x  
 dx 
Let P(t) denotes the amount of money in the order is 1, degree 2
ab
account at time t. Then the differential equation

2. The differential equation of all circles with
governing the growth of money is
centre at the origin is
dp 12 dp
= p⇒ = 0.12 p (a)
xdy + ydx = 0 (b) xdy – ydx = 0
dt dt
ur
100
(c)
xdx + ydy = 0 (d) xdx – ydy = 0
Separating the variables,
dp [Ans: (c) xdx + ydy = 0]
= 0.12 dt Hint: Differentiate x2+ y2 = a2
P
.s
dp
Integrating, ∫P = ∫ 0.12 dt + c 3. The amount present in a radio active
element disintegrates at a rate proportional
w
⇒ log p = 0.12t + c to its amount. The differential equation

corresponding to the above statement is (k is
⇒ P = e0.12t + c ⇒ P = e0.12t . ec negative).
(a) dp = k
w
dp
⇒ P = e0.12t. c1 (1) (b) dt
= kt
dt p
When t = 0, p = 0 ⇒ p = e0 (c1) ⇒ c1 = p dp dp
(c) = kp (d) = – kt
w
When t = 5, and p = 25000 dt dt
25000 = e.12(5) . P [∵ c1 = p] [Ans: (c) = kp]
⇒ 25000 = e0.6 P
25000
⇒ =p
e0.6
/ 81243 01000
Chapter
m
NUMERICAL
co
METHODS
SNAPSHOT
s.
* Forward difference operator (∆) = (Delta)
∆yn = yn+1 – yn, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
ok
* ∆f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x), h is the equal interval of spacing
PROPERTIES OF OPERATOR ∆:
* If c is a constant then ∆c = 0
o
∆ is distributive ⇒ ∆ (f(x) + g(x)) = ∆f(x) + ∆g(x)
* If c is a constant, then ∆c · f(x) = c · ∆f(x).
ab
* If m and n are positive integers then

∆m · ∆n f(x) = ∆m + n · f(x)
* ∆ [f(x) · g(x)] = f(x) · ∆g(x) + g(x)· ∆f(x)
ur
é f ( x) ù g ( x) Df ( x) - f ( x) × Dg ( x)
* ∆ ê ú =
ë g ( x) û g ( x ) × g ( x + h)
* ∆2 yn = ∆yn+1 – ∆yn
.s
* ∆3 yn = ∆2yn+1 – ∆2yn,n = 0, 1, 2 . . .
* ∆kyn = ∆k–1yn+1 – ∆k–1yn,n = n = 0, 1, 2,.....
w
BACKWARD DIFFERENCE OPERATOR Ñ (NEPLA)

* ∇y1 = y1 – y0.
* ∇kyn = ∇k–1yn – ∇k–1yn–1, n = 1, 2, 3 . . .
w
* ∇f (x + 2h) = f (x + 2h) – f (x + h), h is the interval of spacing.

* ∇n f (x + nh) = ∇n f (x).
w
SHIFTING OPERATOR (E)

* E [f(x0)] = f(x0 + h)
* E2 f(x) = E[f(x + h)] = f (x + 2h)
* En f(x) = f(x + nh) &
E–n f(x) = f(x – nh).
175
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Unit Chapter ➠ Numerical methods Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics 177
EXERCISE 5.1 = ∆ (x – h)3[ E–1 f(x) = f (x – nh)]

= ∆ (x –1)3[ h = 1]
1. Evaluate D (log ax) = (x – 1 + 1)3 – (x – 1)3
Sol. [ ∆ f(x) = f (x + h) – f(x)]
∆ (log ax) = log (ax + h) – log (ax) = x3 – (x – 1)3
m
æ ax + h ö = x3 – (x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1)
= log ç ÷ [ (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3]
è ax ø
= x3 – x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 1
ax h
= log çæ + ÷ö
co
= 3x2 – 3x + 1
è ax ax ø
= RHS
h
= log æç1+ ö÷ Hence proved.
è ax ø
h 4. If f(x) = x2 + 3x, then show that D f(x) = 2x + 4
∴ ∆ (log ax) = log æç1+ ö÷
s.

è ax ø Sol.
2. If y = x3 – x2 + x – 1, calculate the values of y for
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and form the forward Given f(x) = x2 + 3h
ok
difference table. LHS = ∆ f(x)
Sol. = f(x + h) – f(x)
when x = 0, y = 0 + 0 + 0 – 1 ⇒ y = –1 = [(x + h)2 + 3 (x + h)] – [x2 + 3x]
when x = 1, y = 13 – 12 + 1 – 1 ⇒ y = 0. = x 2 + h2 + 2xh + 3x + 3h – x 2 –
o
when x = 2, y = 23 – 22 + 2 – 1 ⇒ y = 8 – 4 + 1 ⇒ 3x
y=5 = h2 + 2xh + 3h
ab
when x = 3, y = 33 – 32 + 3 – 1 ⇒ y = 27 – 9 + 2 ⇒
when h = 1, LHS = 12 + 2x(1) + 3(1)
y = 20
when x = 4, y = 43 – 42 + 4 – 1 ⇒ y = 64 – 16 + 3 ⇒ = 1 + 2x + 3
y = 51 = 2x + 4 = RHS.
ur
when x = 5, y = 53 – 52 + 5 – 1 ⇒ y = 125 – 25 + 4 Hence proved.

⇒ y = 104.
 1 
Hence, the forward difference table is 5. Evaluate ∆   by taking ‘1’ as
 ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) 
.s
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y ∆5y

the interval of differencing.
0 –1 Sol.
1 0 1 4 6
w
By partial fraction method

2 5 5 10 6 0
3 20 15 16 6 0 0 1 A B
( )(
x + x + = +
) x +1 x + 2 .
w
4 51 31 22 1 2

5 104 53 1 A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x + 1)
⇒ =
3. If h = 1, then prove that ( E -1D ) x3 = 3x2 – 3x
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
w
+ 1. ⇒ 1 = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1)
Sol.
when x = –1, 1 = A [–1 + 2] ⇒ 1 = A
Given h = 1
when x = –2, 1 = B [–2 + 1] ⇒ 1 = –B
LHS = (E–1 ∆) x3
= ∆ (E–1 (x3)) ⇒ B = –1.
/ 81243 01000
178 Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Business Mathematics and Statistics Unit Chapter ➠ Numerical methods
1 ⇒ 81 – 4(y3) + 6(9) – 4(3) + 1 = 0

∴ 1 1
= -
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) x +1 x + 2
⇒ 81 – 4y3 + 54 – 12 + 1 = 0
⇒ 81 + 54 – 11 = 4y3
é 1 ù 1 ù
ú = D éê
∴ Dê 1 124
- ⇒ 124 = 4y3 ⇒ y3 = = 31.
êë ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) úû ú
ë x +1 x + 2û 4
m
⇒ y3 = 31
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
= ç - ÷-ç - ÷ 7. Following are the population of a district:
è x +1+1 x +1ø è x +1+ 2 x + 2 ø
year (x) 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931
co
[ ∆ f(x) = f(x + 1) – f(x)] population 363 391 421 – 467 501
(y) in
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö where h = 1
= ç - ÷-ç - ÷ thousands
è x + 2 x +1ø è x + 3 x + 2 ø
Find the population of the year 1911.
1 1 1 1
s.
= - - + Sol.
x + 2 x +1 x + 3 x + 2
2 1 1 Since only five values of f(x) are given, the
= - - polynomial which fits the data is of degree 4.
x + 2 x +1 x + 3
=
=
2 ( x + 1) ( x + 3) - 1( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) - 1( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)
2 ( x 2 + 4 x + 3) - ( x 2 + 5 x + 6 ) - ( x 2 + 3 x + 2 )
o ok

Hence fifth differences are zeros.
∴ ∆5y0 = 0
⇒
⇒
(E – 1)5 y0 = 0
(E5 – 5E4 + 10E3 – 10E2 + 5E – 1) y0 = 0
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) ⇒ y5 – 5y4 + 10y3 – 10y2 + 5y1 – y0 = 0
⇒ 501 – 5 (467) + 10y3 – 10 (421) + 5 (391) – 363
ab
2 x 2 + 8 x + 6 - x 2 - 5 x - 6 - x 2 - 3x - 2
= =0
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) ⇒ 501 – 2335 + 10y3 – 4210 + 1955 – 363 = 0
2x + 8x - 8x - 2x - 2
2 2
⇒ 10y3 – 4352 = 0
=
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) ⇒ 10y3 = 4352
ur
4352
-2 ⇒ y3 = = 435.2
= 10
( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) Since the population is given in thousands,
.s
é ù population of the year 1911

1 -2
\ = D ê ú=
êë ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) úû ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) . = 435.2 × 1000 = 4, 35, 200.
8. Find the missing entries from the following:-
w
6. Find the missing entry in the following table.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
x 0 1 2 3 4
y = f(x) 0 – 8 15 – 35
y 1 3 9 – 81
w

Sol.
Sol. Let the missing entries by y1 and y4
Since only four values of f(x) are given, the
Since only four values of f(x) are given, the
w
polynomial which fits the data is of degree 3.

polynomial which fits the data is of degree 3.
Hence fourth differences are zero.
Hence fourth differences are zero.
∴∆4 (y0) = 0
∴ ∆4yk = 0 ⇒ (E – 1)4yk = 0
⇒ (E – 1)4 (y0) = 0
(E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) yk = 0 (1)
⇒ (E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) y0 = 0
Put k = 0 in (1) we get,
⇒ y4 – 4y3 + 6y2 – 4y1 + y0 = 0
(E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) y0 = 0
/ 81243 01000
⇒ y4 – 4y3 + 6y2 – 4y1 + y0 = 0 Sol.

⇒ y4 – 4(15) + 6(8) – 4(y1) + 0 = 0 Scale:
⇒ y4 – 60 + 48 – 4y1 = 0
In x axis 1 cm = 10 units
⇒ y4 – 4y1 – 12 = 0
⇒ y4 – 4y1 = 12 (2) In y axis 1 cm = 2 units
m
put k = 1 in (1) we get Plot the points (40, 6.2), (50, 7.2), (60, 9.1) and
(E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) y1 = 0. (70, 12). At x = 48, draw a vertical line to the
graph and from the intersecting point, draw a
⇒ y5 – 4y4 + 6y3 – 4y2 + y1 = 0
horizontal line to meet the y-axis
co
⇒ 35 – 4y4 + 6 (15) – 4 (8) + y1 = 0
⇒ 35 – 4y4 + 90 – 32 + y1 = 0 From the graph, we find that when x = 48, the
value of y is equal to 6.8.
⇒ –4y4 + y1 = –93 (3)
(2) × 4 → 4y4 – 16y1 = 48 2. The following data relates to indirect labour
s.
expenses and the level of output
(3) → –4y4 + y1 = –93
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Adding, –15y1 = –45 Units of Output 200 300 400 640 540 580
Indirect labour expense (Rs) 2500 2800 3100 3820 3220 3640
ok
-45
⇒ =3 y1 = Estimate the expenses at a level of output of 350
-15
units, by using graphic method.
⇒ y1 = 3. Sol.
Substituting y1 = 3 in (2) we get,
Scale:
o
y4 – 4(3) = 12
y4 – 12 = 12 In x-axis 1 cm = 100 units
ab
⇒ y4 = 12 + 12 In y-axis 1 cm = 1000 units

⇒ y4 = 24. Plot the points (200, 2500), (300, 2800) (400,
Hence the missing entries are 3 and 24. 3100) (640, 3820), (540, 3220) and (580, 3640).
EXERCISE 5.2
ur
1. Using graphic method, find the value of y when

(640, 3820)
x = 48 from the following data. 4000
(540, 3220)
.s
(300, 2800) (580, 3640)

3000
x 40 50 60 70
(400, 3100)
2900
2000 (200, 2500)
y 6.2 7.2 9.1 12
1000
w
y 0 350
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 x
12 (70, 12)
At x = 350, draw a vertical line and from the
w
10 intersecting point on the curve, draw a horizontal

(60, 9.1) line.
w
8
(50, 7.2) From the graph, we find that when x = 350,
6
(40, 6.2) y = 2900.
4
Hence, the expense at a level of 350 units is
` 2900.
2
48
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
/ 81243 01000
Hint: (a) 1 (b) 0

(c) 2 (d) –1
∇ f(x) = f(x) – f(x – h)
[Ans: (b) 0]
= f(x) – E–1 f(x)
Hint:
= (1 – E–1) f(x)
∴ ∇ = (1 – E–1) ∆3(y0) = (E – 1)3 (y0)[ ∆ = E – 1]
m
10. Ñf(a) = = (E3 – 3E2 + 3E –1) y0
(a) f (a) + f (a − h) (b) f (a) − f (a + h) = y3 – 3y2 + 3y1 – y0
(c) f (a) − f (a − h) (d) f (a) = 18 – 3 (15) + 3 (13) – 12
co
[Ans: (c) f (a) – f (a – h)] = 18 – 45 + 39 – 12
11. For the given points (x0, y0) and (x1, y1) the = 57 – 57
Lagrange’s formula is = 0
x − x1 x − x0
(a) y(x) = y0 + y1 Miscellaneous Problems
s.
x0 − x1 x1 − x0
x1 − x x − x0 1. If f(x) = eax, then show that f(0), ∆f(0), ∆2 f(0)
(b) y(x) = y0 + y1
x0 − x1 x1 − x0 are in G.P.
ok
Sol.
x − x1 x − x0
(c) y(x) = y1 + y0
x0 − x1 x1 − x0 Given f(x) = eax
x1 − x x − x0 ∴ f(0) = e0x = 1 (1)
(d) y(x) = y1 + y0 ∆ f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x)
o
x0 − x1 x1 − x0
∆ f(0) = f(1) – f(0) = ea(1) – e0 = ea–1 (2)
x − x1 x − x0
[Ans: (a) y(x) = y0 + y1 ] ∆ f(0) = ∆ [∆f(0)]
2
ab
x0 − x1 x1 − x0
12. Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used = ∆ [f(1) + f(0)] = ∆ f(1) – ∆ f(0)
for = f(2) – f(1) – (ea – 1)
(a) equal intervals only = e2a – ea – ea + 1
(b) unequal intervals only
ur
∆2 f(0) = e2a – 2ea + 1 (3)

(c) both equal and unequal intervals
From (1), (2) & (3), the three terms are 1, e – 1,
a
(d) none of these
[Ans: (c) both equal and unequal intervals] e2a – 2ea + 1
13. If f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2, and the interval of ⇒ 1, ea – 1, (ea – 1)2[ (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
.s
differencing is unity, then ∆ f(x)

e a -1 ( e - 1)
a 2
(a) 2x − 3 (b) 2x + 3 Common ratio r = = = ea – 1.

(c) x + 3 (d) x − 3 1 ea - 1
w
[Ans: (b) 2x + 3] Since the common ratio is same throughout, f(0),

Hint: ∆ f(0) and ∆2 f(0) forms a G.P.
∆ f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x) = f(x + 1) – f(x)[ h = 1] 2. Prove that
w
∴ ∆ (x2 + 2x + 2) = [(x + 1)2 + 2 (x + 1) + 2] Sol. i) (1+ )(1−D)=1

– [x2 + 2x + 2]
LHS = (1 + ∆) (1 – ∇)
= x2 + 2 x + 1 + 2 x + 2 + 2 - x2 - 2 x - 2
w
= (1 + ∆) (1 – ∇) [ ∆ = E – 1 &
= 2x + 3 E -1
= (1 + E – 1) (1 – ) E -1
14. For the given data, the value of ∆3 y0 is E ∇= ]
E
E -1
= E (1 – )
x 5 6 9 11 E
y 12 13 15 18 E -1
=E–E( )
E
/ 81243 01000
= E – (E – 1) ∴ By Newton’s forward interpolation formula,

=E–E+1=1 n n ( n − 1) 2
y = y0 +∆y0 + ∆ y0
= RHS 1! 2!
Hence proved. n ( n − 1) ( n − 2 ) 3
∆ y0
(ii) ∆∇ = ∆ – ∇ + 3!
m
æ E -1ö ( x − 1) ( x − 2) 2
LHS = ∆∇ = (E – 1) ç
è E ø
÷ ⇒ y = –1 + (x – 1) (0) + ( ) +0
2!
æ E -1ö æ E -1ö [ ∆3 y0 = 0]
co
= E ç ÷ - 1ç ÷ ⇒ y = –1 + 0 + x2 – 3x + 2
è E ø è E ø
⇒ y = x2 – 3x + 1
æ E -1ö
= ( E - 1) - ç ÷ Hence, the required second degree polynomial is
è E ø
E -1 x2 – 3x + 1.
s.
= ∆ – ∇ [ ∆ = E – 1 & Ñ = ]
E 4. Find the missing figures in the following table.
= RHS
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
Hence proved.
ok
y 7 11 – 18 – 32
(iii) E ∇ = ∆ = ∇ E Sol.
LHS = E ∇ Let the missing entries be y2 and y4
E -1
æ E -1ö [ ∇ = ] Since only four values of f(x) are given, the
o
= E ç ÷ E
è E ø polynomial which fits the data is of degree 3.
= E – 1 = ∆ [ ∆ = E – 1] Hence fourth differences are zero
ab
⇒ (E – 1)4yk = 0
= RHS
æ E -1ö ⇒ (E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) yk = 0 (1)
Also ∇ E = ç ÷× E Put k = 0 in (1) we get,
è E ø
= E – 1 = ∆ = RHS y4 – 4y3 + 6y2 – 4y1 + y0 = 0
ur
∴ E∇ = ∆ = ∇ E y4 – 4(18) + 6y2 – 4(11) + 7 = 0

⇒ y4 – 72 + 6y2 – 44 + 7 = 0
Hence proved.
⇒ y4 + 6y2 – 109 = 0
.s
3. A second degree polynomial passes through ⇒ y4 + 6y2 = 109 (2)

the point (1, –1) (2, –1) (3, 1) and (4, 5). Find
the polynomal. Put k = 1 in (1) we get,
(E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) y1 = 0
w
Sol.
Given values are ⇒ y5 – 4y4 + 6y3 – 4y2 + y1 = 0
⇒ 32 – 4 (y4) + 6 (18) – 4y2 + 11 = 0
x 1 2 3 4
w
32 – 4y4 + 108 – 4y2 + 11 = 0

y –1 –1 1 5
⇒ –4y4 – 4y2 + 151 = 0
The difference table is ⇒ –4y4 – 4y2 = –151 (3)
w
x y ∆y ∆y
2
∆y
3 (2) × 4 → 4y4 + 24y2 = 436
1 –1 Adding, 20y2 = 285
2 –1 0 ⇒ y2 = 14.25
3 1 2 2 Substituting y2 = 14.25 in (2) we get,
4 5 4 2 0 y4 + 6 (14.25) = 109
⇒ y4 + 85.5 = 109
x0 + nh = x ⇒ 1 + n = x ⇒ n = x – 1.
/ 81243 01000
⇒ y4 = 109 – 85.5 x 40 50 60 70 80 90
⇒ y4 = 23.5 y 184 204 226 250 276 304
Hence, the missing entries are 14.25 and 23.5
Since x = 43 lies in the beginning of the table, use.
5. Find f(0.5) if f(–1) = 202, f(0) = 175, f(1) = 82 Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
and f(2) = 55.
∴ x0 + nh = 43 ⇒ 40 + n(10) = 43 ⇒ 10n
m
Sol.
Given = 43 – 40 = 3
3
⇒n= = 0.3.
x –1 0 1 2
co
10
y 202 175 82 55 Newton’s forward interpolation formula is
n n ( n - 1)
Since we have to find f(0.5) which is at the y(x=x +nh) = y0 + ∆y0 + ∆2y0 +
0 1! 2!
beginning of the table, use Newton’s forward n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) 3
∆ y0 + . . .
s.
interpolation formula. 3!
x0 + nh = 0.5 ⇒ –1 + n(1) = 0.5 The difference table is
⇒ n = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆ 3y ∆4y ∆5y

y0 +
∴ y(0.5) =
n
1!
Dy0 +
n ( n - 1) 2
The difference table is

2!
D y0 +
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) 3
o 3!
D y0
ok 40
50
60
70
184
204
226
250
20
22
24
2
2 0
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y 80 276 26 2 0 0
–1 202
ab
90 304 28 2 0 0 0
0 175 –27
0.3 ( 0.3) ( 0.3 - 1) 2
1 82 –93 –66 ∴ y(43) = 184 + (20) + ( )
1! 2
2 55 –27 66 132
= 184 + 6 + (0.3)(–0.7)
ur
1.5 (1.5) (1.5 - 1) = 184 + 6 – 0.21

∴ y(0.5) = 202 + (–27) +
(–66)
1! 2! = 189.79
∴ when x = 43, y = 189.79.
.s
(1.5) (1.5 - 1) (1.5 - 2 ) To find y when x = 84, use Newton’s backward

+ (132)
3! interpolation formula
∴ xn + nh = 84
= 202 – 40.5 + (1.5) (.5) (–33)
w
90 + n(10) = 84 ⇒ 10n = 84 – 90 = –6
(1.5)(.5) ( -0.5)
+ (132) -6
6 ⇒n= = –.6
10
w
= 202 – 40.5 – 24.75 – 8.25 Newton’s backward interpolation formula is

= 202 – 73.5 n ( n + 1)
n
= 128.5 y(x = x +nh) = y n + ∇yn + ∇2yn +
w
n 1! 2!
Hence f(0.5) = 128.5 n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 ) 3
∇ yn + . . .
6. From the following data find y at x = 43 and 3!
x = 84.
( -0.6 )( 28) ( -0.6 ) ( -0.6 + 1) ( 2 )
∴ y(84) = 304 + +
x 40 50 60 70 80 90 1! 2
y 184 204 226 250 276 304
Sol.
/ 81243 01000
= 304 – 16.8 + (–0.6) (0.4) ( 0.4 ) ( -0.6 ) ( -1.6 ) ( -2.6 )

= 304 – 16.8 – 0.24 +
6
= 304 – 17.04 = 286.96
= 5026 + 259.2 – 4.8 – 0.128 – 0.1664
∴ when x = 84, y = 286.96
= 5280.10
7. The area A of circle of diameter ‘d’ is given for ∴ When the diameter is 82, area of circle is 5280.1
m
the following values (≅ 5281)
D 80 85 90 95 100 To find y when x = 91, use Newton’s backward
A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854 interpolation formula.
co
Find the approximate values for the areas of ∴ xn + nh = 91 ⇒ 100 + n(5) = 91
circles of diameter 82 and 91 respectively. ⇒ 5n = 91 – 100
Sol. -9
Let the diameter be x and area be y. ⇒ 5n = –9 ⇒ n = = –1.8
s.
5
To find y when x = 82, use Newton’s forward Newton’s backward interpolation formula is
interpolation form n n ( n + 1) 2
∴ x0 + nh = 82 ⇒ 80 + n(5) = 82 ⇒ 5n = 82 – 80 y(x = x +nh) = yn + ∇yn + ∇ yn
ok
n 1! 2!
=2
2 n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
⇒ n = = 0.4 + ∇3yn
5 3!
y(x = 91) = 7854 – 1.8 (766) +
o
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
20
80 5026 ( -1.8) ( -1.8 + 1) ( 40 )
ab
85 5674 648
2
90 6362 688 40
95 7088 726 38 –2
( -1.8) ( -1.8 + 1) ( -1.8 + 2 ) (7)
+
2!
100 7854 766 40 2 4
ur
( -1.8) ( -1.8 + 1) ( -1.8 + 2 ) ( -1.8 + 3)

x n ( n - 1) 2 + (4)
∴ y(82) = y0 + ∆y0 + ∆ y0 + 3!
1! 2!
⇒ y(x=91) = 7854 – 1378.8 + (–1.8) (–0.8) (20)
.s
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) ∆3y0 +
( -1.8) ( -0.8)( 0.2 )(1.2 )
3! + (–1.8) (–0.8) (0.2) +
6
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) ( n - 3) (4)
w
∆4y0.
4! 20
⇒ y(x=91) = 7854 – 1378.8 + 28.8 + 0.288 + 0.2304
= 5026 + 0.4 (648) +
(0.4) (0.4 − 1) 40( ) ⇒ y(x=91) = 6504.5
w
2
Hence when the diameter is 91, area is 6504.5
( 0.4 ) ( 0.4 - 1) ( 0.4 - 2 ) ≅ 6504
+ (–2)
6 8. If u0 = 560, u1 = 556, u2 = 520, u4 = 385, show
w
(0.4) (0.4 − 1) (0.4 − 2) (0.4 − 3) (4)

that u3 = 465.
+ 24 Sol.
6
Since only four values are given,
= 5026 + 259.2 + (0.4) (–0.6) (20)
(E – 1)4 u0 = 0
( 0.4 ) ( -0.6 ) ( -1.6 ) ( -1)
+ ⇒ (E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) u0
3
= u4 – 4 u3 + 6 u2 – 4 u1 + u0
/ 81243 01000
⇒ 385 – 4(u3) + 6(520) – 4 (556) + 560 =0

⇒ 385 – 4u3 + 3120 – 2224 + 560 = 0 +
2 4
[x – 3x3 + 2x2 – 7x3 + 21x2 – 14x + 12x2
⇒ 1841 – 4u3 = 0 3
⇒ 1841 = 4u3 – 36x + 24]
1841 4 8
⇒ u3 = = 460.25 ⇒ y = 2x2 – 8x + 7 – x3 + 4x2 – x + 4x2 – 12x
m
4 3 3
∴ u3 = 460.25 2 4
+ 8 + [x – 10x3 + 35x2 – 50x + 24]
3
9. From the following table obtain a polynomial 4 8
of degree y in x ⇒ y = 2x – 8x + 7 – x3 + 4x2 – x + 4x2 – 12x
2
co
3 3
x 1 2 3 4 5 2 x 4 20 3 70 2 100 x 48
+8+ - x + x - +
y 1 –1 1 –1 1 3 3 3 3 3
Sol.
æ -4 -20 ö æ 70 ö
s.
2 4 3
Given ÷ +x ç2+ 4+ 4+ ÷
2
⇒y= x +x ç
The difference table is 3 è 3 3 ø è 3 ø
+ x çæ -8 - - 12 -
8 100 ö
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y
ok
÷ + 31
1 1 è 3 3 ø
2 –1 –2
2
⇒ y = x4 – 8x3 +
100 2
x – 56x + 31 which is the
3 1 2 4 3 3
required polynomial.
o
4 –1 –2 –4 –8
5 1 2 4 8 16 10. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula find a
polynomial which passes through the points
ab
To find y when x = x ⇒ (0, –12) (1, 0) (3, 6) and (4, 12).

x0 + nh = x ⇒ 1 + n (1) = x ⇒ n = x –1 Sol.
Newton’s forward interpolation formula is
n n ( n - 1) 2 Given
y(x=x) = y0 + ∆y0 + ∆ y0
ur
1! 2! x 0 1 3 4
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) y –12 0 6 12
+ ∆3y0 + . . .
3! Here the intervals are unequal.
.s
( x - 1) ( x - 2 ) ∴ By Lagranges interpolation formula, we have

y(x = x) = 1 + (x – 1) (–2) + (4)
2 x0 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 4
( x - 1) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3) y0 = –12, y1 = 0, y2 = 6, y3 = 12and x = x.
w
+ (–8)
6 ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 )
∴ y = f(x) = × y0
( x - 1) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3) ( x - 4 ) ( x0 - x1 ) ( x0 - x2 ) ( x0 - x3 )
+ (16)
w
24
( x - x0 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 )
+ × y1
⇒ y = 1 – 2x + 2 + 2 (x2 – 3x + 2) –
4
(x – 1) (x –
( x1 - x0 ) ( x1 - x2 ) ( x1 - x3 )
w
3
2
2) (x – 3) + (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x –4)
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x3 )
+ × y2
3
4 ( x2 - x0 ) ( x2 - x1 ) ( x2 - x3 )
⇒ y = 3 – 2x + 2x2 – 6x + 4 – [(x2 – 3x + 2) (x
3 ( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 )
2
– 3)] + [(x – 3x + 2)(x2 – 7x + 12)]
2 + × y3
3 ( x3 - x0 ) ( x3 - x1 ) ( x3 - x2 )
4
⇒ y = 2x – 8x + 7 – [x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 3x2 + 9x – 6]
2
/ 81243 01000
( x - 1) ( x - 3) ( x - 4 ) Hint: ∇ f(x) = f(x) – f(x – h)

= (–12) ∴ ∇ f(x + 3h) = f(x + 3h) – f(x + 3h – h)
( 0 - 1) ( 0 - 3) ( 0 - 4 )
= f(x + 3h) – f(x + 2h)
( x - 0 ) ( x - 3) ( x - 4 ) 3. ∆ f(x + 3h)
+ (0)
(1 - 0 ) (1 - 3) (1 - 4 ) (a) f(x + 3h) – f(x + 4h)
m
( x - 0 ) ( x - 1) ( x - 4 ) (b) f(x + 4h) – f(x + 3h)
+ (6)
( 3 - 0 ) ( 3 - 1) ( 3 - 4 ) (c) f(x + h) – f(x)
(d) f(x + 2h) – f(x + 3h)
( x - 0 ) ( x - 1) ( x - 3)
co
+ (12) [Ans: (b) f (x + 4h) – f(x + 3h)]
( 4 - 0 ) ( 4 - 1) ( 4 - 3)
Hint: At: ∆ f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x)
( x - 1) ( x - 3) ( x - 4 )
= (–12) + 0 ∴ ∆ f(x + 3h) = f (x + 3h + h) – f(x + 3h)
( -1) ( -3) ( -4 )
= f(x + 4h) – f(x + 3h)
s.
x ( x - 1) ( x - 4 ) 4. ∆ can be defined as ∆f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x) where
+ (6)
( 3)( 2 ) ( -1) h is the _________ interval of spacing
(a) equal (b) unequal
ok
x ( x - 1) ( x - 3)
+ (12) (c) equal & unequal (d) equal or unequal

( 4 )( 3)(1) [Ans: (a) equal ]
= +[(x – 1)(x – 3) (x – 4)] – x(x – 1) (x 5. If c is a constant, then ∆ c =
– 4) + x(x – 1) (x – 3) (a) c · ∆ (b) c · ∇
o
= +[(x – 4x + 3)(x – 4)] – x (x2 – 5x + 4)
2
(c) 0 (d) 1
+ x(x2 – 4x + 3) [Ans: (c) 0]
ab
= – (x3 – 8x2 + 19x – 12) – 4x2 + 3x 6. ∆ (f(x) + g(x)) = –––––––

= (x – 4)(x2 – 4x + 3) – x (x2 – 5x + 4) + (a) ∆ f(x) + ∆ g(x) (b) f(x) ± ∆ g(x)
x(x2 – 4x + 3) (c) f(x) ∆ g(x) (d) g(x) · ∆ f(x)
= x3 – 4x2 + 3x – 4x2 + 16x – 12 – x 3
ur
[Ans: (a) ∆ f(x) + ∆ g(x)]

+ 5x2 – 4x + x 3 – 4x2 + 4x
7. If c is a constant, then ∆ c · f(x)
= x3 – 7x2 + 19x – 12. (a) 0 (b) c · f(∆x)
I. Choose the correct answer:
.s
(c) c · ∆f(x) (d) f(∆cx)

1. E2 · f(x) = [Ans: (c) c · ∆ f(x)]
8. ∆ [f(x) · g(x)] = ______
f(x + h) (b)
(a) f(x + 2h)
w
(a) ∆ f(x) · ∆ g(x)

f(2h) (d)
(c) f(2x)
(b) f(x) · ∆ g(x) + g(x) · ∆ f(x)
[Ans: (b) f(x + 2h)]
(c) f(x) · ∆ g(x)
w
Hint: Since En f(x) = f (x + nh), (d) f(∆x) · g(∆x)

& n = 2, we get E2 f(x) = f(x + 2h) [Ans: (b) f(x) · ∆ g(x) + g(x) · ∆ f(x)]
2. Ñ f(x + 3h) 9. Let y = f(x) be a given function of x and y0,
w
y1 ., yn be the values of y at x = x0, x1, x2 . . .

f(x + 2h)
(a)
respectively, then Ñy1 is
f(x + 3h) – f(x + 2h)
(b) (a) y1 – y2 (b) y0 – y2
f(x + 3h)
(c) (c) y0 – y1 (d) y1 – y0
f(x + 2h) – f(x – 3h)
(d) [Ans: (d) y1 – y0]

[Ans: (b) f (x + 3h) – f(x + 2h)]
/ 81243 01000
3. In the set of values f(x) = y, x is called 3. Using interpolation the polynomial which
(a) independent variable passes through the points (0, 7), (5, 0), (3, 6)
and (2, 5) is
(b) dependent variable
(a) cubic polynomial
(c) argument
(b) a polynomial of degree 3
(d) x - variable
(c) linear polynomial
m
[Ans: (b) dependent variable]
(d) y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a ≠ 0
Hint: (a), (c), (d) are other names for x - variable
[Ans: (c) linear polynomial]
but not (b).
co
4. If f(x) = x + 1 and the interval of differencing is
4. In the set of values f(x) = y, y is called unity, then ∆f(x)
(a) independent variable (a) f(x + 1) – f(x) (b) (x + 1 + 1) – (x + 1)
(b) dependent variable (c) 1 (d) x2 + x – 1
(c) entries
s.
[Ans: (d) x2 + x – 1]
(d) y - variable
Hint: ∆f(x) = f(x + 1) – f(x)
[Ans: (a) independent variable]
5. The missing term in the following data will be
ok
Hint: (b), (c), (d) are other names for y-variable
but not (a). x 1 2 3
f(x) 2 – 7
5. ∆4 y3 =
(a) f(2) (b) 3
(a) (E – 1)3 y3
o
(c) 5 (d) 22 + 1
(b) (E4 – 4E3 + 6E2 – 4E + 1) y3
[Ans: (b) 3]
(c) y7 – 4y6 + 6y5 4y4 + y3
ab
(d) (E – 1)4 y3. [Ans: (d) (E – 1)4 y3] Hint: The correct value is 5.
Hint: (a), (b), (c) are different forms of ∆4 y3 but

not (d). Practice 2 mark
Questions
ur
VI. Choose the incorrect 1. Find the missing term from the following data.
statements x 20 30 40
.s
1. y 51 – 34
(a) ∆ f(3) = f(4) – f(3) Sol.
(b) f(3) – f(2) = ∆f(3) Since only two values of y are given, the
w
(c) f(2) + ∆ f(3) = f(3) polynomial which fits the data is of degree 1.
(d) f(2) + ∆ f(2) = f(3) Hence 2nd differences are zeros
w
[Ans: (c) f(2) + ∆ f(3) = f(3)] ∴ ∆2 (y0) = 0

Hint:  f(2) + ∆f(2) = f(3) so (c) is incorrect. ⇒ (E – 1)2 y0 = 0
⇒ (E2 – 2E + 1) y0 = 0
2.
w
⇒ y2 – 2y1 + y0 = 0
(a) ∆ f(x) = f(x + h) – f(x)
⇒ 34 – 2y1 + 51 = 0
(b) En f(x) = f(x)
⇒ 85 – 2y1 = 0
(c) ∇f(x) = f(x) – f(x – h)
85
(d) E · f(x) = f(x + h) ⇒ 2y1 + 85 ⇒ y1 =
2
[Ans: (b) En f(x) = f(x)] ⇒ y1 = 42.5
Hint: En f(x) = f(x + nh)
/ 81243 01000
2. If f(0) = 5, f(1) = 6, f(3) = 50, find f(2) by using ⇒ ∆ (x3) = (x + 1)3 – x3

Lagrange’s formula.
⇒ ∆ (x3) = x 3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 – x 3
Sol.
By data we have, ⇒ ∆ (x3) = 3x2 + 3x + 1.
x0 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 3 5. Find the second order backward differences of
y0 = 5, y1 = 6, y2 = 50 and x = 2 f(x).
m
Using Lagrange’s formula, we get Sol.
( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x0 ) ( x - x2 ) We know ∇ f(x), ∇ f(x + h), ∇ f(x + 2h), . . . are the

y= y0 + y1 first order differences of f(x).
( x0 - x1 ) ( x0 - x2 ) ( x1 - x0 ) ( x1 - x2 )
co
= f(x) – 2f (x – h) + f(x – 2h)
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 )
+ y Consider ∇2f(x) = ∇ [ ∇ (f(x))]
( x2 - x0 ) ( x2 - x1 ) 2
= ∇ [f(x) – f(x – h)]
( 2 − 0 ) ( 2 − 3) + 6 × ( 2 − 0 ) ( 2 − 3)
s.
= 5 × = ∇ f(x) – ∇ f(x – h)
( 0 − 1) ( 0 − 3) (1 − 0 ) (1 − 3) = [f(x) – f(x – h)] – [f(x – h) – f(x – 2h)]
+ 50 ×
( 2 − 0 ) ( 2 − 1) = f(x) – f(x – h) – f(x – h) – f(x – 2h)
ok
( 3 − 0 ) ( 3 − 1) ∴ ∇2 f(x), ∇2 f(x + h), ∇2 f(x + 2h) . . . are the
second order differences of f(x).
( 2 ) ( -1) + 6 ( 2 ) ( -1) + 50 ´ ( 2 ) (1)
= 5 ´
1( -3) (1) ( -2 ) ( 3) ( 2 ) Practice 3 mark
o
=
10
–6+
50
=
60
– 6 = 20 – 6 = 14
questions
ab
3 3 3
1. From the following data, estimate the
∴ f(2) = 14. population for the year 1986 graphically.
3. Find the missing term from the following data.
year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
x 1 2 3 4 Population 12 15 20 26 33
ur
f(x) 100 – 126 157 (in

thousands)
Sol. Since three values of f(x) are given, we assume
that the polynomial is of degree two.
.s
y
⇒ ∆3(f(x0)) = 0
⇒ ∆3(y0) = 0 34
w
⇒ (E – 1)3 y0 = 0 32
⇒ (E3 – 3E2 + 3E – 1) y0 = 0 30
28
⇒ y3 – 3y2 + 3y1 – y0 = 0
w
26
⇒ 157 – 3 (126) + 3y1 – 100 = 0 24
24.8
⇒ y1 = 107 22
20
∴ The missing term is 107.
w
18
4. When h = 1, find ∆ (x ). 3 16
14
Sol.
12
We know ∆ (f(x)) = f(x + h) – f(x) 0 1986

1960197019801990 2000 x
Since h = 1, ∆ (f(x)) = f(x + 1) – f(x)

From the graph, it is found that the population
[ (x + 1)3 =x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1] for 1986 was 24 thousands.

/ 81243 01000
2. Using graphic method, find the value of y when ( 0.2 ) ( 0.2 - 1) ( 0.2 - 2 )
x = 27. + (–1)
3!
x 10 15 20 25 30 ( 0.2 ) ( 0.2 - 1) ( 0.2 - 2 ) ( 0.3 - 3)
+ (4)
y 35 32 29 26 23 4!
y
= 176 + 1.8 – 0.048 – 0.1344 = 177. 6176
m
35
34
∴ Hence when x = 0.2, y = 177.6176.
33 4. If y75 = 2459, y80 = 2018, y85 = 1180, and
32 y90 = 402, find y82.
co
31
Sol.
30
29
We can write the given data as follows:
28 x 75 80 85 90
27
y 2459 2018 1180 402
s.
26
25
Since 82 lies at the beginning of the table, we can
24
23
use Newton’s forward interpolation formula
n ( n - 1) 2
ok
27 x n
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
∴ y = y0 +
∆y0 + ∆ y0
1! 2!
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) 3
From the graph, it is clear that when x = 27, the + ∆ y0
3!
value of y is 24.8
Also x0 + nh = 82 ⇒ 75 + n(5) = 82 ⇒ 5n = 82 – 75 = 7
o
3. Find y when x = 0.2 given that 7
⇒ n = = 1.4
x 0 1 2 3 4
ab
5
y 176 185 194 202 212 The difference table is
Sol. x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y

Since x = 0.2 lies at the beginning of the table, use 75 2459
ur
Newton’s foward interpolation formula 80 2018 –441

n n ( n - 1)
⇒ y = y 0 + ∆y0 + ∆2y0 + 85 1180 –838 –397
n! 2!
90 402 –778 60 457
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) 3
.s
∆ (y0) 1.4
3! ∴ y = 2459 + (–441)
Here h = 1, x0 = 0, x = 0.2 1!
(1.4 ) (1.4 - 1)
⇒ x0 + nh = 0.2 ⇒ 0 + n(1) = 0.2 ⇒ n = 0.2 + (–397)
w
2!
The forward difference table is (1.4 ) (1.4 - 1) (1.4 - 2 )
+ (457)
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y 3!
w
0 176 = 2459 – 617.4 – 111.6 – 25.592

1 185 9 y = 1704. 408 when x = 82.
2 194 9 0 5. Find the number of men getting wages between
w
3 202 8 –1 –1 ` 30 and ` 35 from the following table.

4 212 10 2 3 4 Wages (x) 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
0.2 ( 0.2 ) ( 0.2 - 1) No. of 9 30 35 42
∴ y = 176 + (9) + (0) men (y)
1! 2!
/ 81243 01000
Sol. The difference table is

Let us calculate the number of men whose wages
x y ∇y ∇2y ∇3y ∇4y
is less than ` 35 by using Newton’s forward
interpolation formula 1961 46
1971 66 20
x0 + nh = x ⇒ 30 + n (10) = 35
1981 81 15 –5
m
⇒ 10n = 35 – 30 = 5 1991 93 12 –3 2
5
⇒n= = 0.5
10 2001 101 8 –4 –1 –3
co
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y
( -0.6 ) ( -0.6 ) ( -0.6 + 1)
∴ y = 101 + (8) + (–4)
1! 2!
under 30 9
under 40 39 30
( -0.6 ) ( -0.6 + 1) ( -0.6 + 2 )
+ (–1)
s.
under 50 74 35 5 3!
under 60 116 42 7 2
( -0.6 ) ( -0.6 + 1) ( -0.6 + 2 ) ( -0.6 + 3)
+ (–3)
4!
n ( n - 1) 2
ok
n
∆y0 + ∴ y = y0 +
∆ y0 ( -0.6 )( 0.4 )
1! 2! = 101 – (0.6) 8 + (–4)
2
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) 3
+ ∆ y0 ( -0.6 )( 0.4 )(1.4 )
3! + (–1)
o
6
0.5 ( 0.5) ( 0.5 - 1)
∴ y(35) = 9 + (30) + (5) ( -0.6 )( 0.4 )(1.4 )( 2.4 ) ( -3)
1! 2 +
ab
( 0.5) ( 0.5 - 1) ( 0.5 - 2 ) 24

+ (2)
6 = 96. 8368
= 9 + 15 – 0.6 + 0.1 = 24 (approximately) Hence, population for the year 1995 is 96.837
∴ Number of men getting wages between ` 30
ur
thousands.
and ` 35 is y(35) – y(30) = 24 – 9 = 15.
7. Using Lagrange’s formula, find the value of y
6. Estimate the population for the year 1995. when x = 42 from the following table.
.s
year (x) 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 x 40 50 60 70

population 46 66 81 93 101 y 31 73 124 159
in thousands
Sol.
w
(y)
By data, we have
Sol. Since 1995 lies at the table of the table, use
Newton’s backward interpolation formula. x0 = 40, x1 = 50, x2 = 60, x3 = 70
w
y0 = 31, y1 = 73, y2 = 124, y3 = 159.

Also, xn + nh = x ⇒ 2001 + n (10) = 1995
Using Lagrange’s formula, we get
-6
⇒ 10n = 1995 – 2001 ⇒ n =
⇒ n = –0.6 ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 )
w
10 y = y0
n n ( n + 1) ( x0 - x1 ) ( x0 - x2 ) ( x0 - x3 )
y = y n + ∇yn + Ñyn2 +
1! 2! ( x - x0 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 )
+ y1
n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 ) ( x1 - x0 ) ( x1 - x2 ) ( x1 - x3 )
∇3yn.
3!
+ y2
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x3 )
( x2 - x0 ) ( x2 - x1 ) ( x2 - x3 )
/ 81243 01000
+ y3
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) Sol.
( x3 - x0 ) ( x3 - x1 ) ( x3 - x2 ) Since five values of f(x) are given, we assume that

polynomial is of degree four.
( -8) ( -18) ( -28) Hence, fifth order differences are zeros.
∴ y(42) = 31 + 73
( -10 ) ( -20 ) ( -30 ) ∴ ∆5 (yk) = 0
m
( 2 ) ( -18) ( -28) ⇒ (E – 1)5 yk = 0 (1)
Putting k = 0 in (1) we get
(10 ) ( -10 ) ( -20 )
(E – 1)5 y0 = 0 ⇒ (E5 – 5E4 + 10E3 – 10E2 + 5E – 1) y0
co
( 2 ) ( -8) ( -28) =0
+ 124
( 20 )(10 ) ( -10 ) ⇒ y5 – 5y4 + 10y3 – 10y2 + 5y1 – y0 = 0
( 2 ) ( -8) ( -28) ⇒ 390 – 5y4 + 10y3 – 10y2 + 5y1 – y0 = 0
+ 59 ⇒ y1 – y4 = –130 (2)
( 30 )( 20 )(10 )
s.
Putting k = 1 in (1) we get,
= 20. 832 + 36. 792 – 27. 776 + 7.632
(E – 1)5 y1 = 0
y = 37. 48
⇒ (E5 –5E4 + 10E3 – 10E2 + 5E –1) y1 = 0
ok
8. Using Lagrange’s formula and y(x) from the ⇒ y6 – 5y5 + 10y4 – 10y3 + 5y2 – y1 = 0
following table.
⇒ 430 – 5(390) + 10y4 – 10(306) + 5(260)
x 6 7 10 12 – y1 = 0
y 13 14 15 17 ⇒ 10y4 – y1 = 3280 (3)
o
Sol. (2) + (3) → y1 – y4 + 10y4 – y1 = –130 + 3280
⇒ 9y4 = 3150
ab
Given
⇒ y4 = 350
x0 = 6, x1 = 7, x2 = 10, x3 = 12
Substituting y4 = 350 in (2) we get,
y0 = 13, y1 = 14, y2 = 15, y3 = 17
y1 – 350 = –130 ⇒ y1 = –130 + 350
Using Lagrange’s formula,
ur
⇒ y1 = 220
( 4 )(1) ( -1) ( 5)(1) ( -1) ∴ The productions for 1962 and 1965 are 220
y(11) = 13 + 14 tonnes and 350 tonnes respectively.
( -1) ( -4 ) ( -6 ) (1) ( -3) ( -5)
2. From the following data, calculate the value of
.s
( 5)( 4 ) ( -1) ( 5)( 4 )(1) e1.75

+5 + 17
( 4 )( 3) ( -2 ) ( 6 )( 5)( 2 )
x 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
w
= 2.1666 – 4.6666 + 12.5 + 5.6666 ex 5.474 6.050 6.686 7.389 8.166

= 15.6666
Sol. Since e1.75 lies at the beginning of the table, we
∴ y(x) = 15.6666 can use Newton’s forward interpolation formula
w
∴ x0 + nh = x ⇒ 1.7 + n(0.1) = 1.75

PRACTICE 5 MARK ⇒ n(0.1) = 1.75 – 1.7 = 0.05
QUESTIONS
w
0.05
⇒n= = 0.5
1. Estimate the production for 1962 and 1965 0.1
from the following data. n n ( n - 1) 2 n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 )
yx = y 0 + ∆y0 + ∆ y0 +
year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1! 2! 3!
Production 200 – 260 306 – 390 430 ∆3y0 + . . . . .
in tonnes
/ 81243 01000
The difference table is ∴ y(90) = 250 + (1.5) (120)

(1.5) (1.5 - 1)
x y ∆y ∆y 2
∆y3
∆y4 + (–20)
2!
1.7 5.474 (1.5) (1.5 - 1) (1.5 - 2 ) (–10)
1.8 6.050 0.576 +
3!
1.9 6.686 0.636 0.060
(1.5) (1.5 - 1) (1.5 - 2 ) (1.5 - 3)
m

2.0 7.389 0.703 0.067 0.007 + (20)
4!
2.1 8.166 0.777 0.074 0.007 0
= 250 + 180 – 7.5 + 0.625 + 0.46875
( 0.5) ( 0.5 - 1)
co
0.5
\ y(e ) = 5.474 +
1.75
(0.576) + = 423.59 = 424 (app)
1! 2!
(0.06) ∴ Number of students whose height is between
80 cm and 90 cm is y(90) – y(80)
= 424 – 370
( 0.5) ( 0.5 - 1) ( 0.5 - 2 )
s.
+ (0.007) = 54.
3!
4. From the following table, estimate the
y (e1.75) = 5.474 + 0.288 – 0.0075 + 0.0004375 premium for a policy maturing at the age of
ok
= 5.7549375 58.
3. From the data, find the number of students Age (x) 40 45 50 55 60
whose height is between 80 cm and 90 cm Premium 114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.48
(y)
Height in 40–60 60–80 80 – 100 100–120 120–140
o
cm (x)
Sol.
No. of. 250 120 100 70 50
ab
students (y) : Using Newton’s backward interpolation formula,

Sol. we can find y when x = 58.
Let us calculate the number of students whose ∴ xn + nh = x ⇒ 60 + n(5) = 58
height is less than 90 cm using Newton’s forward ⇒ 5n = 58 – 60 = –2
interpolation formula.
ur
-2
x0 + nh = x ⇒ 60 + n(20) = 90 ⇒ 20n = 30 ⇒n= = –0.4
5
n ( n + 1) 2
3
⇒ n = = 1.5 n
2 and y(58) = yn + ∇yn + ∇ yn
.s
1! 2!
n n ( n - 1) 2 n ( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
yx = y + ∆y0 + ∆ y0
1! 2! + ∇3yn + . . . .
3!
n ( n - 1) ( n - 2 ) The difference table is
w
+ ∆3y0 + . . . .
3! x y ∇y ∇2y ∇3y ∇4y
The difference table is as follows:
40 114.84
w
x y ∆y ∆2y ∆3y ∆4y 45 96.16 –18.68

Below 60 250 50 83.32 –12.84 5.84
Below 80 370 120 55 74.48 –8.84 4.00 –1.84
w
Below 100 470 100 –20 60 63.48 –6.00 2.84 –1.16 0.68
Below 120 540 70 –30 –10
Below 140 590 50 –20 10 20
( -0.4 )
∴ y(58) = 68.48 + (–6)
1!
( -0.4 ) ( -0.4 + 1)
+ (2.84)
2!
/ 81243 01000
( -0.4 ) ( -0.4 + 1) ( -0.4 + 2 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 ) ( x - x4 )

+ (–1.16) y = y
3! ( x0 - x1 ) ( x0 - x2 ) ( x0 - x3 ) ( x0 - x4 ) 0
( x - x0 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 ) ( x - x4 )
( −0.4 ) ( −0.4 + 1) ( −0.4 + 2 ) ( −0.4 + 3) + y
( x1 - x0 ) ( x1 - x2 ) ( x1 - x3 ) ( x1 - x4 ) 1
+ (0.68)
3!
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x3 ) ( x - x4 )
m
= 68.48 + (0.4) (6) y2
+
( -0.4 )( 0.6 ) ( x2 - x0 ) ( x2 - x1 ) ( x2 - x3 ) ( x2 - x4 )
+ (2.84)
2 ( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x4 ) y3
co
+
( -0.4 )( 0.6 )(1.6 ) ( x3 - x0 ) ( x3 - x1 ) ( x3 - x2 ) ( x3 - x4 )
+ (–1.16)
6
( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 ) ( x - x2 ) ( x - x3 ) y4
( -0.4 )( 0.6 )(1.6 )( 2.6 ) +
( x4 - x0 ) ( x4 - x1 ) ( x4 - x2 ) ( x4 - x3 )
+ (0.68)
s.
24
= 68.48 + 2.4 – 0.3408 + 0.07424 – 0.028288 (1) ( -1) ( -2 ) ( -4 )
⇒ y = 276
= 70.5851052 ( -3) ( -5) ( -6 ) ( -8)
ok
⇒ y(58) = 70.59 ( 4 ) ( -1) ( -2 ) ( -4 )
+ 460
∴ Hence, premium for a policy maluting at the
( 3) ( -2 ) ( -3) ( -5)
age of 58 is 70.59.
( 4 )(1) ( -2 ) ( -4 )
5. Using Lagrange’s formula find the value of y + 414
( 5)( 2 ) ( -1) ( -3)
o
when x = 4 from the following table.
( 4 )(1) ( -1) ( -4 )
x 0 3 5 6 8 + 343
ab
( 6 )( 3)(1) ( -2 )
y 276 460 414 343 110
( 4 )(1) ( -1) ( -2 )
Sol. + 110
(8)( 5)( 3)( 2 )
Given x0 = 0, x1 = 3, x2 = 5, x3 = 6, x4 = 8
ur
⇒ y = –3.066 + 163.555 + 441.6 – 152.44 + 3.666

y0 = 276, y1 = 460, y2 = 414, y3 = 343, y4 = 110
⇒ y = 453.311.
Lagrange’s formula is
.s

w
w
w
/ 81243 01000

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3. Integral Calculus II .......................................................................................................90 - 129

4. Differential Equations ................................................................................................130 - 174

5. Numerical Methods....................................................................................................175 - 202

finite number of elementary transformations.

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS Solution:

Consider the second order minor,

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 3

Since the second order minor vanishes, ρ(A) ≠ 2  

Let us transform the matrix A to an echelon form.

Let us transform the matrix A to an echelon form.  1 −2 3 4

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 5

AB =  28 −12 20    R2 → R2 + 2R1

The number of non-zero rows is 2.

~ 0 −44 −4 R3 → R3 + 11R1

0 0 2 10 3 26 2  y  = 9

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 7

∴ The system is consistent with infinitely many

 y    Given non-homogeneous equations are

1 1 1 3 Augmented matrix Elementary

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 9

Since  2 3 −6  x   5000

a unit of X and sells 3 units of Y and a unit of  0 9 −4 16000 

selling is taken as positive symbol.

−4 −5 −32 − 45 −77 8. An amount of ` 5,000/- is to be deposited in

y + z =  ----- (2) Þ 6x + 7y = 700 + 8z

18500 2500  1 1 1 5000 

(1) Þ x – 3(2000) – 500 = –5500 R3 → R3 – 6R1

Hence, the prices per unit of three commodities

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 11

The last equivalent matrix is in echelon form and 2 7

Substituting y = 2200 and z = 1800 in (1) 5 17

Hence, the amount of investment in each bond is ∴ Solution set is {1, 4}

(iv) x + y + z = 6, 2x + 3y – z = 5, 6x – 2y –3z = –7. = –11 + 44 – 132 = – 99

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 13

solution and Cramer’s rule can be applied.

= 1(21) – 2(– 24) + 3(5) 10

−6 −3 2 −3 2 −6 ∴ Cost per unit of labour is Rs. 10 and the cost

7 and Rs.120 respectively.

∴ Investment in the interest of 4 % account

three commodities according to the three

` 560 during the month of May. Commodity Variety Total

Name Horse Quad Bike spent B 2 4 5 21

Unit 1 ➠ Applications of Matrices and determinants Sura’s➠XIIStd-BusinessMathematicsandStatistics 15

27 5 6 invested in each account? (Use Cramer’s rule).

= 11(24 – 25) – 2(126 – 135) + 3(105 – 108) By the given data,

3 27 6 100 100 100

Transition probability matrix

= – 38000 + 68000 – 38000 subscription Þ 60% are non-subscribers.

and B = 60% = ·60

= – 38000 + 38000 + 8500  (–1)

y + z = ----- (2) Þ 6x + 7y = 700 + 8z

= – 38000 + 38000 + 8500 (–1)

[Ans: (a) |A|2] 2. For any 2 × 2 matrix, if A (adj A) =

5. For what value of k, the matrix A =  3 5  |adj A| = ______. [Ans: 64]

[  ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + c] [  4 =16x – 4]