Electrical System Chemical Plant

• Generation, Transmission,
Distribution, Utilization
• Generator and motor

1
 Types Electric Current
• There are two different types of current in
widespread use today. They are
– direct current, abbreviated DC,- the electrons
flow in one direction.
– alternating current, abbreviated AC

2
 Electrical Parameters

Standard Electrical Units of Measure

Electrical Parameter Measuring Unit Symbol
Voltage Volt V or E
Current Ampere I or i
Resistance Ohm R or Ω
Conductance Siemen G or ℧

3
 Power Engineering
• Power engineering, also called power systems
engineering, is a subfield of energy engineering and
electrical engineering that deals with the
– generation,
– transmission,
– distribution
– utilization
of electric power and the electrical devices connected to
such systems including
o generators,
o motors
o transformers

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ELECTRIC GENERATION

5
 Types of Power Generation?
o Heat (thermal) energy generated from: fossil fuels;
coal. petroleum. natural gas. solar thermal energy.
geothermal energy. nuclear energy.
o Potential energy from falling water in a
hydroelectric facility.
o Wind energy.
o Solar electric from solar (photovoltaic) cells.
o Chemical energy from: fuel cells. batteries.

6
 Types of Prime-movers
9 power generating units grouped by prime
movers
1. Steam Turbines
2. Combustion (Gas) Turbines
3. Hydro Turbines
4. Pumped Storage
5. Nuclear Units
6. Reciprocating Engines
7. Micro Turbines
8. Wind turbines
9. Solar units

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Steam Turbine Rotor

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Steam Turbine Power Plant

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Hydro Turbine Generator

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 GAS TURBINE GENERATOR
1. Gas turbine
2. Generator
3. Air inlet filter
4. Exhaust duct
5. Heat exchanger
6. Fuel gas filters
7. Generator cooling
system
8. Gas turbine cooling
system
9. Lube Oil Module
10. Lube Oli Cooler

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Gas Turbine

http://www.poweronsite.org/AppGuide/Chapters/
Chap4/4-3_Gas_Turbines.htm

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13
Gas Turbine

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GTG

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COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION

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POWER GENERATION
(Combined cycle) Power Plant
1. Sub-station
2. GTG ( Kompresor,
Turbin, Generator,
Filter, Combustor)
3. Waste Heat Boiler
4. Steam turbine
Generator (Boiler,
Heat recovery,
water coil,
generator)
5. Steam Condenser
6. Cooling Tower
7. Water Treatment

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Internal Combustion Engine

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Diesel Driven Electric Generator

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Nuclear
Power
Plant

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ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION

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 Transmission
• The electricity is transported to load locations from a
power station to a transmission subsystem.
• The transmission system may be subdivided into the
bulk transmission system and the sub-transmission
system.
– to interconnect generators, to interconnect various areas
of the network, and to transfer electrical energy from the
generators to the major load centers
– delivers energy only to so-called bulk loads such as the
distribution system of a town, city, or large industrial plant.
• The function of the sub-transmission system is to
interconnect the bulk power system with the
distribution system.
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Sub-station (outdoor)

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 Distribution
• The distribution system transports the power from the transmission
system/substation to the customer.
• The equipment associated with the distribution system usually begins
downstream of the distribution feeder circuit breaker.
• The transformer and circuit breaker are usually under the jurisdiction of a
"substations department".
• The distribution feeders consist of combinations of
– overhead and underground conductor,
– 3 phase and single phase switches,
– relayed protective devices,
– fuses,
– transformers (to utilization voltage),
– surge arresters,
– voltage regulators and
– capacitors.

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Jaringan pada
Power Plant

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 Utilization
• Utilization is the “end result” of the generation,
transmission, and distribution of electric power.
• The energy carried by the transmission and
distribution system is turned into useful work,
light, heat, or a combination of these items at the
utilization point.
• The term load refers to a device or collection of
devices that draw energy from the power system.
Individual loads (devices) range from small light
bulbs to large induction motors to arc furnaces.
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 (cont’d)
• A major application of electric energy is in its
conversion to mechanical energy.
– Electromagnetic, or “EM” devices designed for this
purpose are commonly called “motors.”
– Actually the machine is the central component of an
integrated system consisting of the source, controller,
motor, and load.
– For specialized applications, the system may be, and
frequently is, designed as an integrated whole.
– Many household appliances (e.g., a vacuum cleaner)
have in one unit, the controller, the motor, and the
load

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ELECTRIC UTILIZATION

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Typical Plant Electric Power Utilization
• Prime movers, Actuators
• Heaters
• Lighting
• Control
• etc

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 Sistem Listrik Power Plant
1. High Voltage System
2. Generator Voltage System
3. Medium Voltage System
4. Low Voltage System
5. DC system:
– Digunakan untuk: sistem kontrol, alat emergensi
– AC diubah menjadi DC dengan CONVERTER
– DC diubah menjadi AC dengan INVERTER
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 Sistem Listrik di Pabrik Kimia
(illustrasi)
1. Generator & Sumber Luar (PLN)
1) PLN 150 KV  13.6 KV
2) Normal Power (GTG)
3) Standby Power (Diesel)
4) Emergency Power (Diesel)
5) Uninterruptible Power Supply (DC battery)

2. Distribusi & Network

1. 13.6 KV
2. 2.3 KV
3. Emergency bus 480 V

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Jaringan pada
Power Plant

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 One-line
Diagram
A typical plant electrical
diagram showing the
whole system (generation,
transmission, distribution
and utilization

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Motor Control Center

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 Pemilihan Voltage Level
• Sistem Amerika
– untuk motor ¼ hp s/d 300 hp  460 V, 3 pasa, 60 Hz
– untuk motor 250 hp s/d beberapa ribu hp  2300 V
– untuk motor 7000 hp  13,200 V
– Transmisi: 765, 500, 345, 230, 138 KV (biasanya 138 atau
230 KV)
– The voltage and frequency of AC electricity varies from
country to country throughout the world. Most use 220V
and 50Hz. About 20% of the countries use 110V and/or
60Hz to power their homes. 220V and 60Hz are the most
efficient values, but only a few countries use that
combination. The United States uses 110V and 60Hz AC
electricity.

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 17 Aspek Mutu Listrik
1. Variasi frekuensi 9. Electrical noise
2. Variasi tegangan 10. Faktor daya rendah
3. Kelip (flicker) 11. Ground loops
4. Kedip (voltage sag) 12. EMI (Electromagnetic
Interference
5. Harmonik
13. Static electricity
6. Ketidak seimbangan
tegangan 14. Voltage surges
7. Keandalan (pemadaman) 15. Voltage impulses
8. Voltage swells 16. Demand interval
17. Kelayakan instalasi

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 Motors & Generators

• Motors & Generators:

– generators – which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy
– motors – which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy
• Both types operate through the interaction
between a magnetic field and a set of windings

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38
 Electric Motors

MOTOR LISTRIK

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor
Rotation Direction?
• To determine the direction of the motor's rotation, we need
to use the "Left Hand Rule"

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 PENDAHULUAN
Apa itu motor listrik?

• Peralatan Electromechanical yang mengubah

energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik
• Energi mekanik digunakan untuk a.l.
•Memutar impeler pompa, kipas atau fan, blower
•Memutar kompresor
•Mengangkat barang

• Penggunaan motor di industrei: 70% dari

seluruh beban listrik
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 PENDAHULUAN
Cara kerja motor listrik?

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 PENDAHULUAN
Cara kerja motor listrik?

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CARA KERJA MOTOR LISTRIK?

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 BEBAN MOTOR
Tiga macam beban motor
Beban motor Keterangan Contoh

Beban torsi Daya output berubah tetapi Conveyors, rotary kiln,

tetap torsi konstan pompaconstant-
displacement

Beban torsi Torsi berubah dengan Pompa sentrifugal, kipas

berubah pangkat dua putaran
operasi (operation speed)

Beban daya Torsi berubah berbanding Machine tools

(power) tetap terbalik dengan speed
 JENIS MOTOR LISTRIK
Klasifikasi motor listrik

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) Motors

Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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 Jenis Motor Listrik
Motor Listrik Searah DC Motors
• Speed control without impact power
supply quality
• Changing armature voltage
• Changing field current

• Restricted use
• Few low/medium speed applications
• Clean, non-hazardous areas

• Expensive compared to AC motors

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 (cont’d)
Motor Listrik Bolak Balik - AC Motors
• Electrical current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

• Speed difficult to control

• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor

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 Synchronous Motor
AC Motors – Synchronous motor
• Putaran tetap ditentukan oleh frekuensi sistem
• Eksitasi DC dan low starting torque: cocok
untuk penggunaan beban rendah
• Dapat meningkatkan power factor: cocok untuk
sistem yang menggunakan banyak listrik
• Synchronous speed (Ns):
f = supply frequency
Ns = 120 f / P P = number of poles

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 Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor

• Paling banyak dipakai di industri

• Keuntungan:
• Simple design
• Tidak mahal
• High power to weight ratio
• Mudah pemeliharaannya
• Dihubungkan langsung ke sumber arus bolak balik

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 Synchronous Electric Motor
• A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at
steady state,[1] the rotation of the shaft is synchronized
with the frequency of the supply current
• The synchronous motor and induction motor are the most
widely used types of AC motor. The difference between the
two types is that the synchronous motor rotates in exact
synchronism with the line frequency.
• Small synchronous motors are used in timing applications
such as in synchronous clocks, timers in appliances, tape
recorders and precision servomechanisms in which the
motor must operate at a precise speed; speed accuracy is
that of the power line frequency, which is carefully
controlled in large interconnected grid systems.

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 Induction Motor
AC Motors – Induction motor
Komponen
• Rotor
•Squirrel cage:
conducting bars
in parallel slots
•Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer,
(Automated Buildings)
distributed winding
• Stator
•Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
•Wound for definite number of poles
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 How induction motors work

How induction motors work

• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves around rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics

• Rotor produces second

magnetic field that opposes
stator magnetic field
• Rotor begins to rotate Rotor

Stator

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 Single-phase induction motor
• Single-phase induction motor
• One stator winding
• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• 3 to 4 HP applications
• Household appliances: fans, washing machines, dryers

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 Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase supply produces magnetic field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• 1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps, compressors,
conveyor belts, grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!

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 Speed and slip

Speed and slip

• Motor never runs at synchronous speed but
lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Install slip ring to avoid this
• Calculate % slip:

% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100 Ns = synchronous speed in RPM

Nb = base speed in RPM
Ns
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 Efficiency of Electric Motors

Motors loose energy when serving a load

• Fixed loss
• Rotor loss
• Stator loss
• Friction and rewinding
• Stray load loss

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 (cont’d)

Factors that influence efficiency

• Age
• Capacity
• Speed
• Type
• Temperature
• Rewinding
• Load

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 (cont’d)
Motor part load efficiency
• Designed for 50-100% load
• Most efficient at 75% load
• Rapid drop below 50% load

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 Motor Load

• Motor load is indicator of efficiency

• Equation to determine load:

Load = Pi x  HP x 0.7457

 = Motor operating efficiency in %

HP = Nameplate rated horse power
Load = Output power as a % of rated power
Pi = Three phase power in kW

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 Selecting Electric Motors
What Size Motor to Select

• How much power is needed

• How much electrical power is available
• Do you have enough capacity in service
entrance panel (breaker box)

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 Selecting Electric Motors
Power Supply

• Single Phase, 115 or 230 volts

– limited to 7 1/2 hp
– most farms and homes
– many motors will run on 115 or 230 volts

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 Selecting Electric Motors
Power Supply
• 3-Phase, 208, 230 or more volts
– 4 wires in power line
– up to 1,000 hp
– little or no light flickering
– cost less
– last longer
– pay extra to install 3-phase power lines

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 Selecting Electric Motors
Service Entrance Capacity
• SEP must have about 3 times more
amperage capacity than the amp rating on
the nameplate of the motor
– for extra amps for starting the motor
– if motor is 20 amps, SEP must be at least 60
amps
• May need a separate SEP

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 Selecting Electric Motors
What Motor Speed to Select
• Determine speed of equipment
• Speed is in RPM’s
• Most common: 1750
• If different speed is needed, use pulley,
gear, or chains to convert

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67
LISTRIK TIGA FASA DAN SATU FASA

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 Pengertian Listrik 1 Phasa
• Listrik 1 phasa adalah instalasi listrik yang menggunakan
dua kawat penghantar yaitu 1 kawat phasa dan 1 kawat 0
(netral).
• Pengertian sederhananya adalah listrik 1 phasa terdiri dari
dua kabel yaitu 1 bertegangan dan 1 netral. Umumnya
listrik 1 phasa bertegangan 220 volt yang digunakan banyak
orang.
• Biasanya listrik 1 phasa digunakan untuk listrik perumahan,
namun listrik PLN di jalanan itu memiliki 3 phasa, tetapi
yang masuk ke rumah kita hanya 1 phasa karena kita tidak
memerlukan daya besar. Misalnya yang ke rumah kita
adalah Phase R, tetangga kita mungkin Phase S, dan
tetangga yang lain Phase T.

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 Pengertian Listrik 3 Phasa

• Listrik 3 phasa adalah instalasi listrik yang

menggunakan tiga kawat phasa dan satu kawat 0
(netral) atau kawat ground. Menurut istilah Listrik 3
Phasa terdiri dari 3 kabel bertegangan listrik dan 1
kabel Netral. Umumnya listrik 3 phasa bertegangan
380V yang banyak digunakan Industri atau pabrik.

• Listrik 3 phasa adalah listrik AC (alternating current)

yang menggunakan 3 penghantar yang mempunyai
tegangan sama tetapi berbeda dalam sudut phase
sebesar 120 degree.

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 Keuntungan Listrik 3 (tiga) Phasa
• Menyediakan daya listrik yang besar ( biasanya pada industri
menengah dan besar ).
• Industri atau hotel memerlukan daya listrik yang besar sehingga
memerlukan line yang banyak. Tapi pada output terakhir untuk
pemakaian hanya memerlukan satu phasa ( memilih salah satu dari
3 phasa ).
• Listrik 3 phasa biasanya diperlukan untuk menggerakkan motor
industri yang memerlukan daya besar.
• Karena menggunakan tegangan yang lebih tinggi maka arus yang
akan mengalir akan lebih rendah untuk daya yang sama. Sehingga
untuk daya yang besar, kabel yang digunakan bisa lebih kecil.
• Untuk motor induksi, listrik 3 phasa tidak memerlukan kapasitor.

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• Ada 2 macam hubungan dalam koneksi 3
penghantar, yaitu :
– Hubungan bintang (“Y” atau star).
– Hubungan delta.
• Ada 2 macam tegangan listrik yang dikenal dalam
sistem 3 phasa ini, yaitu :
– Tegangan antar phase (Vpp : voltage phase to phase
atau ada juga yang menggunakan istilah Voltage line
to line).
– Tegangan phase ke netral (Vpn : Voltage phase to
netral atau Voltage line to netral).

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 Koneksi Delta dan Bintang (Y)
• Void

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