‘ACALL FOR ACTION ‘A Report By The Anthropology Resource Center ote Ce. W Us thAvo THE DRAWINGS Father Giovani SaTo, who has live wth Yanoman sine 1968, cols the rang inthis epot fom the Yanomarn Indians wo lie tthe Cale ‘ani mission station in Roraia. Father Giovanni pew to admire the em ‘puniarian fe, spontaneity eligiosty, elegance, and ne sesthetisensih- ‘ier ofthe Indians. The Yanomami had never ued fetp pene and pape ‘xpress theicart With Fathe Giovani encouragement, the auickly sa itas {eas o represent and commanicat concretely their houphts, emotions, ond ‘observations The Vanomami produced hundreds of drawings portraying the ‘oui and gardens ofthe spits sous, and human, the animal ofthe forest and rivers, the mythical creator Omar, andthe people who lived atthe Feitning of ine. They so crated drawing depicting the reais oftheir presen situation. The dang om he font ever wo the Nsthern Peete Highway and the Yanomam houses now stated along the road ‘Copyright ©1419 AmhvopoogyReoarce Ctr Ins Alghero Nope ‘hupubleadon may beset, roduc, oteeited by an) as without the ‘titen pean of he Arbyopolony Rese Cnt Ie ‘To Atoropoogy Retour Cetra gle any pope ia Ba te Usted ‘Suucrand Earope wh have conte othe ep Alas pope non ‘Henny andae sarin te camaignor dees te Yana pepe The ‘Eawings heptane by Saco oan tiny roid father ‘Gone Sufi Phctopaph fhe Yanomach mr jrovide Oy Casa And {Soot he Commision for tn Creston be Yanomam lain Par, S80 Pala a Tairepr war despa Pla. Var Oden, Typomaphy by Basten ‘ype Pat Hoa Pring by Mowbray Co, brary of Congres Catalog Crd Nore 81.4685{Lam sune Tharin the Future many Brazilians will be ashamed 10 have lad ancestors as beural as we ane roday. | also fear rar ‘many people throughout the world are Now Looking AT Us | with Fear. Why is there so much violence against defenseless Indians? Whar is the reason for such Fareed rowaRd HUMAN beings? Whar will become of the Yanomani? —Darey Ribeino, 1978 avREFACE Ine recent effort to create gly secre home nd forthe 10:00 to 12,000 Yanomam Indian [Nation in Bran refs much of the drama hat taking place throughout Lain America be- tweens bt commated groups thangs ‘cvs and powerful, nallonaseeurty conscious, mie tary stats, For centres, he Yanomadndlansived ee government of Berl turned is attention to expo a resources ofthe Amazon region In the early pecame cea that he rlative physical and cle {tral cation of the Yanomam ould be shorted in 197% tea of observers fom the London-based Aborigines Protetion Society (APS) vsted the Yano- ‘hart aren in porter Braal The APS tam noted that these people were “al largely nslated from the colo snd commercial interests of Bazi” aed tha they *femed toe content with thelr wn culture” New plans, ‘hough were underway for contacting highways hough {the Vanomarl error and the APS team expresed con ‘em over the ability of the Brasian National Indlan Foundation (FUNAI) to demarat the Indian ands. A Series of maps thatthe APS swat the ental oes af EUNAT in Besa indicated that a reserve proposed for {me Yanomaml conealned emul and fru 300 pope ind would excads almost ever tilage Known By mis- {tepotdeserbing thelr ison, “that x major extersion ‘Since 968, tumerousuntvopolopst and missionaries tuave petkioned the Breilan poversment to essh ‘Mdeqate and secure and ate forthe Yanomami. Those {torts became more interse i themld-1970, when con- ‘ruc of the Northern Perimeter Highway (BH210) Dogan, when large depois of uranium and cassiteite in tal hunded Indians ded fom dean introduced bythe Uighway workers Between 198 nd 1978, twelve propos lt caling forthe establishment of Yanomam ind area tree submited fo FUNAL On every ocaslon, FUNAT ignored or rejected these. proposals despite. wel ‘documented reports sbout cones between Indlans sd propectors ad the alarming spread of Svat such a: lara, messes, nisensn, tuberelois and rier Binde ew (onchoerlas) Tn 13a rovp fcr, andropolois and pie ens in Sao Plo responded to this praveitation by ‘trengtspei commited the Common rte epee eee Creston of the Yanomani Indian Park (CCPY). The ‘ommiaion prepared and submited an page document tothe Brian Miner ofthe Interior. In ths document, the CCPY took sue witha FUNAL nitive terested ‘all snd discontinuous eserve areas for the Yanomami ‘Thecommission also madea proposal forthe delimitation te emo acre Yanoman Indl Park, Ths proposal srs bvlouly not an deal soltion othe problems feed "anomamt in theirabrpt contacts with outers It 4d, homever set om the condone within the feamework ‘of Bralion law which would enable the Yanomam! to ‘Strive physeally and esta and which would potet the ecology ofthe regio “nil appeared afte CCPY would besuecessfl {in convinlng the Brazilian government to bes egaly ‘ctablshing # Yanomamt Indian Park. When the park proposal was submitted to government authorities in ‘Tone 1979 the pola eimate was more open in Braz. ‘Numerous religious sient nd humanitarian ortank Zation in Brazil commited themselves the park pro- posal At the sume time, human rights and scenic ‘rganiatons thoughout the world offered thelr sup- port Most important there mara elativelysuppordve tmowphere ithe administration of FUNAL The pre ‘dent of FUNAT had entered office in March and he seemed tobe opento the iden of anthropologists, cleries, {nd Indian support organirations. ve tbecame sear that there mee powefal forces the Iniliary goverament who mere strongly opposed tothe {Stablishment ofthe park The most ffential of these forces were the governor of Roraima, who wished to ee ‘conomle development inthe tertory ‘Several federal depts, mho felt thatthe Yaomam ‘ther Indian props posed "ational secur" problem for Bear “Throughout the summer and fall of 1979, numerous verbal exchanges took place between Indian suppor ‘rpanzations and goverment agencies In which the Snomam Park propona wasskey clement ofcontenton. ‘Thetuation came toa headin November 179 when he president of FUNAT, who supported the park proposal Tnnounced his esgution. Im hi place, the government “ppolnted man who former served as dtectr of ecu iy‘and information for DOCEGEO, a subdir) ofthe ‘Vitedo Rio Doce Company (CVRD); state-owned mit- Ingcompans in Bran By the end of 979i other word, ‘Tooked very much sf the Brallan government, ile Droclaimingspoiyof"democrazation,”warinacuaty omit to hardline and repressive sunce on In stir ‘AS 1980 began, It aso became obvious that only renewed interatonal effort might convince the Bazan overnment to exableh the Yanoman Park. Throughoutthe fest fom months of 1980, stream of eleprazs and pions wae went othe government and the new FUNAT Fegime rom concerned indus and organizations throughout the world. Recognizing the strength of the International eampaiga om bebaf of the Yanomal Pare proposal and slwayesenstivetoltsimage abroad, FUNAT Satshed tak fore to reconsider the cretion ofthe park. Inthespring of 1980, his sk force submited ne Endsore comprehensive proposal fora Yanomam Tian Park to the Braiian Miniter af he Interior” Four ‘nonth later the minster promised hat the park woul be Crested bythe end of the year Inthe ensuing months, oweve, te actoos mee taken by the government ad it ts date tel ancertain whether the government Intends to etabish a Yanomami Park or not "Tee other trends have occurred nthe past yer which provide some might into the powsble are actions othe Balin goveroment with respect othe Vanomaml area Ft are deposts of gol, damos tniom have tron dacovered nthe Yanomar ‘Couto de ‘MagahiesUrariadandSants Ros. "Second, the Bra ian Miniter of te Interior has eld series of cso vith FUNAI, the Brann state of Foretty Develop: Then the Special Secretariat forthe Environment and the ‘Ministry of Mines and Energy about the Yanomaml are. ‘Tse dvnsions ve focaed onthe posit feta: Ishingamutpte-ase reserve on Yanomaml lands Fal, ‘during the past year Indian poly bas become increasingly ttre n ra Tn the ast yea, 60 Indian agents with many years of service the indian bureau have een i these agens have been assumed by 36 time, the FUNAT bureaucracy bas become much more ‘alone. Man lopleve decons are now beng ade ith the National Security Council and’ the National Taormation eric, whileloclfnetionsarebeng paced in the bands ofthe sate and terol governments In recent mouths, FUNAI has again proposed projet fr fovernment “emancipation” of Indian especialy of those Idan Tenders who have taken more ative and vocal stance on Indian fire. All ofthese changes wil have fxtremely adverse eects nt only forthe Yanomarn ut tbo for every oer tna group in Br “Asfarbatkas 176, the Anthropology Resource Center (ARO) brought othe tention af he international com ‘munity the serious human rights oltons that mere being ‘commited aint the Yanomaml and other Brean Indian tribes Since then, ARC hasekeased other reports ‘the Brian Ina si ing the document tion Publhed jointly with Survival international of London ‘The purpose of this report isnot only to inform the International community about whal has happened to the anomam since 197, but also fo put out another call for sion om beh of te rights ofthe 15,000 member Yano ‘mai mation. This report isa eal for ation nat eas 0 Senses First, calls upon the Beanian government To {Hits promise of 1980 and immediatly begin the ro. ‘ess ofestblshing a secure legal and adequate land area {or the Yenomami. Secand, calls upon peoples and ‘organizations throughout the world andespecally afta ‘gence sucha the United Nations and the Organization ‘of American Stat to recognize that ifation isnot ken Immediately, dhe Vanomam tke so many oter Indian ‘ations in Brazil and thoughout the Americ, wil be ‘onderned to death, “he iret document in ths report was presented sev dence by ARC to the Fourth ustell Tribunal on the Rights of Indians othe Americas held in Rotterdam (Hol. ind) in November 1980, 1 dscibes the processes Of {enacideandand expropriation that have been unleashed Spans the Yanomaen sce the early I9TOL Asa member ‘ofthe United Nations, the Bran government has re ‘ognized that genocide serie under International la, ontraryo the rapport and design of he United Nation Sd condemned bythe cvlaed word." The Intent, which forme part of the deliniion of th under Arie 2of the International Goce Convention, ‘becomes rather academic when Ht realized that te failure of the Brain goverment to provide terior Drotecion forthe Yanomarl te face of highs, Ing and coloniration programs has ed to the deaths of ‘ueroar members af there Init inal report the ry of {he Fourty Remsen Iipena recognized te eres sa tion ofthe Yanomamlwhoss 10,000 oso people in Bra ‘ee the high probabilty of genocide woes medi protecivenetionistakenbyfederalauthorties of Beal at Ie highest evel” ‘The 1980 proposal forthe ration ofan Indian Parkin ‘he Bazan errtory of Rorsima andthe state of Amazo™ ‘us recognizes te imminent threat of extermination tat {he Yanomami people face asa maionl or ele yroup. ‘The purpose of this proposal isto sop the genocial process that have already been etn motion past he nomam and to provide these people wih the necemary celogeal and soca conditions fo surnve ‘The Yanomami Park proponal should alo be of interna sional concen because these peoples rights to practice {hel cltr, to speak tel anguage, and to matin thee | tional identity are being spstematially denied. Such ‘denial connttes an acto thnocde: a soaton of the ‘ring that indigenous peoples have the ight to exist as ‘inet people within the community of maton of the ‘word: Although ths right may at present bea moral one, ‘Sinerasingly gaining international recognition by agen- "A recent study analyes the soca, economic, and cu (oral changes that hate taken lace among. Yanomami ‘ilages stated along the Northern Perimeter Highway Ud Compare them with treiional ways of Hel hose ‘poe Fa Sian oo Rr fo Actas Roa ariage located deeper inthe forest. According to his rami changes have rested fom the estroton along the highway and the tion of modern trade goods. Large numbers of {rest animals were kl by highway worker from 1974 to 1976, and now the Yancoarl ving in tear ae int ices mach and for sale gene than In ‘the past Furthermore, the Yanomaml ing along the Uighny hve ch et ate protean thee ‘hore who live inthe forest. These evronmenaly cor nomi, and nuional changes, in tar, have severely ‘Gamaged traditional Vanomarl patterns of sharing abd ‘acpi, The nian ind ha they cat share their Seate ame fish and rls withall members fhe ile fe hence they either honrd thei product or dsb them only within the conjga family “The Vanomaml along the highway are abo becoming more dependent on Brain goodsandlosings great deal tt thelr technological autanoms. Because the highway et place where the Indianscan obtain Wester goods, tar {est sppeal tothe Yanomans, Small groupe wil fen feavel for days along the highway inorder to barter or be {or goods from Brasilia farmers snd seers, Socologe cally, these highway villages are becoming, more fap- ‘menie and staring fo resemble Brian peasant com abled forthe {OS tilometers of the new highway ln 1981 ‘atonal integration, which hs aren taken place ine ‘ral othe Idan area, il lend othe forthe wndermi san eretocal adaptations sonoma een ‘omy, and eltra inter ‘Obviously, there are comping politcal and economie reasons why the Brian government has not provided poste protection fr the Yanomarl and other Brann Taian tbe. As we have argued elsewhere, Idan polly Isshaped and determined by the larger economiedevelop- ‘ment polices of the miliary goverment of Beal” In ‘eeen years, Bra as sceumulatedam enormous interns" ‘onal deb, which t present x more than $5 billion: One ‘ofthe responses that the government has made to this debt ‘Shuaton isto increase ft interest in exploiting the ich Incr timber and agricultural sources ofthe Amazon region. Above all the governments interested in develop” ing certain strategie resin the Amazon n order to gn {oeign exehunge caring (serves huge interno "The Sera dos Caras region Inthe state of Pak is one ofthe major areas where development ir aking place at present Businssjounasindeate ha therearemore than Hi mineral projects and several april schemes planed for this reglon ata otal oso oer $30 bilo [Besides iron ore, which wa the man reaton for opening op {he Seren dos Caras, tere are large eserves of baie, copper, casei, ou ete manganese and goin tit tegion. The Brazan government hoping thatthe vast ‘wealth of the eglon wil lend to mafor investments onthe par of ransoatona corporations fom Japan, Germans, Betgum, aly, England, and the United Stes. Much of {he lnrastructre fr this projec, Incuding ralvays and Iydrosetie facto, has aready been bal. Bra as also set is sights on becom major ex: porter of god, Last Mag, a huge gold rsh occured in the Serra Pelada region of Park AMter four months, over 2000 pronpectors working nthe region had divoverod ‘more than 36 tons of gold. Origa, the government hoped that these immense gold acoveris woul lp to ‘ay fork growing international deb. In eal, bowever, {he government has received minimal return from the ‘Serra Pelada finds and more than 60 percent ofthe profs Inne ended up inthe hands of onyx dozen prospectors. "A few months after the Serra Pela deconeries the government also began to simulte the opeing up of ‘ther areas for gol prospecting icoding the terry of ora, ln 1975 large depos of wan andesite ‘rere covered the Yanomamlare. Further dacoveres ‘told, lamonds and tani were made on Yanomami landsin 1979 and, in ate 1980, huge gld rsh occurred in ‘he Urarca River bese, where over 00 Yanomae ve Potential the whole Ynomamiareacouldhave the same ‘economic interest for Brazllan planners asthe Serra dos (Coajs has oday- Infact, appear as one of the main reasons why the Branilan government has fale oa on the Vanomaml Park propolis because t want to ensure the sptematie and rapid development. of the tineral ‘esoutes ofthis elon without the burden of having to protet Indian sources and lan "To date, most mining actives inthe Yanomaml aren haye Deen carried ot by inva prompetory although {CVRD sid TCODI a alla of Beton Sel come uct geolgieal exploration inthe aen in 197618 1978 ‘snd1973, sella of CVRD als recived thre, the: ‘ea authorzation for mineral exploration inthe Yano. ‘marl aren from FUNAT and the Brallan Misty of ‘Mines abd Energy In he future, we ean expect greater involvement by state and multinational mining companies (on Yanoman lands If this happens, the impleations for ‘the Yanomami peope wil be serious: ‘Malinatonal and wateowned mineral corportions are no more socal and environmentally benign than vidual prospectors on Tndan ands. These companies inthe busines of mating money fom the exploration, ‘Production, and marketing of minerals. Moder mining Projects are based on large capital and technologleal fnvesiments and have + powerful tendency to create cncne eos. ghey alse ‘ort facies are tualy ssocited ith {hs drvlopents Boom tons sping up aroend wining ‘etlement: Land reclamation seldom ake place; ven {here sanntrest int no one knows howto reclaim land under opin afore condoms. In oer areas of the ‘word, such as Ansan and the western United States, ‘ese projects have wrenked havoc arnong indigenous peo: les To condone such mining on Yanomamllands would Slow the groundwork tobe et forthe nal destruction af ‘he Yanomam tbe.Despite these condtionsand threats, thera ao some postive signin the Vanomarl station: Following year {F planning and negotstion with FUNAL, the CCPY ‘Disined authorisation fora vacination project, among the Yanomamt The ist phase of ths priet mas ondacted between December 1980 and March 1981 and ‘na financed by grants from the Norwegian ané Danish fovernments. Following these ‘nial fel surveys the ECPY and the International Work Group fr Indigenous Aft TWGIA) panto cary out longer-term program ‘medial and community assistance forthe anon ‘The current vacintion project sparta vial forthe 4500 Vanomaml ofthe Seracacerepion who have already ‘aperenced the fist eal effects of uncontrolled contacts ith nineral prospectorsearrying dene, Fr thisreason, {he vacintion program sa major prorty ofthe COPY at ‘he present time. “Another hope signi that the 7.50 Yanomarl Inc ‘ans ving in Venezuela ae now receiving the strong sup ort of anthropaogia! organizations in tat country. Ths ‘Suppor includesinvestigationsfora medical program and 1 large reere that would garane the Yano ight {o lind, natural resoores, and thir tradiionl culture, ‘The Venezutan Yanomami ke tele Baca his and neighbor, are hrestened bythe peat of iver lind nes, mineral explotation, government integration poll ‘dey and the activites of evangelical missionary organi ‘ions, such asthe New Tiber Mision, Obviowsy as the APS team recommended in 1973, some sort of cording tion wl be necessary To inte te physial and eure tegriy of the Yanomart on both sider ofthe interna ‘onal frontier International organizations arealio aking an increas Interest nthe ease ofthe Yanomam. In August 1979, the ‘Sn Slavery Society of Lonnimade amoral neenion ‘on behalf of the Vanomamt before the United Nations Suicommission on Prevention Dscininaion and Pro. {ection of Minories in Gener. More formal documents tion fr his UN subeommiesion ha slo ben prepared by {e Information Group on American Inds of the Society of America in Fran ‘December 1980, the American Anthropological ‘Assocation, the Anthropology Resource Center, the Indian Law Resource Cemter, Survival international sd Survival International USA prosented formal complaint {ied “Violations ofthe Homan Rights othe anoreat People in Beat” othe Inter-American Comes ot ‘Human Rphs ofthe Organization of American States: A ‘apy of his complaint sncladed among the documents in {this eport Inthe fatre, Is hoped tha her organi ‘ons uch as the International Lengue fr Haman Rights the International Labor Organization wil cones the ‘Yanomamt cave. These ations could have an important tffect in guaranteeing Yanomamn and other Brain Inlans ight ander interaational lam. "Finally since the i190 enormous srdeshave been takenin the formationotponerflndiznoss movement oth within Braz and throughout the wor. The prowing Brazian Indian movement recrined mordideatemion hen several Indian leaders from the Amazon tet with Pope John Paul Ton hs vat to Manas in Daly 980. Crenty there are over 30 pro-Indian suppor groups raz anew national Inlan organization, «monthly Indian newspaper called Prandin, anda wide network of ‘concer rom profesional asrodations und chr groups ‘Oneat the mos ust vervies hat peoples throughout he sword can provide the Yanoma, beds continuing to stave off government repression and land expropriation. Tobeipettapath between the Yasorami and a] ‘and interational ndigenow movement. ‘Article, Section I ofthe International Covenant on ‘Civ and Potteal Rights rene Allpope have th ig of -etermiain By vu oft Satterlee pea! ats any uae ‘Simply stated, we bebeve that thie wile shoud be the fandamental guiding principle behind the present cam ‘ign om bea ofthe Yanomam sour hope tha he Aocuments contained a this report wl courte to the ‘continuation of hs eampaign ~Shelion 1. Davis ‘Robin Wright May 1981 aINDIAN ARCHIPELAGO,” “NATIONAL RESERVE,” OR “INDIAN PARK"? AE FATE OF THE YANOMAMI PEOPLE: ] ‘The Anthropology Resource Contr submited iis documenta the Fourth Russel Tbnal on Righs of dias ofthe Americas, held Roverdam, Hola, rom 24 to 30 November 1980| Enc BACKGROUND Traditionally the Venom laians have occupied large ares of tropical rain fore along he Borde between Brasil and Venus In Bra, they ive dispersed in at est 200 viages, witha total population of approximately 10.00 people: Thee population s equally large in Vene- “Tere is no doub that he Yanomami have occupied this area continuowsly and fo avery long time; in 1787, the Poruguese Boundary Commission repstred their pes ence inthe ren “The Vanomami practice a ype of intermittent noma divm. Their socieconomic sytem cannot exist without ‘eryextenive arse of lng, Al oftheir lags maintain Frequent contact for the exchange of goods and mariage alliances. Their agit system demands rotation of roplands, and theirhunting. hing and yatherngatv- tired extensive area of tnd to alow for sol egenera- ‘Son andthe replenishment of fauna and Mor Comics SITUATION “Te Yanomami are the largest Indian nation n Bratt ‘maintaining their adtonal may of fe. Since 1974, how ter the physi and ealtral integiy of the Yanoma ave been threatened by the eustomarypaticpats nthe “Grama” ofthe Indians, The Yano wil be aved fom ‘he diate which has track so many Indian poopie only ‘immediate and effective measures ar taken to create a tuned and suffilent and area toalow theo eatin ‘ra and economic cohesion, ‘The principal evens inthe brutal comact thatthe noma have had with Brain sci are desrbed eon 1973/1974 — Toe Northern Pesmeter Highway (R210) ft through 225 lilomeer ofthe southern prt of Yano ‘har troy inthe Federal Testy of Rorima, The Consequences ofthis penetration into Yanomam lands ‘wee a follows 1 Along the Fit 100 Ktometers, 14 Yanomami vilages vere practically deviated a a el of conte! wih the highway workers of the Camargo Conta Construction Company. Thee workers were reeruted without aay Alte to evaluate systematically the diseases which hey tight have carted Today, the remnants ofthese Tnians fe dispersed in sell family groups along the oad, ‘reduced to prostitution and subjected to sjstematic ethno ‘de. They have een infested hy divete and slr the ‘lect of aleshol given to them by lea lmbermen and logeers. Tis aren neighbors the Ajrani River where he Bratlan National Indian Foundation(FUNAD maintains Win the Upper Catrimani repion near kilometer 14, two measles epidemics kled about 80 Yanomam inthe Space of three ears According to the misionnis who assed the Yanomai, in the three years which followed ‘he consracton ofthe high cases of fceous disease Among Indiansincresed eightfold. Numerouscases of tuberculosis and venereal disease were also reported 'mone Ina ofthis eon. ‘m'The Yanomur ofthe Ajeani River region had an «estimated popsaton of 0 peepleinthe 160" By 1974, ‘hey were reduced o 102 individuals nd by 1975 1979 People 2 The Yanomami of the Mucajai River region have ‘neresed in number in the hst 20 years asa rll of ‘stematc asitane given totem by aroun of mision es of the Uncvangelzed Feld Misions ( MEVA), Never- theless, because of contact with white stlers along he male Mocajat River who hire Indian labor, cases of {berculoss and venereal ditcases have ben regiered. A large numberof eaves of river Dindnes (onchocerias) have ls bon repre. 1975] 1996 ~The publication ofa geological survey bythe RADAM-BRASIL projct started a "rus to mine cas tent inthe Sera do Suracucu region of Rovima. More than 50 placer miners invaded Yenomams tertory, po. ‘aking Situation which became as serious a hat hich Fotowed the nia constrstion the Northera estar swore, the presence of mining campsin the region ed to pial conflicts betwen Indians and tints The missonaries who worked in the ar de ‘ouned the murder of Indians who insisted on remsining in the region ofthe mining ste. The federal sathoritie Ro AW‘nly intervened by orderings halt to mining activites in the Indian area, and by alg for the evacuation of the miners Atte tame tne, however, the authorities had lready acceped requests for prospecting permits from lange companies interested in operating in the region in 1975, the National lstiute of Colocation and ‘Autasan Reform (INCRA) andthe Secretary of Agriel- lute of Roraima created the Projecto Fundivio Boa Vista (PERV), Part othe Polamazonia Program fr farming tnd cate ranching, thi projet eed nthe penetration ‘aditonal Yanorouu lands inthe Apia, Ajaaa and Macaat Rivervale 1977 — The “Roraina Cate Raising Disict™ was panned tothe west ofthe Rio Branco as far as meridian 2" W in the county of Caracal The dist consis of ‘worepions(Glea A Vand Glebe Caracar and coversan fea of 00.00 nectare divided into 46 lots of 2,000 ‘The demarcation ofthis catering area represents 8 ve violation ofthe sights of te Yanomam! Indians 10 ‘Gleba 4 I paca overlap the Masha which was dzcured 10 be “occupied by Yenomami Indians” by FUNATitsetf (Deere 477)N)* Ta the southwestern portion of Glebe Carecra thee ace several Yanomami villages that, allbough known FUNAI, ave not had their ans desarcate. Inthe northwest portions of Gleba AJ aad in Glba Caracol near the Apins River, there are also Yano adians. These Indias ive emong setlements a cate ranches sled established i the area. Thee lands ave ot been demarcated nor do they appear in the final FUNAT survey report of 197, Inthe northwest portion of Gleba A and in Glebe Caracara, in the upper Apia region, anatea which bas been known to belong t0 the Indians was rkasd for Colonization before beng surveyed by FUNAL and with the knowledge ofthe Indian agency" Te the region between the Ajrani ang Apia Rivers in Roraima, 198,000 hectares of land previously ocupied bY ‘Yanomami groupe that were decimated by contact with whites during constuction of the Norhera Perimeter Highway have Bee plied nthe april pojess ‘mcaoned above’ The survivors i hi repon have Been svenan area of 35,400 bears, the so-called Ajraniaen 5978/1980 ~ DOCEGEO, ssebsiiay ofthe Vale do Rio Doce Mining Company, established i fist amp inthe Sera do Surucuou in Roraina, in order to prospect for caster, previously exploited by placer miner. The Surocact region the area wih he geatent concentration of Yanomami — about $00 to 60 Indians, mos of ‘rhon ace tl ulated from contact with whites Mineral prospecting conducted by DOCEGEO was ‘erminated in July 1979 but a September be iegaleatry of placer minerst Couto de Magalies ner the Serra do Sutucuce) was reported. Approximately 300 Indias ive Inthisatea A nev ifluara epidemic broke out at Couto de Magalies and taveled rapidly tothe Yanomami of 1s February 1980, 30 placer miners from the State of Park ivaded the Couto de Magalies area i search of sold, Fearing repercussions, FUNAL had them imme Tp May I980, the Ministry of Mines and Ener gave nineraleonesions to wo mining companiesintrested in Prospecting for ttanium. The president of FUNAL de ‘Shred in August thatthe sme concesions had been Ts the Maturac repon, about S00 Yanomam Indians ere contacted by Salesian misionares athe 1930s BY 1978, ony 150 of thet Yanomam were ound bya rescue team ofthe Brzian Air Forse, Tete surivorswereinan ndvanced stage of malnutiton and had been conati- ‘ated by tuberculosis, paeumona and malaria —ISTORY OF DECLARATIONS AND PROPOSALS 19681980 — The prospect of rapid economic occupation ofthe repionand the consequent heat hat tis presented forthe Vora iedto several propoalsand dearatons regarding the demarcation of Yanomam lands The im ‘ofthese proposals was to guarantee the Indians hts 10 the pssrsionand oocupetion of theirlands Between 1968 land 199, 1 proposals and/or declarations were submit government, but to noaail” To date, the prob lem of Yanomams Inds bas not Been resolves, W lathe FUNAL document No, 946 of 12 June 1968, the director ofthe Ist Regional Inspectorate of FUNAT ‘ecognied a adi land the tevitory betwee the Pia term Falls om the lower Catriman an the eadsaters of the Carian and ie ebutares. 1s December 1963, anthropologists Kenneth L and Aleiéa R, Ramos submited a proposal forthe erea- tion of Yanomarai Park tothe President of FUNAL 18 0n 13 and 14 July 1969, Taylor and Ramos suppe- ‘mented her ial proposal with information aquired {rom the minsionris of the Catrina Mision 1 La March 1969, the bishop of Roraima requested the creation of « Yanomami Indian Park, in document No. (9 adresse othe end ofthe It Reso Inset rate of FUNAL 1 In 1969, Minister ofthe interior Jont Cota Cava ott submited draft of «doco forthe cretion of & Yanomami Indian Park tothe President of the Republi General Arius da Costa e Siva. The decree was pob lished, asan unsigned draft, bythe Ministry ofthe Interior and the President of FUNAL in Novernber 1972 the Bishop of Roraina again requested the Indigenous Council of FUNAT take steps forthe eration of Yanomac! dian Park. ‘In Apail 1974, Father Joao Batista Safir, the ead ofthe Catimani mission sobmited another roposafora ‘Yanomac! Pur, witha anexed topographic sty, to the President of FUNAT Tn 1975, the Yanomami Project — a. FUNAL contacted project unde the direction of Kenneth, Taor TOK LY— proved fora study forthe creation of a Yenoman Park ‘in May 1996, anthropologist Kenneth Tylorsentto FUNALa “proposal forthe core and appropriate dem station” of Yanomam! lands, 1 In Api 1975, the Rorsima Does atthe request of the presdentand the delegate af the 10th Reponal Distt. of FUNAI Sr Juliane Escdsisof COAMA-FUNAT Submited another proposal forthe demarcation of an Indian Reserve inthe Catriani River region, ‘@ On 11 August 1978, the Roraima Diocese, following ‘contact with FUNAI pessonsl, presented another prop al designed to carifyand complete the proposal of April fhe same yan in May 1979, General Democito Soares de Olvera — the coordinator ofthe Amazon Divison of FUNAI— submited a document to Geer lamar de Araijo Ol ‘ia the Presideatof FUNAIL suggesting demarcation ofS separate Indian areas in Remain, This document ‘erates from tie undertaken incliboration withthe ‘Unevangetzed Feld Masions(MEVA). 18.02 28 June 1979, group of Bravian tiznsptit- ned Sr Mario Andreazz, Breilian Minister ft Inte- flor and De Adbemae Reise da Sv, the president of FUNAI 9 rete a I6milion sere Indian Patk forthe ‘Yanomam The group, terknownas the Commision or the Creation ofthe Yanomari Park (CEPY), also eged {he government nat with greatest urgency avacina- ‘on program forte Yanoma Indians ‘Win February 1980, atthe suggestion of FUNAL super- intendent Dr, Pero Ftorella workgroup was organied to prepare the mont resent propor forthe eration of Yanomami Park Under the advice of De Fatoreli, this prepoal was designe fr allesiting Yanomam villages, Incloging those tout ofthe originel CCPY proposal AS ‘eau the aes ofthe Yanomaai Park was tbsantally ‘neresed The official FUNA document urges an area of 2S-ilion acres forthe Yanowsaci of Bra ‘As demonstrated above, the history of the Yanomami Pack proposalsover the years as beenauniquesaga- Unt ‘eda. ao solution to the nd problem has been exept andeach one has disappeared insome obscure government ‘misty. The 1979 proposal has recived the greatest sesount of atention and pubis, bee of sywtematic fampaign folowing is presentation to the Brazlan Suthosites. The 1980 proposal infact ithe direct rel of ‘consistent national and aternatonl campaign involving many Western ations. Even though officals of the Ts tory of Roraima have intensified pressure gains the park proposal, Miniter ofthe lterior Marlo Andreazza as manifested the governments wilingnes to sek solution {othe Yanomami question. What, though, dosthis offical ‘lution ent and what wil bet posible consequences forthe Yanoma?| Inthe face ofthe accelerated invasion of Yanomamilans, TFUNAL issued four dees in 1977 and 1978 (decress 477/N 808/812) and813/N),desarng several arene in the Federal Tertory of Roraima and the State of ‘Acozonas as being “f Yanomari Indian occupation” FUNAT nttiveresuled inthe administrative delinita- tion of 2 Indian areas al of therm quite smal and all separate from each other Maay people have referred #2 this nitive a the "anor archipelago.” “The proposed rerveararcreumse groupings of vitges and leave between them open corridors wich wll Tastate the surrounding of the Yanomami by colonia tio fronsand te subsequent encroachment ofthe Indian ‘areas by white seers Thee reserves will multiply the possibile of conflict and erate situation which the torts wil find impossbe vo control "The scheme for ducontinuous parece of Yanomami lands is not only harmful because it will feitate the ‘surpation of Indian ands, But ts also inviale forfour Fst to reserve forthe Indians only those aeas whieh Include heir dvelings and immediate surroundings ito deny them, inthe short ran aces tothe age areas which te ended fr their hunting. ahig, and gathering acti ‘Se. This preven the Indian from continuing this ype ‘of intermitent nomadisn and wil adv the ecological ‘epletion of thee surroundingsand the consequent egen- tration ofthe ol faunal, ad flora esoures Second, the fragmentation ofthe Indian lands wil ead to the rapid destruction oftheir undiional subsistence system. Tnolated in ecologically depleted areas, the Indians lle redced 03 tation of total economic dependence (on the ational society. The solution tat FUNAT has {ound in the delimitation of 21 discontinuous areas dies pects the provsionin Arle? ofthe Indian State which Sass hat "possesin by the Indian eld o mean flee tive occupation ofthe land he hol in accordance with ‘val usages, customs, and wadionsand on which elves for exreaes an aetiyindiapensable lo subsistence oF sconomie ity" “Third, tentablchdaconinuou res lated by open coriors sto jeopardize, if not prevent, tbe economic, {remonial and marrage exchanges whch ae essed to ‘he maintenance ofthe wcial dynamic ofntervilge ra tons and thowe between st of villages, These dynamics are fundamental feature ofthe cohesion of Yanomarnl Society. This solution aso contradicts Article 2, VI ofthe Tadian Statue which sates that inthe process fintegra= tion of the Indians into the national community, the eobe- son of the tative communities and thi eultial values,‘eadition, usages, and eastons” must be respected” Finally to break up the Yenomar terry will mul tpl the points of contact with national society and, asa ‘comequene, thers of ransmision fines diseases Such as meskes, tuberculosis, and influenza whieh are Teta to these Indians. The dispersal ofthe Indian areas ‘sl alo make it more aiffout to establish an adeguate progam of medical assistance a recogaied in Desee No. 58,824 1965, which isintnded to ful Arce 2, heme {and ofthe international Labor Organization Conver: tion 107 on India and tribal populations. To garaate fen moze the health situation of the Yanoman, the fncroachment in and eclogcl depletion of thir lands sillrapiy esl in chronic malnsteionand exapesrted pas iafestaton Meanwhile, the uncontobed invasion of Yanomami lands by placer miners and mining companies continue, (On 19 August 1978, FUNAI President General lsmarthde ‘Araijo Olver, signed treyear contact with three ‘ubsiasies of DOCEGEO fr prospectngia ten dllrent, lots im the Serra do Suracuou where more than 4000 ‘Yanomam live" On 13 May 1980, the Minister of Mines nd’ Energy signed another three-year contrac givog Drorpectng right atthe Serra de Couto de Magaliis, ‘ghboring the Sera do Surucucu, toro ming subs dliares: Minera Tapas Ltda. and Minerarto Guarda Ueda." Roan Congressman Hilo Campos pretend a pro Which advocate theremovelof el ldiaasivingalong the ‘orders of Brasil (Projet de Lai No. 2284)" In fet, ‘Campos propose relocating some 90.000 Tadians who Inhabit the rontier regions tothe interior ofthe county, ‘sing national security asa pretext. The Yanoma are Tncded among the 90,000 Indians. Congressman Helo Campo’ propa is lal enol the fre six months of 1980, FUNAL entered «new pase of “decentralization Decentralization means the transfer ofresponsibity for indiana trom the federal tothe sate and teroral goveraments I the states and termes, where local economic and landed interests re ‘most powerfl the indigenous population s totally val- erable. With this new FUNAL poly, the Yanomam wll bemore han ever at the mercy ofToclpoitians. At the sie tne, FUNAT ean comfortably lar isl of the responsibityithasas-tatr”of he Brian Indians. This I especialy true inthe Tercitory of Roraima, whic is Tis also Known that if and when the lands of the ‘Yanomami ar offidlly declared an Indian Park or “Reserve” the Yanomam region wil turn into 8 muti Interest aea over which several governnent agencies wll ‘have jursiton. FUNAI Prsdent Joao Carts Nobeeda ‘Vega delaed in Febrary 1980 hat oe ofthese sgrnies would be the Ministry of Mies and Energy.” ‘On 5 August 1980, Mico Andreaza further declared, uring publicized TV progam hata possible sotion‘o the Yanomami problem could te the reationofa“natonat reserve" national sere” would insure the preven of federal contol inthe Yanonar area. The eration of rational parks forest eserves, eoloieal sation, mineral reserves, andthe like areal designed predsly to insure fch a presence, especially when mitary ports a esb- [shed long the Bader. ‘The presence of thee governmental agencies in and of ituelf would not representa dangerous intrusion into the ‘Yanomamterstry. Theres the isk however tat ese reserves Would remain “eserves the tate and ater be declared areas of ratlonal Interest. In other words, @ “rational reserie” could become an area open Tor coo- ‘ome exploiation and would inevitably rest io the reking up ofthe Yanomnami nation, los of and spread of diseases and economic dependence forthe Indians ‘A mulinurest” of “naonal resere™, heefore, ‘ery iferent fom an “Indian Park” for which, by av, FUNAI isthe onl responsible body. In contast 10 a “rational reser” an Indian Park doesnot penerate con fetng interests between national agencies an the Indians ‘protection for the Indians so tht they can soniye ae 8 people Thconehsion, there ae sevealcrcial qestions rgard- ing the ature of the Yanoman 1 How mech tonger wil it take the Bzilan govern- mento demarate Yanomami las? Will thee be a unied tector forthe Yanomamt Nation, or wil tere be several reserves created within rmulvnierest area co-dministered by various competing Federal agencies? ‘= What frm wil this demarcation take and how just willie forthe Yanomai? 1 What will be FUNAIs role inthe decision-making res egrdig his demarcation? im Wil FUNAI have equal decion mating power with the other governmental agence interested i the matral ‘evoutes of the Yanoma terior”? fs “mult porpone”reere or reserves is created, Instead ofan exclave Indian Park, how much longer wil ‘he Yanowam remain the large unaceatarated Indian ‘ation sil surviving nthe Americas? oVion (OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE YANOMAMI PEOPLE IN BRAZIL | The following communication was submited on behalf ofthe Yanomai people tothe Iner- Amarian Commi Human Rights ofthe Organisation of mera States by the American Anthropological Asocation, Anthropology Resource Center Indan Law Resource Center, Survival International and Survival International USA in December 1980 ‘Some minor editorial changes have been made in the orignal document ekch no way ater contnt.is complain being ied agains cetin sete ofthe Brasian government on bel of approx Imacly 10,00 te 12.000 Yanomazi Indians ving inthestatof Amazonas andthe Federal Terilory of Roraima in northern Bari The treatment of the Yanomam! Indians by sone sects of the Balan overnment and by prt individuals and corporations Acting concer with these governmental agence violates, ‘epioaland international iegal commitments which Brasil has undertaken Brazil is subjet to the urisdietion ofthe Inter-American Commision on Human Rights by vit fit membership the Organization of American States (OAS) Ae member ofthe OAS, Brazil ir obliged to respectand gusrantethose ght whienareenumerstedn {he American Decaration ofthe Rights and Dutie of Man. Amoag thos ght implicated in Bra treatment cof the Yanomae Indians are the right oie, iberty and Security of peson arti) thigh toequality beloetbe "aw artic ID the ight to reigiosfeedom snd worship (are If height toa residence and moveren (tile VIM the sight to pzeseration of hath ad well-being (article XD the ight tobasc cv right (aricle XVI and ‘he ight to property (article XXID, The Inter-American Commision on Human Rips nempowered entertain ‘his communication onder ates 18,19 and 20 of te sovering saute “The pat deliberations of the OAS and the Inter: American Commision on Husian Rights onthe probes ‘indigenous peoples reflect a special concer With the ‘ents ad thei ctzens. For example, in 197, the Com ‘mission found that ndigenows populations were ented, Under article ofthe Deslaraton equally under tea), to special legal protections beeabe thes have suleed severe discrimination, The Commision called upon net ter sates to “implement the recommendations made By Inter American conferences and Idan conference, ope ally the provisions of artel 39 ofthe Inter Ameria (Charter on Soci Guarantes which dealswith the protee- tion of indigenous populations” The sight of indigenous peoples to special protection under the law war srongly relfirmed bythe Commision ina resoltion adopted 1972. The Commision tated that special prtetion for Jdigenous population conta a acred commitment ‘of the nates” and exhorted tational governments ‘entourage thei offical" act with the pretest zeal in ‘etense ofthe human rights of indigenous persons, who ‘Should not be the objec ofdseiminaton of any kind.” Tn addition, the OASY Fine Year Pian on Inter ‘American Acton adopted 1979 etablshesasa peers or member states “the preservation and szengthening of ‘he cultral eng of teen groupe end "combating ‘hedlurninaton that invalidate ther potentilas human beings through destruction of thelr cultural idemtty and iniidualty a5 Indian peoples.” Ie ig lear thatthe OAS and the Intr-Amenisan Com- sisson on Human Rightsare commited tothe protection ofthe igs of indigenous populations. Thus, it appro ‘rine for the Commission to consider thiscommnication ‘on betalf ofthe Yanomamy Indians, As the ate ofthe Yanomaiso vividly demonstrates, palerefeamistent disregard forthe human rights of indigenous peepes Severely threatens tele suval EGAL STATUS OF INDIANS IN BRAZIL Bylaw al ons in Brasil havea sats of tutelage oF wardship. Under this status, Indian peoples Ink legal capacity with respect to cetain act andes ak the Polite and iil rights to which other ravine are tiled Tadlan peoples whe have been “emancipated” from ths stator are ened teal politica and iil hts ‘enjoyed by Brann izes under the national const tion Emancipalions gained upon showing toa court that {he petitioners 21 yeas a age or oder, knows the Ports ues language, haste sil to pecform a useful acy in ‘henational communis andiasa easonablecomprehen- Sr ofthe wsagesand customs of the ational community. ‘Upon release fom this wardship stats, Indians acquire full Tega eapacity® So far, no Indians have been The Indian Statute ao provides for emancipation of communis, in the folowing rms: ‘Mice ne nce nae ga ted ‘lite pep an ron has ese, ya cy mae te Although emancipation of communities is been pro- posed in several instances inthe past it has never Been ‘assed foray Indian communis, In general the rights of Braian Indians to thir lands are extremely inted and precarious. In many cass, the [egal protection forded Indiantands isp inadequate te prevent expropriation or impuirtent of Fights. AS 2 ‘ental rule, Brarlign lw’ docs not recognize in Indian eopetheright of any kindof ownership inte lands they teoup. Instead, de Brazlan Constitution provides hat allland occupied by Indiansbetongstothe Union’ Antic 198 ofthe Brazilian Consitution suarates Indians pet- ‘manent posession ofthe land they ithabitand recognise theieright tothe exlusive ae nd enjoyment (ast of is tial cesoures and of all benefits exiting theca ower this right extends only tothe “ops! weath= TL a i a oe anasubsoil wealth maybe sbjet o prospecting or mining by | thi partie unde leases obtained fom the governaeat > Indian people re ented toa share ofthe royalties derived from mineral exploitation onthe tnd SSUUPEM nice aracn on tenet he teat ree tp tnd pes ee Ahowph the Consitotion declares thatthe Indians" possessor ight shal be permanent, Brin nw permits ‘he government oexproprte india ands, Native lands are suber to “intervention” by the goverment “to work Valuable subsoll depots of outstanding interes for tional scunty and development” of or the sake of ‘aol security” generally o "to carry et pbc works ‘fnatonal development” generally" The governmental asthe power torsmove bal groups beets determi ‘hat an area must be exploited nthe nations ner. “The law authorizes the goverbment to st ase Indian landinvarious forms in order to provide greater protection {ora tital group. Land canbe designated aan Indian Reserve anindian Par, an Indian Farming Stems, sn Indian Federal Testor. However, where Indian pe ls presently occupy land, their right to possesion is ‘eeogazed ells evn the absence oa pc dems. Cation by the government The National Indias Fouadation (FUNAN administers the governments Indian pois and enfoees he Indian Statute, Creat in 1967, FUNALs under the diction of the Minty ofthe loteror FUNAT may gran the ight to mine subsol wealth on tribal posesions to hid partes fd hat the authority to call pon the Federal Police or ‘Armed Force to coopersteinsaguring the protection of ‘held occupied bythe Indians" Ingezeral, FUNAT has the esponiblity to defend Indian rights aginst ning men public agencies and private individual.” | "ACTUAL ALLEGATIONS ee The Yanomam Indians are the largest unacoukurated sroup of indigenous people in South Amerie, In Braz lone an estimated 10.00 to 12,000 Yanomaz ive inthe State of Amazons and the Federal Territory of Rovaia ‘They presently occupy anarea of [0-ilion hectares, cos- sisting primarily of topical rin forest. Until 1973, the ‘Yanomam lived in relative isolation from surrounding | sonladiaa commits nd, infect, many Yanomaat ad no contact withnon-Iniansatall I 1973, however, tion of federal highway BR-210, the Northern Perineter Highaay, whien passed directly through the Yanome tertoy (Gee map on pI). Subsequent the goverment began colonization projets which opened up substantial seas of Yanomam land to mining and cattle reneing. These ations, sanctioned and encourage bythe govern mont, have resulted ins massive invasion of Yoram Tands, soil esrpton of the Yanomam way of ie, and ‘As planned, the Northern Perimeter Highway transects the Woman weetory for 600 Hlometes From 1973, ‘then construction was bepun, nti 1976, when contrac tion wasted for economic soos, the Yanomai pop ‘uation intherepiondelne rascal. Alonathe Ajsrani [River where the road tosis, the population dropped om 4K tan entimated 102 people in the years between the fists and 1973, Axa diet rerlt ofthe invasion of ighvay workers, the population dedined from 102 in 1973 080 peopl in 1975." {A Brain anthropologist, who was present atthe Sime Ans in a state of misery, sickness and shock. The Indians fefasd to speak thir language, and they were Wearing ‘aged clothing given to them by highway workers and Infested with iflucaza, meas, obeeslos and ober dlscaes" "tons nt it Gp nage Ae‘According to Professor Orlando Sarmpaio Silva ofthe ‘aie of Par, the consequences ofthis massive pene tration could be sen 0 years ter: ioufctn fiona he Norms Rater igen af Serre ae cena eae ‘Similar conditions were reported the Carian! mis sion sation, jst thee Kilometers fom the new highway. Formorethana decade a group of talian Catholic priests had eon tying to prepare the Yanomaim for thet evens tual contacts with outsiders. When the highway seams tived in 1974, itor the Indian no the missonasies ttre prepared, tenes, ineluding tuberculosis and vene= res! Infections, increases eighifol in a period of 15, months, Then in 1977, asesond menses epoemi struc the Todas at Cottman ing 67 persons and creating ‘kaos throughout the eon” "Equally devastating hasbeen theextensive mining which the government has permite within the Yanomarn tri tory tn February 1975, tbe Brasiian RADAM project fepored radioactive mater inthe Suracucu repion of ‘Winonacantory in Maren 973.2 prospecorsasco= seed inredeponis of asterite (i). Ths epon contains 4 Yanotamt villages with an estimated population of 4130 people By ary 1976, nearly SOD miners were work ing inthe Sracaos region and aemed conflicts broke out, ‘between Indians and miners ovr sare food resources, ‘Akhough considerable quantities of cassenite Were rind, FUNAT didnot verk compensation forthe Yano Irani or did sek share of the mining profits as is ‘equiredinartle 5 of the laian Statute FUNAL i not, take stepe to proven disruption of Yanomams eommsni- ‘ero potest he egal ight ofthe Yanomam toposes ‘on af theirlands, Insdtion, FUNAL failed vaccinate the Yanomar!agunet infections dieses introdvced by the miners By 1979, swolare mineral companies wereknown tobe ‘ondoting mineral sure inthe region, ary in 1980, ‘rasan emspaperrepored ha more thas 3.000 mess ‘vee wing in the frontier town of Boa Vt in Roraia {for government authorization to ivade Indian lands, In “Marc 180, reportedly wth the bei ofthe Governor of Roca, diamond aod gld mines iegally etered the Couto de Magalies area, inthe southern Sector ef the ‘Ynomanertor casing major pier among ‘ne ester of Yanomam wilges "On 13 May 1980, the ‘razian Minis of Minesand Energy issued twosuthor~ ‘nation allowing srveys forte eiaeral tanium inthe (Couto de Magakacs region” These authorization were ‘made in compete secrecy and ignored the existence of at teat six large Yanomaml lagers the region 0 be explore.” ‘Recent information basalio disclosed hat the President of FUNAT authorized thee subsiiavies of large Braz lia miner company, DOCEGEO, to survey andcondvst prospecting nthe Sera do Suracue egon io 1978, This {uthorzton valid until August 1981 Meanwhile, the invasion of Yanomam ands by plaer-miners comes Pree reports indicate that 3,000 pacer nes searching for gold have egal invaded the Uraricd sepin inthe ortheasternsetorofYanomsam testy Thisars, with 2 population of approximately 500 Yanomami,sr20g- rted by FUNAL being Tian lands, according to 8 Aocument of 1977 (Porta, $5-N, 29 May 1978)” "A third jor threat othe Yanomami has ben colon= zation projets. 01975, the Natal laste of Cloniza- Yionaad Agrarian Reform (INCRA)bepana development projet which bas bad adverse fests on Yanomams com ‘iis, Designed primar to benefit smal ranchers this Drjet has reeled inthe lst of mich Yanomazn lads, {ie dslocationand disintegration of Yanomamicom n= tis epidemigs of measles and malaria, nd astances of Not only has the Bearlan government fale to pro~ tectthe Yanonaml agains the invasion by oir, but ving within the boundaries of new crested natonalland ‘On’ June 1979, the Pico da Nebina Nasional Pak was created ia the State of Amazonas (See map on p. 1). In 0 Instano dors the document creating this Park mention ‘measures tobe taken forthe protection af the 2,000 Yano mami Indians who inhabit this eon. Two Salesian mis ‘Sonar loated in thsarex: one, on the Maturacs Rivera tnutary ofthe upper Cauabors River) with 340 Yano~ tam Indians and the othe, the Maraid River with 11500 Yana! Indians, According to data reported by theregionl delegate of FUNALin 1980, wo FUNAI posts (one permanentand the other sporadically functioning) are Jocated on the Maik and Is Rivers wit «population of spproximately 300 Yanoman Indians” ive hundred Yanomami ved in the region of the Maturach River when they were contacted by Salesian issonaies between 1925 and 1940 In 198, members of the Baoan Ait Forecestimatedthat there wereabout 150 survivors of thisgroup vagina tate of malnutitionand ‘ulerag rom malarie, pneumonia and tuberculosis, Des= ‘nated by dines, some survivors of his proup fled fom Bail into Venevirla. The misionaies lege that thy Jack theconditions oattend to these and other Yanomsm ‘Util today, the Yanomami who ive fa from the mission ‘ae reat nie oan panache moma nes Wp AOL Ob ese Pa Ae (mabpe ee cma anh et oor aeseulement and FUNAT posts remain witout mesic! € URRENT SITUATION | —__J Between 1968 and 1979, antropologiss, sents and religous orgniations submited at ist 12 proposals 0 the Brain authorities for the estabishment of land reserve forthe Yanoram, The welts proposal of 1979 ‘asa diret response to the threats posed bythe consirae {onthe hight: extensive mining eties and co!oni- _mtion projets: Through 1979, however, FUNA ited 0 {ake sgnifant steps i support of these proposal Sally begun to ake new steps towards the cretion of an Indian Park forthe Yanomam Ae defied by Bazin law an Indian Parkis"an aren contained within and inthe possesion af Indians, whose degre of integrations su ‘ent o alow ceovomie, educational and sanitary ass lance bring pple to them by the agencies ofthe Union, wherein the lor, fu and natural seeney of thereon fre to be preserved" A goverment ask force Was ‘stable in 1980 to draw up the trteenth proposal for the eration ofthe Yanomamt Park, Oa? Apel 1980, te President of FUNAI resrived the proposal and, at this ‘moment, government authorities outed ofthe Ministry of the Interior are reportey tying "This mos recent proposals designed to guarantee the physical and clara rial of te Yanomamiby protect {ng thir beath, preserving the natural environment. gua ranteeng the control and protection of the region, and casing the conservation of atural resources, Recent developments in Brasian government poy, however, ender entremely double formal adoption of the proposel and thecrention ofthe Park rset forthinthe 1980 propos Ft, the President of FUNAT hime has delaed tht the Vanomarl Park, when created, would be consierabiy reed from the proposed limits st forth inthe 1980 proposal. The President has declared thatthe soma forestry and miners reserve. The Park wold be admin ‘seed bythe National Instute of Forestry Development C(BDP, the Miisty of Mines and Ener andthe Speci ‘Secretariat for the Envionment (SEMA) Iie posible thot two ofthese agencies IBDF and the Minty of Mines and Eneigy-— will beconcerned withthe develop: ment orexplotation of ata apures inthe Yanoma (Carey, IBDF bas wo proposals forthe Yanomass aces. The fr propos ifr the Pico da Neblina National Pack, which already exist and which makes n provisions forthe 2000 Yanomam ivingin the area. Theoretically. a national prkis concerned with he preservation of ate The second proposal fora national forest which can be sed for the Fate explosion of forest reserves." 'SEMA is interested in creating an eologiea) reserve wit ecologalstatons." Theelsthe possiblity however. inglnd coridorsand once mote ext up te lod are into several rerves. SEMA is an agency connected withthe Ministry ofthe Intron Iislinked to Bras Second Plan for National, Slentie and Technological Developmen, For polit! reasons, amuitisgeney contol was clay proposed sothat the Yanomam would no malta aut omy asa ditint people Stcond, th President of Bra signed decree on 17‘April 1984 pis decree will result in the transfer of much of fesourees etal deputy Helio Campos of Roraima — a “Third, fas twice the governor of the territory — has comtte fodment No. 1/63, Ariel 98). Fahermore, "National “cessions of public lands, installment of mineral tent would resolve the Yanomai land question by the ‘many ferent goverment agencies whose eter forthe deraation and administration of the area may not aratee that the rights ofthe Yenomar Indians are pected conceroed shat the Yanorara Pack proposal wil 8 Be ‘opted bythe Braiian government doe to polical ana feonomie presse to open the Yanomamtersitory #2 ‘ining, Theyare further concerned thatthe Pur may not usranee a united terstory and can rn the rik of being Subavied into separate areas tat, inthe alternative tbe Park established bythe Brain government wil be sul feient to guarentee the survival ofthe Yanomar people; that eilation wl be enacted authorising the vernoval of ‘he Yanomam from their tenitory;and that mining willbe permed in the Yanomari tertiary wihow adequate ‘Mepuards regarding the land rights and health of the -Pethiones att be following hua ight wlio “Theat some stor ofthe rita oveomen fermiing ining and highway consscdon within the ‘Enomamteretory in dep of Yonomam and ake consitiesvltion thant cqaliy before thenghtoa esdenc,thenghttobaneci raksandhe ‘nom walt Vill XVI aX ofthe Ameren Delton ofthe Rights and Dats of Man “The fire of he Brsan goverment to prot the Goa az pe i Fs Fagonia wren te gta Coy HEH Fda Ss Re Pon ane‘Yanomami agains disease caused by invasion of miners and highway construction teams comtituer lation of fhe right feandthe ight to preservation of health and ‘elhteing guaranteed bysrtces and XVolthe Amesean, Deslatation ofthe Rights ang Duis of Man, “The ale ofthe Bazin government to protet end fore the Yanomami rights possession of thir ids galas intrusion by miners, highway constuction teams ‘nd agricul colonists consiate a violation of the fight equality before the be right on residence, the right basic righ and the right to ova property a ‘guaranteed bythe American Declaration ofthe Righisand Dates of Man, The fale ofthe Brain government to ensue the sural of the Yanomami by creating an Indian Park for their benefit deprives the Yanomamt of the eight to.a residenetheright1o own property andthe pho prescr- ‘tion of healthand wel bengin violation artes VIN, XXIII, and XI ofthe Amersan Declaration ofthe Rights ‘nd Duties of Man “The fle ofthe Braiian government to prevent and ‘he complicity of Some agents of the government in the Aisiocaton and disruption of Yanomam communes one volition ofthe ight to fe and bert, the Fah toreligiosfreedom,therightioe since, eight fo preservation of felth and the ight o ows property. guranteed by aries IL, VI XI and XXII ofthe ‘American Destin of the Righs and Duties of Ma. (OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES ‘Under the provisions of article 20) ofthe Statute ofthe Inter American Commision and artis 29(€) and 34 of the Commission’ Regulations, the Commision may txamine certain communications allging violations of man sights only afer domestic legal procedures and remeds have bee duly applied and existe, “The preent complaint concersa “eneal rather than an*indveualeaseofaleped vilationinsfarasitrases broad poliey and fatal questions concerning Breas treatment of 10.00 t0 12,000 Yanomams Indians. I ght of the Commissions consistent prctice with respect 9 “genera” cates sce Case No. 1684, reported in the Annual Report of the Commision of 1972, Treny-eighth session 81620), the peitoners hereby equet hat the Commis- Sion waive the requirement of exhaustion of domestic Forter isa wel-etablshed principe ofinrermationa law that purported remote mist be Bath adequate and effective before the rl of exhaustion of domestic remedies ‘nay propery apps (Se atce 3 ofthe Regulations) A complaint isnot required to pursue remedies which are {ule or uveasonably prolonged. The avs an polices at Braid nt flr the poy or effective redrescf te ‘complaint of the Yanomams people on whee Beal this ‘Communications being ied. For over 12 earsthe Brez- Jan Nasional Indian Foundation (FUNAL) has refused 10 take conceteaction o protect the rights of Yanomami by ‘eating an Indian Park The eat to the survival of the Yanoiami peopleisseriousand immediate nnd petitioners fave no reason obelieve that FUNAL or any oterBrazi- ian governmental agency wil ak the nessa steps 10 Prevent the extermination ofthe Yanomemi- AM internal [deal remedy completely forsoved by the Venom ‘is egal dsabity or lac of capacity to sue or otherwise {set rghsin judicial forums. Administrative sd lei {ive effort to redress the Yanomam grievances have al been ute, This ese is thus appropriate foreonsderation bythe Inter-American Commission on Hunan Rights ELIEF REQUESTED. “The following ree is requested 1. That this commenication he considered by the Com sion nacordance wit the provisions of artis 22 through $5 ofthe Commision’ Regulations and art (e819 and 20 ofthe Comision State 2, Tht the Commision undertake an omaie investi vionto study the viltionsalleged herein asruthoried by atl 18(@ of the Statute and rile 41 of the ‘That the Commision pasa resolution urging the re tionof the Yanomam Parksnd anette soliton tothe appropriate government officals in Bras, por fant toate 8 ofthe State 4. Soch other rea he Commision deems appropiate Respect submited, 11 December, 1980, ‘Edward Lehman, Esseutve Director, American Anhto- ‘ological Associaton ‘Stton I. Davis, Director, Anthropology Resource Center ‘im Coulter, xzcuive Director. Indian Law Resource ‘Center Iarbara Benes, Director, Suva Internation George Krumblaae, Acring Posidem, Survive Inverna- tional, USA.i} Laws OF SUPPORT ON BEHALF OF THE COMMUNICATION ON VIOLATIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE YANOMAMI PEOPLE IN BRAZIL "Th olloming two lors wore ito x sapport othe OAS complain byte presidents ofthe Balla Anihropoogical Association (S20 Paulo, Bra)and Cultural Surv Ie. (Cambridge, Mass} Theyorereproduced here withpermision of the author. {ner American Commision on Huan Rights Organisation of American States {sth and Contaton Avenues, Room 133 Washington, DC. Dear Sts have become ance of the fll ext of the ‘Commusication presented to his Commission byfeorganinations who are disingsished inthe rights ofindigenous peopl, among whom isthe American “Anthropoogial Astodaton, and which sentiteVio- Intons ofthe Huan Rights othe Yanomami People” We sequst that you ge atention tothe allowing poets: W) The Brasiian Assocation of Anthropologie (ABA), through this ltr, endorses, in all specs, the factswhich he tve orpanizationshave bought forhinthe ‘Communication tothe Inter American Commission on Human Rights. We wishtoclafy, moreover thatthe fae, flieady known by the ABA. and Basin asocations Svhih reworking towards the creation ofthe Yanomam Tngian Park. We consider, sil hat an international at ‘sign on Beal f the cation of ths Park inthe way ‘Proposed by the Commission for the Creation of the Yanomam Park, eset so that this objective can be (2) One of the solutions proposed by FUNAL (The National Indian Foundation) ito establish an “arhipe Iago” of 21 "ands revered for the Yanomam, This represents iit put at elles, a parclarly powerful form of destruction ofthe soco-eltrl infer of the YYanomami. Sach a solution wil preveat the periodic smoverent of oa! groups and wl bring about the ces tion of matrimonial, economic nd ceremonial exchanges, ‘which arefundamena factorsfor the cohesion and epeo= Auction of Yanomam' sot. wil multiply the possbi- tier of indiscriminate contact between Indians and “c= zed people" creating opportunities forthe dsenation of epidemics and silence of all ort aphins the Yanoman. (6) The solation publicly sanounced by the Minister of, the Interior Mr Mario Davi Andrea in 1980 ist treat a lage Pak inthe aea, but 0 reserve init forest reas mineral areas, ecolgiea! ations and aens of en nmentl protection, Theseareas wll besubmited the Control of other governmental agencies and not FUNAL. In practice, thie means an even ester cision of the YYanomamitertory into “lands” closing access to the res which are destined for other purposes although, by {awa of he tritory inthe Pani he possesion and saa ofthe Yanomam fas For that reason its our duty to pas into the hands of this Commision & copy of recent publications of the [National Congress (the Hose and Senate) in wick tere appeat the amendments substuionsand opinions forthe {Lega Projet no. 2139°D, of 1979, which dal withthe creation of ecoloial stations, In sh ation (tile 7), Iuting gathering, fishing ee, are prohibited. Such ‘nvironmental protection wll prevent the Yanomamfrm ould conte a parla eleve strategy to fore the iegrtion” ofthese people What preoceupies us expecly is opinion no. 769, approved on 25 September 1980 by the Finance Commis: ‘Snfthe Seaute reported by Senator Raimundo Parente Tnclaed in tira st of the areas alse by SEMA (De Special Seeeait forthe Ensonment forthe implemen tation of eologe tations. Among these, the Marach fave, nthe Federal Teritory of Roraima, which parcial invades the Yanomam are, ‘Wehav information that hist wil be voted on inthe ‘coming month of March by te National Congres. Recalling, inal that unt the present moment no con ‘rte mod has been announced by the goverament to fuaranee the Yanomami their right to the lands they esas ‘We sign below, sincerely orice R. Durham ‘President of the Braslon Assocation of Ambropolgtts Te16 January 1981 Assistant Executive Secretary later American Commission on Human Rights ‘Organization of American Stats sth nd Conniation Ave, NW Room 133 ‘Washington DC 22180, Daar Mr Padi, complaint has bee ile by five organizations on behalf of the Yenomams Indians and against the government of Braz For more tan a decade the Brain government adits Indian ageney (FUNAI, ‘efusd to protect the basic man righ of he Yanomam by not erating en Indian park fr them. The Yanomemi sr wards of the sate, and not Braiian evens, cannot ‘ake cas in Brazil courts of law The writen compsint submited tothe Commision documents the sivation of the Yanomam om lar and conse manner We elev thecase presented supports the ‘elie quested inthe four points listed on pages 17 and 18 ofthat document However aditional information about the Yanomami case shoul be incided inthe complaint. Fst, FUNATS Shiltyandincination to protect ea Indians geacral FUNATIas developed to solve the Yanomam! ands ro Jem is inadequate. Ang third, pod miners have recently catered into areas wadiionaly cupid by the Yanomant Sod in large part incaded within the PUNAL 21 area proposal Teste points wll bediscsse brieinthis Jeter, with appropriate documents appended "Recent event, personnel changes and statements by high-level offical of FUNAL rae serious question a8 FUNATS ability or desire to protect Brazils Indians In ‘Appendix A,“ FUNAT and Indians Along the BR-366," (Catral Survva as atseed events witha FUNATinthe pat yur when more than 50 profesional Indianists were fred or esgned from FUNAL afer adeinistrative posts sere taken overby military personnel. There are 36:aI0n: ‘dein FUNATandat eet bal of them have come fromthe notorious Nationa! Information Service and the National Security Coun ‘Colonel 4oho Caste Nob da Veign was appointed Presiden of FUNAL in Int 179. Sine then, 38 Indian leaders ave been asatsinated and not one asain has tren brought to ta The following semen by Nobre da Vig, and other reports inthe Braaian press, ive an ‘ndiation ofthe Brain Indian tation 0023 Jane, Nobre da Veiga’ thathe knew nothing shout indians, botassered that "toadminter FUNAAtie ot necessary to understand Indians Mis only necessary 10 ‘derstand admintation” “Nobre ds Veignalzosatd:*A FUNAL taffmember, ‘more than anything, should act a a judge between two cultures, tat of the whstes and that ofthe Indians. When he begins t0 defend one side more than the eter he ‘becomes biased an for this eason undeiable™ “an Indian fom Aer signed statement that Nobre a Veiga offered him money te drop land elains his group ‘was puting forward ‘On 14 September, Nobre ds Veiga stated that, the biggest problem of the FUNAL is thatinthepastinnner bleareas were dered native areas without there having ‘benny consultation with interested parties suchas BDF (Grin sit of Forestry Development the National Department of Mieeal Production. DNER (National Highway Departmen), INCRA (Navona Insitute Tor Colonization and Agrarian Reform), andthe sate governments “Called to testy telore a congresionalcommitee 02 ative affais, Nobre da Vega characterized Article 198 of the Brana Consttution ay-eatremely violent, ard and implneabl"inite defen ofthe Indian righto tei ands {and sai that FUNAL was ying to Fesen its impact ‘Other top olin in FUNAI have held positons that ompromive ther effectiveness. Col, Cihbsio Pagan, Diretor of FUNATS Deparinent of Native Resources ‘many Indian areas Since he was ved, FUNATs fs 08 Indian lands are no longer available for publi ispection. ‘Colonel Tran Zan0ai Hausen, Dictor of FUNATS Deparment of Community Ping stated publi that “helndian Statuteisa book of poet ofeed the fantasies of eagheads."Intevewed on teislon, he said thatthe ‘dcrbanees within FUNAT were “provoked by itera: ‘ional communis ‘Brails attempts to setup land reserves forthe Yano ‘mam have ben beset witha numberof problems In June 1997, FUNAL, to determine setlement patter, began plans foran aerial survey of italy all Yanomam lands [mn Brzi. The survey, undertaken during the rainy season results, Photos showed some arasin gret detail while at Jeasttwoateas were otlly blank. One hundred and Sty vilges were lented on FUNATS maps, and 2! ares in Roaima and the sate of Amazonas wee then "delaedas areas of Yanomami Indian occupation” in a series of ‘ccec by te President of FUNAM (ee Appendix “The Commitee forthe Creation ofthe Venom Pack das wet thatthe FUNAA survey cried tin July 1977 “Tuffers oma serous echieal shortcomings (IWGIA 37 141) The Committee subetatiats this by sating tht1 tact, an evaluation ofthe rests of thi rey, shecked against other documents snd aguas the presen station ofthe Indian villages allows us ot out the following inaccuracies: 2) ayllages ocala the FUNAL aerial survey are fctertheless It outside the areas that have been detared ss occupied bythe odin. 1) a2 villages not incladed inthe FUNAL decrees have, however, been “mapped by the RADAMBRASIL Project (1995) Therefore, titer there were fake in the FUNAT survey, oF figiiant movement of malocs (ils), y the Indians inthe period of fv years Eitheralternative confirms the inadegusey ofthe areas decared by FUNATto be "occupied by Yanomam dias” 6) Deas were declared to be occupied by Indians Toctions bythe FUNAT aerial suey 4) S areas known to be Inlan areas were aot Sur veyedand/or declared oe copied by Indias. )suillagesbave moved fllowingthe FUNAT seal Survey and are now outside the areas declared tbe ‘ccupte by Indians, 13 FUNAI posts wee not mentioned ia is own seal survey ofthe are. ‘To conlade, the aren of at east 16 Yanomam vi lage have nt heen declared by FUNAT a beng ‘occupied by Indians (items “a” and “e"). Ths ‘presents B00 Indlans. or approximately 9.524 of| fhe population. Adding thee T6 village tothe 2 surveyed by the RADAMBRASIL Project and which were mised by the FUNAL Deeres, and Without takinginte consideration thoseaeas known to be Indl but aot surveyed by FUNAL, the nurier of Yanomam lef outie the ares declared {o be oceuped by these Indians represents bout 2900 Indians, that i, 452% of he popsltion, Even though ti is a approximation (aking ito account the possi hat the figure of 42 wlages tay mean, par, movements bythe Indians rather than survey tor) eases doubts about the re- ity of the survey cared oot which, gente fune damental importance ofthe mates is sfiient to sal fora crea considered revision. “The aerial suney of the Yanomemi selements suffers from sich echical shortcomings stotnval- ate the project of demarcation oftheir lands, for ‘which it waste basis, Thisstuaton aggravated by {he fact of is having Been the ony bass for the ‘elmitation carried ou. nti sess, the 21nd ‘flan defined by the Decrees 477 808/N, 812) snd 513) are noting but an arbitrary dismember ing of traditional Yanoram! terstory produced by ‘mere bureaueratic geometry (ARC/TWGIA/SI37, pp. 117118) ‘The 2 areas, decreed offal asthe land occupied by ‘Yanomin indians are nt ufientoeneure the pial andcultural survival othe Ynomam indians. Teds lation of discontinuous areas, ath open coriors of Sto 3 kilometers on the average, pose ave threats tothe inwegty of waditional Yanomam lands and tet ight 0 tfiectiney occupy it These coridors pert encroachment bbycoloists— increasing she possibilty of cont ~ and frente situation o present governments orgatized to fontrol. The archipelago approach to Yanomami and peablems impedes communication between areas, ores ome groupe into areas not used tadionaly (otiate Inowledgeof ares forsobsinenc activities extremely ‘eppartan and by estinatingtow land needs, osuresthat the land wil be erased in shor period of ine ial, ‘snd most importantly the 21 areas, while based on eg ‘decree, are ot et pally demarated land eserves forthe Yanomam. Thos. while the neeative effets of an inade- gute demarcation program are already having an eet, the Indians do not have guaratees o any land. ‘An example of togative effects of unprotected island reserves is now evident inthe Uraricad epion, One of the Supposed advantages ofthe Yanoman land decrees was {hat it would be ileal for prospezors to enter Indian lands, and mining could only be undertaken ona conce- Sombais with ome ofthe pros going io FUNAL or the Tans. ‘This has not been the ease, In Ocober 1980, ‘Yanomami lands inthe Uraiad region were invaded by ol miners. By mid-November OD) mines wee inthe fre, with an aditional 00 miners daly entering the ‘Coin River area. The mers ar less than 20 Klometers {roe 10 Ynomamivilges,involton of the boundary of ‘one ofthe 21 aeas recognized by FUNAT. No effort hasbeen made to remove the mines from he Indiansand fac, Brian newspapers speculate that the Departnent tf Mineral Avitance in Roraima leaked the nev of gold inthe ae tomers in Bon Vita, Farber, whe present, ‘panning operations are lvl ad only on the borders of Indian lands, sinere wil undoubledy push the way forter int the lands ofthe Yanomami Siow be invasion fof Yanomam lands, hepatitis and malaria ae feportely Spreading within the eon. “The formal complaint submited othe Inter-American Commission on Human Right ofthe Organization of ‘American States on behalf the Yanomami people makes ‘song cate forthe intervention of the Commision om tehalf of thee people, The Vanomaml, ke many tial ‘roups, cannot defend themuelve ‘They have no eal FUN poe ar are ssstonin Brasil Theformal compat and the information te have inciuded above must make reasonable people ‘eroualy question the ability othe dase of tos esp ‘ble forthe Yanomami thin the Brian govereient to Carry outthstasigned utes Werespetfully recommend {atthe Commision act responsibly onthe four Ponts equsted in the formal eomplant ‘Thun you very ch for considering this grave mate. Sincerely David Maybury-Lewis Presiden, Cultural Survival ne Cambridge, Masachusers SDN fon aves besa pea eonLin TO THE PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL | IN SUPPORT OF THE YANOMAMI INDIAN PARK PROPOSAL ‘he following lier support ofthe Yanomar Indian Park proposal war ianed by 34 prominent sents ceri and uranits, and presented fo the President of Brain Sune 1979 Most Excelent Sr. General Jofe Bata de Figured DDD. Presiden ofthe Republic “The undersigned, CONSIDERING that the highest objectives of policy snnounced by Your Excellency have at their ehd to increase th wellbeing and guy of fe of Braiians, ‘rinting development tude grater social benefit CONSIDERING that high ederalauthores aves tested the adoption ofa loal poly tox standards for the rational oorupaion ofthe Amazon, whichincudes the ‘creation of ntional park and biological reserves in the region in order to guarantee the preservation of i ‘CONSIDERING tht the agrarian poy defended by ‘Your Exeleny presupposes a great fforein the ee0.ery ofaleady occupied lands near tothe most densly popu lated areas, ‘CONSIDERING that the are inhabited bythe Yano- sami indian in the Federal Teritory of Roraim ad the ‘State of Amazonas isa prvieged area fr the creation of fel point of view: ‘CONSIDERING that Constitutional Amendment no 1168, in arte 198 and Law no, 6001 of 19 December 1973, articles 2, IX and 22 guarantee tothe Indians the permanent postion of Inds inkabited by them, aed Feeognzes their ight of excise wsuftuc ofthe natural wealth exiting on these lands, ‘CONSIDERING that aril 2, V ofthe Statte of he Indian guarantees to the Indian the “permanente abit, proportioning to them the resources for thie evelopment and prosress” ‘CONSIDERING that arte 23 ofthe Statute of the Indian dfinesas the posesion ofthe Indianthe “fective ‘occupation of lands e hols in accordance with trib ‘has, customs ad dion, and on which be es or exersan atv indispensable o subsistence or econom Cally uel," independently oft demarcation and atte {ng "io the ecual and histone consensus regarding the antiquity of excaption” (em. arte 25; CONSIDERING thattsthecompetence ofthe Union tocsablsh reas destined forthe ponesion and ceca ‘om ofthe Indians dom arte 2) intuing tose inthe formof Indian Parks (dem, ale 26 oleparagraph"b”, snd utile 2) CONSIDERING tha the Yanomami Indians, whose Population estimated to be approximately 8400 people, Traiinaly inhabit the Federal Teeitory of Roraia and the Suc of Amazonas and are disuibuted in villages ‘CONSIDERING that these villages maintain contin ous maria, evemodial and poitial exchanges among ‘CONSIDERING tha the Ineianstive from agricultural production, ia stem of periodic rolaon, and from hunting ishing snd thering, ll of which acts are essential to thee survival and complemearary with each CONSIDERING that the areas declared a of Indian cccupation by FUNAL hveletout ofaccoun not onl the secs fora legs area, whic ital tothe surival of ‘he Indians bt algo have ignored immediate areas which ae actually and effectively ocupied by the Indians, i= (CONSIDERING that contacts with “lization” — teams forthe eting ofthe forest, forthe construction af Figneay BR 210, amona prospector, numer, bbe suherers, brazibauteoletors ~ have been conducted in Sn enconclad and calamitous manner, ‘CONSIDERING that atleast the demarcation of @ continuous area wl be propitious for the survival ofthe Indigenous communi, without harming their eulturl Valu, traditons, wages snd customs, a2 astred to ‘hem bythe Consitaton and bythe Statute ofthe Indian, anda View othe gravity ofthe situation andthe uraeacy ofthe measures to be take, and ‘CONSIDERING tat the creation of the Park wil balk the inadequate explltation ofthe region and the conse- ‘quent ireperable arm othe Bravia community "The undersigned come to the presence of Your Exel- lene, inaocordance withthe disposition of Constitutional ‘Amendment 01/68, inal 133,30, inorder to present the SUGGESTION FOR THE CREATION OF A YANOMAMI PARK, in an ares ofthe Federal Tertory of Rorsima and the State of Amazonas, according to Specifications and by the justifiations of the REPORT Tnborted, and wbich we now attach “The signers appeal to he huriterian and pave senuiment of Your Excellency because the creation of the Yanomami Indian Park, now being sugested, wil mean dequat protection forthe eset dignity ofthe Ida, aewho are human beings and Bruins and who wil eon {bute valubly to firm, before the word the Braiian ‘eda to humatism aod democracy. Respetl, 8 Apat 1979 _Aonvo Arinos de Melo Franco (ExSenetor exeMinter of the Interior, ex ‘resident ofthe Brsiian Order of Lawyers) Raymundo Foro (Presiden ofthe Brzin Orde of Lawyers) ‘Dom Paulo Brat Arne (Cardna of Sto Paso) ‘Dom Aldo Mongano “shop of Rorains) Jost E. Minin Dalmo de Abreu Dalla (Profesor of Law e the University of Sdo Paulo, Imember of the S30 Paulo Justice and Peace Conemison) Joe Latanberger (Ezoogist from Rio Grande do Sul) Antonio Candid de Mello e Souza (Member ofthe Feral Counc on Education) Dom Io Larehder (President ofthe National Conference of Bazan Bishops) ili Perera Bicado (x-Attomne forthe State of So Peo, member of the 380 Pa Succ ae Powe Cammison) eracitoF. Sobral ito (Layer from Rio de Janciro) Dom Toms Basing (Ex President ofthe Indigenist Msinary Counc Bishop of Gots) ‘Eavardo Seabra Fagundes (President ofthe Brecon Order of Lawyers) Franco de Ate Barbou (ls Pesiden ofthe Bravia Press Association) [Alberto Venancio (Lamyer for Afonso Aino de Melo Pranco) Arthur Cesar Ferra Res (Ex. Governor ofthe Site of Amazonas) Jost Candido M. Carvaho (President ofthe Basan Foundation forthe Con- ‘servation of Nature) PM, Bardi (Director ofthe So Paulo Museum of Ar) Ie de Castro Farin (Es Presiden of the Brion Assocation of Anthro- pologss) Ceri Drammond de Andrade (Brazllan writer end poet) tan Vis Boas (Ex Director of the Xing Indian Park adviser of the Indienst Council of FUNAD) Same! Benchimol (Profesor of History at the Federal University of ‘Amazone, Director ofthe Center for Document ‘nom in Manaus eae Salat Director of the National Institute of Amazonian Research) Paulo Nogucea Neto (Secretary of the Special Secretariat for the ‘Brvironment) Roberto Pompeu de Sous Bast (EscPresident of the Journals Syndiate of asia) ‘Tales de Azevedo ‘nibropologit atthe University of Bahia) Giherto Prey (Excambarenor, sociologist and rier) ‘Ace de Amoroso Lia (Philosopher scholar and writer) Dom Paulo Aes Matin (Bishop) ‘Arjon DallTgna Rodrigues (ings atthe Univer of Campinas) Dom Luciano Mendes de Almeida (Secretary General of the National Conference of ‘aston Bishops. Bishop of Brasla) ‘Caio Vilas Boas (Ex Director ofthe Xing Indian Prk, adviser of ‘he Indgenst Council of FUNAD) oat Maria a Gama Maleher (Ex Presiden ofthe Indian Protection Service) scar Sal (President ofthe Brastan Society forthe Po- [reso Scene)Oicxnox SUPPORTING THE YANOMAMI PARK PROPOSAL, | NTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: ‘Akwesane Notes (Mobawk Nation) ‘American Antvopolopea! Associaton (Washington) ‘Arerean Atocition forthe Advancement of ‘Science (Washington) Anthropology Resource Center (Boston) “Ani-Shvery Society forthe Protection of Human Rights (Landaa) ‘Assoation rani des Anthropologues (Paris) (Camera dei Depa (Rome) {Cero dt Apoeio a Peo Yanomam (Rome) CIMRA (Coloniaam and Indigenous Minorities Reseach and Action Group) (London) ‘Commission on Human Rights, United Netions ‘Economic and Social Counel (Geneva) ‘Committes on Latin Ameria an the Caribe, ‘Natioal Cour of Churches (New York) ‘Counc on Hemispheric Als (Washington) (Catual Survival (Camtidge) Evento de lat NaclonesIdigenas deta Republica “de Venezuela (Parauaipo, Veteusa) “The European Farlament (Brees) Foundation Workgroup Indian Projet (Amsterdam, ‘Hotos) The Fourth RomellTibuasl on Indians of he “Amereas (Rotem, Holla). ‘German American indian Group (Stan) ‘Groupe de Recherche sur FAmerigue Late (Tostouse) Le Groupement pour es Droits des Minors Paris) Tneomindios (Bee). Indian Lave Resouree Center (Washington) Indian Rights Association (Pade) nit Ltino-Amereano de Eso des Hates "tudes Economiques tSodles de St. Gall (Ssnteesand) Insiuo InaigenistaIneramericano (Mexico City) Titeaoaal Work Group fr Indigenous Aire Copennaeen) ‘Museum ofthe American India, Heye Foundation (New York) ‘Onuvay Trust (Leds, Eagan) Oxia Americ (Boston) Programe to Combat Racism, Word Counc of (Churees (Geneva) Senate della Repubbia (Rome) a Societe dex Americans (Pais) ‘Survival Interational (Boon, London, Ireland, Peis ‘New York, Washington) ‘Svens-Indiasta Foroundet (Stockholm) Universitet Etnografiske Museum (Oso) Washington Astostion of Profesional Antropol. ‘Bs (Washington) [Withington Ofice on Latin America (Washington) IRAZILIAN ORGANIZATIONS Anthropos do Brasil (Beatin) ‘Asiccagio Arsizonene de Proto Ambien) (Manaus) -Assoaaszo Braieira de Antropoogia (Rio de Saver) Avscigto Catarnense de Prserago da Natueza (arta Carina) ‘Asoo Gacha de Prog ao Ambiente Natural ‘Porto Ale) Assocagho Nacional de Apeio ao Indio (Cura, ‘orto Alegre, li, Flortnopots, Bria, Rio de Sat) Asotago Nacional do lado (Savadoe) Comisso pela Cacao do Pargue Yanorami(Sio Paul) Comins Prindio de Sto Pro (Sho Paso) CComisso Prvlndio do Rio de laneio (Rio Sn) CConfrencia Nacional dos Bispos Braslirs (Brasil) (Conlrenia Nacional dos Dispos Brass, Regional Nore (Manaus) essa da FUNAL (Brass) igensta MisLondro (Bras) (Conschhe lndigeista Misioniro, Regional Norte 1 (Manaus) Departamento de Antropologt do Museu Parsense- ilo Goes (Belin) Escola Puls Medina (Sto Paulo) Grape Kukuro de Apoio& Causa indigena (Manaus) Ieicje Evantica da Confissto Luterana no Bras ‘oro Alege) Museu de Arte de So Plo (S¥0 Palo) Museu de Zoologia da Universidad de Sto Paulo (Sto Palo) ‘Orem dos Aavogados do Bras (Rio de Janeiro) Sociedade Braera plo Progresso da Gtaca (Foraker and Rio de Jano) UUniverfade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (Campo Grande) Univenidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Santa ‘Carma. Universidade Federal de Sto Casts (S80 Carlos)RAZILIAN INDIAN LEADERS. SUPPORT THE YANOMAMI PARK nearly 1981, the Brain government announced th would eae a Federal Parkn the Yanomaml re, with federal, government agencies and the itary ocupying the aear betwen sever small dian reser. Tao thowand. eight hundred ‘anaram Indans bung the Stee of Amazonas would beexcludedfrom this Federel Park. The following eter was signed in AprilbyBracan Ind leaders and repreenatve of Idan suppor organizations proesting the Federal Park proposal land wing the craton ofa Yanoma! Indian Park he Indian leaders and representatives of support ‘rganiations forthe Indian cave, bavingretin SEO Pavlo for the Seminar called INDIANS — HISTORIC RIGHTS, have become aware ofthe news ‘concerning the intention ofthe Executive branch of the foverament to create « Federal Park i the Yanomami fen, and ota Indian Park, We fel obliged to express ‘urecives publ tothe authorities of the country and to "he naioaal conscience to show once again our support forthe Proposal forthe Creation of «Yanomara Indian atk at laborated bythe Commsion forthe Creation of ‘he Yanomami Park (CCPY) in 1979, “The receily-announoed Federal Park will not only break up the Vanomamiterctory but also, by the install tion of ether ladera agencies andthe presence of fede teoope within imi, wil rel inthe dtegration of the anon peopl, disrupting thei soco-altural “ctly threatening nt only thir growth bet alo thee "Tne proposal of the Commision forthe Creation ofthe ‘Yanomami Park sa rigorously made document and hat {cesived the widest sopport from innumerable institutions ‘nd from nationally and internationally known person It 2 has aio been approved by the Indigent Counc! of FUNAt For these reasons, we who have signed below rterate ‘er permanent disposition to continue to struggle forthe reation of Yanomami Indian park, ia an ae of sii ‘Gent snd continuous extension and in the terms ofthe proposal by the Commission fr the Creation of the aroma’ Park of 1979, ‘Sto Paulo, 29 Apri 198 ‘Signed by 42.eaders fromthe following ties Xavante, ari Krahd,Tapirapé ranted, Tika, Apuring Wass, Pari, Teena, Xtoord-Karn,Patax, Tan Miran, Gait, Wapixans, Bakar, Tid, Poigura, and Macuxi. ‘And by 32 representatives af the following Indian supe port onganaaions: the Commision forthe Craton af the YYanomam Park, the Procndian Commissions of Sto Pasta Rio de nero, nd Acre. the Centr fr Indigent ‘Work te Indian Misionary Counc, Oxfam. Braz, he Center for Indigenous Sts, the National Association of Support forthe Indian, the Brzilan Anthropological [Avtoiation, and several journalists, anthropologists, and lawyersWhy, after the pronouncements of so many scientific and intellectual voices, has The ‘Yanomami Pank sill nor been created? This is tHe question we ane all aking in view of the AGGRESSION thar this INdiaN Group CONTINUES 10 suffen and Considening the theears Against them which are becoming mone and mone sevene. The Yanomasti do Nor WANT anything excepr The nigh 10 liven peace i thei own ternitony. The park will Give them this tanguiliy. — Carlos Drummond de Andrade 2%