Namal Institute Mianwali

LAB REPORT

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Submitted by:
Mohammad Fiaz
Roll No:2018-UET-NML-Elect-08
Amir Ali Shinwari
Roll No:2018-UET-NML-Elect-29

Submitted to:
Sir Qaseem.
Introduction:This lab was conducted for the purpose to know about
the role of diode in electric circuits.In this lab we basically have learned
about the application of diodes in an electric circuit.In this lab we have
learned about the clipper and clamper.
 Clipper is used to limit the required voltage of a circuit.In clipper
basically the amplitude of a wave is controlled.If we want a desired
voltage in an circuit, we use clipper in the circuit in order to limit the
voltage.
 Clamper is used for shifting of a wave.There are two types of
clampers.e.g positive clamper and negative clamper.If we want to
shift a wave from negative portion to its corresponding positive
portion,we use positive clamper.And if we shift positive portion of a
wave to negative portion,we use negative clamper.
 proteus(ISIS) is also used for to design the given circuit.

Objectives:
 How to use oscilloscope in proteus(ISIS).
 To know about the clipper and clamper.
 The use of proteus in designing of different circuits.
 To control the voltage amplitude and shifting of a wave.

Methodology:
we opened proteus(ISIS) and at left upper corner we select the new
project and a new project opened.We create a default schematic
instead of creating PCB layout.A new page opened then.From left we
select different components of our required circuit.After we ran our
project and we also attached an oscilloscope in proteus with our
circuit and we observed waves.We used cursor for finding different
amplitudes and time for the waves.In the first experiment, we used
10k resistor, 2 Diodes(1N4007) and two Cells(1.5v). The VSOURCE
frequency was set to 1kHz and Peak voltage to 12V.
The probes of oscilloscope was connected to source and between
two diodes. The waveform was displayed showing clipping of a
circuit. We observed values of waves using cursor.
In the Second Experiment, we used 1uF capacitor, 1 diode(1N4007),
VPULSE, Cell (1.5v) and oscilloscope probe to display wave.After we
set a resistor of 700ohm in parallel with diodes and observed the
behavior of wave and observed different waves by changing the
values of resistors.

Results:
figure 1.1:

figure 2.2:
 Figure 1.3:
Discussion:
In first session, clippers circuits:
In positive half cycle D1 will be in forward biased.
When the voltage of the positive half cycle reaches +2.25V,
diode D1 conducts/becomes short and limits the waveform at +2.25 V
so wave was clipped positive .
in negative half cycle D2 will be in forward biased.
In the negative half cycle source voltage in much less then the voltage
applied to Diode D2.so all the voltage will drop and negative clipped was
shown at -2.25 as shown in the figure 1.1

figure 1.2 is pic of oscilloscope when we clamp wave.The wave here is

shifted from negative portion to positive portion.clamping is basically
because of using capacitors, diodes and batteries.The network must
have a capacitor, a diode, and a resistive element.
figure 1.3 we connect a resistor of value 700 ohm in parallel and
because of that the value of RC(time constant) increased and for
capacitor to be discharged more time is taken by capacitor.

Conclusion:
We learned and concluded that Clippers are diode circuits that can be
used to clip off portion of signal voltages above or below at different
levels.
Clippers limit the amplitude to make the desired range of voltage.
We also conclude that Clampers are diodes circuits which are used to
add a DC level to an AC signal.
So we can achieve any desire DC level through our AC source.We add DC
level if offset is needed for particular operation.
We also learned that how different tools are helpful in designing
evaluating and analyzing the circuits,specially how to use oscilloscope in
Proteus.