DESIGNAND OPERATION

OF SANITARYLANDFILL
 THE URBAN UNIT
.1_Bl_.v.
rt()n Rond. Lahore, pakisran.

The UrbanSectorPolicy and ManagementUnit is part of the planningand

DevelopmentDeparrment,Governmcntof the punjab. It furthers the
Govcmmentof Punjab'svision to makc citiesenginesof economicgrowth
by providing high qualify rcchnicalassistanceand supporrto urban
planncrsand managersin the qualirytechnicalassistance
and supportto
urbanplannersand managersin the provinccon a non_cofllmercial
basis.

No part ofthis book rnaybe rcproducetlin any form by photostat,

microfilm or any othermeansincludingcomputerentry rvithoutthe
expresswrittenpermissionof the UrbanUnit, planningand Development
Department,Governmcntof'the puniab.

Publicationsof the UrbanUnit areresearchbascdcommunicationto.ls

Ibr providinginformcdpolicy options.The conrentsmay not necessarily
rellectcurrentofficial policicsof the Governmcntof the puniab.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

International
The UrbanUnlt owesa debt of appreciationto Japan
for their support ln
CooperationAgency(JICA)and FukuokaUniversity
of sanitarytandfill
providingthis usefuttiteratureon oPerationanddesign
of the author
sites. The Urban Unit appreciates the efforts
ProfessorYasushiMatsufujiin devetopinga very usefulresourcethat woutd
of the professionats
serve the purposeof technicaLt"p"tity buitding
workingin the solidwastemanagement'

THE URBANUNIT
 CONTENTS

1. Background
1 - 1 L a n da n dp " p r t u t i ; r : . . . .. .. . . 1
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-z HighEconomic 1
GrowthandChangesr" t^orrirr.iirri;;;....
1-3 Gravitatton of poputation 1
towarjcities u"Jln""r,"u . .
Envjronment . . 2
1 w a s t eM a n a g e m eanntdp u b l i c
1 C l e a n i nLga w. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . .
1 - 5 M u n i c i pW
a la s t M
e a n a g e m ei nnJt a p a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. General(Outtineof Landfilt
SitesToday).....
10
J. Historyof the Landfill Sttein Japan
15
4 . SanitaryLandfittDesign
17
5. summaryof Design
Considerations
z8
6. Construction,Operatjonand
Maintenance
30
7. Po((utionControlAnd Measures
36
6. Leachate
ControtandTreatment
8-1 LeachateCharacteristics 48
8-2 Setection of LeachateTreatmentprocess 48
....., 49
8 - 3 L i n i n gS y s t e mosf L a n d f i [ . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .. . . .
6-4 SiteSetection
for LandDlsDosal 60
64
9. Comp(etedSanitaryLandfilt ..
9-1 Characteristtcs. 67
9-2 Land Use 67
67
68
10. Prospect
for Future. . . .. . .
1o-1oeveropme"t 69
L";s;.;;i; r;;i;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;r; ......... 69
Technology"r
10-2oevelopment of Efficient
Landfill Technology
.................... 69
10-3Development of a Methodfor Excavatingr_u'noriii
sit", una .. 70
Re-utiaising
the ExcavatedMateriats
ITT]T'UITF]NCD.S
 Designand Operationof SanitaryLandfill

1. Background

1-1 Landand PoPulation

Moreover,70%of JaPan's lant

world'

Growthand Changes in IndustrialStructure

1-2 HighEconomic
' markedgrad
JaPans PoPutation'1970
morethan10Omittionin and119
dectinein the annual poputationgrow
a stightincreaseof 0'66%over the
stabtePoPutation growtn'
in the 1960sand
The Japanese economystartedshowing,ni{ srowth
1973whenskyrocketing
hadsuccessf uttymalntarrleJ'r"tl*tut" growihuntii
oil pricehattedthe highgrowthrate'

of habitabtearea in malor countries

Tabte 1.'1Populationper squarekitometre
- - -f -w Britain lJ 5.A.
laptan France

1,594 3,189 1,564 45,814

Habitablearea (1osq.km) 805
2,486 5,470 7,441 93,718
Total area (1osqkm) 3,777
Ratioof habitabtearea to totat 62 64 49
21 64
(%)
386 158 358
in the habjtabteare
Poputation
1,451
ll) s!ro!49:!4 ) _ _

rhepoputation
Note: t'*,*'y'",1:"^,t"ffii:?';?:i:i:;;#i:,te"::$,''[:'[j!iljj
: ;J p'"p", 1e80
fig"*i"' "'ir-b'i".u"i and
lSiiiSil;,l3iil3lJlli,l3l# """,i
r e s t o f t h e c o u n t r i e sl t l 5 m l o -l Y o u '
w h e r e a sf o r t h e
 .s
Ftg1. 1 Japan employment
structure

On,the other hand, rresulttng

q)urLrngrrom
from economicdevg[oprngn1,
occurredin the dramatic
iac_:t!-r* emptoym""t;i;.i;;;
crlrptoymentstructuresince
sincerscn
1950'rlra
or p""oniu-r'pt"t"i t"r'oi't The^,,_r-^_
number
diminishinp
diminishing renir'v rnrr ^^-:?.Jloll!1, '' !'
!h"
's targest
tdrgtr5Lat
a[ that
tnat time,
tlme, ,;;;A
started
rapidty and ber
secondarv ,"rt:T-91".:Tattest,whitethenumber ft;;l;
andterri.an, .-lrt'.l*o';U'j.,:"iffi;I,ff
::ff:ffffi:i*'il::fl :.iT iil':#
"f
j{lit:ll,::...;;;;h;.",i',"iJiJ:,ijj:':ffi
''f this
and i',-",Tff
::?1,
upward "'?*::'f
trendis stittcontinuins. [J::
1'3 Gravitation
of popuration
towardcitiesand changingEnvironment
 a r e a s( 1 9 8 3 1
Tabte 1.2 PoPulationin JaPan s t h r e ef l \ a j o ru r b a n

5okmradius
aroundOsaka

lc.t tr't."t" Poputation Growth rate

PoPuLatron Growth rate Poputatlon (1,000 over the
(1,000 over the over the
(1,000 previous persons) previous
persons) previous persons) year (%)
year (%) year (%)
4.713 a 0.2 2 . 11 8 0.,|
3.639 a 0.1 't.848 0.9
1.670 1.0
-2J80 1.6
1.415
5.518
2.811 1.865
5.979 -tI 1. 7

tr" -
26.732 1.2 o.7

Density
Poputation 3.491 7 . 0 67
(persons/
sq.km)

ln fact this Dhenomenon shift from rural to urbanareas

of popul'ation
hasbeennotednationwid€.
Theconcentration of boththe poputationandindustriesin majorurban
massivehouslng
areasduring the high economicgiowth periorl created concentratecl
a highty
demandin major ctttes ai weti as suoulbs.Such theseareas'
;ilrt;td aisocausedsharpincreasesin the.costof tand in by
Subsequentty, conventronalindependenttybuitt housingwas reptaced
public and private
."tt".iGty buitt housing.tndeed,the targenumberof
cities and the suburbs
apirtt".nf housesthat were constructedin major
diamaticatty changedthe Japanese [ifestyle'
concurrentlyw.iththestartofmodernizationofthedistributionsystem,
devetoped'
an increasingnumberof tup"*iix"ts openedprimarityin newty
salesof
residentiatareas.Theset'rp"tttrr."tt facititated targe'quantity
pre-packed goods.

rYthistrend.
oegan
Without storagesPaceeven for a temporaryPeriod,PeoPte
as suchProducts
discardingusedproductsand consumerdurabtesai soon
becameredundant.
with
the amountof wastegrewrapidlya.long
Undersuchcircumstances, waste
having
sienificanichangesin the quatiiyof wastes.Thisnecessitated
re-tatedlawsandregu[ations in ptace'
 1-4 WasteManagementand publicCleaning
Law
The WasteManaeement- and pubticCteaningLaw (WasteManagement
Law) is designedto dreservethe rivingenuironh"nt
healththroughthe promotionor aoequaieinJ and improvepubtic
riu ,u.rt. disposat
practices
to keepthe environmentclean.

1) Definitionof wastes

Evenif they are dirty or unnecessary gaseous

contaminatedwith radioactivityare exctUOiafromSubstances and those
the *"r6;;t;;;
specifiedby the Law.Othertypesof wastenot iublect
to the Laware:
. Earth and sand as wett
as the tike resuttingfrom dredging
activitiesconductedat ports,rivers,etc.
. Aquaticanimalsand ptants,
etc. netted duringfishingactivities
anddischarged nearthe fishingsite.
. Earthand sandas wetl
as the tike which can be usedin land
reclamation.

2)Municipal
and industrialwastes

Underthe WasteManagement Law,wastesare roughtyctassifiedinto

two categories:
. Municipatwastesgenerated
maintyfrom domesticactivities,and
. Industria[wastesresuttingfrom
industriatactivities.
Industrialwastesare further dividedinto 19 groups,
inctudingashes,
studge,wasteoit, waste acid, waste atkatiand waste ptastics.
showsthe 19groupsandexamplesfrom eacn Figure,|.2
lrouf.
Municipalwastesare definedaswastesotherthan
p?l of municipatwastesresuttsfrom the industriarones.The
!f:!:l daily activitiesoi tiii
clnzen:, i.e.. garbage(kitcl'en wastes),paper inctuding
magazines, glassand metal in suchformsis'botttes ano n"*rpip"i *i
fabrics. Municipatwastesatso inctude oisca.aeJ cans,ptastics
-rr.n-'i,
and
uurxv *.rt6i,
furnitureandhousehotd apptiances.
1 businessactivities, those that
: difficutty in terms of quality are
lustriatwastesand are tabeilid as
ctor."
 and business
3) Obligations of the government, municipalities
enterprises

The Waste Management Law reouires business

enterprises,the
asouttinedbetow'
to futfiI theirobtigations
governmentand municipal'ities

difficutt to disposeof.
pubtic
Municipatities are requiredto promotethe-.conceptof
cteansing, whiteendeavouring to carryout efficientmanagement
of wastedisPosaI operations.
Prefectural governments are requiredto providemunicipatities
supportor assistance' if any' and
*iin n"."ttiry technological'
makeefforttotaKenecessarymeasuresforadequatedisposatby
monitoring processing wastes'
statusof industriaI
 D0flr6tcmsb oqdnng
speddr,|enaFnqil

pr
Wsste
0rdl

F i g . 1 . 2C t a s s i f i c a t i oonf w a s t e s
 in Japan
1-5 MunicipalWasteManagement
'l MuniciPalwastedischarge
)
is
of municipalwastedischarge
Thechangein the per capitageneration
in Fig.1.3.
illustrated

.-.4
o'

{
{
o
o
6-
6 =
=
,i

o
P
t5

Per capita waste di5charBe -a- Totat waste discharge

--lr-

of munl<lpal wasre 11999)

Ministry of Environment: Generationand discharqe

of municipatwaste discharge
Fig. 1.1. The changein the totat and capita generatlon

The discharged quantityof wast

(grossnationalproduct).ln other w(
increasein economicact'ivities,th€
increasedsharpty,but when the oil <
bordertine,its growthbecamebtunted'
Thepercapitadaitydischarged alsodiffersfromcityto city'asis shown
in Tabte1.3.Generatty,peoptein largecitiesgeneratemorewastethanthose
in smatlcities.
 TableJ.3 Perc a p i t ad a i l ywaste discharge in variOUS
cities(FY1982)
-r
i Crtv Populatton Discharge
(thousand) (g/day-person
)

i
I s"ppo.o
toto Il 1,470
8, 1 3 4
1,773
1,7't0
Kawasaki 1, 0 9 7 1,288
Kyoto
Osaka
I
l
1, 4 7 3 1,021
2,621 1,806
Fukuoka
L 1,118 1,300

2) Qualityof municipalwaste

Examplesof physicatcompositionof municipatwastes

cities are shownin Tabte_1.-4.In a rypicatmuniclpat from a three
proportionof combustibtes ,n"rt" in l.p.n, iiJ
is aroundio% anathat of water is auoulao_soz
atthough the tatteris decreasrng
overtlme.
Typicallowercatorificvalueof
range of between 1,300_2,000 kc
composition andwatercontent.Thew
recenttyalong with the decreasein
ptastics.content.Specificgravityof mr
composition,etc. The one in Tokyoir
Cot(ection-to-disposa(FtowDiagramof

T a b t eL 4 P h y s i c acl o m p o s j t i oo
nf municipaL
sotidwaste
( F Yl 9 8 l )
I
Tokyo.l
]
| 18.7
FeedResiduats .'T.J
Textiles 3.4
W o o dS p l i t s ,S t r a w , 3.8
5.2 5.2
Ptastics 8.4 14.0 15.9
0.1 0.3
1.7. 5.5 6.4
1.3 15.7 13.8
l.)
15.7 13.8
1.1 6.9 6.5
0.1 6.8 o.f,
100.0 100.0 100.0
'1
Combusttblewaste only, wet-base
'2 Dry
b a s e ,w a t e r c o n t e n t :4 g . 9 5 %
'3 Dry
b a s e ,w a t e r c o n t e n t : 4 5 . 9 %
 Totalamount
CommunitY/.. of resource
group recovery
co[[ection Directresource (786MT)
(277MTl recovery
(222MT) Resource
t----_--r 4.3% recoveryafter
I z60MT ; treatment
(287Mr)
5.5%
Residue
( 1 , 0 3M
0 T)
PIanned lntermediate 19.8%
treatment treatment: Yeor:2000
(5,207
MT) lncineratton l-i is 1oryeor 1999
Wastefor (4,678MT) Unit: million liT
disposat 89.8% by
Reduction Totandfitt
(5,236
MT) treatment after
i +ssr^r (3,648MT) treatment
7jyo (743MT)
14.3yo
MrI
i 3,s8,
On-site/ Totandfitt i,-_7_0_!___"
backyard (308MT)
disposat 5.sv"
(2eMr)
- -' - - 't 1,087MT ;
f 344MT r 71.7% i
35MT O, / 'b I

disposal
Fig.1.4.Cottection-to of MSwin Japan
ftowdiagram

not equalto treatment"* 'To tandfitt"l'

recovery"+ "lntermediate
thesumof l"Directresource
FromposStbte error,
caLcutation "Ptannedtreatment" is
recoveryprocess' Thedate is from 1998'Untit1997'
goingthroughthe resource
recovery"is a wastethat directtycarri"ao't *ltn-otjt
,,Directresource
itwasinctudedinthejtem''intermediatetreatmentsuchasresourcerecovery,'.source:TakashiShomura(200]}
 2. General(Ouilineof LandfillSitesToday)

In Japan,tandfitting of wastesis guidedby the standard for tandfittof

wastesand the standards for construction, op-erationano maintenance
tandfittsite of wastes.Bothstandardsare basedon the wasteM;;d;;";i oi
andPubticCteansing Law.
Thestandard for tandfirtof wastes(Articte6 0f the cabinetorder)gives
standards for advanced treatmentof differentkindsof waste,a stanoariro.
coveringthe waste with soit to preventhygienicprobtemsdue
to rotten
substances, and standards for the preventlo;of pottutionof surfaceand
groundwatersandothermatters.
Statutoryformatitiesof officiat notificationand others must
followedin respectof the tandfittsitesspecified be
in Tabte2.1, andtneyinourJ
confirmto the standards for theirconstruction, operatron andmaintenance.
The TypeI tandfittsrteis comptetety cut-offfrom the outside,and a
specificstrengthof concretestructureis fhereforerequired.
For Typelll tandfittsite, retainingwalls,dams,etc. are needed
as
shownin Table2.'l. lt is technicauy not difficuttto construct.
For Typell tandfittsite wherewastewateris treated,tiningsystem,
(eachate co((ection facitities,leachatetreatmentfac.itities,etc. ai neeoed
(Fig2.1 showsthe typicatsanitarytandfittsite).
Atsomeasures shouldbe takenagainstratsandhygienicatty dangerous
rnsects that feedon rottenmattersor the tike.
This report wilt describethe sanjtarvtandfitttechniquefor the
Typell
landfittsite, which has been subjectedto the most thoroughexamtnations
and studies.

10
 ( t a n d f i t st i t e s )
T a b t e2 . 1 W a s t ed j s p o s afta c i l r t i e s

0uttineof facilities

structuretor
Noticeboards,enctosure,
outside
exctuding rainwaterinftow,

corroslon
morethickconcrete),
measures covers
preventive and

11
Dlschargedwatet

Retainedwater co ection
and dischargefacrlity

12
 Siteto be
notified Outtineof facitities
Filtingsubstances to
authorities
retaining
Typelll Wasteplastics, Sitewith a Noticeboards,enctosure'
rubberscraP, tandfitl walIsand
metatscrap, areaof dams
glassano 3,000sq.m
porcelainchiPs or more
andconstructlon
wastemateriats

*@
F

t'l
 Retalning
valls anddans

Run-qffdninage Gasventitationpipe Leachste

treatnertfaclll t ies
lnclosure

-rl
!a

-'
J
o

-
o

o O p epni t
0, l.|otlce
boards

I
o llastes

Land-sIlde
prevettlve
Deasures
linjngsysten
Settlement
preventlve
neasures
ConsEructlon
for
leachrte collec t lon
3. Historyof the LandfillSite in Japan

Historicatty,thedisposatofwastebeganwiththemereetiminationo
meet the needto
wastefrom the tivingareas.In orderto appropriatety
preservethe environmentand prevent environmentalpo[[ution' waste
iisposathasdevetoped into efficientprocesses,whichnow includeseventhe
resourcerecovery.
Simitarty, asindicated in Fig.3.1, the conceptof tandfitIof wasteshas
experienced i markedchangefrom just being.adumpingsite to a s11e-f9r
Before1960's
treatingwasteand finattyai u t"ay of recoueiing -usedtand' of economic
manytandfittsite were of opendumpingtyPe' But because
growthandincreasing poputation, amountof wasteareexpectedto increase'
thusputtingmorepressure on land.
In the pastmuchof wasteproducedwasdirecttydisposed of on tand'
andthe techniques usedwere not satisfactory.
Open and burning dumps, which were atl too common' nave
groundfor
contributedto water and air pottutionand providebreeding
insects.
ln addition,thesedumpswereunsightly andveryoftenhadthe effect
of depressing the valueof nearbytandandproperties'
passeo
In 1960's, in responseto a pubtic outcry, legistationwas
requiringthe governmentto assistin the devetopmentof satisfactory
ptanfor att aspectof wastemanagement'. In.the
disposat-practiies .s, to
and
and imptementarion of such plans
eaitbr nitr of 1g70 the devetopment
meant mobitisingthe combinedsupport of att citizens,universities'
industriesandgovernment.
An acceptable aLternative to the poor practicesof landdisposat has
beenthesanitary tandfitt.Thisalternative requires the planningandapptying
of engineering andconstruction technrques.
Sanitary tandfittis anengineering methodof disposing wasteon tandby
spreading thlm in thin tayeri, compictingthem.to the smatlestpracticat
"and
ultut", coveringthem with soit eaih workingday in mannerthat
protectsthe environment-
8y definition,no burningof wasteoccursat a sanitarytandfitt'
Sanitarytandfittis not ontyan acceptabte andeconomical methodof
or
wastedisposit,it is atsoan excettentway to makeotherwiseunsuitabte
marginal landvaLuab[e.
Thorough ptanning andthe apptication of engineeringprinciples at all
stagesof site setection,design,operationand completeduse' sanitary
tandfittcanbe madesuccessful andefficient'

15
 2000's

1960's

19EO's
Waste
.4 \
Intermediate Resource
treatment recovery

Landfill /

F i g .l . l C h a n g i n g o f w a s t e d i s p o s a t
andmanagement

In order to meet this objective,it js atso essential

understanding to have an
of wastedecomposition processes, andthe uuri.Utl, ih;l;;;
affect the decomposition rate and decomposition productsand how these
factorsinfluencethe environment.
In essence, theseretationships determinethe physicat stabitityof the
tandfitt and its potentiat to produce such envr'ronmentat probtemsas
uncontrolledgasgeneration andgasmigrationandwaterpottution.
Atthoughthese re(ationshipsare not furty understood,
knowledgeis avaitabteto enabteus to recognize sufficient
iot"nti"t probtems and to
plananddesignsanitarylandfittthat wittnol narni ihe environment.
Thefinatselectionof a sanitarytandfittsite, its designandits
shouldbe basedon a systematic,integratedstudyano an eva(uation operation
physicaI of a[[
conditions, economics andsociatpoliticaIconstraints.
ln the taterhatfof 1970's,sanitarytandfitttechniques
haveimproved
rn Japanbecause of the findingof a new tandfitting concept.rt shoutdbe
essentialfor a countrylike Japanwhere tand is timited
inut . .uio"".y
systemasindicatedin (D)of Figure3.1 be estabtished in order to oJ-wJit
wasteproblems in the 1990' s.

to
 wil'[ be
ln the first Part of this rePort,sanitarytandfitttechniques
introduced.Andin the second part,the newconceptof sanitarytandfittsite
witLbe introduced'
anda few of recentstudiesin FukuokaUniversitY

4. SanitaryLandfillDesign

The designing of a sanrtarytandfittcatts,f": 9:]".t:p]l:..,t^o:^t:tf:

steps
o"r.rtpitn"lni'pii"t int, ", tiin"tn"or tob"--til"l-:"Ll^":g:t?:tl:
;;r;,'"#"#;;;;;";"i;r the tvpes wastesthat are expectedto be
receivedin a givenquantity.
improvements
The designerouttinesvo|.umerequirements'site fencing'
(cfearingof th"etand, construction of roadwaysand buitdings'
operations
for day-to'day
necessary of the
Jirriti"i, andalt equipment
"t..f, methodsinvolved
specifictandfitt '
movementof
Measuresfor controttingwater pottution and..the
u(iLur Pv),1,v" gasare
decomposition Thereport9",1trlb.T,tI"J:J:':t":311
"oo'f'o'uio"o'
particutar[y '"t" lte tO the movement Of
chemicat propeities of bedrock, 3t,tt ---^-.. ^ .^6-iri. ,,.a
ilil #&;:1'""
YYcrLcIcrr ' ' in" ptun
'5' ;il.
r\.r5oJ tJL! 'rie. atso
shoutd l-"::TT-"i1: :f:I':i::
is
of the site;fter tandfitLing compteted' Finalty'rt.:;houtd atso recommgnd
., estimated
-.,-^,^, ,,,^
pro;ectei op"ittlng for
expendltures the life ^]
of
capitaLcosts and
the landfitt.
Theimportantitemsfor sanitarylandfittdestgn are:
(1) WastecomPosltlon
(2) Hydrotogy, andgeotogy
ctimatotogy
( 3 ) Volumerequirements
-
(4) Controlof surfacewater (Fig.4'2 4 . 4 1
(s) Groundwater Protectlon
-
(6) SanitaryLandfiLt Method(Fig'4'5 4 . 9 1
(6.1) Cettconstructionand coverm at e r i a l
(6.2) Trenchmethod
(6.3) Areamethod
etc' )
n e t h o d( b a n kmethod,wettandmethod
( 6 . 4 ) C o m b i n a t i om
'
(71 GasMovementControt(fig. 4.1Q 4 . 1 2 \
(7.1) Permeab[e method
(7.2) lmPermeabte method
(8) Site lmProvements
g n dg r u b b i n g
( 8 . 1 ) C t e a r i na
(8.2) Roads
(8.3) Scates
(8.4) Buitdings
(8.5) Utitities
-
( 8 . 6 ) F e n c i n g( F i g .4 . 1 3 4 . 1 5 )
 Precrpjtation
I

I I

Coversoit

Surfacerun-off

\-t..\ t t
\
Subsurface
movement
Groundwater
tevet
\t./

Sandyctay LIA,IE5TONE
SOLUTIONWIOENEDJOINTS

Permeablesandstone
\t-.-

lmpermeableshale
Grave(aquifer

: .S .E P A( 1 9 7 2 1
S o u r c eU
Fig. 4.1 Leachateand infiltration movementsare affected
by the characteristics
of the soi(
and bedrock.

Objectiveof rainwaterdrainagefacility

when rainwaterpermeatesin tandfittwastes,it dissotves suspends

contamhantscontainedand decomposedby biochemicataction, thus
resutting in teachate.
Leachatehas to be cottectedand treated at a (eachatetreatment
facility to preventit from contaminating the groundarounda tandfittwhere
the wastesare reclaimed.yet, the cost ro7 teachatetreatrnentis very
expensive. Therefore,rainwaterdrainagefacititiesare estabtished to:
. Preventrainwaterfrom permeatinginto (andfit(
a (shownFig.4)
. Preventgroundand springwater from permeating
throughbase
or side-faceof a tandfi((.lt is importantto drain wat; from
rainwaterdrainagefacititiesin sucha way that it avoidsatt the
possibitities
of disaster.

r8
 ftecipitation

Run-off
I Uplandwater
a-"

Uncontrottedriver'sidedump;run-offand
i""intt. pottute
river:sourcesareprecipitation
anduPtand water

Precipitatlon

ditch
Diversionary

- - River Sanitarv tandfittbehindctayriverwatt'U9tand

J"i", ii""rt"o byditch.Cross-fattonsurface of
covereofitt reduiespercolation fromrainfall
lmpermeabte
river wall

Fig.4.2 Controtof surfacewaterpotlution

19
 Structure of rainwater drainage facility

DJarnagelor upperstream
rac r(y

Drarnageh peflpheryol - Dratnagesystemlor water

,-
Land(rll f.<ilrty L-..1 rrowrngoo the Sround
l_ Drainagesystemfor ground
C o l l e ( t i o na n d d r a t n a e e watcr andjpringwater
tacility
ora|nage inede a landfrll _ ,-orarnage systcm ln s€,ction
,c\rr\y to be .e(laimed
l-l
-
L_0.ainage systcm in rc(taimed

D r a r n a s cl o r . c c l a r m e ds r t e
lacillty
Re.ofttng tmfi ld5attel
preventionadjustmentprtnd)

Orarndge
channel

0iversion ditch around landfrI wateEhed t\

leakage -")
Preventingwatl / Drainagebasin

se€tion to be reclaimed
Wastelayer
DiveBion ditch
Reclaimedsection

Drainage pipe for upper stream and spring water

Reservoir
structure
(separateptpes are often installed)

Fig.4.3 Concept
itlustration
of rainwatercottection
anddrainage
measure

Fig. 4.4 Ptanand sectionviewsof the useof a diversionditch

to transmit
uptanddrainagearounda sanitarylandfi[.
source:U.5.EpA (1972)

20
Sanitarylandfill method

1. Trenchmethod(Fig.4.5)

The trench methodcan be usec

probtem.ln this method,the loosew
comoacted,fottowingthe cettconcept
wasieis coveredwith soil andgradedt
surfacewater.

2. Areamethod(Fig'4'6)

The area methodis usedwhert

excavationof trenches.The loosewa
targearea,is first stockpitedand ther
ceLiconceptfor sanitarylandfitlcont workingface as
hauledfrom adjacentareasor securedat the toe of the
to avoidpondingof
shownin Fig.4.7. rne srtesnoutabe gradedperiodicatty
surfacerunoff.

3. Bankmethod
takes
Thebankmethodis modificationof the areamethodandmerely has
;f the originatstopingnatureof the wa.ste-When the waste
aOvantage
formingthe berms
U""n t"i to 3:1 slope,it is compictedandcovered'thus
for the adjacentcelt.

4. Wetlandmethod

Thismethodis usedwherethe dumpis in a marshtand or a river or

other watercourses. The ofen dumpedwaste is first removedand then
materiat that
separatedfrom water oy ptacemenlof mat of impervious
reachesabovehighwater levet.
the flow
Anotherway to separatethe wastefrom water is by diverting
of water or by loweringthe groundwater levet'
 ,*Ha;e"*:

Source:U.S.EpA(,1922)
Fig'4 5ln the trenchmethodof sanitarytandfiLLing,
the coLLectiontruckdeposits its
loadinto a trenchwherea butt.dozercpru"d,i"O-iorpacts it. At the endof
the day,the trenchis extendedand the excavateOioii,, ureOas daitycover
materiat-

'",-F rce:U.S.EPA
(1922)
F i g4 . 6 ln the oreo method of sanitarytandfiltine,
rng, a buttdozerspreadsand compacts
on.the
narural
surface
of thelround."J. ,.i"p","i,,iei"toffii
:l: l^:t]:

5ource:u.5.EPA
(1972)
Fig4 '7 rn rhe progr.essive
sropeor romp method of sanitarylandfitting,so(idwaste
spread and compactedon a stope. Cover mater;at is
is obtai-nedOirecttyin
front of the workingface and compactedon
the waste.

72
 featuresof the site
The tandfittmethodis determinedby geographicalthreegroups'
or *urt". illinooi ttn 6J ctissitlea in .the
andthe amount 4'9)' and the ramp method
(rlg'
trenchmethod(Fig.4.8),ih;;;;;;ihoo 4'7)'
*ni.n ti""t the tilnch andareamethods(seeFig'

E x c a v at e d s o i l
Covcr soII

ditch Ha5:a Fu!urc Citqh

L.ndfiIIed

method
Fie.4.8 Trenchconstruction

C o v ea s o i l

waste ---__=_

C.Il ' n et h o d Sandeich methoC

Fig.4.9 Area methoo

coveredwith earth
ln trench method, waste is disposedin a ditch and
equipment' This method is
and sand. Ditchesur" out usuattyby heavy usuatlvusedin
rn" areamethodis
;;"i;t ;i imarrerrinatdiipoiatt't"s' is themostbasicmethod'
sites'This
depression
lulurtf ot artificiat
Area method can be further i
throwing methods.Fig. 4.9 itlustrat€
method. Smatl-scate final disposatsit
coverswaste of one day with soit mak
irri"nttv, this remainsthe most popularmethod'

73
 tl
RubbIe and vire-cylinder,
Gas v e nC i n g C o v e r

I0 - 20 {cml

- 100 (mJ

),nLerval

(?)
F g. 4, t0 /nd'vidualgasventing
facitity within landfi site

PTPE

AI

C r u s h e ds t o n c , wire-cylinder,
ctc.

Gas col,Irqtion pipe

(To be Jorned
according tg progress of ',Jork)

lnternedid te soil covering

collectiqn path
CruShed stone, Hj,re-cylinder, erc. r
{}\o L'

Fig.4.11Centratized
gasventingfacilitywithintandfiu
site

24
Centralizeddiffusionmethod
gas
This method is more preferabtebecausecoordinationwith the gas
its
ventilationfacitity is maintainedeven after the tandfittis closed,
cottectioneffect is generatl,y high, and compticatedlandfitt work is not
inuofu"O.The centraltized gas system,which composeshorizontatporous
pipli,-tUOf. andwire'cytin?eretc. is providedin the wastelayerasshown
i n F i g . 4 . 1 0- 4 . 1 2 .

Horizontal,9as
colLection pipe
Hire-cyJ'inder

Conneccr
Hi:e-cylinder PTPE

cenlraLiaed
diffr.rsion piPe

F i g .4 . 1 2C e n t r a t i z egda sv e n t i n gf a c i t i t yw i t h l n t a n d f i t ts i t e

Arrangement of gas ventilation faci lity

should be
Arrangementof the gas ventitationfacitity during works
cootainaieifrom the beginning with the centratizedgassystemsinceamount
g"i g"""r"t"d is not t<nownil advance However,it is normattydetermined
"i UaseO on the experience in (andfill with simttarcharacteristics'
"r'piiiZiify wire-cytinders
ai ior.oioinu.vinstattation, at l0-50mintervats
areprovided
sites'
at boththeftatandstopefacesof tandfitI
 Fencing idea of design

Atthoughthe heightof fence is most important,standard

yet to be estabtished. heightshave

Fig.4.13Scattering
of wasteandan exampteof prevention
measure

In most cases,waste usuattydoes not scatter.Therefore,

(coveredwith chickenwire, 20-40mmmesh)of a fence
iio-q. in heightwilr serve
thispurposeunlesswasteis pitedto a helghi.
However,if wasteee_tscaughton the fence,it may
fenceby windasshownii rig. l.ir, th"r"f";; ih;'rpixe be blownover the
snattneedto be long
enoughwith rightangtes.
Anothercaseis shownin Fig.4..14and4..|5.
Enoughscreensare necessary to
everythingbtownfrom the workini ar,
theyare to remaineffective,andin-ver
supportedby guyropessecuredto peg

26
 O F A I R B O R NLEI T T E R
FENCE

-l
Fig. 4.14 Portabletitter screenaboutZ metreshigh.2/.
metrestong.coverd with chickenwire' 20mm-
40mmmesh

--iilo,,".,,on

I Ark of
I Screens
\
\

Fig.4.15A numberof screensare usedto forman arc the Dositionof which is changedin
with
accordance wind direction

Source:FrankFtintoff(1984)
5. Summaryof DesignConsiderations

Thefinatdesignof a sanitarytandfittshoutddescribe
in detait:

(1) Staffrecruitment andoperationat

facitities
12) Operational proceduresand their sequence,equipmentand
manpower requirements.
(3) Thepottution potentiatandmethods of controtting
it
(41 Thefinal gradeandptanneduseof the comptetedtandfitt
(5) Cost estimatesfor acquiring,devetopingand operating
the
proposed site.

. Thedesignershoutdatsoprovidea mapthat showsthe tocationof

the
site andthe areato be servedand a topographic mapcoveringthe areaoui
to 1,000ft(approx.304.8m)fromthe site.
Additionalmapsand cross.sections shouldalsobe inctudedthat show
the ptanned stagesof fitting(start-up,intermediaterifeandcomptetionl.-

Theyshoutdpresentthe detailsof:

(1) Roads on andoff the site

(21 Buitdings
(3) Utititiesaboveandbetowground
(41 Scales
(5) Fireprotectionfacitities
(6) Surface drainage(naturaIandconstructed) andgroundwater
(7) Profilesof sojlandbedrock
(8) Leachate cottectjon andtreatmentfaci|.itres
(9) GascontroIdevjces
(10) Buitdingswithin1,000ft(approx. 304.8m) of property(residentiat,
commerciaL, agricultura[)
(11) Streams, lakes,springs andwell within1,000ft(approx. 304.gm)
(12) Borrowareasandvotumeof materiatavailabte
(13) Direction of prevaiting wind
(141 Areasto be tandfitt,inctudingspeciatwasteareaand timitations
on typesof wastethat maybe disposa( of
(15) Sequence of fitting
(16) Entranceto facitity
(17l, Peripheratfencing
(18) Landscaping
(19) Useof compteted tandfitt

28
 of the typicatsanitary
Fig.5.1 showsthe conceptiltustration
sitein JaPan
landfil.l,

a
@
.€
C' E
o e^
LL

E=
,D .q

.E
:>r
L
gl
'=
ao
rt,
E
gl
e
ot I
=
C' d
Ft

E
C'
CJ
@
iF !
d
E
CT n
\;
E
CE
L e
EO E
.g
cr
o
E
&
CJ
E
GD
CJ

n f a t y p i c a ts a n i t a r yt a n d f i t ts i t e I n J a p a n
F j g .5 . 1 C o n c e p itt t u s t r a t i o o

29
 6. Construction,Operationand Maintenance

Eventhe best-designed disposatfacititywitt be of tittte vatueunlessit is

constructedand operatedas_.prescribed. This is especiatty true or a sanitary
landfitl becauseit is titeratty under constructionas long as it
keeps on
receivinewaste.
The operationatptan shoutdensure that the daity construction
of
tandfittis accordance
with the desisn.
An operationa[ptanis essentialty
the specification
for construction
and
rt shoutdcontain atl items required to constructthe sanitaryLandfitt.
lt
shou[ddescribe:

(1) Hoursof operation

(2) Weighringthe waste
(3) Trafficflow and untoadingprocedures(Fig.6.j)
l4l Designationof specific disposatareas and of hand(ingand
c o m p a c r i nvga r i o u sw a s t e( F i g .6 . 2 _ 6 . 5 ) ( T a b t e
6.1)
(5) Ptacementof covermaterial(Table6.2 and 6.3)
(6) Maintenanceprocedures
(7) Adverseweatheroperations
(B) Firecontrot
(9) Litter control
(10) Satvaging operationsif permitted

Properoperationcarrs.fordrawingup a comprehensive pranthat spetts

out routine proceduresand anticipatesabnormals'ituations.lt must atso
providethe continuityof activitiesevenwhen personnelchanges
occur.New
supervlsors and personnelresponsible for wastedisposalmust knowwhat is
beingdoneat the tandfittsrtesandwhy.The planmust,howeverremainopen
for revision when necessary.Changesshou(d be noted and the rationate
behindthem explained.New personnelwitt benefit from the experienceof
othersandcontinuityof operationswill be preserved.Theplanshouldalsobe
usedas a tool in trainingemployees,definingtheir jobs and givingthem an
insightinto the work of others.ln thls manner;the employeeivitt iore ruLty
understand the overalloperation,and he or shemay be ab[eto performother
dutiesin an emersencv.

30
 comptetedstnps

accessacrossnew fit[ over

steet sheetsor railvray
working face sleePers

heavy bumPerbar flankscovered strip width 6 meters;onty

one vehicle at a time on
working face; caPacitY
30-40t/day

main road

/>' 1r' r'<S

5Creen

'9-__y_o-tl,Is_!"_S"-__:!l-_L!!-L!!-lr:'llL-b.'r-Uu
1l_'_tf
----+ 2* strip

;-l]i;tnp

STAGES
1. Entranceareaand site of buitdingfitled with inert waste
2. Site road formed from wastescovered25cu.cmsoll ptus 30cu cm
hardcore;waterproofed after 1 year
3. Firststrip; wastescovered25cu cm
4. Subsequent striPsformed
5. cuLtiv;testrips1 and 2 whenwork commenceson 4'strip

A f L a tp t a t e a ui s u g t ya n d i n t e r r u p t st h e [ a n d s c a p e
section \\
?./,

with the landscape

A smoothcontourbtends

Source:FrankFtintoff(1984)

F r g .6 . 1 S m a t tm a n u a t t yo p e r a t e ds a n i t a r yt a n d f i l t

31
 Intermedlatecover
final cover

Or;9 ino I 9,or,.d

S o u r c eU
: . S . E P(A1 9 2 2 )

Fig. 6.2 The celt is the commonbui(dingI

compactedjn tayerswithin a con
more frequentty,it is coveredcol
which is then alsocompacted.Th
A seriesof adjoiningcettsmakesr
m o r e( i f t s .

. : : l : i r ; . - : : , , i , ,:_: .i1; : i \ )
S T E P1 : u n l o a d
solid waste at toe
of stope

compactby runntng tractor

over waste tayer 2 to 5 times

Source:U.5.EPA(1972)

Fig.6.3 cushioning, and bridgrngcan be reducedand greater vorumereduction

achievedif thewasteis spreadin tayerstessthan2f't(approx.60cm)
rs rhencompacted deepand
by a tracked,rubber-tiredor steel-wheeted
uutiat"
passesoverit Z to 5 times.Theequipmentoperatorshouldtry to devetop tn"i
workrngfaceon a stopebetween20 and j0 jugrees.- tt;

32
 sites'ftat smaL[ hi[ls'
Scrapes dozersareextremetyeffective.athousine hold it
pic[ the cover soit'
stopesor projectedt"oitn""t ui'inlse cancnipand
and then removeit for useir.ou"' somewhere etse'Thusthey are goodat
."Li"g andteuering becauieof their rottingabitity'Fig' 6'4 and6'5 show
scraDeoperations of scrapedozers'

Forwardmovement

Sc r a P e a o P e r a El o n

F - l at ground o P er a t l o n

Thedozerwittctimba 20 tevets
It simuttaneoustY
The equiPment[ifts the
the groundwith a dozer
apron and lowersthe bowt. ["] stopewith a futt
bowl. btade.
The bowt btadedigs about
50cminto the ground. The end resutt- a straight'
Movingforward for about J0 ftat, and comPacteo
s e c . ( a P P r o x1. 5 m )f i t t t h e
coveringsoiI surface.
bowt, which beginsto rise.

operation
Fig.6.4Scraping dozer
by a scraper

Reversemovement

operation

Ctimbinga 30["] stope is possibLe when the bowl is empty The equipment.Liftsthe
apron and pushesearth with an ejector' lt spreadssoil in both modes'
"|-iJt""o
g p e r a t i o nb y a s c r a P edr o z e r
F i g .6 . 5 ( c o n t i n u e dS)c r a p i n o

They
Earthmovers dig, scrapeand coverwastewith earth and sand'
facitities'Theyhave
l."p"liilna ,urfices,ina are mostlyusedat large-scale
caoacities that rangefrom 1.5cu'mto 30cu'm'

3l
 Table6.1 is a comparison
of sanitarytandfittequipment.

Tabte6.1Comparison
of sanitary
tandfitt
equipment

waste Co'r'ersoit

Levet Press Dig

Type Level Press Drag
5Crape
Lrawlaoozer
(Buttdozer) B c B D
Lrdwtaotoaoer
(Tractor shovel r I B D
lt
Wheeldozer B B D
Wheeloader B I c I E 0
)crapeoozer
't
D
R D
Scraperearthmover b
n A
:_'::.'_'lo"ur D 0 n D
Compactor I U

sanitarylandfitlmachinesare expensive.rt is, thereforeimportantto

considerthe scaleof a finat disposatsite and the type of wa;te it wiu
accommodate beforedetermining whatequipment to purchase.In addition,
because of economicreasonit maybe possibte to purchaseontyonemachine.
In this case, one machinemust perform att the functions'necessary for
smooth[andfi[[operation(tevettingand rottingof wastedisposat, cottection
of coversoit,coveringandlevel.ting of ground).Thissuggeststhat crawt-type
dozeris mostsuitabtefor work in timitedareasandwheet-typetoadersare,
because of their excellentmobitity,bettersuitedfor operatlonin l,argersitei
spreadovera widerarea.

34
 of covermaterial
Tabte5.2 Apptication

Minimumthickness time
Exposure
Covermateriat

6in 0-7days
Daity
'lft (apProx.30cm) 7-365days
lntermediate
zft (approx.
60cm) '365 days
Finat

rain'
" The tengthof time covermateriatwitl be exposedto erosionby windand

of generatsoiltypesascovermaterial
Tabte6.3Suitabitity

sand sano

GPPP
tunnetting
Keepfties from I
(, FT
emerglng
G.E F+
Minimizemoisture P P G.E
enteringfitt
Minimizetandfittgas G.E G.E FT
ventitationthrough P P
cover
ProvrdePteasing
appearanceand
controibtowingpaper
P G f-l E
Growvegetation
Be permeabtefor P
venting E P
decomPositiongas+

E, excellenuG, good;F' fair; P, Poor'

t Exceptwhencracksextendthroughthe entire cover'
+ Ontyif wettdrained.

(1972)
Source:U.S.EPA
 7. PollutionControlandMeasures

A goodknowtedge of wastedecomposition processes

they exert on the operationis esseniiatfor andthe influences
selection f,ropersanitarytandfil.l.
site
anddesign.
Wastesdeposited in a tandfiltdegradechemicatty
producesotid,liquidandgaseous and biol.ogicatty to
produits.
Ferrousandother
ut'ised
uvm,. e.ni,il:lilffi ";:*'r::,
ioo,. ,'iTlil:.#:'*', *
ff il':"%fl
Liquidwaste productsof microb

eneouscharacterof the waste,their

rperties,the avaitabitity
of orygenand
ture,microbialpoputation, andlypeof
sincethe wasteusuattyform a veryheterogeneous
massof non-uniform
ttlg uld variablecomposition andasotherractoii are comptex,variableand
difficutt to controt,it is not possibteto accuratetypredictcontaminant
quantities andproduction rates.

7.1 WasteDecomposition
Within a Landfill

Organicsubstances jn tandfittar
organicsubstances and biogases by t
abundant in waste.In general.,the wa:
differentstageswith differenttypesof
Stage1: Shorttyafter tandfittings,air is entrapped
withinthe poresof
waste layer, and aerobic condition witt exist. io*euer,
th; ;;;"; ;;
consumedrapidtyby the actionof aerobicbacteria.This
teadsto thi next
stagewherefacuttative anaerobic bacteriawitt domrnare.
Stage2: Facultatjveanaerobicbi

Stage 3: With time.,.methanogenic

- bacteria wit[ dominateand
anaerobicdecomposition wrtt oroceed.
acidsto methaneandcarbondioxide,vr
or 8 and a fatl of BODand/ or C(
biodegradation of organicsubstances
tandfiltsite, however,receivesdifferenttype of organicsubstances
which are readitydegradabte -loortionativ, someof
and othersire not. ["ir,ti
may have different parts fitted waste at different stages "rl
of degradation,
whichreflectsleachate andgascompositions.
Figure7.2 showsan exampteof materiatbatanceof organiccarbonin
tandfittfocatedat TokyoBay.Thissitewasoperatedduring1955and1974and
received mainty unprocessed.municipat waste. Tokyo Metropolitan
Governmentestimated2.25x106 tons of organiccarbonwas containedin
tippeAwaste.About49.3%of themwoutdbe ieteasedfromsite in the form of
gassuchas methaneand carbondioxide,onty0.9%of organiccarbonwoutd
Iissotvein leachateand otherswoutdremainsin tippedwasteas humusby
the year of 1984.This estimationshowshatf of organiccarboninjtiatty
cont;inedin wasteis transformedinto gaseous phaseand anotherhatf witt
remainin tandfil.tsitefor a longtime.
Therefore,it takesseveralyearsfor organicsubstance in wasteto be
degradedandstabitizethroughbiotogicat transformation.

7.2 LeachateGenerationand EnvironmentEffects

The rainfatl. infittration and groundwaterwhen the landfitt is

constructedbetow the groundwatertabte with no lining systemsare the
major sourcesof leachate.The water percotatingthroughwaste produce
hightycontaminated leachatethat witt causewater pollutionif it mixeswith
surfaceandgroundwater untesssufficientnaturalattenuationor controlhas
occurred.Figure7.6 showsan exampteof evidenceof groundwater pollution
caused bywiste tandfitt.Constituents increase considerabtyto a maximum in
the areaundertying the tandfittandthendecrease graduattyin bothupstream
anddownstream of groundwater flow.
Landfittsite mustbe setectedandconstructedto ensurethe protection
of water resources.Good designand maintenancecan atso ensurethe
preventionof water pottution.The substantialeffectsof surfacewater and
groundwater pottutionby teachateand associated probLems are summarized
in Table7.1 and7.2 respectivelY.
HighBODteachateand sotubtemetalsin a reducedform witl deptete
the oxygen content in water resources,which results in kitting
oxygen-dependent species,bad tasteand smetlas welt. Nitrogen,metals,
orginic and pH changeincreasetoxicity of water and makeunsuitablefor
agricutturaIanddomestic use.
Non-biodegradable constituents wilt accumulatethroughfood chains'
Nitrogen,phosphorous witt promoteeutrophicationin a ctosedregionof
surfaie water. Someconstituentsin leachatesuch as chtorinatedorganic
compounds are chemicallystable,henceoncegroundwater becomepolluted
by these substances it may be impossibteto restore the water quatity
naturallyandwoutdbe difficuttandexpensive to cleanit up artificiatly'
 nerationcontrotis to understand
water

hat there exists natural attenuation

38
 Gasification
Liquefaction lletnane,
fatty aod +
Lorryer carbondioxide
substances
lnsotubte ChemicaIsynthesis Humus,residue
Organic I
substances Y
substance
Watersotubte
+
Leachate(BOD,COD)
(BOD,
Leachate C0D)
co0

of organicwaste
decomposition
Fig.7.1Anaerobic

C^R6OR ITA'ERIA.L IAI.AIICE 'N IIIPEO REFU5E

lqc (2.25 x 106 t.a)

Er{rSrcALcont^quor & l i i l r r E o I ^ T ! ?i o 0 uc - r s
!l DEclrolrloll

Sltr L tlooucrs;
!Y DtCt DltlOri.

xunuS cA5FICATtOH
CEflERAAIO|| cH{
co2

r8 qrs
(I.1I ! IoS t€nl

LEACTIAIE N E S I O U Cl NEIUsE ATA6O5?HEA!

CE|{EAATION LAIEF
r E S T t H A a E qm C ( : O . r A L O R C A N I CC T R B O I ( l l l i l n E T I P ? E D R E t U s !
- I97')
A T T O K Y O; A Y N O . I I L A T I o F I L LS r T E ( l t 6 J

Tokyometropotitan
Source: (1975)
government

of totatorganiccarbonin tippedwaste
Fig.7.2 Materiatbatance
 Tabte7.'l Potentiatteachateprobtems
in surfacewaters

Parameter Effect Associated

Problems
BOD Oxygendeptetion Septiccondition,discotoration,
tasteand
odourproblems

lron Rust-coloured
stains Discotoration,
slimegrowthson stream
bottom,tasteandodourprobtems

pHchange Increased
toxicity PotentiaIprobtems for domesticuse,
irrigationandstockwateringdownstream
Nitrogen ditto. ditto.
Metals ditto. ditto.
Organics ditto. ditto.
pH increase Metalprecipitation Btanking of streambottom,longterm
toxicity
Calcium Increased
hardness ,nterference
with domesticuse
Magnesium ditto. ditto.
Nitrogen Atgatblooms Interference
with domesticandrecreational
u5e
Phosphorusditto. ditto.
Colour Discoloration Reducedphotosynthesis
and oxygen
dgplet!9!_qg$!9!\9!\,unpteasant
: . D . C a m e r o(n' l9 7 8 )
S o u r c eR

Tabte7.2 Potentialleachateproblems
in groundwater

Parameter -
Effect Asoclatid problems
BOD Oxygendepletion Discoloration, tasteandodourprobtems
lron Rust.co(oured
stains Staining of ctothsandfixture,tasteand
odourprobtems
pH change Increased
toxicity Possibte problems for domesticuse,
irrigationandstockwatering
Nitrogen ditto. ditto.
Metals ditto. ditro.
Organics dttto. clitto.
pH increase Metalprecipitation Possibleaquiferclogging
Totatsotids Attenuationandbuitd Aquiferctogging, possibteIater
up desorption
Fluoride Highftuoridetevel Motttedteeth
Selenium Toxicity Possibtetoxicityto human
Cotour Discotoration Aestheticalty unpteasant
: .D . C a m e r o(n1 9 7 8 )
S o u r c eR

40
7.3 GasProduction Pattern

Gasproduction patternof a tyPicatsanitarytandfittis shownin Figure

7.3.In thisfigurefourdistinctphasesareidentified:
phase.3'
Phase1, aerobic;phase2, anaerobic;non-methanogenic;
anaerobicmethanogenic, unste"dy;and phase4, anaerobicmethanogenic'
steaoy.
Thenon-methanogenic processes
stageis initiatedby hydrotysis marked
of comptexorganicmatterto sotublecomponents
by the conversion by me-ans
within a shortrime: anaerobic
oi cettutose. conditionsprevailandthereafter
onty two types of gasesare produced in appreciabtequantity: methane
(about55%by votume)andcarbondioxide(about40%by votume)'
The rate of gasproductionand the duratjonof each phaseare site
specific.Thebenci scatetandfittexperiment of.shredded -T':t11.,11t::
productionas
showedthat it took about3OOdaysto reachstabtemethane
shownin Figure7.4, Mostsanitarytandfittsare saidto reachsteadystate
of
few
."tntn" pr6ductionin 180to 500days.Thefirst stagemaytakeontyin a
daysto weeksto comptete.lt is difficutt to estimate.tl: -ol:I:]1,,C3:
;;ilr;tt; sense,,a
p;riod.Ho*"u"r,asa common co9?t9:-fj::11"t,:j:ll:
needed for the organic substancesin munlclpat wa:ste tandfitt to degrade
completelY.
Methane production is controtted by many factors such as waste
potentia[ and
composition,moisturecontent, temperature, atkatinity,redox
pH. Among them moisture is criticat to gas generation' Gas production
increases with moisture content up to the saturation point. Optimum
moisturecontentissaidtobeabove40percent.Methanogenicbacterlacan
Optimum
survive only within a narrow range of pH between 6'4 and 7'4'
37oC' Some
i"tp"ruture for anaerobicdecom[ositionlies between 29'C and
of
*"ri." tuy inhibit activities of methanogenicbacteria, while co-disposal
studge may enhance gas
n att" *itn high putrescibtematerialssuchas organic
production.

41
 I II ltt

0)
e
l

E
\tr l /
,
'.2 L\-

o Ii
I 't
lL
tv
I
>< qat

(9
iA 1
I
:-t
-1*-...-
z'\ _
:(-- __5!

Timeafter ptacement

t. Aerobjc
ii. Anaerobic,Methanogenic,Unsteady
Anaerobic,Methanogenic,steady
"i.
Source:
G.J.Farquhar,
F.A.Rovers
(1973)

Fig.7_3Evotution
of typicattandfittgascomposition

Or+
FT
H2 -a-
-.1 CO' O
CHo +

c 50

o
\
o
\
b

200 J00

Age of fiIl ( days )

Fig.7.4GasProductlon
in benchscaletandfittexDeriment

42
7.4 GasMigrationand Control

1) Gasmigration

Landfittgases migratequiteeasityto a significant distance throughsoil.

Movement will be greatestin hightypermeabte soitsuchassand graveland
or
teastin silt andctayeysoils.
The gasesgeneratedinsidetandfittwitt vent out to the atmosphere by
upwardm-igration and/or horizontatmigration.lf tandfitLsurfaces are
coveredby-[owpermeabtesoit, asphattor cappedwith a ctay or synthetic
liner, there is greater tendencytoward laterat migration' In general,a
tandfittconstructed in a sand-graveIenvironment experiences greaterIateral
movementof gasesthan the one in a cl.ayenvironment (see Figure7'5)'
Experiments aigravetpit tandfittsite in Catifornia, U.Sshowedthat rate of
coz movementin verticattydownwardand in horizontaldirectionwas 27
tons/ha/yrand25tons/ha/yr, respectively, whiteupwardmovement through
41 cm sitt coverwas2 to 3 x 10' tons/ha/yr.
The mostseriousProblemcausei
fire hazard.Methaneandsometrace01
At a concentration between5 and 15
ignitabteat atmospheric pressure and
enhanced when methane migratesfrom tandfittsiteandis mixedwith air in a
confinedspace.Severaltragicacc'idents causedby methaneexplosionhave
been reportedin the u.s and Japan. other actual or potential threats
associated with tandfittgasesincludeacidificationof groundwater by carbon
dioxide,vegetationdamage,odourproblems,propertyvatuedeterioration
andtoxicemissions.
Excessive acidificationof groundwater acceterates corrosion of iron,
and steel, and dissolutionof carbonatecompoundsfrom soil and rock
formation. Presenceof carbonates,bicarbonateand hydroxidescauses
increase of aLkatinity in water.Atkatinity is detrimentaIto manyindustries
suchas food productionas wetl as objectionableto drinkingwater. water
containing carbonates andbicarbonates of calciumandmagnesium increases
hardness. Hardness profiteof groundwater beneaththe landfitLsitehasbeen
definitetyidentifiedas a souiceof groundwater poltution,
as depictedin
Fisure7.6.

4l
 EXTENSIVE
LATEMLMIGMTION

CLrv On 5yp1119716ao"
lLOw PERMEaBtLtT.Y) !9I SO|L.FBoZ€NOA saTuRAT€o
sort,
l(Ow pERM€AB|UTyt
ORPAVEH€I.lT

1r1r>) t^iD +Ah+a .(:ij,'..-.';':':.'l: ji

l.;-a: t 4-J1
\ 4- a "r'-'
.\ Y'' )- ' 'F
REFUSE V'
.\t \(- /-.,- *r ==

S A N O A N D G R A V E LC A P
IHIGH PERM€AgILITYI

r . . l. - ( Jf < r \ tl f r J -r > \ l - l t-
,\ \, - J _ ) ,,t , r . L
/ (. -t ' | l )-:
,
l
I vt I
* i"L""l /\irl:r'l \\'

\
l'+ ," 1' ll \' ,-;7
V,.rnn 7
'\ri \
\.---t* \ \'\\\\ \'
\ \
\\t.-t....L"io,' .\
c r-rr.rEn
\__ (tow peRr,reearLrtvt

S o u r c eU
: .S.EpA
(19g5)

Fig. 7.5 Pathwaysof gas migration

44
Gascontrol systems

since uncontrotled gas migrationcan resuttin significanthazards,

specialcontrotsystemsare requiredto avoidtheseprobtems'Gascontrol
systems makeuseof naturalbariierswherepossibte, andof artificialbarriers
suchasgasventingtrenches andwetls.Naturalbarriersinctudefine-grained
soil.ssuih as gLacial.til.l.or cLayand water-saturated coarse-grained soils.
Lateralgasmi{rationcanbe controttednaturattyat a tandfit[boundary where
thesekindsof soiIformationexist.
ArtificiatcontroIsystemsinctud€
imoermeabte membranes, inducede>
verticalventing.Theseare summariz'
are constructedby diggingdown to t
tabl.eandbackfittingthe tiencheswith coarseaggregate or builders'rubbte'
Gascan be ventedto the atmosphere throughthis trench,or the trenchcan
UeequippeO with gascoltectionor exhaustsystemswhen sotetrenchdoes
not work effectivetyto vent the gas.
A permeabtetrench (see Figure7.7A) m9y be an effective tateral
migrationcontrolsystemat a tandfittsite situatedin tesspermeable soil'with
i d'eepwater tabte. the trenchshoutdbe constructedto a depth at least
equatto the depthof the tandfitt.
In permeabte soits,a trenchshc
barriersuchas ptastic sheetor ctaya[(
7.78).Ventitation pipes(seeFigure7
tandfittand the impermeabte barrie
covered.
An inducedexhaustsystem(seeFigure7.7D),consisting of a permeab.te
trenchequippedwith gasventitationpipesor separatety instatted gaswetts
connectedby a headerto an exhaustbtoweris the mosteffectivegascontrol
method.Veri.icat ventilationpipesor gaswetlsinstattedaroundthe tandfittat
30 to 60ft (approx.g-1gm)intervatand down to the baseor to the water
table are effectiveif connectedto a headerandexhaustbtower'
ln landfittwheresite conditions makeit difficult to constructdeep
trench,gasventilationpipescanbeinstattedeitheraroundtheperimeterof
the sitJor within the I'andfittitsetf. ln either caseunlessa sufficient
numberof suchpipesare instatted,pumpingsystems with an appropriate
headerwitt be requiredto ensureadequateventilation.In Japan,perforated-
pipeswith a diameterof 10-20cmare commonlyusedat an intervalof
30-50m withina Landfill(seeFigure7.8).
Therearetwomethodsofhandtingtandfittgasthatgetscoltectedina
site. The first methodis, to vent it directtyto the atmosphere'
Landfitl. The
secondmethodis, to burnthe gas,transforming it into odourtessgases'The
formermethodis not necessarity appticabte to att tandfittsites this
because
methodsometimesposesenvironmentat probtemsdue to hazardous or
odorousgasconstituents. TheIatteriseffectivewhenever high concentratton
of methaneis Dresent andit canbe burnedcontinuousty'

45
 Specia(care must be. taken, howeve[ to prevent
extinguishing ftame from
by fitting a wind cowt io tne pipe oiurrnd rh"tt".
plpe. aroundthe

Test
PPM Test
well 1J
well 44
3,000
I I

2,500

2,000 Undertying
tandfiLt

1,500

1,000

s00

Source:
J.J.Coe(19201

Fig T.6 Profilesof certainconstitueDt

concentration
in groundwater
near(andfittsite

46
 E

Perrr,eableTrench l m p e r m e a b l eB a r r i e r

Exhaust
btower

[r
Perforated pipe Perforatedpipe

'a' 'D'

Pipe Vent l n d u c e d E x h a u st

Gar mrgration

6ravet
Trenchcover
lmpermeaDte
barrier
Gas Control Barriers

u . 5 . E P( A
198s)

Fig.7.7 Gascontrotbarriers
 ><<a;_(;
.4-<. '..' .
.,'.

i.r) r:-.1 !.
'.i..
access roads PUMP . . r j ..
.,.,. l

slit-slope
L e a c h a t e c o l . Le c t i o n wrre-cylinder
(radder iyie) PTPE

Fig. 7.8 Typtcalsanitarytandfill site wrth wire-cylinderfor gascontrot

8. LeachateControland Treatment

8. 1 LeachateCharacteristics

Thechemicalcharacteristics of teachatedepenoon wastecomposition

and conditions within the tandfit{suchas temperature,
moisture,stageof
decomposition, landfitt depthandso on. Amongthem,a brief outlineoi the
teachatecharacteristics with a stage of decompositionare describedin
Article7.1.Asa whote,COD,BODandNH:-Nof leachate of a typicalsanitary
tandfitlwitt changewith time as shownin Figureg.1. BoDdecreasu ,or"
rapidtythan coD becauseBoD is attributed to more easitybiodegradabte
substances in wasteand theseare attackedby varietyor uacteriait eiriy
stage of fitl.ing.
Landfitt types or tandfitt techniquesherp to create a certain
environmentmentionedabove which affects both the rate of waste
decomposition and stabitization.Basedon varyingmetaboticfunction of
mrcroorganism within Landfills,tandfitttype has been ctassifiedinto five
categories,as shownin Tabteg.1 and Figureg.2. Leachatecharacteristics
generated from theserandfirlare compared in Tabteg.2(a),(b) ano rilure
8.3. Aerobictype tandfitttype can attain rapiddecomposition of waste-and
quick stabitization.However,its constructionand marnrenance cost is the
highestandproperoperationis ratherimpractical.
contrary to aerobic tandfitt, semi-aerobictype tandfitt is easy to
construct,requireslessmaintenancecare and resu(tin earty Stabitiz;tion
andquickdecompositionofwaste.Givenitsadvantagesthesemi-aerobic
tandfittwitt be discussed first.
In Japan,after Dr. Hanashima et al. introduceda new methodof
stabitizing wasiesin a tandfitt,cattedthe semi-aerobic tandfitt.SEM1'AEROBIC
LANDFILL-is definedasa sanitarytandfittwith perforated teachatecollection
pipes,whichnot ontydrainsoutihe teachatebut atsosuppties the wastewith
air throughnaturalconvection '
Figure8.4 showsan exampteof the type of semi-aerobictandfitt'
perforaiedpipesare enctosed in packedgravetsandcoveredwith a layerof
waste,whichin turn, is coveredwith poroussoilcover'Thesepipesare [ed-to
op"n ii,. to that the inftowof air is inducednaturatty'Sinceoxygenis supptied
to microorganisms by air, the wastecan be stabiiizedbiochemicatty through
aerobicfermentation.
Someof the advantages in semi-aerobictandfittare that:

(1) Leachateis tess probtematicthan the one from anaerobic

tandfitt
(2) Volumeof hazardous gasescan be reduced
( 3 ) Wasteis more quicklystabitizedthan in anaerobictandfitt
(4) Groundwater pottutionof teachatecanbe reduced
can be maintainedat a low cost
( 5 ) Ooerations

Forthesereasons, for the

in Japanthis designor type is recommended
landfittsite acceptingorganicwaste.

8.2 Selectionof LeachateTreatmentProcess

Composition of leachatechangeswith time. Atthoughthere are many

low-molecutar-weightorganic compounds at earty stage of
tandfitting/decomposition, the fractionof high-motecutar-weightcompounds
f rom less]decomposing organicsubstances becomesmore as time goeson.
inui, fo'. the tandfitf of tess than 5 years otd, biotogicaltreatment of
leachateis effectivebut, as it getsotder,physicatand chemicaltreatments
are required.Thereforebiotogicattreatmentand coagulationprecipitation
are the minimumrequirementlora treatmentof tandfittleachateduringthe
Lifeof a tandfitt.But highertevetof treatmentmaybe apptieddependingon
the standardto be achieved.Generalftow diagramof leachatetreatmentis
shownin Figure8.5 andunit processes andtheir removalefficienryfor each
targetcontaminants aresummarized in Tabte8.3.

of leachatetreatmentare shownin Figure

The fundamentalProcesses
8.5-8.10andTabte8.4.

49
 F
F

; ELAPSED T II'1E IN YEARS

F i g .8 . 1 C h a n g eo f l e a c h a t ec o n c e n t r a t i ow
n ith time

Tabte8.1Ctassification
of tandfilttype

Anaerobictandfitl Wastes arefittedin dugareaof ptanefietdor vattey.

Wastes are filtedwith wateranddecomposition
occursin anaerobic condition.
i Anaerobic sanitarylandfill Anaerobic tandfillwith cover-likesandwich
shape.
Condition insidethe tandfittis sameasanaerobic
tandfitt.
lmprovedanaerobic Thishasleachatecottection systemin the bottomof
sanitarytandfitt the landfittsite.Otherconditions aresameasin
(lmproved sanitarytandfitt) anaerobic sanitarytandfitt.Theconditionsare stit(
anaerobic but moisturecontentis muchlessthan
q!99r9q$:eqlqry tq4lill.
Semi-aerobictandfitt Leachatecottectionpipe is biggerthan the one in
rmproved sanitary(andfitt.Theopeningof the pipe
rscoveredwith smattcrushedstones.Moisture
contentin solidwasteis small.Oxygenis supptied
to waste from leachatecollection
Jnaddjtion to the leachatecollectionpipe, air
supplyprpesare attachedand air is forced into the
. tandfittdue to which conditionbecomesmore
I

I aerobicthan semi-aerobiclandfitt.

50
 IandfiLt
Anaerobic

Sanitarytandfilt
Anaerobic

lmprovedAnaerobicSanitarytandfitttype

landfitI
Semi-aerobic

Aerobic tandfitI

F i g . 8 . 2C t a s s i f i c a t i oonf t a n d f i Ltty p e s
 Table8.2(a)LandfillStructure
andLeachate
quatity

n Duringlandftll 6 months aftei 1 yearafter 2 yearsafte-

{andfitlctosed landfi(tctosed landfit(ctosed
AnaeroblcBOD . 50,000 40,000
40,000 . 50,000 10,000
tandfill c0D'
- ,t0,000 10,000
- 20,000
. 50,000 40,0@-50,m 30,000
40,000 - 40,m0 20,000 . 30,0@
NH!-N 800- 1,000 1,000 800
pn approx.6.0 approx. 6m
6,0 approx.6.0 a p p r o x . 6 . 0
(v's'bitiry) 0.9.r.0
transparency
12 t-J t- J

Anaerobic 800 40,000 - 50,0@ 7,000- 6,@0

landfilt c00' . 300
40,000s0,000 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 2 0 , 0 0 01,0m - 2,000 200- 3m
1,000. 2,000
NH!.N 800- 1,000 800 500- 600
pH approx- 500. 6m
6.0 approx.7-0 7.0- 7-5 t.0 - 7.5
transparency
(visibitity 0 . 9- 1 . 0 1 . 5- 2 1-2

5emi. BOD 40,000 . 50,000 5,000

- 6,000
c0D' 100.200
aerobic 40,000.50,000 10,000 - 2,000
1,000
landfill NH,-N 800- 1,000 1,000
pfl
500 -
100 2@ 100
approx.6.0 approx.8.0 approx.
transparency 0 . 9 1. 0
7.5 7.0- 8.0
1.2 34 5-6
 municipalsolidwaste
of Initia(Leachate'from
Tabte8.2 (b)Composition

Srudt Bl
Slsdv A'
Col'rgon.^l
Low lri 3h

6.0 6.5 3.7 8.5

9H
890 7.600 200 550
H a r d n e sC
s .a C O ,
A l h a l i n i t rC. a C 0 l 730 9,500

Ca 240 2.330

Mg 64 410

Na 85 I.700 r27 3.800

r( 28 r.700
6.5 220 0.t2 I.640
fe (lotal)

fcrtous iron 8 . 7t 8 . 7t

96 2.350 4t 2,340
Chloridc
84 730 20 375
Sullalc
0.3 29 2.O 130
Phosphata
tr
2.4 465 8.0 422
0 r g an i c . l {
o-22 480 z.L 17l
Nil..tl

800 21.700 30.300

809 50.7l s
c00
0.03 129
Zn
0.15 0.81
Ni
r.l 26.500
S u s p e n d esdo l i d s
I :t liters of
mg .r.. ,,a.'t. ()f firsl
Average comPosition !i' r e r , r c s e n ! a itv e '
I eachate Oer ctlbic loot "'.iii*li"a'
municiPal sol id wasl€ '
One alererflinat ion

Source: (1972
U.S.EPA )

53
 A N A E R O B I CL A N D F I L L
^-----"'A\L

104

I03
A N A E R O B I CS A N I T A R Y
LANDFILL
t0? l-*'--s---<----- -o
s E f 4r - A E R o B
I c L A t i D FI L L ( r t r i _ l )

AERoB
I c tnttont tL (t_ns, )
A E R 0IBC U r . t o ; tt _ l ( r t e l o )

6norrrus lvn l,5vn

Fig.8.3 Landfitttypeandteachateguatity
(BoD3)
of the domestrc
waste

54
 perforated main
pipe with branches
thin intermediate
cover soil (Porous)
--J(--

gate

prt

packed gravet Ieachate

Anaerobic landfill Semi-aerobic landfill

s4
Fifled
;;'''
.+
K?f FiIIed
solid
Air
solid waste
waste Leachate Leachate

Leachate coll ec-.ion PiPe

tandfilt
of semi-aerobic
Fig. 8.4 Schematicdiagram

( l.cll,9rtcd, cl:boa
lologl CoetulaEloo
preclgl cacl

oloS!c.l ir Co.Sul.rtloo /fir;;;;;;.'

F1 flItcrI
t!arr-EaE! 9rec1plt.lL
dGolc!1f
?
(
*
chloo.rlcl ty Ozoq: j
oxldlzar!.aq

hc:c-Y ocCq1 \ Cb.clrte rc! ln

B.:.vy Ee aals aal-k ^Ilt.
( scavcagcr, ccaaulait;tJ
\rllj!f4:r------l

Fig. 8.5 Schematicdiagramof leachatetreatment

 Tabte8,1 Leachate
trea(menttechnotogy

Tablc E.3 Leachaae Trearrrenc Techno),ogy

Ta r I e I PoI I u Ean E3

TrcaEnenE TachnolosY
DOD c00 s5 T-tl
Rorating Biological Ap911ed rr co6oart-
uonlaclor tlvely Lov qooccn!!r-
tlo!1
Contact oxld.tLoo 19911td, rE co6pr1'r-
9toccss rlYely lov conccnllr_
E10n
AcrlYrr.d, slude! Ralc of CoD r.?Eovrl
Plocass (colrvantlonrl, varLcs ftoo IO to BOZ
cxleEdcdr Doq-coatlou- dcaendln8 oo thc aro_
ou3 c)4rc ! p€rEl e3 of vat er.
UH3-N E.y ch.r8c
HO_-X.

Lagoon Hhcn bOD ln r.rv vrca!

ls htgh, the rrr. of
rcooYrl drogs, Tha
runnhg cos E ls _l,ov.
Bj.oIoSj.ca I t{ediucl Slnce BoD lord ls as
fLlEr:tloa grocess: hlgh.s3-5kE
(o<-dry), rhc sl!.
alce can be soal,I.
Btological d.n1t11f i.- NH3-N changcs to
caE,los ll2 aas.

Coaaulatl.ng sadlEEE ta- Effectlva ln rcnovlrr8

l loE piocass SS, CoD, and chrona-
tl c1ry.
Sand flllraElon R c q u l r c d r s D r c Er a r I
mcn! of rcEivatcd
carbon adsorpEion.
nEthod.
A c El v . E c d c a r b o n Iffecclvc 1n rcrnovlng
adsorp!ion COD, and chro-
9acLcicy; !elloval, o(
toxlc subsElnccs
and ortanlc nLEroB?n
can bc exgectcd.
0zonlrrrlon EsDcctaIly c!(.cclv!
In lceovtng chro6.l l-
cl (y.

Effcc clve 1n rarlov.ing

CheIa!e resin
h. av-y ltr.ta.Is.

Renro"al Efficiency: C-8ood, F-fair, P-poo!-

56
 sedlD!n tat lon
facllltl fsclllcl!3

Sludte concen-
tratlon t!nk

(DtsposaI (Leschate treatn€nt factlttles)

Dehydrator

nust ln prlnciPIe be lnstalled

msy condttlonEllY be lnstrlled

Fig, 8.6 Strnd!rd Trcatn.nt FlolJ Shrct

\ l!
qo
9o
o\

SE
=dg
il
e C o s g , ual L i n B s c d l n e n t a -
- foi6* tton facIlltlcs
c-
q6
3.r
(F: S l u d g e c o n ce n -
tratlon tank
&$
??
:lx
='- D e h y rde t o r
e=
6<
t
 gle Chod

Fig. 8.7 Biotogicattreatment methodusedfor efftuent treatmenr

Recurned sludge

A e r a E1 o n
tank
I n p uE Effluent

Sedirnentation
taok
aeaSu re

Fig.8.8 Typicatcasewheretwo aerationtanksare usedunderactivatedstudge

method

58
 Recurned ua cer Recurned lrater

InpuE Effluenc

Flrs c Second
rrlcklng E r i c k l n z-
rllEer fllcer
InEermediaEe Flnal s edlmenEa-
sedlnenCaclon rlon Eank
rank
trjckingfilter method
of two-stage
Fig.8.9 Exampte

Inpuc

RoEaclnt Contacc Eank

dlsc
(Three stages, for exampre)

R o c a El n g Contac E Eank
dlsc
InPu c Sediruentaclon
!ank
Inter,rnedlace (Four partiElons, for examPle)
ParEiEion

Fig. 8.10 Exampte of treatment with rotating discs

ltems under biotogicattreatment

of operationand maintenance
Tabte8.4 Comparison
method

Biotogicat Activatedstudge Fixedmethod

treatment method Trickingfitter I Aerobic Rotatingdisc
.l
method method fitter
submerged method
I
I method
ControI . Controlof the . Controtof
items quantityof exfotiative
studge studge

. Adjustment . Adjustment
of the quantity of the
of aeration rotation
speeo
 Construction costof leachatetreatmentfacititycatcutatedin termsof
votumeof efftuenttreateddecreases as the capacityof treatmentfacitity
increaseand vice versa. As an exampte,in Japan,constructioncost of
teachatetreatmentfacitity with a capacityof 200.300cu.m/day,which is
equippedwith a rotating biotogicatcontractorfor biol,ogicaltreatment
includingdenitrificationprocess,coagulationprecipitation,sandfiltration
andactivatedcarbonadsorption is 2.5 - 3 mitl.ion
yen/cu.m.

8.3 LiningSystems
of Landfill

Sanitarytandfittin Japanis requiredto have lining systemsat the

bottomand atongthe sidesof the tandfittin orderto preventleachatefrom
leakinginto surrounding soil systems,and groundwaterintrusioninto the
[andfi[[when constructedin the soil formationsthat is unsuitablefor
potlutantsattenuationor retardationof water movementas general.ty is the
casein Jaoan.
_ Hydrauticconductivityof tining material is required to be betow
10'5cm/sec. LiningmateriaLs thatsatisfysucha condition arecompacted ctay,
bentonite,asphaltor syntheticmembranes suchas PVC,HDPE(HighDensity
Potyethytene), vulcanizedrubber,etc. Rubbersheetis mostcommontyused
in Japan,howeverit is rather expensive.The cost of rubbersheetwith a
thrckness of 1.5mmis about3,000-4,000 yen/sq.m.Ctaytinermay be the
cheapest if cLayexistsin sufficientamountin the vicinityof the tandfillsite.
A prime consideration when installinga liner is its effectiveness in
preventingteachatemovementduringthe entire life of a tandfitt.Evenan
'impermeable liner cannotpreventthe leakageif it hasholesor cracks.Thus,
utmost care and QA/QCprogramsare neededto protect the tiner in all
aspectsof design, constructionand operation.Another concern is an
interferenceof chemicals presentin leachatewith the Iiningmaterials.Some
organicchemicals arepointedout to reactwith somesyntheticliner resutting
in the deterioration of physicaland chemicalpropertyof tiningmateriats.
Evenctay[ineris damaged by somechemicats andits hydraulic conductivity
for that chemicalsotutionreacheshigher than that of water. Such an
exampleis shownin Figure8.11 for methanot as a sotutionf lowingthrough
variousctays.
In Japannewtydesigned landfittsiteshavesemi-aerobic tandfitttype.In
caseof semi-aerobic tandfitlsites, teachateis quicktycottectedusingthe
leachatecollectionsystemto lowerthe leachate[eve[to the bottomof the
tandfittsitesso that semi-aerobic conditionis achieved.By this methodthe
groundwaterpottutionand pollution load of liner can be reduced.Liner
systemis veryimportantfor cotlectingleachatequickl.y.

The U.5. EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhas proposeddoubleliner

systemsfor hazardous waste landfi[ to assureperfect seatingas wetl as
effectiveleachatedrainage.They recommended two typesof doubtelining
system.The first one consistsof two ftexibtemembraneliners for both
primary(top)andsecondary(bottom)liners.Anothertypeconsists of ftexibl,e
 occur'
pol'tutions
seriousenvironmental

61
 I

<.).
trlf
z

z.
T
F
LlJ
!, =

E
t-

-
F
J
=

,^ -7 IL
UJ
trj
15
z.
'f

C)

NOI']CALCAREOUS SMECTI.IE
C A L C A R E O U SS M E C T I T E
MIXED CATION KAOLINITE
MIXTD CATIONILLITE a

METHANOL

PORE VOLUMES

S o u r c e : U . S - E P A .( I 9 8 3 )

Fig.8.11Permeabitity
of the four typesof ctaysoitto methanol

62
 Lfaterials 0imensionsand 5oecifications l.lornanditure
o

P SoLidwaste
c
-ll
'10
?
rn
#
Craded6ranutarFilter i,ledium
i -
Thickness> 5 in.
Recornrnended
L^aximumHeadon T@ Liner . 12 in.
J--_____
Thickness' 12 in.
Recomrnended
> 1x10i cm/sec.
Filter ^'ledium

N' cb GranularDrainl,{aterial Flydraulic

Conductivity PrirnaryLeachateColtectionand
L.r i, (bedding)
.,\ RernovatSystem
o uarn nPe -> (J
FtexibleLilembrane
Linef (Ft',1L) llld{nrrn5"r}ftul;) :r rficf lFaranllD{rEif, rfiE s:ftr - TopLiner (F\.^L)
t,
c. \.- Reco.nrnended Thickness of Flvtl> 30 mils
GranularDrainA,laterial lsee notel
9condary LeachateCollectionand
o (Bedding) Reco.nrnendedThickness> 12in. RernovalS]6tem
6
o. Lrner(FML)
Ftexible^,lemb,rane
l-Recommended Connection(contact)
Compression
f of Fl,tL> 30 mils
Thickness L-
_il EetweenSoiland FML
(seenote)
=
r
o Thickness' 36 in,
Recommended
cq LowPermeabilitvSoil. ComDactedin Lilis 7 BottomLiner (conpositeFl,^Land
HydraLrticConductivity< 1 x 1o
Recommended
lSoiILinertvlaterial) compactedtow perrneabititysoit)
o cm/sec
=
5 fteparedin 6 in. Lilis
SurfaceScarifiedBetweenLilis

.D
3 [- No" , FraLthickness ' 45 mitsI UnsaturatedZone
I recomrnendedif tineris not

'rr:%n
I
within3 nenths.
covered
I I
NativeSoitFoondation/Subbase
 8.4 Site Selectionfor LandDisposal

In the setectionof suitabtesite for a tandfiil,manyfactorsmust

be
considered. The major factorsto be considered inctudeenvironmental.
engineering/economics, ptanningandacceptabitity. carefut,"i".tion oirit"*i
is critical because,once the tandfittis in operaiion,most of the
phenomena naturat
such as water tabte, ftoods,etc. cannoibe .ontrolt"o
There.is rare(yan ideatsite for a (andfittandthereforea particular ".iiri.
location
mustbe devetoped andengineered to makeit suitabtetorine pu.pore.Fiom
the viewpointsof controtting.andpreventingsurfacewaterandgroundwater
contamination,major considerations are environmentat charaateristics
the site especialty of
hydrotogy, geotogyandsojlproperties.
lrydrotogical
characteristicsof the site mustbe studiedto evatuatethe
site. Thesecharacteristirs are the parametersgovernlngthe movementof
water throughthe soils,surface..runoff and tranipiration.Hence,to a taige
extent, hydrotogyof the site witt determinewheiherreachatewirt resurt
ln
waterpotlutionor not. Theimportantsitecharacteristics arethe fottowins:

(1) Depthto bedrockor grave[layer,

(2) Depthof the seasonaI
watertable.
(3) Thicknessof soil,
(4) SoiItexture,
(s) Soitpermeabitity,
(6) Availablewater-holding
capacityof the site,
(7) SoitpH,
(8) Soitsatinity,
(e) Theshrink-swettpotentiatof soit.

The depth of soit to bedrockis an importantfactor,as it affects

possibitityfor groundwater the
contamination. iermeabitityis anotherina;caioi
oFthe potentia(for groundwater contamination.
unsuitabrehydrogeotogicat conditionsfor r,andfir.t
includeftood prone
areasuchasdertaandtidalftats,tow-tying sitesof drainage uasins,
anisites
nearbya we[[ used for drinkingwater. Thesesites have nvarogeotogiiii
conditionsthat make water susceptib(eto po(tutionuy -"no'
ieu.-nate
thereforeshoutdbe avoided.
An evatuationof the geotogicat and soitconditionsof a tandfir.t
essential
for its properdesignandmanagement. site is
particutar ,nortJ
be givento: "ttention

64
 (1) Depthto subsurface soil,
(2) Characteristics of subsurfacesoit in retationto stabitity and
water transmission,
(3) Degree of weathering with depth,
(41 OutcroPs of bedrock'
(5) TyPeof bedrock,
(6) Fissures,fautts, fractures,joints timestonecavities,or other
irregularitiesin the bedrock.

Leachatecontamlnants travel moreeasityin rockstratawith fractures

andjointsthanthroughctaysoits,whichusuattyhavea verytowpermeabitity
unteisthey havebeensubjectedto jointingandhaveopenfractures'
Whenman'madeoits suchas s
gravetpits are to be usedas a sanita
extensivesite improvementto me€
Becausetheseformationshavehigh
very high.
50itthat existsin or nearthe tandfittsite is oftenusedascovermaterial
for sanitarytandfitt.cover of sanitarytandfittperformscriticatfunctionsin
controllingwater pottutionby way of reducingrainwaterinfittrationinto
undertyin! waste. To reduce infittration surface vegetation must-be
considere-d,as vegetationptantedon finat cover reducesinfittration.The
ptants can draw water out of the ground and reduce the amount of
percotating water.
site characteristics that are unacceptabte waste land
for hazardous
disposatare summarizedin Tabte8.5, which inctudegeotogy,hydrotogy'
climate, topography, soits,and land use as an environmentat factor to be
consideied.Tfreseiriteria are appticabl,e atsofor the selectionof a tandfitt
sitefor municipal waste.

65
 Tab(e8.5 Unacceptab(e
sitesfor tandfitt

Environmintit nesiric[ion;
Factors

Geotogy - Eedrockoutcroo
- lrregutarities
suchasfissures
or faults
- Overtying
groundwater
Hydrotogy - Aquiferrechargezones
- Floodproneareassuchasriver floodplains,
detta,tidal
flats
- Wettand
- Seasona((y
highwatertab(es:<4-6ft (approx.1.2-1.gm)
- Nearbyprivateor community
watersuppty weltsand
reservoirs
Ctimate - Upwindof targepoputations
- Extremelywet or coldconditrons

Topography - Overtysteepstopes
- Brokenterrain

Soits - Thinsoilabovegroundwater
- Salinesoits
- Hightypermeabte soitsaboveshattow groundwater
- Soilswith extremeerosionpotentiat

Land use - Areasformerlyusedfor tandfitts

- Areascontaminatedwith persistent
- Residuefrom pastchemicalspittsor wastetreatment
processinc

Source:
U.S.EPA(1980)

56
9. CompletedSanitaryLandfill

Rectaimingtandbyfittingandraisingthegroundsurfaceisoneofthe
great benefits6f sanitiry tan-dfitt.The comptetedsanitarylandfitt.can.be
ir"a fo. manypurposes, but this mustbe ptannedbeforeoperationsbegin'

9.1 Characteristics

The designershoutdknow the future use of the comptetedsanitary

tandfittbeforestartingthe designwork.
UnLikean earth fitt, a sanitaryl,andfittconsistsof ce[[scontaininga
greatvarietyof materiatshavingdifierent physicat,chemicaland biotogical
of wastesimparts characteristics to the
iroperties. The decomposition
requirethat the designer
l"nifllt tn"t arepecutiarto it. Thesecharacteristics
piins fo, gas and water controts, cett configuration,cover material
specifications(as determined by the ptanned u-se)and the periodic
maintenance neededat the comptetedsanitarytandfitt'
Theexamplesof characteristics are asfotlows:
(1) DecomPosition
(2) Density
(3) Setttement
(4) capacity
Bearing
(5) Landfillgases
(6) Corrosion

9.2 LandUse

There are manyways in which a comptetedsanitarytandfill can be

for
used;it can be, for example,convertedinto a greenareaor designed
agricutturat
recreational, purposes'
or tightconstruction Thetandfittdesigner
shoutdevatuateeach propositfrom a technicatand economicviewpoint.
Whiteidentifyingfutureuseoneshouldnotethatmoresuitablelandisoften
avaitabteetsewherethat woutd not require the expensiveconstruction
techniquesat a sanitarylandfit[requiresto acceptsuchuse'
Theexamptes of landuseare asfoltows:
(1) Greenarea
(Zl Agriculture
(3) Construction(seeFig. 9.1)
(4) Recreatron

6t
9.3 Registration

The comptetedlandfittshoutdbe inspectedby the government

responsibte agency
for ensuringits properoperation.Fottowing
tlie finatu.."pi"n.6
of the site,a detaiteddescription,inctuding
a ptat,sh6utdu" recoroJo
the properauthorityof the area where the iite L located. *iin
ihir;;;"i;;;
futureownersor userswith ad.equate informationregarding tne previoususe
of site. Thedescriptionshoul_,therefore,incrudet-y-pu
unogenerartocation
of wastes,numberandtypeof tiftsandoetaitsabouithe originat
terrain.

Classrooi-:
-r.---
Classroom

Classrooo
Classroon

Classroom
l-_ Space oi venti laLton

=ui-:
sorl - 6as venring p 1pp
--)
Sol td v.rst c

F r g .9 . 1 E x a m p l eo f g a sc o n t r o lm e a s u r e
(Reuseof completed(andfi(()

68
10. ProspectFor Future

The quantitiesof wastegeneratedhavebeenincreasing year by year'

and efforts to reducethe votumeof wastegoinginto the landfitlare being
madeusingintermediatetreatmentandresourcerecovery. Thequantitiesto
be finatty disposedof, however,are tikety to remainunchanged or even
increase in future.
Sincethe areassuitablefor landfitt those sites located near the
sourcesof wastes' are atmostalwaysearmarkedfor other purposes, getting
a site for the tandfittis becomingvery difficutt. In view of this, technotogy
that makeslarge-scate rectamation of seacoastfeasibleshoutdbe developed
in the future.
Atso,devetopment of a methodto excavatecomptetedtandfillsitesand
to reutilisethe excavatedmaterialsis understudyas a measureto secure
new tandfitlsites.

Technology
Reclamationon Seacoast
10.1 Developmentof Large-scale

Landfittin seacoast hasbeenimotemented in somecities;thusit is not

a new technology. However,if the sizeof a landfitl is very large, if more
hazardous wasteis disposed, it will requirea
andif it is locatedin seacoast,
new technology,as it witt haveextensiveimpacton the environment. To
preventpollutionof nearbywaters,securedwater cut off is neededand
thereis a needto studya construction methodthat canlowerthe water level
insidethe shoreprotectionwatt artificiattybetowthe sea[eve[and prevent
outftowof storedwater andothersto nearbywaters.Asthe cottectionarea
=increases, it is essentiatto performresearchand devetopmelitretatedto a
isystemand a methodfor inspectionof wastesat the time of operation,a
tontrol systemto preventcongestion with transportvehicles,andatternative
meansof tramportation (Fig. 10.1).
ln addition to considerations retated to environmentpreservation,
studiesshouldbe maderegardingdevelopmentof methodsof rectamation
andcontrolptansbasedon the characterof wastesandfrom the standpoint
of utitizatioi-oftreclaimed tand.

10.2 Developmentof EfficientLandfillTechnology

Measuresfor earty stabitizationof tandfittsite shoutdbe studiedin

orderto devetopanefficientlandfitltechnotogy. Forthis purpose,circutatory
semi-aerobictandfittmethod(Fig.10.2)is beingdeveloped as a meansfor
utitizingwasteprocessingfunctions of tandfi[[sites.

69
 Sourceof generation

ShoreDrotection walls

L e a c h a ( et r e a t m e n t p t a n t
Panrtion bank

F i g . 1 0 . 1A r t i s t ' sc o n c e p to f a n o f f s h o r el a n d r e c t a m a t i osni t e i n t h e b a va r e a

10.3 Development of a Method for Excavating Landfi Sites and

Re-utilising
the Excavated
Materials

Thepurpose is to reducethe costof facilitiesat tandfittsitesandreuse

the site by excavatingthe completedsite andreutilisingorganicmateriatsas
compost,soit,sand,andrubbishetc. as fitiingmateria[s, respectivety (Fig.
10.3,10.4).
The technologyand methodsto be devetoped
for this purposeinclude
the fottowing;

(1) Technotogy f or excavating.

(2) Technotogy for pickingout and crushingexcavatedwastes.
(3) Methodof reusingthe matenatspickedout.
(4) Methodof temporaritystoringthe materiatspickedout.
(5) Methodof finattydisposing of the materiatspickedout.
(6) Methodof transferringthe materialspickedout.

70
 Circular:on oloe

l---------
ta--1---1r-.lr
Condiclon-
ii
ii il
ri
'L t
I
rl

:t rt t;
-.iL--,L-.JL-JL
ll
ii :l
:!
i!

R ai n u a c e r LeachaEe
d!'ernage lrealnenc
facilitie

CircuLa IOn pr pe

P , e c e p t a c l es c l u c c u r e

Slide-sIope
V.orilacion
ulre-cylinder
Pir L e a c h ac e c r e a l m e n c
faci I iEies
C o n di r i o n i n e
ponC

Circulation zone
,.-(-tr Covcr soil Coopleted landfil I zonej
c'.",r,*i"1ii."
,KD ! !,i - llgin vater drainage

ilr//lr'ti .'iti li;t;

4r1^,r\
'('J',-1 !x\
SI ide-s lope uj.re-cyljnder
- - ': - .- -.:' ' , /
'//,,
"-- *nrri".'r",fo,
L-
Landfj I J i,,a z.onelJl

Pic for
T
c/q

Z o n c e p ci l L u . s t r a t j o n o f a c l i - c r t l l t o r v s e n i - a e r o b i c I a n d f i l I s r
te
r t r ' r ri o n l Y P c )
(C.onb

tandfitttype
semi'aerobic
Fig.10.2Re-circutatory

71
 f- -.. tnitialSeparation - - -l- - - -.Matenal
System Recovery -- |
System_-

'tl

oo

-t or

Fig.10.1Flow
of resource
rectamatron
aerobictandfitttype

v i b r at j o n s e pr a t lq;fs_idia\qa-.lrea fo r m e tad l 5
.-^\.l.iT+. ->- ,1

r o u g hc r u s h t
Rst ;I r plastics

aer0b
tC landf

a9 e dr e a for conrpos
t
s n g ar e d f o r p a p e t
wooda n df i b e r

F i g . 1 0 . 4l t l u s t r a t i o n
o f r e s o u r c er e c o v e r ya e r o b i ct a n d f i l lt y p e

72
 REFERENCES

FrankFtintoff,"Management of SotidWastesin devetoping

countries"
WHORegional Officefor South-Easr
Asia,1984.

G.J.Farquhar, (1973)
F.A.Rovers

JICA,"SotidWasteManagement
andNightSoitTreatment",1978.

J . J . C o (e1 9 7 0 )

M. Hanashima,et al. 'Technology

Progress
of IntandRectamation
in
Japan",Proc.of Internationa[
LandRectamation
Conference
and
Exhibition,
Aprit26-29,1983, Essex,
Engtand.

Ministryof Environment,
"Generation
andDischarge
of Municipat
Waste"(1999)

PlasticWasteManagement Institute,"PLASTIC
WASTE-Resource
RecoveryandRecycting
in Japan".

R . D . C a m e r{o1n9 7 8 )

T. lkeguti,S. Kondo,"LandfittTechnotogyto ControlGroundwater and

SurfaceWaterPottution "Presented at the FirstSeminar
for the Safe
Disposat
of SotidWastes, Jan.28-29,1988,Bangkok, Thaitand.

TakashiShomura,"Storyof Waste(revisedv e r s i o n l " , 2 0 0 3 .

Tokyometropotitan
government
(1975
)

U.S.Devetopmentof Heatth,Education
andWetfare,"OpenDump
Closing-
Sanitary
LandfittOperation",
1970.

U.S.EPA,"Sanitary
LandfittDesign 1972.
andOperation",

u . s . E P A1, 9 8 01, 9 8 31, 9 8 5 .

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