Kendriya Vidyalaya Ballygunge

List of Chemistry Practical 2019-20

S.No Name of Experiment Remark
1 To Prepare 100 mL M/10 or M/20 Mohr’s salt solution. August
2 To determine the molarity and strength in gL-1 of given KMnO4 solution by August
titrating it with M/10 or M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.
3 To Prepare 100 mL M/10 or M/20 Oxalic acid solution. August

4 To determine the molarity and strength in gL-1 of given KMnO4 solution by August
titrating it with M/10 or M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.
5 To Prepare Starch sol(Hydrophilic sol) July

6 To Prepare Fe(OH)3 sol(Hydrophobic sol) July

7 Effect of conc. On the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and June
hydrochloric acid.
8 Chromatography: to determine Rf for red ink and blue ink mixture. July

9 To Prepare double salt ( Mohr’s salt) August

10 To prepare complex salt(cupra ammonium salt) August

11 To prepare azo dye. Sept

12 To identify unsaturation, –OH , phenolic –OH , –COOH , –CO- group , –CHO Sept
group and primary amine in an organic compound.
13 To determine anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.( Cl - ,Br- , I-, CO3 2- , SO3 2- , July
SO4 2- , NO3 - , PO4 3- , CH3COO- , C2O4 2-)
14 To determine cation in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(NH4+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, July
Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,Mg2+)

15 To determine cation and anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(NH4+ and Cl - ) July

16 To determine cation and anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.( Pb2+and NO3 -) July

17 To determine cation and anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(Cu 2+ and SO4 2- ) July

18 To determine cation and anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(Fe3+ and Cl- ) July

19 To determine cation and anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(Ni2+ and SO42- ) July

20 To detect carbohydrate (Starch) Oct

21 To detect protein(egg albumin) Oct

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 1

22 To detect fat( oil) Oct

23 Investigatory Projects November

The content to be written in the project file.

Page Content

Cover page KVS logo

Kendriya Vidyalaya Ballugunge
AISSCE Chemistry Project 2019-20 ( Chem. exp. fig like test tube or
conical flask from net in back ground)
Name of the Project
Name of the student
Board Roll No
2 Certificate by Subject Teacher and Principal

3 Acknowledgement

4 Aim and Introduction

5 Apparatus required with diagram

6 Chemical required with diagram

7 Procedure in passive voice

8 Observation in tabular form if any

9 Calculation and result

10 Conclusion

11 Photograph of doing project wearing apron

12 Bibliography ( source of the project)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

List of Projects:-

Section A (Roll No.) Section B(Roll No.) Section C(Roll No.) Name of the Project

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 2

1 to 10 1 to 9 1 to 7 To study common
food adulterants in
sugar and turmeric
powder

11 to 19 10 to 17 8 to 14 Study of effect of
Potassium bisulphate
( or vinegar) as food
preservatives.

20 to 28 18 to 28 15 to 22 Study of constituents
of Brass

29 to 37 26 to 33 23 to 30 To Study the digestion

of starch by salivary
amylase and effect of
temperature and pH on
it”

Some Practicals are given below and you can understand how the practicals will be written.

Aim: To Prepare 100 mL M/20 Mohrs salt solution

Theory: Mohr’s salt is ( NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O

Its Molar mass is 392 g mol-1
Molarity can be defined as the no. of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution.

𝑤 1000
Mathematically, M = 𝑀𝐵 X𝑉(𝑚𝐿)
𝐵

1 𝑤𝐵 1000
20
= 392
X 100

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 3

 wB = 1.96 g

Apparatus requirted: Watch glass, electronic balance, 250 mL measuring flask, funnel glass rod etc.

Chemical required: Mohr’s salt, Conc. H2SO4, Distilled water.

Procedure:

1. The clean and dry watch glass is weighed and its weight is noted in the note book.
2. 1.96 g Mohr’s salt is weighed accurately on the watch glass and quantitatively transferred it into
100 mL volumetric flask with minimum( 30 mL) volume if water. 2 mL Conc. H2SO4 is added into
it to prevent hydrolysis.
3. Distilled water was added into volumetric flask until the lower meniscus of the solution touch
the mark.
4. The volumetric flask is stopper and shaken 2 -3 times to make it homogenious. And labelled as
M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.

Precaution:

1. Conc. H2SO4 must be added to prevent hydrolysis.

2. Weight should be taken accurately.
3. At the time of volume make up extra care should be taken otherwise the meniscus become
higher than the mark.
In the Preparation of solution M/10, M/50, M/100 solution of 250 mL , 500 mL can also be used
in the exam. Prepare for that also.

Aim: To determine the molarity and the strength of given KMnO4 solution by titrating it with
M/20 Mohr’s salt solution.
Ionic equation:

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 4

 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

(Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- ) x 5

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ +4H2O +5Fe3+

Apparatus required: Burette , Pipette, Burette stand, conical flask, glazed tile, etc
Chemical required: Mohr’s salt solution, KMnO4 solution, 4 N H2SO4
Indicator: KMnO4 ( Self indicator)
End point: Colourless to light permanent pink.
Procedure:
1. Burette is rinsed first and then filled with KMnO4 solution. Initial burette reading was
noted.
2. 10 mL Mohr’s salt solution is pipette out and 3/4th test tube 4(N) H2SO4 os added into it.
3. From burette KMnO4 is run until the colour is changed from colourless to light permanent
pink in one drop. The burette reading is noted down.
4. The above process is repeated three times until two concordant readings are obtained.

Observation Table:

S.No. Initial Burette reading(mL)(i) Final Burette reading(mL)(f) Volume of KMnO4

solution used.(f-i)

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

Concordant reading: x mL (say)

Calculation: V(MnO4-) X M(MnO4-) X 5 = V(Fe2+) X M (Fe2+) X 1

 Concordant reading X M(MnO4-) X 5 = Pipetted out X 1/20 X 1

10 𝑋 1 𝑋1
 M(MnO4-) = mol L-1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 5 𝑋 20

Strength in gL-1 = M(MnO4-) X 158( Molar mass of KMnO4

Precaution:
1. Pipette and burette should be rinse with Mohr’s salt solution and KMnO4 solution respectively.
2. 4(N) H2SO4 must be added into the conical flask before titration.
3. Reading should be taken carefully to avoid parallax error.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 5

 Note: In the titration M/10, M/50 Mohr’s salt solution can be used.

Aim: To Prepare 100 mL M/20 Oxalic acid solution.

Theory: Oxalic acid is HOOC-COOH.2H2O

Its Molar mass is 126 g mol-1
Molarity can be defined as the no. of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution.

𝑤𝐵 1000
Mathematically, M = X
𝑀𝐵 𝑉(𝑚𝐿)

1 𝑤𝐵 1000
= X
20 126 100

wB = 0.63 g

Apparatus requirted: Watch glass, electronic balance, 250 mL measuring flask, funnel glass rod etc.

Chemical required: Oxalic acid, Distilled water.

Procedure:

1. The clean and dry watch glass is weighed and its weight is noted in the note book.
2. 0.63 g oxalic acid is weighed accurately on the watch glass and quantitatively transferred it into
100 mL volumetric flask with minimum( 30 mL) volume if water.
3. Distilled water was added into volumetric flask until the lower meniscus of the solution touch
the mark.
4. The volumetric flask is stopper and shaken 2 -3 times to make it homogeneous. And labeled as
M/20 oxalic acid solution.

Precaution:

1. Weight should be taken accurately.

2. At the time of volume make up extra care should be taken otherwise the meniscus become
higher than the mark.
Note In the Preparation of solution M/10, M/50, M/100 solution of 250 mL , 500 mL can also be
used in the exam. Prepare for that also.

To determine the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution by titrating it M/20 Oxalic acid
solution.
Ionic equation:

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 6

 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ +4H2O ] x 2

C2O42- 2CO2 + 2e- ] x 5

2MnO4- + 16H+ +5C2O4 2- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

Apparatus required: Burette , Pipette, Burette stand, conical flask, glazed tile, burner, tripod stand ,
wire gauge, etc.
Chemical required: Oxalic acid solution, KMnO4 solution, 4 N H2SO4
Indicator: KMnO4 ( Self indicator)
End point: Colourless to light permanent pink.
Procedure:
1. Burette is rinsed first and then filled with KMnO4 solution. Initial burette reading was noted.
2. 10 mL oxalic acid solution is pipette out and 3/4th test tube 4(N) H2SO4 iss added into it. Then it is
heated upto 60oC to 70oC.
3. From burette KMnO4 is run until the colour is changed from colourless to light permanent pink in
one drop. The burette reading is noted down.
4. The above process is repeated three times until two concordant readings are obtained.
Observation Table:

S.No. Initial Burette reading(mL)(i) Final Burette reading(mL)(f) Volume of KMnO4 solution
used.(f-i)

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

Concordant reading: x mL (say)

Calculation: V(MnO4-) X M(MnO4-) X 5 = V(C2O42-) X M (C2O42-) X 2
 Concordant reading X M(MnO4-) X 5 = Pipetted out X 1/20 X 2
10 𝑋 1 𝑋2
 M(MnO4-) = mol L-1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑋 5 𝑋 20
Strength in gL-1 = M(MnO4-) X 158( Molar mass of KMnO4
Precaution:
1. Pipette and burette should be rinse with oxalic acid solution and KMnO4 solution
respectively.
2. 4(N) H2SO4 must be added into the conical flask before titration.
3. Titration must be done in hot condition to remove CO2.
4. Reading should be taken carefully to avoid parallax error.

Salt Analysis

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 7

 To determine anion in an inorganic salt qualitatively.( Cl - ,Br- , I-, CO3 2- , SO3 2- , SO4 2- , S2-,NO2
- , PO 3- , CH COO- , C O 2-)
4 3 2 4

1. To determine CO3 2- , SO3 2- NO2 - S2- :

A. Dry Tests:
Dil H2SO4 Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry salt is taken in a test tube. Colourless, odourless gas is CO3 2- may be present.
1 mL dil. Sulphuric acid is evolved with brisk inference.
added into it. Colourless pungent smelling SO3 2- may be present.
gas is evolved which turns
acidified potassium
dichromate paper green.
Colourless rotten egg smelling S2- may be present.
gas is evolved which turns
lead acetate paper black.
Reddish brown gas which NO2 - may be present.
turns ferrous sulphate paper
black.
No gas is evolved. CO3 2- , SO3 2- NO2 - S2

B. Wet Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test Brisk effervescence of CO2 CO3 2- is confirmed
tube. Dil. HCl is added into it.
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test White ppt of BaSO3 is formed SO3 2- is confirmed
tube. BaCl2 solution is added which is solutble in dil. HCl.
into it.
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test Black ppt of PbS is formed. S2- is confirmed
tube. Lead acetate solution is
added into it.
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test Dark Brown or black NO2 - is confirmed
tube. Ferrous sulphate solution is colouration is observed.
added into it.

To Detect Cl - ,Br- , I-, NO2 - , CH3COO- ,

A. Dry Tests:
Conc. H2SO4 Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry salt is taken in a test tube. Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.( HCl

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 8

 2-3 drops Conc. Sulphuric acid
is added into it.
Copper turning is to beaded
for nitrate ion.
B. Wet Test:
Experiment
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test
tube. Dil. HNO3 is added into
it. AgNO3 solution is added.
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test
tube. Dil. HNO3 is added into
it. AgNO3 solution is added
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test
tube. Dil. HNO3 is added into
it. AgNO3 solution is added
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test
tube. Add 2-3 drops of dil.
H2SO4. (If any ppt. excess
dil. H2SO4 is added and then
filtered. In the filtrate) In the
solution equal volume of
freshly prepared saturated
FeSO4 solution is added.
Then Conc. H2SO4 is added
into slowly bending the test
tube.
Dry salt is taken on a watch
Chem.Pr. JNM
smell is evolved which gas formation)
produces dense white fumes
with NH4OH moist glass rod.
Reddish brown vapour with Br- may be present.(Br2 gas
pungent smell, turns starch formation)
paper yellow. Does not turn
FeSO4 moist paper black.
Deep violet vapour with I- may be present.(I2 gas
pungent smell turns starch formation)
paper blue.
Reddish brown vapour with NO3- may be present( NO2 gas
pungent smell which becomes formation)
dominated with copper
turning, turns FeSO4 moist
paper black.
Colourless vinegar smelling CH3COO- may bepresent.(
gas is evolved. CH3COOH vapour.)
Observation Inference
Curdy white ppt of AgCl Cl -is confirmed
which is soluble in excess
NH4OH.
Light yellow ppt of Br- is confirmed
AgBrwhich is partially soluble
in excess NH4OH.
Yellow ppt of AgI which is I- is confirmed.
insoluble in excess NH4OH.
A brown ring is formed at the NO3 – is confirmed
junction of two test tube.
Smell of vinegar CH3COO-
Page 9
 glass. Equal amount of oxalic
acid is added into it. Few
drops os water is added into
it and rubbed.

To Detect SO4 2- and PO4 3-

Wet Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test heavy white ppt of BaSO4 SO4 2- is confirmed
tube. Dil. HNO3 is added into
it. BaNO3 or BaCl2 solution is
added.
Aq. Soln. is taken in a test yellow ppt of Ammonium PO4 3- is confirmed
tube. Dil. HNO3 is added into phosphor molybdate .
it. Ammonium molybdate
solution is added

To determine cation in an inorganic salt qualitatively.(NH4+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+,

Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+,Mg2+)

To Detect NH4+
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test:
1. Dry Test tube White fumes is observed and NH4+ may be present
heating: Dry salt is white sublimate is formed at
taken in a test tube the cooler part of the test
and it is heated first tube.
slowly then strongly.
2. NaOH test: Dry salt Ammonia smelling gas is NH4+ may be present
is taken in a test evolved which produces
tube and NaOH is dense white fumes with
added into it. Conc, HCl moist glass rod.
Wet Test: Aqueous solution Brown ppt is formed. NH4+ is confirmed.
of the salt is taken in a test
tube. NaOH(aq) is added into
it. Nessler’s reagent is added
into it dropwise.

To Detect Pb2+

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 10

 Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test:
1. Dry Test tube Colour changes to yellow Pb2+ may be present
heating: Dry salt is from white.
taken in a test tube ( Brown fumes , Cracking PbNO3 is present.
and it is heated first sound)
slowly then strongly.
2. NaOH test: Dry salt NH4+ is not present.
is taken in a test
tube and NaOH is No Ammonia smelling gas is
added into it. evolved which produces
dense white fumes with
Conc, HCl moist glass rod.
Wet Test:

1. Group Identification:
White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I Present.
(a) Aqueous solution of formed.
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Dil. HCl is
added into it.
(b) Into the above Black ppt of PbS is formed.
Gr. II Present
solution H2S gas is
passed.
2. Confirmatory test:
(a) Aqueous Yellow ppt of PbI2 is formed.
solution of the Pb2+ is confirmed.
salt is taken in a
test tube. KI (aq)
is added into it.
(b) Aqueous Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is Pb2+ is confirmed.
solution of the formed.
salt is taken in a
test tube.
K2CrO4(aq) is
added into it.

To Detect Cu2+
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test:
(a) Dry Test tube Blue changes to white. CuSO4 may be present
heating: Dry salt (Blue to brownish yellow) Cu2+ May be present.
is taken in a test

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 11

 tube and it is
heated first
slowly then
strongly.
(b) Flame test: Dry Colour of the flame is bright Cu2+ may be present.
salt is moistened bluish green.
with Conc HCl by
a platinum wire
and placed in
the oxidizing
flame.

Wet Test:

1. Group Identification: No White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I absent.

(c) Aqueous solution of formed.
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Dil. HCl is
added into it.
(d) Into the above Black ppt of CuS is formed.
Gr. II Present
solution H2S gas is
passed.
2. Confirmatory test:
(c) Aqueous Chocolate brown ppt of
solution of the Cu2+ is confirmed.
Copper ferrocyanide is
salt is taken in a formed.
test tube.
K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq)
is added into it.
Cu2+ is confirmed.
(d) Aqueous
solution of the Sky blue ppt of Cu(OH)2 is
salt is taken in a formed which is changed to
test tube. deep blue [Cu(NH3)4]2+
NH4OH(aq) is
solution.
added into it
first few drops
and then excess.

To Detect Fe3+
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test: No specific
observation.
Wet Test:

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 12

 1. Group Identification:
(a) Aqueous solution of No White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I absent.
the salt is taken in a formed.
test tube. Dil. HCl is
added into it.
(b) Into the above
Gr. II Absent
solution H2S gas is No Black ppt of CuS is
passed. formed.
(c) Aqueous solution of
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Solid
NH4Cl is added into brown ppt of Fe(OH)3 is Gr. III is confirmed.
it and dissolved by formed.
shaking then excess
NH4OH(aq) is added
into it.
2. Confirmatory test:
(a) Aqueous Prussian blue colour is Fe3+ is confirmed.
solution of the formed.
salt is taken in a
test tube.
K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq)
is added into it.
(b) Aqueous
solution of the Fe3+ is confirmed.
salt is taken in a
test tube. 1-2
drops Potassium
thiocyanate
solution is
added into it.

To Detect Al3+
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test: No specific
observation.
Wet Test:

1. Group Identification: No White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I absent.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 13

 (a) Aqueous formed.
solution of the
salt is taken in a
test tube. Dil. Gr. II Absent
HCl is added No Black ppt of CuS is
into it. formed.
(b) Into the above
solution H2S gas
is passed.
(c) Aqueous White gelatinous ppt. of
Gr. III is confirmed.
solution of the Al(OH)3 is formed.
salt is taken in a
test tube. Solid
NH4Cl is added
into it and
dissolved by Formation of blue lakes. Al3+ is confirmed.
shaking then
excess
NH4OH(aq) is
added into it.
2. Confirmatory test:
(a) Aqueous
solution of the
salt is taken in a
test tube.
NH4OH (aq) is
added into it.
Then Litmus
solution isadded.

To detect Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+:

To Detect (
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test:
Dry Test tube heating. Yellow when hot and white Zn2+ may be present.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 14

 when cold

Coloured salt becomes Co2+ or Mn2+ may be

brown or black present.
Wet Test:

1. Group Identification: No White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I absent.

(d) Aqueous solution of formed.
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Dil. HCl is
added into it.
(e) Into the above Gr. II Absent
No Black ppt of CuS is
solution H2S gas is formed.
passed.
(f) Aqueous solution of
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Solid No ppt. of of hydroxide is Gr. III is absent.
NH4Cl is added into formed.
it and dissolved by
shaking then excess
NH4OH(aq) is added
into it.
(g) In the above solution Ppt is formed
H2S gas is passed. Gr.IV is present

Black ppt of sulphide.

(Co2+ and Ni2+)
Buff or flesh colured
sulphide Mn2+

Dull white ppt of sulphide Zn2+

2. Confirmatory test:
(a) For Ni2+: Aqueous
Rose red ppt. Ni2+ is confirmed.
solution of the salt is
taken in a test tube.
DMG solution is
added into it.
(b) For Co2+: Aqueous Yellow ppt of Pot. Cobalt Co2+ is confirmed.
solution of the salt is
nitrite.
taken in a test
tube.NH4OH is
added to neutralize.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 15

 Then acetic acid
followed by solid
KNO2 warm.
(c) For Mn2+: Aqueous White ppt of Mn(OH)2 is Mn2+ is confirmed.
solution of the salt is formed which turns brown
taken in a test tube. or black on adding Bromine
NaOH solution is water.
added.
(d) For Zn2+: Aqueous White ppt of Zn(OH)2 is
solution of the salt is formed which disappears Zn2+ is confirmed.
taken in a test tube. after addition of excess
NaOH solution is NaOH due to the formation
added dropwise. of Na2ZnO2.

To detect Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test: Brick red (Not persistenet) Ca2+
Flame test:
. Crimson red(Persistent) Sr2+

Apple green after Ba2+ may be present

prolonged heating

Wet Test:

1. Group Identification: No White ppt of PbCl2 is Gr. I absent.

(a) Aqueous solution of formed.
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Dil. HCl is
added into it.
(b) Into the above No Black ppt of CuS is
Gr. II Absent
solution H2S gas is formed.
passed.
(b) Aqueous solution of
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Solid No ppt. of of hydroxide is Gr. III is absent.
NH4Cl is added into formed.
it and dissolved by
shaking then excess
NH4OH(aq) is added
into it.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 16

 (c) In the above solution No Ppt is formed Gr.IV is Absent
H2S gas is passed.
(d) Aqueous solution of White ppt Gr. V is present.
the salt is taken in a
test tube. Solid
NH4Cl is added into
it and dissolved by
shaking then excess
NH4OH(aq) is added
into it. Then
(NH4)2CO3 is added.

2. Confirmatory test:
Ba2+ is confirmed.
(a) For Ba2+: Aqueous Yellow ppt.( Barium
solution of the salt is chromate)
taken in a test tube.
Pot. Chromate
solution is added
into it.
Sr2+ is confirmed.
(b) For Sr2+: Aqueous White ppt(Strontium
solution of the salt is sulphate)
taken in a test tube.
Ammonium sulphate
solution is added.

Ca2+ is confirmed.
(c) For Ca2+: Aqueous White ppt (Calcium
solution of the salt is oxalate)
taken in a test
tube.ammonium
oxalate solution is
added into it,

To detect Mg2+:
Wet Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aqueous solution of the salt White ppt of Mg(NH4)PO4 Gr.VI Mg2+ is confirmed.
is taken in a test tube. Solid
NH4Cl is added into it and
dissolved by shaking then

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 17

 excess NH4OH(aq) is added
into it. Then ammonium
hydrogen phosphate is
added into it.

In this way write other anions and cations.

In Exam you have to write in this way for a salt.

Aim : To determine cation and anion in the given inorganic salt.
Physical Characteristics:
(a) State : Solid crystalline
(b) Colour: Green
(c) Odour : No characteristic odour
(d) Solubility: Soluble in normal water

Dry tests :
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry salt is heated in a dry Colour changes to yellowish May be Ni 2+
test tube. white.
Dry salt is taken in a test No gas is formed CO3 2- , S--, SO3 2- and
tube Dil, H2SO4 is added NO2- are absent
into it.
Dry salt is taken in a test No gas is formed Cl-,, NO3-, CH3COO-
tube Dil, H2SO4 is added are absent
into it.
Preparation of solution: Approx. 1 g of salt is taken in a test tube and dissolved in
half test tube water. Then water is added to fill the test tube to get stock
solution for wet tests.

Wet Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution is taken in a Heavy white ppt is formed SO4 2- is confirmed
test tube, dil. HCl is

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 18

 added into it. Then BaCl2
is added.
Aq. Solution of the salt is white precipitate is formed SO4 2- is confirmed .
taken in a test tube. Dil.
Acetic acid is added
followed by lead acetate
solution.
Group Identification:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution + Dil. HCl No ppt Gr I absent
Aq. Solution + Dil. HCl+ No ppt Gr II absent
H2S gas
Aq. Solution + NH4Cl+ No ppt Gr III absent
NH4OH(aq)
Aq. Solution + NH4Cl+ Black ppt Gr IV is present
NH4OH(aq) + H2S
gas

Confirmatory Test
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution +NH4OH Rose red ppt Ni2+ is confirmed.
(aq) + Dimethyl glyoxime
solution 2,3 drops.
Conclusion: The given salt contains Ni2+ and SO4 2-

Aim : To determine cation and anion in the given inorganic salt.

Physical Characteristics:
(e) State : Solid crystalline
(f) Colour: white
(g) Odour : No characteristic odour
(h) Solubility: Soluble in normal water

Dry tests :
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry salt is heated in a dry Colour changes to yellow. May be lead nitrate,
test tube. Brown fumes is evolved.
Cracking sound is formed.
Dry salt is taken in a test No gas is formed CO3 2- , S--, SO3 2- and
tube Dil, H2SO4 is added NO2- are absent
into it.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 19

 Dry salt is taken in a test brown gas is formed which NO3-, may be
tube Dil, H2SO4 is added becomes prominent using present.
into it. copper turnings
Preparation of solution: Approx. 1 g of salt is taken in a test tube and dissolved in
half test tube water. Then water is added to fill the test tube to get stock
solution for wet tests.

Wet Test:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution is taken in a Brown ring is formed at the NO3- is confirmed.
test tube, dil. H2 SO4 is junction of the two liquids.
added 2-3 drops if ppt
forms then excess acid is
added for complete
precipitation. Then it is
filtered and conc.
Sulphuric acid is added
slowly bending the test
tube.

Group Identification:-
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution + Dil. HCl White ppt of PbCl2 Gr I present
Aq. Solution + Dil. HCl+ black ppt of PbS Gr II absent
H2S gas

Confirmatory Test
Experiment Observation Inference
Aq. Solution +KI solution Yellow ppt of PbI Pb2+ is confirmed.
Aq. Solution +K2CrO4 Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 Pb2+ is confirmed.
solution
Conclusion: The given salt contains Pb2+ and NO3 -

To Study simple tests of carbohydrate

Experiment Observation Inference

Molisch’s test: 1-2 mL of aq. A red violet ring produced at Carbohydrate is present.
Solution of carbohydrate is the junction of two liquid.
taken in a test tube. Few drops
of Molish’s reagent(10%
alcoholic solution of α naphthol)

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 20

is added into it. Then conc.
H2SO4 is added slowly
bending the test tube( like ring
test for NO3-)
Tollen’s Test: 1-2 mL of aq. A shining silver mirror is Reducing sugar is present.
Solution of carbohydrate is formed.
taken in a test tube. 1-2 mL
Tollen’s reagent is added into it.
1-2 mL of aq. Solution of Blue colour is appeared. Starch present.
carbohydrate is taken in a test
tube. 1-2 drops of iodine
solution is added into it.

To study some tests of proteins:

Experiment Observation Inference
Biuret test: 1-2 mL sample is Bluish violet colouration Protein is present.
taken in a test tube. 2 mL
NaOH solution is added. 1%
CuSO4 solution is added.
Xanthoproteic test: 1-2 mL Yellow ppt. Protein is present.
sample is taken in a test tube.
2-3 drop conc. HNO3 is added
and heated.
Millon’s test: 1-2 ml. egg White ppt is formed which ic Protein is present.
albumin is taken in a test tube, changed to deep red colouron
1-2 ml Millon’s reagent is heating.
added.

To study some tests of fats:

Experiment Observation Inference

Solubility test: a small amount It is not soluble, May be fat or oil.
of sample is added into water
taken in a test tubeand shaken.
Spot test: a little of the A transluscent or greesy spot is May be fat or oil.
substance is pressed in the observed on unfolding the filter
folds of filter paper. paper.

Aim: to determine the cation and anion present in the given inorganic salt.

A.Physical Characteristics.
1. State: solid crystalline
2. Colour: White
3. Odour No characteristic odour

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 21

 4. Solubility : Soluble in cold water.
B. Dry tests and wet tests must be written in tabular form
Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Test tube heating: Dry salt is taken in White fumes is observed. NH4+ may be present
a dry test tube and heated. White sublimate is formed.
Dil. H2SO4 Test: Dry salt is taken in a test No fumes is evolved. CO3 2-,SO32-,NO2-, S2-
tube. Dil. H2SO4 is added into it. are absent.
Conc. H2SO4 Test: Dry salt is taken in a test Colorless gas is formed which Cl- may be present.
tube. Conc. H2SO4 is added into it. produces dense white fumes with
NH4OH moist gas rod.
Dry test:-Dry salt is taken in a test tube Colorless gas is formed which NH4+ may be present.
NaOH is added into it. produces dense white fumes with
Conc. HCl moist glass rod.
C. Preparation of solution: 22approx.1 g salt is taken in a test tube and half test tube water is added into it.
It is mixed to get homogeneous mixture. Then again water is added to get one test tube stock solution.
Taking 2 mL of this solution wet tests are performed.
D.Wet tests:
(a) For anion:-
Experiments Observations Inferences
Wet test:-Silver nitrate Test: Aq. Curdy white precipitate is Cl- is confirmed.
Solution of the salt is taken in a formed which is insoluble
test tube. AgNO3 (aq) is added in dil. HNO3 but soluble in
into it. excess NH4OH
(b) For cation:-
(i) Group identification:-
It is not done as there is no
specific reagent for this group.
(ii) Confirmatory test:-
Aq. Solution is taken in a test
tube, NaOH is added and then
Nessler’s reagent is added into
it.

Brown ppt is formed NH4+ is confirmed

Conclusion: So the salt contains NH4+ and Cl- .

2NH4 Cl + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO4 +2HCl

HCl + NH3NH4Cl
Chem.Pr. JNM Page 22
Cl- + AgNO3  AgCl(s) + NO3-
AgCl+NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2 ]Cl + 2H2O

NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + NH3 + H2O

NH3 +HCl NH4Cl

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH  H2N.HgO.HgI +7KI+2KOH

To determine organic functional group:

Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus test:- One drop of
sample is added into blue
litmus paper first and then on a
red litmus paper.
Test for Unsaturation: 0.2 mL Brown colour is discharged. Unsaturation is present.
sample is dissolved in CCL4
solution and then Bromine
water is added into it.
Test for -COOH gr. :- A pinch of Brisk effervescence of CO2 is -COOH is confirmed.
NaHCO3 is added into 1 mL formed.
organic sample.
Test for Phenolic –OH group: in Violet colour obtained. for Phenolic –OH group is
1 mL organic sample few drops present.
of neutral freshly prepared FeCl3
is added.
Test for Alcoholic group:- Pink or red colour is obtained. Alcoholic group is present.
In 0.2 mL organic sample 1 mL
ceric ammonium nitrate solution
is added.
Test for carbonyl group: in 0.2 Yellow ppt is formed. carbonyl group is present.
mL organic sample 1 mL 2,4-
DNP solution is added.
Test for Aldehyde or ketone: in Silver mirror is formed on the Aldehide grtoup is present.
1 mL Tollen’s reagent 0.2mL wall of the test tube.
organic sample is added and Silver mirror is not formed on Ketone group is present.
warmed in water bath. the wall of the test tube.

Test for Primary amine group: Offensive smell is obtained. -NH2 group is present.
To a small amount of organic
compound in test tube, added 1
mL Conc. HCl and few drops
CHCl3. Then 2 mL of alc, KOH is

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 23

added and warmed.

NOTE: PRACTICAL SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN PASSIVE VOICE.

Exp. No. Date:-

Aim: To Prepare Starch sol(Hydrophilic sol)

Theory:- Starch form a hydrophilic sol when water is used as the dispersion medium. The
formation of sol is accelerated by heating and the sol can be prepared by heating starch and
water at about 100oC. it is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of any electrolytic
impurity.

Apparatus: Beaker, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, pestle and morter, tripod stand, wire gauze,
and burner.

Materials required: Soluble starch and distilled water.

Procedure:

1. about 1 g starch is taken in a mortar and few mL of water is added into it. It is ground to
a thin paste and transferred into a beaker.
2. About 50 mL distilled water is taken in a 100 mL beaker and heated to boil.
3. The paste is slowly poured in a thin stream into the boiled water with constant stirring.
4. The beaker is allowed to cool and then it is filtered.
5. Filtrate is labeled as ‘Starch Sol’.

Precaution:
1. The apparatus used should be properly cleaned.
2. Starch should be converted into fine paste before adding into boiling water.
3. Starch paste should be added slowly in a thin stream to the boiling water.

Diagram should be drawn at the left hand side.

Exp. No. Date:-

Aim: To Prepare Fe(OH)3 sol(Hydrophobic sol)

Theory:- Starch form a lyophobic sol (irreversible). The substances such as metal hydroxides or
sulphides which are insoluble and do not readily give colloidal solutions on treatment with
water are called lyophobic colloids.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 24

Ferric hydroxide sol is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water.
The reaction that takes place can be represented as

Hydrolysis
FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Fe(OH)3 (sol) + 3HCl(aq)

Hydrochloric acid which is produced during hydrolysis tries to destabilize the sol and hence it must be
removed from the sol by dialysis otherwise the sol will not be stable.

Apparatus: Beaker, conical flask, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, pestle and morter, tripod stand,
wire gauze, and burner.

Materials required: 2% solution of Ferric chloride and distilled water.

Procedure:

1. About 50 mL distilled water is taken in a 100 mL clean dry conical flask and heated to
boil.
2. FeCl3 solution is added drop wise into the hot water with constant stirring until the
colour change to deep red.
3. HCl is removed by keeping the sol in a cellophane bag and immersing in water.

Precaution:
1. The apparatus used should be properly cleaned.
2. FeCl3 should be added drop wise.
3. HCl should be removed to prevent coagulation.

Diagram should be drawn at the left hand side.

Exp. No. Date:-

Aim: Effect of conc. On the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric
acid.

Theory:- According to Law of mass action, rates of chemical reaction is directly proportionals to
the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants. In other words, the rate of reaction

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 25

increases with increase in the conc. of the reactants. The effect of concentration of reactants
on rate of reaction can be studied easily by the reaction between sodium thiosulphateand
hydrochloric acid.

Na2S2O3 +2HCl S(s)+ 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

The insoluble sulphur, formed during the reaction , gives a milky appearance and makes the solution
opaque. Therefore the rate of reaction can be studied by measuring the the time taken to produce
enough sulphur to make some mark invisible on paper kept under the conical flask in which the reaction
is carried out.
Apparatus: 10 mL pipette, stop watch, two burettes and five 100 mL conical flasks.
Materials required: 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution and 1 M HCl.
Procedure:
1. Five conical flasks are washed and labeled as 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively.
2. With the help of burette 10,20,30,40,50 mL of 0.1M Na2S2O3 solution added into conical flask
No. 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively.
3. Then into 1,2,3,4 conical flask 40, 30,20,10 mL distilled water is added respectively.
4. 10 mL 1(M) HCl is taken in a test tube from a burette.
5. This HCl is added into Conical flask No. 1 placed above a cross mark and Stop watch is started.
6. Time has been noted until the cross mark becomes invisible.
7. Same experiments are repeated for conical flask 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Observation Table:-

Flask Vol. of Na2S2O3 Vol. of water Total Vol. of Vol. of Time taken for cross to
No. solution in mL. in mL. solution in mL. HCl(mL) become just invisible.
1 10 40 50 10
2 20 30 50 10
3 30 20 50 10
4 40 10 50 10
5 50 0 50 10
Result: On increasing conc. Of reactant rate of reaction increases.
1
Plot of 𝑡 Vs. Vol. of Na2S2O3 should be pasted at LHS.

Exp. No. Date:-

Aim: To determine Rf for red ink and blue ink mixture.

Theory: The basic principle of chromatographic technique is based on the differential migration
of the individual components of a mixture through a stationary phase under the influence of a
moving phase. The stationary phase may be porous solid packed in a column. The mobile
Chem.Pr. JNM Page 26
phase may be some solvent or a gas referred to as an eluent. In paper chromatography
chromatography paper is stationary phase and suitable solvent is used as mobile phase.
Rf( Retention factor ) can be defined as:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
Rf = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

Apparatus required: Gas jar, glass rod, filter paper strip, fine capillary tube.
Chemicals required: Mixture of red and blue inks, alcohol and distilled water.
Procedure:
1. Small chromatography paper is taken and a line is drawn with pencil above 1 cm from
one end.
2. With the help of a capillary tube one drop of ink mixture is put on the middle of the line.
3. Then the paper is dipped into the solvent that the ink drop remains above the solvent.
4. The filter paper is taken when the two inks are separated and then it is dried and Rf is
determined.
Observation and calculation:
S.No. Substance Distance travelled by different Distance travelled by Rf value
components(cm) Solvent(cm)
1 Red ink Red ink =A X 𝐴
+Blue ink 𝑋

2 Red ink Blue ink =B X 𝐵

+Blue ink 𝑋

Precaution:
1. The ink spot should not be dipped into the solution.
2. The paper strip should be straight.

Aim: To prepare Mohr’s salt crystal( Double Salt)

Theory: Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous

sulphate and ammonium sulphate in water containing little amount of dil. Sulphuric acid and
then subjecting the resulting solution to crystallization when light green crystal of Mohr’s salt is
formed.

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 27

FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

Ferrous sulphate Ammonium sulphate Mohr's salt

392
278 132

Apparatus required: Beaker, china dish, funnel, glass rod, wash bottle, tripod stand, wire gauze.

Chemicals required: FeSO4 crystal, (NH4)2SO4 Crystal, dilute H2SO4 and ethanol.

Procedure:
1. 7 g FeSO4 and 3.5 g (NH4)2SO4 are weighed and taken in a 250 mL. Beaker. 2-3 mL dil.
H2SO4 is added into it to prevent hydrolysis.
2. In another neaker 20 mL distilled water is boiled to expel air.
3. This boiling hot water is added into the first beakerin small instalments and with stirring
with a glass rod to dissolve.
4. The solution is filtered to remove any undissolved impurity and transfer it into a china
dish.
5. This solution is heated and concentrated to the crystallization point. This solution is kept
as it is overnight for crystallization.
6. Thew crystal is separated dried and weighed and weighe is noted.

Observation:
Weight of the crystal obtained.

Aim : - To Prepare Tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate

Theory: When excess NH4OH id added into CuSO4 solution deep blue solution of
tetraamminecopper(II) sulphate is formed,

CuSO4(aq) + 4 NH4OH(Aq) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 +H2O

Greenish blue Colourless Deep Blue

Apparatus: Test tube

Chemicals required: CuSO4 solution, NH4OH solution.
Procedure:
1. 1mL CuSO4 solution is taken in a test tube.
2. Few drops of NH4OH is added. Sky blue ppt of Cu(OH)2 is formed .
3. Excess of NH4OH is added into it. The solution becones deep blue.
4. This is labeled as cupra ammonium sulphate somples salt.
Chem.Pr. JNM Page 28
Aim: To Prepare iodoform from acetone:
Theory: Alcohols having CH3CH(OH)- group and aldehydes and ketones having CH3CO- group
are converted into iodoform on reacting with I2 and NaOH.

NaOH
NaOI
CI3COCH3 CHI3 + CH3COONa
CH3COCH3

Apparatus: Conical flask, beaker, buckner funnel, water pump, filtration flask,water bath, tripod stand
burner etc.
Chemical required:
Acetone 2 mL., 10% KI solution, 10% NaOH solution and 5% NaOCl solution.
Procedure:
1. 2 mL acetone, 50mL KI solution and 30 mL Naoh solution is taken in a 500 mL conical flask.
2. 80 mL sodium hypochlorite is added into it.
3. After complete precipitation of yellow CHI3 it is filtered dried and weighed.

Observation: Weight of iodoform=…………g

Chem.Pr. JNM Page 29