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Enclosed please find Version 4.50 of the CAESAR II Pipe Stress Analysis program. This package
includes a CD-Rom and associated documentation.
This version of CAESAR II incorporates a number of new features and technical capabilities, some of
which are listed in the table below (for a complete list of changes, refer to Chapter 1 of the User’s
Manual).
• Code revisions incorporated: B31.1, B31.4, ASME NC, ASME ND, IGE/TD/12, API-610
• The structural steel interface has been redesigned for easier operation.
Please note that at this time, the new IGE/TD/12 code is not approved, therefore use of this code has
been disabled for the initial release of Version 4.50. Additionally, the bi-directional link with
CADWorx/PIPE is currently being finalized. If you are actively using either of these technologies, do not
upgrade your machine to Version 4.50 at this time.
The CD-ROM has an Auto-Run feature that should start the installation driver as soon as the CD tray is
closed. This installation driver includes a number of options, in addition to the installation of Version 4.50.
The installation of Version 4.50 will create a group on the startup menu for subsequent access.
Additionally a desktop shortcut icon to C2.EXE will be placed on the desktop. Please refer to Chapter 2
of the User’s Manual for additional details.
Please be aware that Version 4.50 is not downward compatible with any previous version of the software.
Input files from older versions are upward compatible as always.
Version 4.50 (like all previous versions) of CAESAR II has been tested according to the QA standards
established at COADE. Jobs created on earlier versions are compatible with Version 4.50 and should
yield the same results as earlier versions (except as noted in the Technical Changes on the next page).
Regards,
• Improved user interaction and error reporting in static load case editor.
• Added Spectrum wizard for the generation of earthquake and relief valve spectra.
• Revised codes: B31.1, B31.4, ASME NC, ASME ND, IGE/TD/12, API-610.
• The static output processor remembers all user settings (filters, labels, and report size).
• Added dynamic help system for piping & structural input and configuration.
• Implemented a “new job wizard” for the creation of structural steel input models.
• Modified to allow access to the output for expired date or run limited ESLs
CAESAR II Version 4.50 - Technical Changes
The following list details changes to CAESAR II for Version 4.50, which may affect the numeric results.
• For the offshore codes (B31.4 Ch IX, B31.8 Ch VIII, and DnV) the computed “code”
equivalent/combined stress replaces the standard mechanical stress value of the “3D Maximum
Shear Stress Intensity” in the 132 column output stress report.
• For B31.8 Ch VIII, the A2000 addendum changed the “Ss” (tangential shear stress) term to “St”
(torsional stress). Version 4.50 therefore no longer includes the shear component in the
combined stress computation.
• For B31.8 Ch VIII, the A2000 addendum added corrosion to the computation of the combined
stress. Versions of CAESAR II prior to 4.50 considered all stresses as either corroded or non-
corroded (for B31.8 Ch VIII.) As of Version 4.50, corrosion can be considered separately for the
combined stress computation.
• When using “Class 1 Flexibilities”, activated via the configuration file, the Kin and Kout values
were switched. Version 4.50 applies them correctly.
• Version 4.50 distributes an updated material database that includes the revisions for B31.1
A2001. These revisions include changes to the expansion coefficients, which will lead to different
results compared to earlier versions of the software.
• Entering the piping input with an “old” job results in a dialog asking if the physical material
properties should be converted from constant values to dynamic values automatically updated
from the material database. To ensure the results of Version 4.50 match the results of prior
versions, pick [Yes] to keep the old values. Picking [No] may cause a property value change
(depending on whether the values for that specific material have been updated), resulting in
different results.
• A correction has been made to the “wind load generator” which corrects a unit’s conversion
problem IF “escarpment data” was specified.
• The preload on “user pre-defined” spring hangers was not correctly considered in generating the
restraint report IF the load case hanger switch was set to “rigid”.
• For models subjected to hydrodynamic loading, where no wave height was specified (only current
loading), CAESAR II did not correctly determine the “submerged / non-submerged” status of the
element. Therefore, current loading was applied to all elements where “wave loading” was
activated in the input. Version 4.50 corrects this problem.
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Preface 1-1
CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT 1-2
ACCEPTANCE OF TERMS OF AGREEMENT BY THE USER 1-2
LICENSE GRANT 1-2
TERM 1-2
LIMITED WARRANTY 1-3
ENTIRE AGREEMENT 1-3
LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES 1-3
GENERAL 1-4
DISCLAIMER - CAESAR II 1-4
HOOPS‘ License Grant 1-5
Introduction 1-1
What is CAESAR II? 1-2
What are the applications of CAESAR II? 1-2
What distinguishes CAESAR II from other commercial pipe stress packages? 1-3
About the CAESAR II Documentation 1-4
Program Support/User Assistance 1-5
Software Revision Procedures 1-6
How Are Builds Identified? 1-6
Can Builds Be Applied To Any Version? 1-6
How Are Builds Announced? 1-7
How Are Builds Obtained? 1-7
What is Contained In A Specific Build? 1-7
How Are Builds Installed? 1-7
How Can Builds Be Detected/Checked? 1-7
How Do You Archive and Reinstall an Old, Patched Version? 1-8
Updates and License Types 1-9
Full Run 1-9
Lease 1-9
Limited Run 1-9
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements 1-10
CAESAR II Technical Changes 1-10
Installation U2-1
Overview U2-2
System and Hardware Requirements U2-3
Installation Menu Options U2-4
CAESAR II Version 4.50 U2-4
Installation Process U2-4
Checking the Installation U2-12
1
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Configuration U2-12
Browse CD ROM U2-15
ODBC Drivers U2-15
Product Demos U2-16
Internet Explorer U2-16
ESL Drivers U2-17
Contact Information U2-18
Product Information U2-19
Exit U2-19
ESL Installation on a Network U2-20
Novell File Server ESL Installation U2-20
Novell Workstation ESL Installation U2-20
Windows server Installation U2-20
Notes on Network ESLs U2-21
Re-Enabling the AutoRun Feature U2-22
2
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
3
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
4
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
5
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
OK U8-22
Cancel U8-22
UBC U8-22
Spectrum Name U8-23
Importance Factor U8-23
Seismic Coefficient Ca U8-23
Seismic Coefficient Cv U8-24
ASCE7 U8-24
Spectrum Name U8-24
Importance Factor U8-25
Site Coefficient Fa U8-25
Site Coefficient Fv U8-25
Mapped MCESRA at Short Period (SS) U8-25
Mapped MCESRA at One Second (S1) U8-25
Response Modification R U8-25
IBC U8-25
Spectrum Name U8-26
Importance Factor U8-26
Site Coefficient Fa U8-26
Site Coefficient Fv U8-27
Mapped MCESRA at Short Period (SS) U8-27
Mapped MCESRA at One Second (S1) U8-27
Response Modification R U8-27
B31.1 Appendix II (Safety Valve) Force Response Spectrum U8-27
Spectrum Name U8-28
Opening Time (milliseconds) U8-28
User Defined Time History Waveform U8-28
Spectrum Name U8-28
Max. Table Frequency U8-29
Number of Points U8-29
Enter Pulse Data U8-29
Generate Spectrum U8-29
Spectrum Definitions U8-31
Force Sets U8-32
Spectrum/Load Cases U8-33
Static/Dynamic Combinations U8-33
Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model U8-33
Control Parameters U8-34
Advanced U8-34
Water Hammer/Slug Flow (Spectrum) U8-35
Specifying the Load U8-35
Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation U8-35
Spectrum Definitions U8-35
Force Sets U8-35
Spectrum Load Cases U8-35
Static/Dynamic Combinations U8-35
6
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
7
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
8
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
9
CAESAR II - User’s Guide
10
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CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT CAESAR II - User’s Guide
LICENSE GRANT
In return for the payment of the license fee associated with the acquisition of the Licensed
Program(s) from COADE, COADE hereby grants you the following non-exclusive rights
with regard to the Licensed Programs(s):
a. Use of the License Program(s) on one machine. Under no circumstance is the
License Program to be executed without a COADE External Software Lock
(ESL).
b. To transfer the Licensed Program(s) and license it to a third party if the third party
acknowledges in writing its agreement to accept the Licensed Program(s) under
the terms and conditions of this License Agreement; if you transfer the Licensed
Program(s), you must at the same time either transfer all copies whether printed or
in machine-readable form to the same party or destroy any copies not so trans-
ferred; the requirement to transfer and/or destroy copies of the Licensed Pro-
gram(s) also pertains to any and all modifications and portions of Licensed
Program(s) contained or merged into other programs.
You agree to reproduce and include the copyright notice as it appears on the Licensed Pro-
gram(s) on any copy, modification or merged portion of the Licensed Program(s).
THIS LICENSE DOES NOT GIVE YOU ANY RIGHT TO USE COPY, MODIFY, OR
TRANSFER THE LICENSED PROGRAM(S) OR ANY COPY, MODIFICATION OR
MERGED PORTION THEREOF, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY
PROVIDED IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT.
IF YOU TRANSFER POSSESSION OF ANY COPY, MODIFICATION OR MERGED
PORTION OF THE LICENSED PROGRAM(S) TO ANOTHER PARTY, THE LICENSE
GRANTED HEREUNDER TO YOU IS AUTOMATICALLY TERMINATED.
TERM
This License Agreement is effective upon acceptance and use of the Licensed Program(s)
until terminated in accordance with the terms of this License Agreement. You may termi-
nate the License Agreement at any time by destroying the Licensed Program(s) together
with all copies, modifications, and merged portions thereof in any form. This License
Agreement will also terminate upon conditions set forth elsewhere in this Agreement or
automatically in the event you fail to comply with any term or condition of this License
2 Preface
CAESAR II - User’s Guide CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT
Agreement. You hereby agree upon such termination to destroy the Licensed Program(s)
together with all copies, modifications, and merged portions thereof in any form.
LIMITED WARRANTY
The Licensed Program(s), i.e. the tangible proprietary software, is provided “AS IS”
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AND
EXPLICITLY EXCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL-
ITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The entire risk as to the quality and
performance of the Licensed Program(s) is with you.
Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of limited warranties, and, in those jurisdic-
tions the above exclusions may not apply. This Limited Warranty gives you specific legal
rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from one jurisdiction to another.
COADE does not warrant that the functions contained in the Licensed Program(s) will
meet your requirements or that the operation of the program will be uninterrupted or error
free.
COADE does warrant, however, that the CD(s), i.e. the tangible physical medium on
which the Licensed Program(s) is furnished, to be free from defects in materials and work-
manship under normal use for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of delivery to you
as evidenced by a copy of your receipt.
COADE warrants that any program errors will be fixed by COADE, at COADE’s expense,
as soon as possible after the problem is reported and verified. However, only those cus-
tomers current on their update/maintenance contracts are eligible to receive the corrected
version of the program.
ENTIRE AGREEMENT
This written Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties concerning
the Licensed Program(s). No agent, distributor, salesman or other person acting or repre-
senting themselves to act on behalf of COADE has the authority to modify or supplement
the limited warranty contained herein, nor any of the other specific provisions of this
Agreement, and no such modifications or supplements shall be effective unless agreed to
in writing by an officer of COADE having authority to act on behalf of COADE in this
regard.
LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES
COADE’s entire liability and your exclusive remedy shall be:
a. the replacement of any CD not meeting COADE’s “Limited Warranty” as defined
herein and which is returned to COADE or an authorized COADE dealer with a
copy of your receipt, or
b. if COADE or the dealer is unable to deliver a replacement CD which is free of
defects in materials or workmanship you may terminate this License Agreement
by returning the Licensed Program(s) and associated documentation and you will
be refunded all monies paid to COADE to acquire the Licensed Program(s).
IN NO EVENT WILL COADE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS, LOST SAVINGS, AND OTHER INCIDENTAL
Preface 3
CAESAR II - User’s Guide CAESAR II LICENSE AGREEMENT
GENERAL
You may not sublicense, assign, or transfer your rights under this License Agreement or
the Licensed Program(s) except as expressly provided in this License Agreement. Any
attempt otherwise to sublicense, assign or transfer any of the rights, duties or obligations
hereunder is void and constitutes a breach of this License Agreement giving COADE the
right to terminate as specified herein. This Agreement is governed by the laws of the State
of Texas, United States of America.
The initial license fee includes 1 year of support, maintenance and enhancements to the
program. After the first 1 year term, such updates and support are optional at the then cur-
rent update fee.
Questions concerning this License Agreement, and all notices required herein, shall be
made by contacting COADE in writing at COADE, 12777 Jones RD., Ste. 480, Houston,
Texas, 77070, or by telephone, 281-890-4566.
DISCLAIMER - CAESAR II
Copyright(c) COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc., 2003, all rights reserved.
This proprietary software is the property of COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc.
and is provided to the user pursuant to a COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc. pro-
gram license agreement containing restrictions on its use. It may not be copied or distrib-
uted in any form or medium, disclosed to third parties, or used in any manner except as
expressly permitted by the COADE/Engineering Physics Software, Inc. program license
agreement.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS SOFT-
WARE, INC. SHALL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY TO THE USER IN EXCESS OF
THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID TO COADE UNDER THE COADE/ENGINEERING
PHYSICS SOFTWARE, INC. LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR THIS SOFTWARE. IN
NO EVENT WILL COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS SOFTWARE, INC. BE LIABLE
TO THE USER FOR ANY LOST PROFITS OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSE-
QUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
SOFTWARE EVEN IF COADE/ENGINEERING PHYSICS, INC. HAS BEEN
ADVISED AS TO THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IT IS THE USERS
RESPONSIBILITY TO VERIFY THE RESULTS OF THE PROGRAM.
Preface 4
CAESAR II - User’s Guide HOOPS‘ License Grant
Preface 5
HOOPS‘ License Grant CAESAR II - User’s Guide
6 Preface
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What is CAESAR II? CAESAR II - User’s Guide
1-2 Introduction
CAESAR II - User’s Guide What distinguishes CAESAR II from other commercial
Introduction 1-3
About the CAESAR II Documentation CAESAR II - User’s Guide
1-4 Introduction
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Program Support/User Assistance
Introduction 1-5
Software Revision Procedures CAESAR II - User’s Guide
These identifying characters are then followed by six digits representing the date of the
Build. The next character is a single letter representing the ESL version (the ESL is the
External Software Lock used by the programs). The character U or F represents an unlim-
ited or full-run version, L is an execution limited version, D is a dealer version. The fol-
lowing examples illustrate this naming convention.
Build Na m e Corre la tion
C2000801F.EXE CAESAR II, Build of Aug. 1, 2000, full run users
C2000801L.EXE CAESAR II, Build of Aug. 1, 2000, limited-run users
P971117D.EXE CADW orx/PIPE Build of Nov. 17, 1997, dealers
Be sure to obtain the correct ESL version of a particular Build. If the Build does not match
your ESL, and you install it, the software will not function. You will receive error mes-
sages that the ESL cannot be found, or you have an improper version.
1-6 Introduction
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Software Revision Procedures
Introduction 1-7
Software Revision Procedures CAESAR II - User’s Guide
1-8 Introduction
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Updates and License Types
Full Run
Provides unlimited access to CAESAR II and one year of updates, maintenance, and sup-
port. Updates, maintenance, and support are available on an annual basis after the first
year.
Lease
Provides unlimited access to CAESAR II with updates, maintenance, and support pro-
vided as long as the lease is in effect.
Limited Run
Provides 50 static or dynamic analyses of piping system models over an unlimited period
of time, but does not include program updates. The user is upgraded (if necessary) when-
ever a new set of 50 “runs” is purchased.
COADE only ships the current version of CAESAR II, no matter which type of license.
Updates are automatically delivered to all full run users who purchase updates, mainte-
nance, and support, and all lease users.
Introduction 1-9
Summary of the Latest Program Improvements CAESAR II - User’s Guide
1-10 Introduction
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Overview CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Overview
The CAESAR II installation commences as soon as you insert the CD-ROM into the
drive and shut the drawer. The installation program allows total or partial installations,
diagnostic checks of the installation, multi-language support, and ease of updating. This
chapter will explain the process of running the CAESAR II setup application.
The typical setup for most computers allows the “auto-run” feature to access the CD and
initiate the installation program. (If the “auto-run” feature has been disabled, Windows
Explorer should be used to scan the CD and invoke the SETUP.EXE program. The last
section of this chapter details the steps necessary to re-enable the “auto-run” feature.)
Once the installation program is initialized, a menu of context-sensitive options is dis-
played on the screen.
For users upgrading to a new version of CAESAR II, the installation program can be
instructed to place the new files in the same directory where the current version resides.
The new version files will overwrite the old version files where appropriate.
CAESAR II can be run from anywhere on the system hard disk. Keep the job files in one
or more data or project directories separate from the CAESAR II installation directory.
2-2 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide System and Hardware Requirements
800 x 600 Video Res- 1024 x 768 Video Reso- 1280x1024 Video Resolu-
olution lution tion
Installation 2-3
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Installation Process
As the installation begins, a dialog opens to suggest that all running applications be termi-
nated. It is best if nothing else is running while the installation program runs. Most unsuc-
cessful installation attempts can be attributed to other software running at the same time as
the installation.
Clicking the Next button of the Welcome dialog produces a dialog prompting for the CD
Serial Number.
2-4 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
The serial number can be found on the back of the jewel case. Note that the software can-
not be installed without this serial number. Once the proper serial number has been speci-
fied, the installation program reports the acceptance of the serial number and the type of
installation about to take place.
Following the user’s acknowledgement of this dialog, the installation program prompts the
user for the destination directory. This directory is the location to which the software will
be installed. The dialog presented allows the user to navigate to different drives, either
local or network, and to select directories. If the desired directory does not exist, it may be
typed in manually in the edit box provided at the top of the dialog. By default, the installa-
tion program assumes a destination directory the same as an existing version of the soft-
ware.
Installation 2-5
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Once the destination directory has been set, the next dialog prompts for the type of instal-
lation. In almost all cases, the top button, for a full installation, should be selected. A full
installation ensures the complete package is installed from the CD to the destination direc-
tory, and any ancillary procedures are executed following the installation.
2-6 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
Note Notice in the dialog shown above that the [Next] button cannot be activated until
an installation type is selected. Several of the dialogs work in this manner, to
ensure all necessary information is obtained prior to the start of the actual file
transfer.
Once this dialog is complete, the Language dialog is presented. This dialog allows the user
to select from various languages, which then dictate the exact language resource files that
will be installed.
Installation 2-7
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
After the desired language has been selected, the installation program prompts for the
name of a program folder to organize the software components. This folder will (usually)
be located on the “Start\Programs” menu of the task bar. Typically, the folder name should
be the same as the software name, for ease of use.
2-8 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
After the program folder has been specified, the installation prompts for the type of ESL
(External Software Lock). The ESL is the security device used to protect the software
license. Various types of ESLs are supported by the software, each requiring their own
device driver. This dialog enables the installation of the correct driver (assuming the user
makes the correct selection).
Once the ESL type has been selected, the installation program presents the user with a dia-
log summarizing all of the selections just made. This is the last dialog presented before the
actual transfer of the files takes place.
Installation 2-9
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
After this dialog is accepted (by clicking on the [Next] button), the actual file transfer
begins.
During the file transfer stage, the user is presented with an installation screen consisting of
three panels.
2-10 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
The top panel contains information on other COADE products, registration information,
and contact information. The bottom left panel is a status indicator, monitoring the
progress of the installation. The bottom right panel is also a progress indicator, and addi-
tionally lists the files as they are installed.
After all of the files have been successfully transferred, the installation program displays
an information dialog, stating which ESL drivers have been installed. Note that, in order to
run the software, the system must be rebooted so that the drivers are actually loaded. The
installation program only sets the system up to load the drivers; it cannot actually load the
drivers.
Installation 2-11
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Note If the CRC check fails, this means a file was installed incorrectly. Try again to
install the files or contact COADE for help.
Configuration
After the CRC Check program terminates, the installation program invokes the
CAESAR II Configuration Program. This program creates the primary configuration file
that resides in the program directory. It is this configuration that is used by default in all
data directories, unless a local configuration file exists.
2-12 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
Note It is highly recommended that users familiarize themselves with the configuration
directives. A full discussion of them can be found in the CAESAR II Technical
Reference Manual.
After the user completes the configuration phase, by clicking [Exit w/ Save], the installa-
tion program displays the “Readme.Doc” file that accompanies the software. This file con-
tains the program’s latest information, which may have missed the formal documentation.
The file is displayed in WordPad, which is distributed as part of the Windows operating
system.
After the user closes WordPad, the installation program prompts to see if the system
should be rebooted.
Installation 2-13
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Recall that some software components are not fully installed until the system is rebooted.
Although you don’t have to reboot at this time, you may not be able to run the software
until you do. Rebooting will finish the installation and leave control on the desktop as
usual. Avoiding the reboot terminates the installation program and returns to the main
installation menu.
Exiting from this menu returns control to the desktop, where the program folder can be
seen.
This folder shows icons for starting the program, uninstalling the program, and reviewing
notes on the program.
2-14 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
Browse CD ROM
This option invokes Windows Explorer using the CD as the initial target. This results in a
typical “folder view” in Explorer.
Users can review the entire CD-ROM contents from this folder. This browser option is
particularly useful when it is necessary to copy information files and demos from the CD.
Notice in the figure above the reference to the file “ReadMe.txt.” It is always a good habit
to review this file for additional instructions, advice, or late breaking changes.
ODBC Drivers
This option is selected to install drivers for CAESAR II’s ODBC interface. For informa-
tion on using ODBC in CAESAR II, see Chapter 8 of the Technical Reference Manual.
Installation 2-15
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Product Demos
This option presents another menu.
The list of options on this menu allows the review of the demos of all other COADE prod-
ucts. Depending on the demo, this could be a simple slide show, or a restricted working
demo. In the figure above, the tool-tip detail describes the first option (where the cursor is
located). The [Back] button of this menu returns control to the Main Installation Menu.
Internet Explorer
This option invokes the installation procedure for Internet Explorer (IE). The presence of
IE is required for the proper operation of the HTML Help Facility, which is the preferred
help system implementation recommended by Microsoft. Although not all COADE prod-
ucts currently implement HTML Help, most products are headed in this direction.
In addition, a browser (either IE or Netscape Communicator) is necessary to access the
World Wide Web. The Web, and corporate web sites (such as COADE’s site at
www.coade.com), are an excellent source of additional information on software products,
support issues, and software updates. It has become almost critical that users be able to
access vendor web sites in order to stay current with their software tools.
2-16 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
ESL Drivers
This option initiates the installation of the proper drivers for the ESL (External Software
Lock). A series of dialogs is presented, similar to those presented for the installation of
CAESAR II. This installation prompts for the ESL type.
The ESL is the security protection method employed by COADE. The CAESAR II pro-
gram cannot execute unless an appropriate ESL is attached to the PC locally, or to another
computer in the network (red ESL).
The ESL can be easily attached to the parallel port of the computer in a matter of seconds.
The printer cable should then be attached to the other side of the ESL. The essential
requirement for the successful operation of the ESL is that the port must be a Centronics
compatible DB-25 pin parallel port. This is the IBM PC standard read/write printer port.
Alternatively a USB ESL may be requested from COADE.
The ESL contains the CAESAR II licensing data, and other client-specific information.
This information includes the client company name and user ID number. Additional data
may be stored on the ESL depending on the specific program and the specific client.
This ESL driver installation installs the latest drivers, and properly addresses Windows 95
through Windows XP.
Installation 2-17
Installation Menu Options CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Contact Information
This option displays additional information on the CD image.
This information includes all current contact information for COADE. In addition, the ref-
erence to the COADE website is an active link. Clicking on this link will invoke your pri-
mary browser and present the COADE website.
2-18 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Installation Menu Options
Product Information
This option lists, on the CD image, all of the contents of the CD.
Notice that there are several items on the CD for which there is no direct installation
method available from the menus. These items (Adobe Acrobat Reader, MS Word Viewer,
and the COADE product brochures) can be installed or viewed using Windows Explorer.
The Adobe Acrobat Reader is required in order to access the online documentation pro-
vided with the software.
Exit
This option terminates the installation program and returns control to the operating sys-
tem.
Installation 2-19
ESL Installation on a Network CAESAR II - User’s Guide
2-20 Installation
CAESAR II - User’s Guide Notes on Network ESLs
Note The number of licenses assigned to a network ESL is not a parameter that can be
modified remotely by COADE software.
Installation 2-21
Re-Enabling the AutoRun Feature CAESAR II - User’s Guide
2-22 Installation
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CAESAR II Quick Start CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Starting CAESAR II
CAESAR II may be started by double-clicking the CAESAR II icon, which should point
to the program C2.EXE in the CAESAR II installation directory. (Note that invoking any
of the other executable programs in the CAESAR II installation directory can result in
unpredictable behavior.) At this point the Main Menu is loaded. It is from the Main Menu
that the user selects jobs, analysis types, invokes execution, and initiates output review.
The options of the Main Menu are fully described in Chapter 4 of this document—for the
purposes of this “Quick Start” chapter, only the File, Input, Analysis, and Output menus
are used.
Main Menu
All CAESAR II analyses require a job name for identification purposes—subsequent
input, analysis, or output review references the job name specified. The job name is
selected using the File menu, using one of three methods.
Whenever the user wishes to begin a new job, selecting File-New (or clicking the New
icon from the toolbar) invites the user to enter a job name and data directory. For the pur-
poses of this Quick Start example, the user should enter a name, select Piping Input, and
select an alternate directory for the file, if desired.
Note Selecting File-Open (or clicking the Open icon on the toolbar) presents the user
with a dialog to select an existing file. Recently used files may also be selected
from the Recent Piping/Structural File option on the File menu.
Note Enabling Structural Input opens the Structural Steel Wizard. See Chapter 4 of the
CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for more information.
Selecting a job name does not open the file; as noted, it simply indicates the job on which
input modeling, analysis, output review, or other operations will be done. The user must
still select one of these operations from the menu.
Open Dialog
CAESAR II now allows users the option to archive input files. Simply, enter a password
between 6 and 24 characters in length. You will be prompted to repeat this information to
eliminate the possibility of incorrectly entering the password. Archived input files cannot
be altered and/or saved without this password however, they can be opened and reviewed.
Basic Operation
Once you have started the program and opened the file, you will choose the required oper-
ation.
The menus, toolbars, and accelerators offer a number of additional commands that the user
can invoke to enter auxiliary processors or use special modelers or databases. These com-
mands and general input instructions of the piping spreadsheet are discussed in detail in
Chapter 5.
To Enter the first element (element 10-20) of a simple model, do the following:
1. Enter the value 10-0 (10 ft) in the DX field.
2. Enter the value 8 (8-in. nominal) in the Diameter field. This is automatically con-
verted to actual diameter.
3. Enter the letter “S” (standard schedule pipe wall) in the Wt/Sch field. This is automat-
ically converted to wall thickness.
4. Enter 600 (degrees Fahrenheit) in the Temp 1 field.
5. Enter 150 (psig) in the Pressure 1 field.
6. Double-click on the Bend checkbox. This adds a long radius bend at the end of the
element, and adds intermediate nodes 18 and 19 at the near weld and mid points of the
bend respectively (node 20 physically represents the far weld point of the bend).
Bend Data
Restraint Settings
8. Select A106 B from the Material drop list. This selection fills in the material parame-
ters such as density and modulus elasticity.
9. Double-click on the Allowable stress checkbox and select the B31.3 code from the
Code drop list.
Note Allowable stresses for the given material, temperature, and code are displayed
automatically.
10. Enter 0.85SG (0.85 specific gravity) in the Fluid Density field. This value is automat-
ically converted to density.
11. To enter the second element of the model, press Alt-C, or the Continue toolbar, or use
the Edit-Continue menu command to get a spreadsheet for a new element, element
20-30.
Note Node numbers are automatically generated and distributed, data is carried forward
on new spreadsheets.
Once the model is completed, the job can be analyzed by exiting the piping preprocessor
and starting error checking. This can be done using the File-Start Run menu option, the
Start Run toolbar, or the Start Run option from the Quit Menu (invoked upon closing the
input processor with the [Esc] key).
Note The options of the Quit Menu which save the user specified input data are: Start
Run, Batch Run, and Exit and Save. Exit and Forget and Return to Edit do
not save the data.
The preferred method for leaving the input preprocessor is via option Start Run. This
option saves the data file and invokes the Piping Error Checker. The Batch Run option
saves the data, invokes the error checker, and then continues with the analysis, all without
user interaction.
Each message may be accepted by pressing OK. If there is an error, the user can return to
the input module by clicking the Return to Input toolbar.
If the error check process completes without fatal errors, a center of gravity report is pre-
sented and the analysis data files can be generated and the solution phase can commence.
Upon successful completion of the error checking routines, the user is, by default, returned
to the main CAESAR II menu.
Note Load cases may also be built by simply typing on any of the individual lines.
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The CAESAR II Main Menu CAESAR II - User’s Guide
File Menu
File Menu
Note The selection of the data directory is very important since any configuration,
units, or other data files found in that directory are considered to be “local” to that
job.
Note Selecting Structural Input invokes the Structural Steel Wizard. For more informa-
tion, see Chapter 4 of the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for details.
Input Menu
Input Menu
Once a file is selected, the Input Menu indicates the available modules for the file type
chosen.
• Piping—Input a CAESAR II piping model (see Chapter 5).
• Underground—Convert existing piping model to buried pipe (see Chapter 11).
• Structural Steel—Input a CAESAR II structural model (see Chapter 10).
Analysis Menu
Analysis Menu
The Analysis Menu allows the user to select from the different calculations available.
• Statics—Static analysis of pipe and/or structure. This is available after error checking
the input file (see Chapter 6).
• Dynamics—Dynamic analysis of pipe and/or structure. This is also available after
error checking the input file (see Chapter 8).
• SIFs—Scratch pads used to calculate stress intensification factors at intersections and
bends.
• WRC 107/297—Calculate stresses in vessels due to attached piping (see Chapter 12).
• Flanges—Perform flange stress and leakage calculations (Chapter 12).
• B31.G—Estimate pipeline remaining life (Chapter 12).
• Expansion Joint Rating—Evaluate expansion joints using EJMA equations (Chapter
12).
• AISC—Perform AISC code check on structural steel elements (Chapter 12).
• NEMA SM23—Evaluate piping loads on steam turbine nozzles (Chapter 12).
• API 610—Evaluate piping loads on centrifugal pumps (Chapter 12).
• API 617—Evaluate piping loads on compressors (Chapter 12).
• API 661—Evaluate piping loads on air-cooled heat exchangers (Chapter 12).
• HEI Standard—Evaluate piping loads on feedwater heaters (Chapter 12).
• API 560—Evaluate piping loads on fired heaters (Chapter 12).
Output Menu
Output Menu
The user is presented with all available output of piping and/or structural calculations,
which may be selected for review.
• Static—Static results (see Chapter 7).
• Harmonic—Results of harmonic loading (see Chapter 9).
• Spectrum Modal—Results of natural frequency/mode shape calculations
or uniform/force spectrum loading (see Chapter 9).
• Time History—Results of time history load simulations (see Chapter 9).
• Animation—Animated graphic simulation of any of the above results.
Tools Menu
Tools Menu
The Tools Menu includes various CAESAR II supporting utilities that are used for
• Configure/Setup—Customizes the behavior of CAESAR II, on a directory by direc-
tory basis. This enables the user to consider items such as treatment of corrosion, pres-
sure stiffening, etc. differently for each directory, due to project or client
considerations.
• Calculator—Brings up an on-screen calculator.
• Make Units files—Creates custom sets of units.
• Material Data Base—Edits or adds to the CAESAR II material data base.
• Accounting—Activates or customizes job accounting or generates accounting reports.
• Multi-Job Analysis—Lets the user run a stream of jobs without operator intervention.
• Convert Units—Converts existing CAESAR II files to a different set of units.
• External Interfaces—CAESAR II offers many interfaces to and from third party soft-
ware (both CAD and analytical).
Diagnostics Menu
Diagnostics Menu
Diagnostics are provided to help trouble shoot problem installations (See above).
• CRC Check—Verifies that program files are not corrupted.
• Build Version—Determines the build version of CAESAR II files.
• Error Review—Reviews description of CAESAR II errors.
• DLL Version Check—Provides version information on library files used by
CAESAR II.
ESL Menu
ESL Menu
The ESL Menu gives access to utilities which interact with the External Software Lock.
• Show Data—Displays data stored on the ESL.
• Phone Update—Allows runs to be added, or other ESL changes, to be made over the
phone.
• Generate Access Codes—Allows runs to be added, or other ESL changes, to be made
either through Fax or E-mail (in conjunction with option below).
• Enter re-authorization Codes—(see option above).
• Check HASP Device Status—Verifies the location and version of the ESL.
• Install HASP Device Driver—Installs the ESL Drivers.
Help Menu
Help Menu
• Tip of the Day—Provides tips for running CAESAR II.
• On-Line Documentation—CAESAR II— Displays CAESAR II documentation in
either HTML or PDF format.
• Animated Tutorials—Displays a list of viewlets that answer some commonly asked
questions.
• Desktop On-Line Help— Launches COADE’s online technical support.
• On-Line Registration— For users with internet connections a form is available, which-
will be sent electronically to COADE after clicking the Send button.
Help Dialog
Note Throughout the CAESAR II program, context-sensitive help (including the units
requested, where applicable) is available by pressing [F1] on any field.
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Spreadsheet Overview CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Spreadsheet Overview
In order to input a piping model, one must either open a new or existing piping file from
the Main Menu, and then choose Input-Piping. The CAESAR II piping input spread-
sheet then appears.
Input Spreadsheet
This spreadsheet is used to describe the piping on an element by element basis. It consists
of menu commands/toolbars which can be used to perform a number of supporting opera-
tions and data fields used to enter information about each piping element.
Undo/Redo
Any modeling steps done in the CAESAR II input module may be "undone", one at a
time, using the Undo command, activated by the button on the toolbar, the Edit-
Undo menu option, or the Ctrl-Z hot key. Likewise, any "undone" steps may be "redone"
sequentially, using the Redo command, activated by the button on the toolbar, the
Edit-Redo menu option, or the Ctrl-Y hot key. An unlimited number of steps (limited only
by amount of available memory) may be undone. Note that making any input change
while in the middle of the "undo stack" of course resets the "redo" stack.
Customize Toolbar
CAESAR II enables the user to customize Spreadsheet and 3D Graphic toolbars. You can
determine which buttons display and their locations, by right-clicking the mouse on the
toolbar, causing the following dialog to appear.
Customize Toolbar
Alternatively, users can customize the toolbar by pressing the <Shift> key, clicking a but-
ton and dragging it to the new position. CAESAR II allows users to undo any changes by
right-clicking on the toolbar, which causes the Customize Toolbar dialog to appear, and
clicking the Reset button.
Data Fields
The data fields are grouped logically into blocks of related data on the left side of the
screen. The right side of the screen offers an auxiliary area, with changing data-fields that
support items entered through check boxes (pressing [F12] alternatively displays the vari-
ous auxiliary screens). The following are the data-field blocks:
Node Numbers
Each element is identified by its end “node” numbers. Since each input screen represents a
piping element, the element end points - the From node and To node - must be entered.
These points are used as locations at which information may be entered or extracted. The
From node and To node are both required data.
Element Lengths
Lengths of the elements are entered as delta dimensions according to the X, Y, Z rectangu-
lar coordinate system established for the piping system (note that the Y-axis represents the
vertical axis). The delta dimensions DX, DY, and DZ, are the measurements along the X,
Y, and Z axes between the From node and To node. In most cases only one of the three
cells will be used as the piping usually runs along the global axes. Where the piping ele-
ment is skewed two or three entries must be made. One or more entries must be made for
all elements except “zero length” expansion joints.
Note When using feet and inches for compound length and length units, valid entries in
this (and most other length fields) include formats such as: 3-6, 3 ft. -6 in, and 3-6-
3/16.
Offsets can be used to modify the stiffness of the current element by adjusting its length
and the orientation of its neutral axis in 3-D space.
Clicking the Ellipsis (...) button to the right of the element lengths (DX, DY, DZ) displays
the Element dialog. The Element dialog displays the total Length and Direction Cosines.
Changes made to the total element Length, or Direction Cosines may affect one or all of
the element lengths (DX, DY, DZ). Changes made to any of the element lengths (DX, DY,
DZ) will affect both the total element Length and Direction Cosines.
The element’s outside diameter, wall thickness, mill tolerance (plus mill tolerance is used
for IGE/TD/12 piping code only), seam weld (IGE/TD/12 piping code only), corrosion
allowance, and insulation thickness are entered in this block. These data carry forward
from one screen to the next during the input session and need only be entered for those ele-
ments at which a change occurs. Nominal pipe sizes and schedules may be specified;
CAESAR II converts these values to actual outside diameter and wall thickness. Outside
diameter and wall thickness are required data.
Note Nominal diameters, thicknesses, and schedule numbers are a function of the pipe
size specification. ANSI, JIS, or DIN are set via the Tools-Configure/Setup
option of the Main Menu.
Up to nine temperatures and ten pressures (one extra for the hydrostatic test pressure) can
be specified for each piping element. (The button with the ellipses dots is used to activate
a window showing extended operating conditions input). The temperatures are actual tem-
peratures (not changes from ambient). CAESAR II uses these temperatures to obtain the
thermal strain and allowable stresses for the element from the material data base. As an
alternative, the thermal strains may be specified directly (see the discussion of ALPHA
TOLERANCE in the Technical Reference Manual). Thermal strains have absolute val-
ues on the order of 0.002, and are unitless. Pressures are entered as gauge values and may
not be negative. Each temperature and each pressure entered creates a loading for use
when building load cases. Both thermal and pressure data carries forward from one ele-
ment to the next until changed. Entering a value in the Hydro Pressure field causes
CAESAR II to build a Hydro case in the set of recommended load cases.
Note CAESAR II uses an ambient temperature of 70°F, unless changed using the Spe-
cial Execution Parameters Option.
Special components such as bends, rigid elements, expansion joints and tees require addi-
tional information which can be defined in this block.
If the element described by the spreadsheet ends in a bend, elbow or mitered joint, the
Bend checkbox should be set by double-clicking. This entry opens up the auxiliary data
field on the right hand side of the input screen to accept additional data regarding the bend.
CAESAR II usually assigns three nodes to a bend (giving ‘near’, ‘mid’, and ‘far’ node on
the bend).
Double-clicking on the Rigid checkbox (indicating an element that is much stiffer than the
connecting pipe such as a flange or valve), opens an auxiliary data field to collect the com-
ponent weight. For rigid elements, CAESAR II follows these rules:
• When the rigid element weight is entered, i.e. not zero, CAESAR II computes any
extra weight due to insulation and contained fluid, and adds it to the user’s entered
weight value.
• The weight of fluid added to a non-zero weight rigid element is equal to the same
weight that would be computed for an equivalent straight pipe. The weight of insula-
tion added is equal to the same weight that would be computed for an equivalent
straight pipe times 1.75.
• If the weight of a rigid element is zero or blank, CAESAR II assumes the element is
an artificial “construction element” rather than an actual piping element, so no insula-
tion or fluid weight is computed for that element.
• The stiffness of the rigid element is relative to the diameter (and wall & thickness)
entered. Make sure that the diameter entered on a rigid element spreadsheet is indica-
tive of the rigid stiffness that should be generated.
Note Bends, rigids, and expansion joints are mutually exclusive. Refer to the valve/
flange and expansion joint data base discussions later in this chapter for quick
entry of rigid element and expansion joint data.
Boundary Conditions
The checkboxes in this block open the auxiliary data field to allow the input of items
which restrain (or impose movement on) the pipe— restraints, hangers, flexible nozzles or
displacements. Though not required, it is recommended that such information be supplied
on the input screen which has that point as the From node or To node. (This will be of
benefit if the data must be located for modification). The auxiliary data fields allow speci-
fication of up to 4 restraints (devices which in some way modify the free motion of the
system), one hanger, one nozzle, or two sets of nodal displacements per element. If
needed, additional items for any node can be input on other element screens.
Loading Conditions
The checkboxes in this block allow the user to define loadings acting on the pipe. These
loads may be individual forces or moments acting at discrete points, distributed uniform
loads (which may be specified on force per unit length, or gravitational body forces), or
wind loadings (wind loadings are entered by specifying a wind shape factor—the loads
themselves are specified when building the load cases.
The uniform load and the wind shape factor check boxes will be unchecked on subsequent
input screens. This does not mean that the loads were removed from these elements,
instead, this implies that the loads do not change on subsequent screens.
Note Uniform loads may be specified in g-values by setting a parameter in the Special
Execution Options.
Piping Material
CAESAR II requires the specification of the pipe material’s elastic modulus, Poisson’s
ratio, density, and (in most cases) expansion coefficient. The program provides a database
containing the parameters for many common piping materials. This information is
retrieved by picking a material from the drop list, by entering the material number, or by
typing any or all of the material name and then picking it from the match list. (The coeffi-
cient of expansion does not appear on the input screen, but it can be reviewed during error
checking.) Note that materials 18 and 19 represent cold spring properties, cut short and cut
long respectively; material 20 activates CAESAR II’s orthotropic model for use with
materials such as fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe. Material 21 permits a totally user
defined material. Using a material with a number greater than 100 permits the use of
allowable stresses from the database.
This block is used to enter or override the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the mate-
rial, if the value in the database is not correct. These values must be entered for Material
type 21 (user specified).
Note Material properties in the database may be changed permanently using the
CAESAR II material database editor.
Densities
The densities of the piping material, insulation, and fluid contents are specified in this
block. The piping material density is a required entry and is usually extracted from the
material data base. Fluid density can optionally be entered in terms of specific gravity, if
convenient, by following the input immediately with the letters: SG, e.g. 0.85SG (there
can be no spaces between the number and the SG).
Note If an insulation thickness is specified (in the pipe section properties block) but no
insulation density is entered, CAESAR II defaults to the density of calcium sili-
cate.
Bend Data
This auxiliary screen is used to enter information regarding bend radius, miter cuts, fitting
wall thickness, stiffness factor (K-Factor), or attached flanges.
Intermediate node points may be placed at specified angles along the bend, or at the bend
mid-point (“M”).
Rigid Weight
This auxiliary screen is used to enter the weight of a rigid element. If no weight is entered
CAESAR II models the element as a weightless construction element.
Note Rigid weights are entered automatically if the Valve and Flange database is used.
Expansion Joint
This auxiliary screen is used to enter the expansion joint stiffness parameters and effective
diameter. For a non-zero length expansion joint, either the transverse or bending stiffness
must be omitted.
Note Setting the effective diameter to zero de-activates the pressure thrust load. This
method may be used (in conjunction with setting a large axial stiffness) to simu-
late the effect of axial tie-rods.
Restraints
This auxiliary screen is used to enter data up to four restraints per spreadsheet. Node num-
ber and restraint Type are required, all other information is optional (omitting the stiffness
entry defaults to “rigid”). Restraint types may be selected from the drop list or typed in.
Note Skewed restraints may be entered by entering direction cosines with the type, such
as X (0.707,0.0,0.707) for a restraint running at 45o in the X-Z plane.
Displacements
This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed displacements at up to two nodes per
spreadsheet. Up to nine displacement vectors may be entered (load components D1
through D9). If a displacement value is entered for any vector, this direction is considered
to be fixed for any other non-specified vectors.
Note Leaving a direction blank for all nine vectors models the system as being free to
move in that direction. Specifying “0.0” implies that the system is fully restrained
in that direction.
Forces
This auxiliary screen is used to enter imposed forces and/or moments at up to two nodes
per spreadsheet. Up to nine force vectors may be entered (load components F1 through
F9).
Uniform Loads
This auxiliary screen is used to enter up to three uniform load vectors (load components
U1, U2 and U3). These uniform loads are applied to the entire current element, as well as
all subsequent elements in the model, until explicitly changed or zeroed out with a later
entry.
Wind/Wave
This auxiliary screen is used to specify whether this portion of the pipe is exposed to wind
or wave loading. (Note that the pipe may not be exposed to both.) Selecting Wind exposes
the pipe to wind loading; selecting Wave exposes the pipe to wave, current, and buoyancy
loadings; selecting Off turns off both types of loading.
This screen is also used to enter the Wind Shape Factor (when Wind is specified) and vari-
ous wave coefficients (if left blank they will be program-computed) when Wave Loading is
specified.
Entries on this auxiliary screen apply to all subsequent piping, until changed on a later
spreadsheet.
Note Specific wind and wave load cases are built using the Static Load Case Editor.
Allowable Stresses
This auxiliary screen is used to select the piping code (from a drop list) and to enter any
data required for the code check. Allowable stresses are automatically updated for mate-
rial, temperature and code if available in the material database.
Material Fatigue Curve data may be entered by clicking the Fatigue Curve button. A dia-
log displays where users may enter stress vs. cycle data with up to 8 points per curve.
Note IGE/TD/12 requires the entry of five fatigue curves representing fatigue classes
D,E,F,G, and W.
The Fatigue Curve data may also be read in from a COADE-supplied or user-created file.
Access these file by clicking the Read from Files button on the Fatigue Curve dialog.
This auxiliary screen is used to enter stress intensification factors, or fitting types at up to
two nodes per spreadsheet. If components are selected from the drop list, CAESAR II
automatically calculates the SIF values as per the applicable code (unless overridden by
the user). Certain fittings and certain codes require additional data as shown. Fields are
enabled as appropriate for the selected fitting.
Flexible Nozzles
This auxiliary screen is used to describe flexible nozzle connections. When entered in this
way, CAESAR II automatically calculates the flexibilities and inserts them at this loca-
tion. CAESAR II calculates nozzle loads according to WRC 297, API 650 or BS 5500
criteria.
Hangers
This auxiliary screen is used to describe hanger installations. Hanger data may be fully
completed by the user, or the hanger may be designed by CAESAR II. In this case, two
special load cases are run, the results of which are used as design parameters which are
used to select the springs from the user specified catalog.
Node Names
Activating this checkbox allows the user to enter text names for the From and/or To nodes
(up to ten characters). These names display instead of the node numbers on the graphic
plots and in the reports (note some of the names may be truncated when space is not avail-
able).
Offsets
This auxiliary screen is used to specify offsets to correct modeled element length and ori-
entation to actual length and orientation. Offsets may be specified at From and/or To
nodes.
Menu Commands
CAESAR II piping input processor provides many commands which can be run from the
menu, toolbars or accelerator keys. The menu options are:
File Menu
The File menu is used to perform actions associated with opening, closing and running the
job file.
Save • Save—Saves the current CAESAR II job under its current name.
Start Run • Start Run—Runs the job —i.e., sends the model through interactive
error checking. This is the first step of analysis, followed by the
building of the static or dynamic load cases (see Chapter 6).
Edit Menu
Insert Element
Find Element
List • List—Presents the input data in an alternative, list format. This pro-
vides the benefit of showing all of the element data in a context set-
ting. The list format also permits block operations such as Duplicate,
Delete, Copy, Renumber on the element data. For more information
on the list input format, see the Technical Reference Manual.
Previous
• [Pg Dn], [Pg Up], Ctrl +[Home], Ctrl +[End]—Allow the user to
Element
move throughout the elements of the model.
Note Unlike the Continue command, [Pg Dn] does not create a new element once the
end of the model is reached.
Model Menu
The Model menu contains modeling aids, as well as means for entering associated, sys-
tem-wide information.
Model Menu
• Break—Allows the user to break the element into two unequal length elements or into
many equal length elements. A single node may be placed as a break point anywhere
along the element, or multiple nodes may be placed at equal intervals (the node step
interval between the From and To nodes determines the number of nodes placed).
Break Element
Note Restraint configurations may be automatically copied from any other node in the
system to the new nodes.
• Valve—Allows the user to model a valve or flange from one of the CAESAR II data-
bases. Choosing a combination of Rigid Type, End Type, and Class constructs a rigid
element with the length and weight extracted from the database.
Note Selecting the FLG option in the CADWORX database adds the length and
weight of two flanges (and two gaskets) onto the selected valve.
Expansion Joints
• Title—Allows the user to enter a job title up to sixty lines long.
Title
• Hanger Design Control Data—Prompts the user for system - wide hanger design cri-
teria.
Note System-wide hanger design criteria is used for all hanger designs, unless over-
ruled at specific hanger locations.
Kaux Menu
The Kaux menu provides some miscellaneous items.
Kaux Menu
• Review SIFs at Intersection Nodes—Allows the user to run “what if” tests on the
Stress Intensification Factors of intersections.
• Review SIFs at Bend Nodes—Allows the user to run “what if” tests on the Stress
Intensification Factors of selected bends.
• Special Execution Parameters—Allows the user to set options affecting the analysis
of the current job. Items covered include ambient temperature, pressure stiffening, dis-
placements due to pressure (Bourdon effect), Z-axis orientation, etc.
• Include Piping Input Files—Allows the user to include other piping models in the
current model.
3-D Modeler
This menu option provides two types of graphics—the traditional
Plot CAESAR II graphics, as well as CAESAR II’s new 3-D graphics library.
When selected, these graphics will replace CAESAR II’s traditional graphics.
Start CAESAR II and invoke the Piping Input Processor. Once in the input, launch the 3D
Graphics by clicking the corresponding plot button. The initial view for a job never plotted
before is displayed according to the configuration defaults that include:
• a rendered view- restraints shown
• XYZ compass - isometric view
• tees and nozzles highlighted- orthographic projection
The plotting begins by displaying the model in centerline/single line mode to speedup the
process. Then all the elements get changed to their intended state (they are rendered one
by one). Later, the restraints and other relevant items are added.
Note The model is fully operational while actually being drawn. Users may apply any
available option to the model at any time. The status bar at the bottom of the view
window displays the drawing progress in the form of Drawing element X of Y.
When the plot operation is complete, the status bar message changes to Ready.
When the mouse cursor hovers over the buttons the button's name displays, and a short
description of the button’s functionality displays in the status bar at the bottom of the view
window.
There are several methods of accomplishing nearly every command in the Input Plot Util-
ity. Commands may be accessed by clicking the buttons, selecting drop-down menu items,
or through the use of hot keys.
Users may wish to verify model data in single line mode, this often makes the view
clearer, simply click the Centerline View button. Note that in this mode, restraints and
other element information items still display. A Volume or double line plot can be
obtained by clicking the corresponding button. Alternatively, pressing the V key on the
keyboard will switch the views in the following order: Gouraud Shading (rendered mode /
Two Line Mode / Center Line View.
Various orthogonal views can be obtained by clicking the appropriate button, Front/Back/
Top/Bottom/Left/Right. Alternatively, using the X, Y, or Z keys on the keyboard will set
the model in right, top, or front views respectively. Additionally, holding down the SHIFT
button while pressing X, Y, or Z keys will show left, bottom, or back views respectively.
This option is useful to see the model just like it would be seen on a CAD drawing.
The transition from one orthogonal view to another is a smooth transition. It is possible to
make a sudden change/jump by pressing a combination of the CTRL + ALT + F5 keys
before changing the view with one of the described options. The sudden jump option is
useful for relatively large models as it speeds up the viewing process.
Node numbers can be displayed by clicking the Node Numbers button or by pressing the N
key on the keyboard. Alternatively, the same functionality may be achieved from the
menu by clicking Options/Node Numbers.
The lengths of the elements can be displayed by clicking the Show Lengths button or by
pressing the L key on the keyboard. Alternatively, the same functionality may be achieved
from the menu by clicking Options/Lengths. This will display the elements lengths to ver-
ify the input.
As an alternative, clicking the Select by Single Click button and hovering with the mouse
about the model will produce a bubble with relevant information for a particular element
for more information refer to the the Select by Single Click paragraph below.
Note For a clearer view, nodes, restraints, hangers, and anchors can be turned off. The
boundary condition symbols (like restraints, anchors, and hangers}size is relative
to the pipe size OD. In addition the symbol (i.e., restraints and/or hangers)size
may be changed manually by clicking the black arrow to the right of the relevant
button and selecting the size option from the drop down menu.
Users can adjust the color of the node numbers, lengths, elements, boundary conditions,
etc. by clicking the Change Display Options button, for more information refer to the the
3D Graphics Configuration section below.
The model can be panned using the mouse, by activating the Pan button. After clicking the
button, the cursor changes to a hand; and the view may be panned by moving the mouse
while holding down the left mouse button. The view may also be panned from under any
other command by holding down the middle mouse button/mouse wheel while moving the
mouse (when applicable).
An isometric view can be obtained by clicking the ISO View button. This action may also
be activated by pressing the F10 key on the keyboard.
All the highlighting and zoom/rotate effects on the model as well as other effects may be
reset at once by clicking the Reset Plot button. The model returns to its default state as
defined by the configuration; any elements hidden by the Range command are restored,
for more information refer to the Range section for details.
• Zooming
The model can be zoomed by clicking the Zoom button, and moving the mouse up or
down while depressing the left mouse button. Releasing the mouse button halts the zoom.
Note that while in the zoom mode, the keyboard + and - keys may be used to zoom the
model in and out. Alternatively, the model may also be zoomed from under any other com-
mand or mode by rotating the mouse wheel when applicable. The best way to zoom to a
particular area of the model is to use the mouse to draw a rubber band box around the
desired area. Simply click the Zoom to Window button, then left-click one corner of the
desired area, and stretch a box diagonally to the opposite corner of the area while still
holding the left mouse button down. When the left button is released, the model zooms to
the selected area. To see the entire model on the screen, click the Zoom to Extents button.
Alternatively, the right mouse button can be used to display a context menu, containing
toggle switches for zooming, panning, and rotating the model. Once an option is enabled,
mouse movement causes the model to respond in the selected manner. Note, to leave the
selected manipulation mode, the toggle switch must be selected again, or the Esc key can
be used.
• Rotation/Orbiting
Interactive rotation of the model can be accomplished by clicking the Orbit button. Once
this mode is activated, the model can be rotated by using the mouse or the arrow keys on
the keyboard. To use a mouse for rotating the model, click the left mouse button on the
model (the bounding box will be drawn to outline the model boundaries; while holding
down the left mouse button, move the mouse around to the desired position. When the
mouse button is released, the view is updated and the bounding box disappeasr. If the
bounding box is not visible, check the corresponding box on the User Options tab of the
Plot Configuration dialog for more information refer to the 3D Graphics Configuration
section for details.
Note, during the rotation operation (only for speedup purposes the model may be changed
to the centerline/ single line mode view or some of the geometry details may become miss-
ing or distorted. The actual conversion will depend on the size and complexity of the
model. Once the rotation is complete, the model returns to its original state.
Another method of orbiting the model is the Gyro operator. It can be activated by pressing
the G keyboard key. After pressing the G key, the model performs a full 360 degree rota-
tion in the plane of view.
3D Graphics Configuration
The CAESAR II 3D Graphics engine remembers the model’s state between sessions. Exit-
ing the input completely and then returning to the input graphics results in the model being
displayed in the same state in which it was last viewed. The state of each model is main-
tained individually (job related), in an XML data file (job- name.XML) in the current data
directory. After launching another input session, CAESAR II reads this XML file and
restores the 3D graphics to its previous state. This includes the rotation and zoom level of
the model; various color settings, data display, and the current graphics operator.
Most of the display options can be adjusted by clicking the Change Display Options button.
The tabs of this dialog control include: basic graphics colors, font selection and size for
textural data, user startup settings, and visibility (the degree of transparency.
• Basic Graphics Colors: Selecting any item in the list, then clicking Change, displays a
Windows color selection tool. Selecting the desired color and clicking OK changes the
color of the selected item to the new color. The rotating spring hanger is used to
actively view the color selection combinations before altering the entire plot window.
This is a useful tool to prevent selecting unsatisfactory color combinations. The colors
may be set to the CAESAR II defaults (as defined in the configuration by clicking the
Reset All button.
• Font Selection: Selecting any item in the list, then clicking Change, displays a stan-
dard Windows font selection tool. Select a font face, a font style, a font point size, and
optionally a font color. Clicking OK changes the font of the selected item to the new
font. Similar to the Colors tab, the relative size, color, as well as the font face of the
selected text item can be previewed in the Font Sample window of the Fonts tab before
changing the entire model.
• The User Options tab is used to set the initial display configuration when first plotting
a model in an input session. The 3D graphics can be configured (on an individual job
basis to restart in a specific manner. The graphics can startup with a preset operator
active (such as zoom with mouse, or startup with the last operator used still active.
Likewise, the graphics can startup in a preset view (such as isometric, or in the last
rotated zoomed position.
• The Bounding Box option determines if rotations, via the mouse, includes an outline
box surrounding the model. The Hide Overlapped Text option prevents text from
appearing on top of other text items producing a blob. The Default Projection option
determines the initial projection style of the model. Orthographic projection is the
CAESAR II graphics default. The Restore Last Operator option determines whether
the graphics engine remembers your last action (operator between sessions, or always
defaults to a specified action (operator on startup. Disabling the check box activates
the operator selection radio buttons. Similarly, the Restore Previous View option
determines whether the graphics engine remembers the last displayed view of the
model, or defaults to a specified view. Disabling the check box activates the initial
view radio buttons.
• The Visibility tab is used to alter the degree of transparency, when translucent pipe is
activated. When the Translucent Objects button is clicked, it allows viewing through
the pipe. This is especially useful for viewing jacketed piping or piping inside of ves-
sels. Moving the slider to the right increases the degree of visibility, making it easier
to see through the pipe elements.
Note This option is only effective when viewing the model in rendered mode, and can
be activated by clicking the Translucent Objects button.
Note Clicking the OK button of the Plot Configuration dialog will save the changes and
modify the model view correspondingly. In contrast, clicking the Cancel button on
the Plot Configuration dialog will disregard all the changes made.
split into two additional panes, upper and lower. When the mouse button is released, all
four panes are updated, with the X axis view in the upper left pane, the Y axis view in the
upper right pane, the Z axis view in the lower left pane, and a isometric (or original) view
in the lower right pane.
The screen captures above displays 4 panes in view and the state of the graphics engine
when the horizontal split bar is removed leaving 2 panes in view.
Note The image in any of these panes can be manipulated individually. Each pane can
be rotated, panned, or zoomed independently of the other panes.
Note The legend window may be resized and/or removed from the view.
Note While in the described highlighted mode, the model can still be zoomed, panned
and rotated. Any of orthographic projections and single line/volume modes can
be used without affecting the model highlighted state.
Note Clicking the same button twice will deactivate the coloring effect.
Note The same functionality may be achieved from the Options Menu by selecting
Materials, Diameters, Wall Thickness, or Insulation menu options. Alternatively,
the user may use the corresponding keyboard keys: M - to view different materi-
als; D - to view different diameters, W - to view different wall thickness through-
out the model, and I - to view the insulation.
Note When the model is being printed (File Menu/ Print) while in one of the high-
lighted modes described herein, the color key legend will appear in the upper left
corner of the page. This is always true, even if the actual legend window has been
dragged away from the view.
Note Only the pressures and temperatures that were actually defined in the input will
appear in the drop down menu as a choice.
Note The legend window may be resized and/or dragged away from the view.
Note While in the described highlighted mode, the model can still be zoomed, panned
and rotated. Any of orthographic projections and single line/volume modes can
still be used without affecting the model highlighted state.
Note Clicking the same button twice will deactivate the coloring effect.
Note The same functionality may be achieved from the Options Menu by selecting the
Temperatures or Pressures menu options. Alternatively, the Temperatures can be
accessed by pressing keyboard number buttons 1 through 9.
Note When the model is being printed File Menu/ Print while in one of the highlighted
modes described herein, the color key legend will appear in the upper left corner
of the page. This is always true, even if the actual legend window has been
dragged away from the view.
the window assists in locating the node points on the model (when the model geome-
try is complex).
Note that the displacements window shows the user specified values as well as free
or fixed Degrees of Freedom (DOF). In this case, a DOF is free if a displacement
value is not specified in any of the displacement load vectors. Note also that if a cer-
tain DOF has a specified displacement in at least one of the load vectors, then it is
fixed in all other load vectors.
• The Forces option behaves similar to the described Displacements option, the
model elements are highlighted for a particular force vector, and the color key
legend grid window displays on the left. The node number in combination with a
color key specifies the location where the force and moment values are defined.
• The Uniform Loads option has three vectors defined. The Node column repre-
sents the start node number where the uniform loads vector was first defined.
Since the data propagates throughout the model until changed or disabled, the
model is colored accordingly.
• Wind/Wave option displays the loading coefficients. The color key is defined as
follows: all the elements with wind defined are colored in red color; all the ele-
ments with wave data defined are colored in green color. The legend grid shows
the relevant data items defined by the user.
Note The legend window may be resized and/or removed from the view.
Note While in the described highlighted mode, the model can still be zoomed,
panned and rotated. Any of orthographic projections and single line/volume
modes can still be used without affecting the model highlighted state.
Note Clicking the same button twice will deactivate the coloring effect.
Note The same functionality may be achieved from the Options Menu by select-
ing the relevant options. Alternatively, the predefined Displacements can be
accessed by pressing the F3 on the keyboard; the forces/moment vectors can
be accessed by pressing the F5 on the keyboard.
Note When the model is being printed File Menu/Print while in one of the high-
lighted modes described herein, the color key legend appears on the second
page following the model bitmap image. The legend is presented in the tabu-
lar form similar to the legend window. This is always true, even if the actual
legend window has been dragged away from the view.
• Select by Single Click allows the attainment of element data. When this mode is
active, hovering on a pipe element (with the mouse shows a bubble with the ele-
ment's nodes, delta dimensions, and pipe size data. Actually clicking an element
shows a mini-spreadsheet. The element is highlighted and zoomed to selection.
Clicking a different element highlights the relevant element and changes the data in
the mini-spreadsheet accordingly.
Note The Element Information window can be moved around or away from the view.
Note Clicking the empty space of the graphics view de-highlights the element. The
mini-spreadsheet will still contain the information from the last element selected.
To close the Element Information dialog, click the X in the right upper corner.
Clicking the Spreadsheet button on the Element Information dialog displays the full input
spreadsheet for the associated pipe element. If the monitor resolution permits, both the
piping input spreadsheet and the graphics window can be viewed simultaneously. Select-
ing a different element on the graphics view displays the associated data on the spread-
sheet. Similarly, changing any data on the piping input spreadsheet (or just jumping to a
different element updates the graphics view correspondingly.
Note The main Piping Input spreadsheet may also be brought to view by clicking the
View Input Spreadsheet button.
button or press the U key to display the range dialog. A sorted list of all defined node num-
bers with corresponding check marks appears. Clicking a check box next to a particular
node number will toggle it enable or disable it.
Note Only elements with check marks on will display when the OK button is clicked. If
the Range option was previously used, consecutive clicks will display the dialog
with the current state of the shown/hidden elements and the corresponding check
marks.
The Range dialog enables selection and dragging of consecutive node numbers (click the
left mouse button on the first node of the desired selection, then move the mouse while
holding the mouse button down, and release the button at the last node of the desired
selection). Alternatively, users may click the first node, press the SHIFT key and click the
last node of the selection using the mouse button. Clicking the check mark with the rectan-
gle once toggles the status, and the is applied to the highlighted selection.
Use the FROM and TO fields together with the Add button to specify/add to the range of
elements that are already selected. If only the FROM node is specified and Add is clicked,
all elements (from this node and up will be selected). Clicking the Reverse Selection button
will toggle the check marks for the elements to show: it will show the previously hidden
elements, and hide the previously shown elements. When Clear All is clicked, none of the
elements are selected (and the graphics view appears blank). Use this button to clear the
selection.
Note, if none of the elements are selected, and OK is clicked, the view becomes blank. To
show the entire model, click the Select All button.
Note Using the Range option affects the display and operation of other 3D Graphics
Highlighting options. For example, if part of the model is not visible because of
the use of the Range option, then clicking the Show Diameters option will only
highlight the elements that are actually visible. As another example, if using the
Range option hides any nodes containing the predefined displacements, the Dis-
placements legend grid still appears, but the model is be properly highlighted.
Note The Find Node option may not work properly for the part of the model that is hid-
den by the Range. The corresponding message will also appear in the status bar.
Note, due to certain limitations of the 3D/HOOPS modeler (the tool created by a third
party), the legend window and text cannot be saved to the bitmap. However, all coloring,
as well as the annotations and markups are successfully saved.
Another way to save an image is uing the File Menu/ Save as Web Page option, or alterna-
tively, clicking the combination of SHIFT + H keyboard keys. This will create three files
in the current data directory using the current job name: *.HTML, *.HSF, and *.HMF.
Opening the .HTML file should display the corresponding .HSF file.
Note, this is an interactive file.
The first time a CAESAR II - created .HTML file is opened with an Internet Explorer or
other internet browser, usesr receive a message asking to download a control from Tech-
SoftAmerica. The user should answer Yes to allow the download, and the image will be
displayed. Once the model appears, selecting and right-clicking the model shows the
available viewing options, such as orbit, pan, zoom, different render modes, etc. The
image can be printed or copied to the clipboard as necessary.
Note Internet Explorer (IE version 5.0 and earlier may not display the image properly.
Since IE5 is no longer supported by Microsoft, COADE recommends IE6 or later.
• Annotations
There are times when annotation is needed to clarify the model image. This could be use-
ful to highlight a problem area, or write a brief description of the model. The annotation
may be especially useful in the output processor for more information refer to the discus-
sion at the end of this section. The CAESAR II 3D/HOOPS Graphics processor provides
several types of annotation as discussed below.
When the Annotate Model button is clicked, the annotation text box with a leader line to an
element is added to the graphics view. To add the annotation, click with the left mouse but-
ton on a particular element to start the leader line, while holding the mouse button down
drag the leader line to the annotation point, then type in the annotation text, and then press
the Enter key.
Note The annotation with a leader stays with the model on zoom, pan, rotate, and use of
any highlight options. Annotation also gets printed to the printer and saved to the
bitmap. Annotations are not saved to the HTML file.
Note The color and font face/size of the annotation text can be changed by clicking
Change Display Options, for more information refer to the the 3D Graphics Con-
figuration paragraph below.
Another type of annotation is FreeHand Markup that displays the following options: Free
Hand, Circle, Rectangle, and Annotate. After clicking the black arrow to the right of the
button, a menu with these four choices appears. Selecting any of the options places a
check mark next to the option and activates it.
Note This markup annotation text box is single line only. The color and the font face/
size cannot be changed the default color is red.
Note The markup annotations are saved to the .TIF file and spooled to the printer.
Note The geometry and the text of the markup annotations are temporary; they are not
saved with the model, and disappear from view with any change like zoom, rotate,
or pan.
• Elevator Down: Clicking the Z key provides the effect of riding the elevator down; the
model will move up, staying on the same optical distance to the viewer
• Pan Left: Clicking the A key provides the effect of making a side step to the left; the
model will appear to move right, staying on the same optical distance to the viewer
• Pan Right: Clicking the D key provides the effect of making a side step to the right;
the model will appear to move left, staying on the same optical distance to the viewer
Left Mouse Button Down
• Look Around: Clicking the left mouse button and moving the mouse up, down, left, or
right, provides the effect of looking around. This option is particularly useful when
model is close to the viewer, or the viewer is inside the model
Both Mouse Buttons Down
• Walk: When both left and right mouse buttons are pushed down together, moving the
mouse up and down will provide the effect of walking forward and backward to the
model, similar to using the W and S keyboard keys. This provides better interaction
and faster response to achieve the same goal.
Wheel Scroll
• Zoom: Scrolling the mouse wheel will provide the effect of zooming in and out.
Wheel Down
• Pan: Holding the mouse wheel down and moving the mouse up, down, left, or right,
provides the panning effects of riding the elevator up/down or stepping to the side,
similar to using the keyboard buttons Q, Z, A, or D. The mouse cursor will change to a
hand icon.
The Walk option is useful in providing a real time interactive view of the model. To exit
from this option, click any other operator (for example, pan, rotate, or zoom.
• Troubleshooting: While walking it is not possible to look back at the model (you need
to use the back orthogonal view of the model as a starting point for walking or walk
from the top. If any of these limitations are accidentally met, the camera versus light-
ing position will become undefined, and the view may get corrupted. It is easy to cor-
rect the problem. Since the current state of the model is maintained in the *.XML file,
it is easy to simply delete the file. First, close the Graphics processor window. To
delete the *.XML file, open the Windows Explorer, navigate and open the data direc-
tory (where the CAESAR II input file in question is located. Find the XML data file
(job-name.XML and delete it. Then return to the piping input. Upon invoking of the
3D Graphics engine, the model will be displayed in the CAESAR II default state for
more information refer to the the discussion at the beginning of the document.
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Error Checking CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Error Checking
Static analysis cannot be performed until the error checking portion of the piping prepro-
cessor has been successfully completed. Only after error checking is completed are the
required analysis data files created. Similarly, any subsequent changes made to the model
input is not reflected in the analysis unless error checking is rerun after those changes have
been made. CAESAR II does not allow an analysis to take place if the input has been
changed and not successfully error checked.
Start Run
Error Checking can only be done from the input spreadsheet, and is initiated
by executing the Start Run or Batch Run commands from the toolbar, menu
Batch Run
or the Quit options menu (the Quit options menu appears upon closing the
spreadsheet).
Warning Dialog
Warnings are flagged whenever there is a problem with a model which can be overcome
using some assumptions. An example of this would be if an element’s wall thickness is
insufficient to meet the minimum wall thickness for the given pressure (hoop stress).
Warnings need not be corrected in order to get a successful analysis, but all warnings
should be reviewed carefully by the user as they are displayed.
Note Dialog
The third category of alert is the informational note. These messages simply inform the
user of some noteworthy fact related to the model. An example of a note may be a mes-
sage informing the user of the number of hangers to be designed by the CAESAR II pro-
gram. For notes, there is nothing for the user to “correct.”
Available Commands
A number of commands are available to the user during error checking:
OK • OK—Indicates that the message has been reviewed by the user, and the
error checking should continue.
Cancel
• Cancel—Cancels error checking and returns to the Main Menu.
Option -
Restart
• Option - Restart—Restarts the error checking process.
Option - • Option - Fatal Only—Causes the program to display only fatal error
Fatal Only messages, ignoring notes and warnings.
Once error checking has been completed, the program then performs a few miscellaneous
calculations such as those for nozzle flexibilities and the center of gravity report (these
calculations may be printed out with the Miscellaneous Data reports in the Static Output
Processor).
Once the model has been successfully error-checked, the user must generate the required
files in order to continue the analysis. This is done by pressing OK with the Generate
Files option selected on the closing dialog.
able stress types are specified at the end of the load case entry in parentheses. Stress type
determines the stress calculation method and the allowable stress to use (if any).
Load Cases may be built through drag and drop actions. Dragging a load component from
the Loads Defined in Input list to a line on the load list automatically adds the load com-
ponent to the load case, if it is not already included. Highlighted basic load cases may be
dragged down to be added to algebraic combination cases (CAESAR II may prompt for
combination type). Use the Load Case Options tab to select combination methods and
other specifics pertaining to the load cases.
Note Defining a fatigue (FAT) stress type for a load case automatically displays a field
in which the number of anticipated load cycles for that load case can be entered.
All basic (non-combination) load sets must all be specified before any algebraic combina-
tions may be declared. This rule holds true for user defined and edited load cases.
The following commands are available on this screen:
• Edit-Insert—This command inserts a blank load case preceding
Edit - Insert
the currently selected line in the load list. If no line is selected, the
load case is added at the end of the list. Load cases are selected by
clicking on the number to the left of the load case.
Edit - Delete • Edit-Delete—This command deletes the currently selected load
case.
File - Analysis • File Analysis—This command accepts the load cases and runs
the job.
Recommend • Recommend—This command allows the user to replace the cur-
rent load cases with the CAESAR II recommended load cases.
When defining a pressure or velocity vs. elevation table the user needs to specify only the
method and the wind direction on the preceding screen. Upon pressing the User Wind Pro-
file button, the user is prompted for the corresponding pressure or velocity table. If a uni-
form pressure or velocity is to act over the entire piping system, then only a single entry
needs to be made in the table, otherwise the user should enter the pressure or velocity pro-
file for the applicable wind loading.
Note To use the ASCE #7 wind loads, all of the fields should be filled in.
For example, as per ASCE #7, the following are typical basic wind-speed values:
California and West Coast Areas- 124.6 ft./sec. ( 85 m.p.h.)
Rocky Mountains - 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Great Plains- 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Non-Coastal Eastern United States- 132.0 ft./sec ( 90 m.p.h.)
Gulf Coast- 190.6 ft./sec (130 m.p.h.)
Florida-Carolinas- 190.6 ft./sec (130 m.p.h.)
Miami- 212.6 ft./sec (145 m.p.h.)
New England Coastal Areas- 176.0 ft./sec (120 m.p.h.)
In the load case editor, four different wave load profiles may be specified. Current data
and wave data may be specified and included together or either of them may be omitted so
as not to be considered in the analysis. CAESAR II supports three current models and six
wave models. See the CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion
of hydrodynamic analysis.
The right side of the solution screen also provide information to the user regarding status
of nonlinear restraints and hangers in the job. For example, messages noting the number of
restraints that have yet to converge or any hangers that appear to be taking no load, are dis-
played here. Nonlinear restraint status may be stepped through on an individual basis by
using the [F2]/[F4] function keys.
Following the analysis of the system deflections and rotations, these results are post-pro-
cessed in order to calculate the local forces, moments, and stresses for the basic load cases
and all results for the algebraic combinations (e.g. DS1-DS2). These total system results
are stored in a file with the suffix “_P” (e.g. TUTOR._P).
Note The “_A” or input file, the “_P” or output file, and the "OTL" (Output Time Link
File) are all that is required to archive the static analysis. The remaining scratch
files may be eliminated from the system without any impact on the work com-
pleted.
During this post processing, the Status screen lists the current element for which the forces
and stresses are being calculated. Once the last element’s stresses are computed, the output
processor screen is presented. It is through this menu the graphic and tabular results of the
analysis can be interactively reviewed by the user. Interactive processing of output results
is discussed in detail in Chapter 7 of this document.
Note Available piping system loads are displayed on the left hand side of the Static
Load Case screen.
Basic load cases may consist of a single load such as WNC for an as-installed weight anal-
ysis, or they may include several loads added together such as W+T1+P1+D1+F1 for an
operating analysis. The stress categories: SUStained, EXPansion, OCCasional, OPErat-
ing, and FATigue are specified at the end of the load case definition. The complete defini-
tion of the two examples are: WNC (SUS) and W+T1+P1+D1+H (OPE). Each basic load
case is entered in this manner in a list for analysis.
When building basic load cases, load components (such as W, T1, D1, WIND1, etc.) may
now be preceded by scale factors such as 2.0, -0.5, etc. Likewise, when building combina-
tion cases, references to previous load cases may also be preceded by scale factors as well.
This provides the user with a number of benefits:
• In the event that one loading is a multiple of the other (i.e., safe Shutdown
Earthquake being two times Operating Basis Earthquake, only one load-
ing need be entered in the piping input module; it may be used in a scaled
or unscaled form in the Load Case Editor.
Note Available stress types may be selected from the pull-down list on each line.
Results of the basic load cases may be combined using algebraic combination cases. These
algebraic combinations are always entered following the last of the basic load cases. Com-
binations of basic load cases are designated using the prefix L1, L2, etc.
Note All load cases with stress type FATigue must have their expected number of Load
Cycles specified.
The following family of load cases provides a valid example of algebraic combinations.
Note CAESAR II permits the specification of up to ninety-nine load cases for analysis.
In the rare situation where more cases are required, the model should be copied to
a new file in order to specify the additional load cases.
Note Load case names may not exceed 132 characters in length.
Output Status
This item controls the disposition of the entire results of the load case -- the available op
tions are Keep or Discard. The former would be used when the load case is producing
results that the user may wish to review; the latter option would be used for artificial cases
such as the preliminary hanger cases, or intermediate construction cases. For example, in
the load list shown in the figure, the Wind only load case could have been optionally des-
ignated as Discard, since it was built only to be used in subsequent combinations, and has
no great value as a standalone load case. Note that load cases used for hanger design (i.e.,
the weight load case and hanger travel cases designated with the stress type HGR) must be
designated as Discard. Note that for all load cases created under previous versions of
CAESAR II, all load cases except the HGR cases are converted as Keep; likewise the
default for all new cases (except for HGR load cases) is also Keep.
Output Type
This item designates the type of results that are available for the load cases which have
received a Keep status. This could be used to help minimize clutter on the output end, and
ensure that only meaningful results are retained. The available options are:
Disp/Force/Stress
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces, and
stresses. This would be a good choice for Operating cases, when designing to those
codes which do a code check on operating stresses, because the load case would be of
interest for interference checking (displacements) and restraint loads at one operating
extreme (forces).
Disp/Stress
This option provides displacements and stresses only.
Force Stress
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces, and
stresses. This might be a good choice for the Sustained (cold) case, because the load
case would be of interest for restraint loads at one operating extreme (forces), and
code compliance (stresses). Note that FR combination loads cases developed under
previous versions of versions of CAESAR II are converted with this Force/Stress
type.
Disp
This option provides displacements only.
Force
This option provides displacements, restraint loads, global and local forces only.
Stress
This option provides stresses only. This would be a good choice for a sustained plus
Occasional load case (with Abs combination method), since this is basically an artifi-
cial construct used for code stress checking purposes only. Note that ST combination
load cases developed under previous versions of CAESAR II are converted with this
Stress type.
Snubbers Active?
Activating this option causes the snubbers to be considered to be rigid restraints for this
particular load case. By default, OCC load cases activate this option, while other types of
load cases default to an inactive state.
Hanger Design
The three options available here are As Designed, Rigid, and Ignore, and cause
CAESAR II to (1) consider the actual spring hanger stiffnesses, (2) model the spring
hangers as rigid restraints, or (3) remove the spring hanger stiffnesses from the model,
respectively. As Designed should be used for most "real" (non-hanger design) load cases.
Rigid should be used for the Restrained Weight case and any Hydrotest Case (if the spring
hangers are pinned during it). (Note that during the Restrained Weight Case user-defined
hangers will not be made rigid.) Ignore is normally used for the Operating for Hanger
Travel Cases -- except in those cases where the user wishes to include the stiffness of the
selected spring in the Operating for Hanger Travel Case (and iterate to a solution). In that
case, the user should select As Designed for those cases as well. In that case, it is very
important that the hanger load in the cold case (in the physical system) be adjusted to
match the reported hanger Cold Load.
Friction Multiplier
This multiplier may be used to alter (or deactivate) the friction factors used in this particu-
lar load case. The friction factor (Mu) used at each restraint will be this multiplier times
the Mu factor at each restraint. Setting this value to zero deactivates friction for this load
case.
Algebraic
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and pressures
of the designated load cases in an algebraic (vectorial) manner. The resultant forces,
moments, and pressures are then used (along with the SIFs and element cross-sectional
parameters) to calculate the piping stresses. Load case results are multiplied by any scale
factors (1.8, -, etc.) prior to doing the combination.
The obsolete CAESAR II combination methods DS and FR used an Algebraic combina-
tion method. Therefore, load cases built in previous versions of CAESAR II using the DS
and FR methods are converted to the Algebraic method. Also, new combination cases
automatically default to this method, unless designated by the user). In the load case list
shown in the figure, most of the combination cases are typically built with the Algebraic
method.
Note that in the load case list shown in the figure, most of the combination cases typically
are built with the Algebraic method. Note that Algebraic combinations may be built only
from basic (i.e., non-combination) load cases or other load cases built using the Algebraic
combination method.
Scalar
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and stresses of
the designated load cases in a Scalar manner (i.e., not as vectors, but retaining consider-
ation of sign). Load case results are multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the com-
bination (for example, for a negative multiplier, stresses would be subtractive). This
method might typically be used when adding plus or minus seismic loads to an operating
case, or when doing an Occasional Stress Code check (i.e. scalar addition of the Sustained
and Occasional stresses).
The obsolete CAESAR II combination methods ST used a Scalar combination method.
Therefore, load cases built in previous versions of CAESAR II using the ST method are
converted to the Scalar method.
SRSS
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and stresses of
the designated load cases in a Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) manner.
Load case results are multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the combination how-
ever, due to the squaring used by the combination method, negative values vs. positive
values will yield no difference in the result. This method is typically used when combining
seismic loads acting in orthogonal directions.
ABS
This method combines the displacements, forces, moments, restraint loads, and stresses of
the designated load cases in an Absolute Value manner. Load case results are multiplied by
any scale factors prior to doing the combination however, due to the absolute values used
by the combination method, negative values vs. positive values will yield no difference in
the result. This method may be used when doing an Ocassional Stress code check (i.e.,
absolute summation of the Sustained and Occasional stresses).
Note The Ocassional Stress cases in the figure are built using this method.
Max
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacement, force, moment,
restraint load, and stress having the largest absolute value from the designated load cases;
so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are multiplied by any scale
factors prior to doing the selection of the maxima. This method is typically used when
determining the design case (worst loads, stress, etc.) from a number of loads.
Note The maximum Restraint Load case shown in the figure uses a Max combination
method.
Min
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacement, force, moment,
restraint load, and stress having the smallest absolute value from the designated load
cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are multiplied by any
scale factors prior to doing the selection of the minima.
SignMax
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacements, force, moments,
restraint load, and stress having the largest actual value, considering the sign, from the
designated load cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are
multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the selection of the maxima. This combina-
tion method would typically be used in conjunction with the SignMin method to find the
design range for each value (i.e., the maximum positive and maximum negative restraint
loads).
SignMin
For each result value, this combination method selects the displacements, force, moments,
restraint load, and stress having the smallest actual value, considering the sign, from the
designated load cases; so no actual combination per se, takes place. Load case results are
multiplied by any scale factors prior to doing the selection of the minima. This combina-
tion method would typically be used in conjunction with the SignMax method to find the
design range for each value (i.e., the maximum positive and maximum negative restraint
loads).
Note CAESAR II does not recommend any occasional load cases. Definition of these
are the responsibility of the user.
If these recommended load cases do not satisfy the analysis requirements, they may
always be deleted or modified. Conversely, the load cases may always be reset to the pro-
gram’s recommended set at any time.
If the user has an operating temperature below ambient in addition to one above ambient
the user should add another expansion load case as follows:
Case # 1 W+D1+T1+P1+H (OPE) ....
Case # 2 W+D2+T2 +P1+H (OPE) ....
Case # 3 W+P1+H (SUS)....SUSTAINED LOAD CASE
Case # 4L1-L3 (EXP)....EXPANSION LOAD CASE
Case # 5L2-L3 (EXP)....EXPANSION LOAD CASE
Case # 6L2-L1 (EXP)....the user should add this since it is not recommended by
CAESAR II.
These hanger sizing load cases (#1 & #2) generally supply no information to the output
reports other than the data found in the hanger tables. Note how cases 3, 4, & 5 match the
recommended load cases for a standard analysis with one thermal and one pressure
defined. Also notice how the displacement combination numbers in case 5 have changed
to reflect the new order. If multiple temperatures and pressures existed in the input, they
too would appear in this set after the second spring hanger design load case.
Two other hanger design criteria also affect the recommended load cases. If the “actual
cold loads” for selected springs are to be calculated, one additional load case (WNC+H)
would appear before case #3 above. If the piping system’s hanger design criteria is set so
that the proposed springs must accommodate more than one operating condition, other
load cases must additionally appear before the case #3 above. An extra hanger design
operating load case must be performed for each additional operating load case used to
design springs. Refer to the discussion of the hanger design algorithm for more informa-
tion on these options.
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Entry Into the Static Output Processor CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Static Output
Once the output processor is invoked, by either of the mentioned paths, the output screen
appears. The left-hand column shows the load cases that were analyzed. The center col-
umn shows the available reports associated with those load cases. The right-hand column
shows reports, such as input listings or hanger selection reports, that are not associated
with load cases.
Note The proper job must be made current through the File-Open option before select-
ing the Static-Output processor through the Main Menu.
Processor Screen
It is from this screen that the user orchestrates all output review activity. The user may
• Interactively review 80 or 132 column terminal reports for any selected combination
of load cases and/or report types.
• Print or save to file copies of 80 or 132 column reports for any combination of load
cases and/or report types.
• Add Title lines to output reports.
• Review results in a graphical manner.
These functions are described in this chapter. The CAESAR II output processor was
designed so that piping results could be quickly reviewed in tabular form, graphically, or
using any combination of tabular or graphical approaches.
Animation
• Select Case Names—
• Animation—Allows the user to view graphic animation of the displace-
Input ment solution.
• Input—Returns to the piping input processor.
Enter Titles • Enter Titles—Allows the user to enter report titles for this group of
reports. CAESAR II allows the user to customize the report with a two
line title or description. This title may be assigned once for all load case
reports sent to the printer or a disk drive; or the title may be changed for
each individual report before it is moved to the output device. When
CAESAR II receives this command a dialog prompts for the titles.
Report Titles
Note 28 characters of each entered title line are displayed for 80 column output reports
and 50 characters of each entered title line are displayed for 132 column output
reports.
Plot
• Plot—This command allows the user to superimpose analytical results
onto a plot of the system model. This is described in more detail later in
the chapter.
• 132 Column Reports—This checkbox selects the 132 column report
over the 80 column report. 132 column reports often carry more informa-
tion than the 80 column reports, but require compressed fonts or wide
paper.
Report Options
For most load cases (except hanger design and fatigue) there are seven different report
options that can be selected for review.
Displacements
Translations and rotations for each degree of freedom are reported at each node in the
model.
Restraints
Forces and moments on each restraint in the model are reported. There is a separate report
generated for each load case selected.
Restraint Summary
Similar to the restraint report, this option provides force and moment data for all valid
selected load cases together on one report.
Stresses
SIFs and Code Stresses are reported for each node in the model. The code stresses are
compared to the Allowable stress at each node as a percentage. Note that stresses are not
computed at nodes on rigid elements.
Sorted Stresses
Bending, Torsion, and Code Stress each are sorted from highest to lowest value with cor-
responding node numbers.
Input Echo
The input echo allows the user to select which portions of the input are to be reported in
this output format. All basic element data (geometry), operating conditions, material prop-
erties, and boundary conditions are available in this report option.
Miscellaneous Data
This report displays the Allowable Stress Summary, Bend Data, Nozzle Flexibility Data,
Pipe Report, Thermal Expansion Coefficients used during analysis, Bill of Materials, the
Center of Gravity Report, and Wind and Wave input data.
Warnings
All warnings reported during the error checking process are summarized here.
Note Printing will not conclude until the output processor is exited.
Typically, the set of output reports that a user might wish to print out for documentation
purposes might be:
Note Load cases used for hanger sizing produce no reports. Also, the hanger table and
hanger table with text reports are printed only once even though more than one
active load case may be highlighted.
To send reports to a file (in ASCII format) rather than the printer, the user
File Save should execute the FILE-SAVE command. Upon initial selection, the user is
presented with a file dialog to select the name of the file. To change the file
name for a new report, the user should select FILE-SAVE AS.
Save As Dialog
All reports that are to be saved in the output file need not be declared at one time. Subse-
quent reports sent to the file during the session are appended to the file started in the ses-
sion. (These output files are only closed and overwritten when a new output device, such
as a printer, or another file, is defined.)
Upon closing a series of reports, either to the printer or a file, a Table of Contents is
printed
Note The signs in all the CAESAR II reports show the forces and moments that act
“ON” something. The element force/moment report shows the forces and
moments that act “ON” each element to keep that element in static equilibrium.
The restraint force/moment report shows the forces and moments that act “ON”
each restraint.
• Restraints, and their line of action, can be shown graphically or numerically on the
displayed plot.
• Hard copies of the graphics may be sent to a printer from the plot menu directly.
• Maximum SIFs, and section modulus can be displayed on the plotted geometry.
• Force, moment, and stress data can be sorted and displayed from the largest to the
smallest, and can be plotted symbolically as variable size arrowheads or explosion
symbols.
• Any number of different load cases can be reviewed without leaving the plot mode.
The current load case to be processed is set via the Load Case drop down.
Output Toolbar
The CAESAR II Output Graphics Engine is quite comprehensive. Users are encouraged
to liberally experiment with all the output options, noting which ones in particular could
be most appropriate for a given application. Most of the output options are discussed
below.
The variety of CAESAR II output plot functions are accessed from the Show menu that is
broken into sub-menus Displacements, Restraints, Forces/Moments, and Stresses. Alter-
natively, these functions can be activated by clicking the appropriate buttons.
Deflected Shape
Clicking the Deflected Shape button overlays the scaled deflected shape of the displayed
geometry with a different color into the current plot for the currently selected load case.
Clicking the arrow to the right of this button will display an additional menu with two
choices: Show Deflected Shape and Adjust Deflection Scale. Selecting the Adjust Deflec-
tion Scale option lets the user specify the deflected shape plot scale factor. Entering a
value that is low scale may prevent visual distinction of the deflected shape from the orig-
inal model. Entering a scale value that is too large may graphically "break" or discontinue
the model depending on the geometry complexity.
Alternatively, the same option may be accessed from the Show menu, by selecting Dis-
placement/Deflected Shape option.
Maximum Displacements
Clicking one of the buttons allows the user to put the actual magnitude for X, Y, or Z dis-
placements on the currently displayed geometry. The element containing the displaced
node is highlighted, and the camera viewpoint is repositioned (preserving the optical dis-
tance to the model) to bring the displaced node to the center of the view. It starts with
highest value for the given direction, upon pressing the Enter button, the 2nd, 3rd highest,
etc. values will be placed in the similar manner until all values are exhausted or become
zero. Clicking the button again will clear the view of the displayed values and highlight-
ing.
Alternatively, the same options may be accessed from the Show menu, by selecting Dis-
placement/Maximum Displacement/(X, Y, or Z) options.
Zoom to Selection
The Zoom to Selection button enables users to highlight element and zoom to it by click-
ing. To zoom out, in order to preserve the current model state and highlight, users should
click the Zoom button. The Zoom to Extents button ... does what? may also be used. The
reason behind the lack of an automated zoom-out tool is that it is not obvious where to
"zoom out" to for a large model you may not want to zoom too far away to "lose" the high-
lighted element from the view.
Whenever the Zoom to Selection button is clicked, all the consecutive highlighting opera-
tions (such as Max Displacements, or Max Restraint Loads, etc.) will zoom to the newly
highlighted element. Clicking the button again will turn the zoom option off: the high-
lighted element will still be moved to the view, but the optical distance from the camera
view point to the model will stay the same.
sign for a particular load case will expand the tree of its reports. Selecting the report will
display the data in the grid view to the right. Selecting a node or an element in the grid
view (when Select by Single Click is enabled) will highlight the corresponding element on
the graphics view, and will zoom to the selected element if the corresponding Zoom to
Selection is enabled. Similarly, clicking an element on the graphics view will highlight the
corresponding data row in the report view of the Event Viewer dialog. Thus, this is a bidi-
rectional connection.
Changing the load case within the Event Viewer Grid dialog will update the graphics view
(if applicable) and the load case selection drop-down box on the toolbar.
Overstress
The Overstress button allows the user to view the model’s overstressed point distribution
for a particular load case. The nodes with calculated a "code stress to allowable stress
ratio" of 100% or more display in red; the remaining nodes/elements display in the color
selected for the lowest percent ratio. This feature is useful to quickly observe the over-
stressed areas in the model.
Note Overstressed conditions are only detected for load cases where a code compliance
check was done (i.e., where there are allowable stresses available).
Note Overstressed nodes will display in red in the Event Viewer Grid (if it is enabled).
Note The model is still fully functional, it can be zoomed, panned, or rotated at the dis-
cretion of the user.
button the 2nd, the 3rd, etc. highest value is placed in the similar manner with correspond-
ing element highlighting.
In addition to the "dry" numbers that could be found in a corresponding report, this option
gives the user graphical representation and distribution of large calculated code stresses
throughout the system.
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Dynamic Capabilities in CAESAR II CAESAR II - User’s Guide
The fourth type of dynamic analysis is time history analysis. This is one of the most accu-
rate methods, in that it uses numeric integration of the dynamic equation of motion to sim-
ulate the system response throughout the load duration. CAESAR II’s time history
analysis method can solve any type of dynamic loading, but due to its exact solution,
requires more resources (memory, calculation speed and time) than other methods. There-
fore, it may not pay to use this method when, for example the spectrum method offers suf-
ficient accuracy.
Control Parameters
A second “nonlinear” effect is friction. Friction effects must also be “linearized” for use in
dynamic analysis. By default, CAESAR II excludes the effects of friction from the
dynamic analysis. If requested, CAESAR II can approximate the friction resistance to
movement in the dynamic model by including spring stiffness normal to the restraint line
of action. For a Y restraint with friction, the friction stiffness would be added in the X and
Z directions. The stiffness of the these springs is a user-defined function of the friction
load calculated in the static analysis. CAESAR II computes the friction stiffness by multi-
plying the normal force on the restraint from the selected static case results, by the friction
coefficient, and by the user defined Stiffness Factor for Friction. For example, if the nor-
mal force on the restraint from the static analysis is 350 lb., the friction coefficient (mu) is
0.3, and the user defined Stiffness Factor for Friction is 50.0, then springs having a stiff-
ness of 350 * 0.3 * 50.0 = 5250 lb./in. are inserted into the dynamic model in the two
directions perpendicular to the friction restraint’s line of action. Converting friction damp-
ing into a stiffness is usually not mathematically legitimate, but can serve as a good engi-
neering approximation for dynamic friction in a wide variety of situations.
Analysis-Dynamics Option
Upon entering the dynamic input processor, the following screen appears.
File-Check Input File-Check Input—Checks the input data for errors or inconsistencies.
Edit-Add Entry Edit-Add Entry—Adds a new data line on the current input page (tab page).
Edit-Delete Entry Edit-Delete Entry—Deletes the selected data lines on the current input page.
Modal
Lumped Masses
On this page, the user may add or delete mass from the mass model. Extra mass which
may have been ignored as insignificant in the static model (e.g. a flange pair) can be
directly entered here. Also, weights modeled as downward acting concentrated forces
must be added here (CAESAR II does not assume that concentrated forces are system
weights, i.e., forces due to gravity acting on a mass). Masses may also be deleted from the
static mass model; this is the same as deleting degrees-of-freedom. For the most part, mass
deletion is a tool used to economize the analysis. If the system response to some dynamic
load is isolated to specific sections of the piping system, other sections of the system may
be removed from the dynamic model by removing their mass. Mass can also be deleted
selectively for any of the three global coordinate directions when deletion of directional
degrees-of-freedom is desired.
For example, if a piping system includes a structural frame which supports the weight (the
piping rests on the structure and is connected to the structure only in the Y direction),
these two systems (piping and structure) are independent of each other in the X and Z
directions, so the X and Z mass of the structure can be removed without affecting the pip-
ing model’s results. With the X and Z masses removed, the calculations for the piping
structural model proceed much faster.
Snubbers
Snubbers
Certain supports, called snubbers, only resist dynamic loading, while allowing static dis-
placement, such as that due to thermal growth. It is on this page that snubbers can be
included in the model. Snubbers must have their stiffness explicitly entered (they do not
default to rigid, since snubbers are typically not as stiff as other types of restraints).
Note Snubbers may also be entered in the input processor rather than in the dynamic
processor.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis will be conducted. In general, this page would
be used to set the number of modes of vibration to extract by specifying a maximum num-
ber, a cutoff frequency, or both. Details on these entries are discussed in the Technical
Reference Manual.
Harmonic
Specifying the Loads
Note The number of anticipated load cycles may be entered for each frequency range. If
the number is entered, the load cases are calculated with a fatigue stress type. Oth-
erwise, the load cases are calculated with an occasional stress type.
Harmonic Forces
Harmonic Displacements
Phasing can be important if more than one force or displacement is included. The phase
angle (entered in degrees) relates the timing of one load to another. For example, if two
harmonic loads are acting along the same line but at different nodes, the loads can be
directed towards each other (i.e. in opposite directions), which would produce no net
dynamic imbalance on the system, or the loads could be directed in the same direction (i.e.
to the right or to the left together), which would produce a net dynamic imbalance in the
system equal to the sum of the two forces. It is the phase angle which primarily determines
this relationship. The harmonic load data
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 0 105
produces an “in phase,” or same direction dynamic load in the system (1500 lbf. in the X
direction and zero phase at nodes 10 and 105), while
1500 X 0 10
1500 X 180 105
produces an “out of phase,” or opposite direction dynamic load on the system which will
tend to pull the system apart. The two most common phased loadings are those due to
rotating equipment and reciprocating pumps.
Rotating equipment may have an eccentricity, a speed, and a mass. These items must be
converted into a harmonic load that acts on the rotor at the theoretical mass centerline. The
magnitude of the harmonic load is computed from:
Fn = (mass)(speed)2(eccentricity),
where (speed) is the angular velocity of the shaft in cycles per second. This load is applied
along both axes perpendicular to the shaft axis and at a 90º phase shift.
In the case of a reciprocating pump, the pump introduces a pressure wave into the line at
some regular interval that is related to the valving inside the pump and the pump speed.
This pressure wave moves away from the pump at the speed of sound in the fluid. These
pressure waves will cause loads at each bend in the piping system. The load on each sub-
sequent elbow in the system starting from the first elbow will be phase shifted by an
amount that is a function of the distance between the elbows, from the first elbow to the
current elbow. It is the amount of phase shift between elbow-elbow pairs that produces the
net unbalanced dynamic load in the piping. The phase shift, in degrees from the first
elbow, is calculated from
phase = [(frequency)(length) / (speed of sound)]360º
where frequency is the frequency of wave introduction at the pump, and length is the dis-
tance from the first elbow to the current elbow under study. The magnitude of the pressure
load at each elbow is
Harmonic Force = 0.5 (Pressure variation) (Area)
Note All specified loads are considered to act together (with phasing considerations) at
each applied frequency.
Control Parameters
Earthquake (Spectrum)
Specifying the Loads
Earthquake loads are defined by defining one or more response spectra and applying them
in a specified direction over part or all of the piping system.
Spectrum Definitions
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use
by CAESAR II. Data stored in a file can be referenced by any job run on the machine. In
either case, for a response table to be used by CAESAR II it must first be defined in the
Spectrum Definitions page.
There are two parts to the shock definition - 1) the statement of the name and type of data
and 2) the table of actual spectrum data points. The Spectrum Wizard also serves this pur-
pose -providing the spectrum definitions and data points. If the spectrum data is to be read
from a file, the second part of the shock definition is not necessary. Spectrum Definition
describes the type of data in the spectrum (period or frequency vs. Force Multiplier/DLF,
Acceleration, Velocity, or Displacement) as well as the interpolation method for each axis.
In order to define a spectrum, the user should add a blank line.
Note To indicate that the spectrum is to be read from a file the symbol “#” should
immediately proceed the spectrum name. (The name of the file is the name of the
spectrum, without the “#” symbol, and no extension is allowed.) Subsequent ref-
erences to that spectrum do not use the “#” symbol.
Note The Spectrum Wizard automates common shock definitions, for more information
refer to the DLF/Spectrum Generator - The Spectrum Wizardsection later in this
chapter.
If not read in from a file, the data points for a user-entered spectrum may be
Spectrum entered by using the Tools - Spectrum Data Points command, selecting the
Data Points
spectrum name, and entering the data.
Likewise, pressing the Read From File button will read in data from any text file set up
with two entries per range.
Data Points
CAESAR II also has several shock spectra built in. These spectra may be used as part of a
shock load case without further input.
ELCENTRO - Based on the May 18, 1940 El Centro California earthquake N-S com-
ponent, and applies to elastic systems with 5-10% damping. Values are taken from
Biggs - Introduction to Structural Dynamics.
1.60H.5 - U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Regulatory Guide 1.60 Rev. 1, Dec. 1973
Horizontal Design Response Spectra for 0.5% critically damped systems.
1.60H2 - Other AEC horizontal spectra for 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped systems.
1.60H5
1.60H7
1.60H10
1.60V.5 - Other AEC vertical spectra for 0.5, 2, 5, 7 and 10% critically damped sys-
tems.
1.60V2
1.60V5
1.60V7
1.60V10
UBCSOIL1 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991, soil type 1
UBCSOIL2 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 2
UBCSOIL3 - Spectra from Uniform Building Code, 1991 soil type 3
Note Use of the Reg. Guide 1.60 or UBC spectra requires the input of the ZPA (zero
period acceleration) in the Control Parameters. This is the maximum ground
acceleration at the site and is used to scale the spectrum curves. The default ZPA
is 0.5g.
Cases: 1) 1.0 (100%) times of the El Centro spectrum in the X direction and 0.67 (67%)
times of the El Centro spectrum in the Y direction and 2) 1.0 in Z and 0.67 in Y.
CAESAR II also supports options for independent support motion earthquakes. Here,
parts of the system are exposed to different shocks. An example is a piping system sup-
ported both from ground and building supports. Because the building will filter the earth-
quake, supports attached to the building will not be exposed to the same shock as the
supports attached to the ground. In this case two different shock inputs are required, one
for the ground supports, and one for the building supports. To specify an independent sup-
port motion shock the node range that defines a particular group of supports must be
given. Additionally, the maximum displacement (seismic anchor movements) of the sup-
port attachment point must be specified.
The example below shows first a typical uniform support earthquake specification, and
second a typical independent support motion earthquake:
* UNIFORM SUPPORT MOTION EARTHQUAKE INPUT
ELCENTRO 1 X
ELCENTRO 1 Z
ELCENTRO .667 Y
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Each shock case produces an output report listing displacements, forces, moments, and
stresses. For stresses, however, most piping codes combine the occasional dynamic
stresses with the sustained static stresses. It is the sustained plus occasional stress sum that
is compared to the occasional allowable stress. This occasional stress combination is pro-
vided through the Static/Dynamic Combinations page. Each combination references the
static load case number and the dynamic load case number to be combined. The static load
case number identifies one of the static load cases (usually the sustained case) in the static
output. In most cases this is static load case 4 if hanger sizing is included, or load case 2 if
it is not. The numbers used to reference the dynamic cases are set by the order of the
dynamic load case input. Factors are specified with the static and dynamic case numbers
to increase or decrease the summed values. Any static/dynamic combination specified will
produce an additional dynamic output report. There can be any number of static or
dynamic loads summed together in a single load case. Each case to be added should be
placed on a separate line. Both static only and dynamic only cases can be manipulated.
There is also independent control of the combination method. SRSS (Square Root of the
Sum of the Squares) methods or ABS methods can be used. The default is the ABS
method. The input to sum 100% (1.0 times) of static case 2 with 100% (1.0 times)
dynamic case 1 appears as follows:
S2 1.0
D1 1.0
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should
be paid to the modal summation methodology Details are discussed in the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Advanced Parameters
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Each of the five spectra may be selected using the radio buttons on the left side of the win-
dow. A default spectrum name is provided but any valid file name, without blanks, may
be entered in its place. Once the input parameters are entered, the spectrum is built for the
analysis by clicking on the Generate Spectrum button. To exit this processor, click Done.
After clicking Generate Spectrum, the processor will display the spectrum data and await a
user response - Save to File, OK or Cancel. A completed shock spectrum is shown below:
Save to File
Save to File does just that, it saves the spectrum as a file with the same spectrum name in
the current folder. Two files will be saved for the seismic spectra, one horizontal and one
vertical (distinguished by the suffix H or V at the end of the name). Be sure to specify a
unique spectrum name, as this processor will overwrite any existing files of the same
name. It is not necessary to save the spectrum data to a file to use the data in the current
job. The OK button will do that. Use the Save to File button only if you wish to reuse the
data in other CAESAR II dynamic analyses.
OK
By clicking OK, the processor will load the appropriate data in the Spectrum Definitions
tab in the Dynamic Input and move the data to the dynamic input. Once this processor is
closed, the dynamic input will be updated; the spectrum definitions will be listed and gen-
erated spectra can be reviewed by clicking the Enter/Edit Spectra Data button at the top of
the dynamic analysis input window.
Cancel
Clicking Cancel on this display will quit the display without loading the data into the
dynamic input.
The specifics for each spectrum generator are discussed below.
UBC
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the
1997 Uniform Building Code.
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A
suffix of H and V will be added to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respec-
tively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions tab
and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data
file names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in UBC Figure
16-3 (below). Ts=Cv/2.5Ca & T0=Ts/5
The vertical spectrum will be set to 50% of I·Ca across the entire period range.
Importance Factor
This is the Seismic Importance Factor, I, as defined in Table 16-K. The calculated spec-
trum accelerations will be multiplied by this value to generate the shock spectra. Values
range from 1.0 to 1.25 based on the function of the structure.
Seismic Coefficient Ca
Based on soil profile type and seismic zone factor, this is the "Zero Period Acceleration"
for the site as defined in Table 16-Q. Table values range from 0.06 to 0.66.
Seismic Coefficient Cv
Based on soil profile type and seismic zone factor, this parameter sets the ground accelera-
tion at higher periods (lower frequencies) for the site as defined in Table 16-R. Table val-
ues range from 0.06 to 1.92.
ASCE7
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the
ASCE 7-02 Standard.
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A
suffix of H and V will be added to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respec-
tively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions tab
and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data
file names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in ASCE 7-02
Figure 9.4.1.2.6 (below). Ts=SD1/SDS & T0=Ts/5. Above a period of 4 seconds, the hor-
izontal spectrum acceleration changes to .
The vertical spectrum will be set to 20% of SDS across the entire period range. Neither I
nor R affects the vertical spectrum.
Importance Factor
This is the Occupancy Importance Factor, I, as defined in Table 9.1.4. The calculated hor-
izontal spectrum accelerations will be multiplied by this value to generate the shock spec-
tra. Values range from 1.0 to 1.5 based on the function of the structure
Site Coefficient Fa
Listed in Table 9.4.1.2.4a, Fa is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped short
period maximum considered earthquake acceleration (SS). Table values range from 0.8 to
2.5. This value is used with the mapped short period acceleration to set the response
accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Site Coefficient Fv
Listed in Table 9.4.1.2.4b, Fv is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped 1-second
period maximum considered earthquake acceleration (S1). Table values range from 0.8 to
3.5. This value is used with the mapped 1-second period acceleration to set the response
accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Response Modification R
This is the Response Modification Coefficient, R, as defined in Table 9.5.2.2. The calcu-
lated horizontal spectrum accelerations will be divided by this value to generate the shock
spectra in accordance with Equation 9.5.6.5-3. This term reflects system ductility. Values
range from 3.0 to 8.0 for most plant structures and 3.5 for piping is not atypical.
IBC
Selecting this option creates earthquake spectra (horizontal and vertical) according to the
International Building Code 2000
Spectrum Name
This is the group name for the pair of seismic shock spectra that will be generated here. A
suffix of H and V will be added to indicate the horizontal and vertical spectrum, respec-
tively. Once properly entered, these names will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions tab
and can be used to build Spectrum Load Cases. These names would also be used as data
file names if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The horizontal design response spectrum will be based on the curve shown in IBC 2000
Fig. 1615.1.4 (below). Ts=SD1/SDS & T0=Ts/5
The vertical spectrum will be set to 20% of SDS (implied in 1617.1.2) across the entire
period range.
Importance Factor
This is the Occupancy Importance Factor, IE, as defined in Section 1616.2 and shown in
Table 1604.5. The calculated spectrum accelerations will be multiplied by this value to
generate the shock spectra. Values range from 1.0 to 1.5 based on the function of the
structure.
Site Coefficient Fa
Listed in Table 16.15.1.2(1), Fa is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped short
period maximum considered earthquake acceleration (SS). Table values range from 0.8 to
2.5. This value is used with the mapped short period acceleration to set the response
accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Site Coefficient Fv
Listed in Table 1615.1.2(2), Fv is based on site class (soil profile) and the mapped 1-sec-
ond period maximum considered earthquake acceleration (S1). Table values range from
0.8 to 3.5. This value is used with the mapped 1-second period acceleration to set the
response accelerations based on local soil conditions.
Response Modification R
This is the Response Modification Coefficient, R, as defined in Table 9.5.2.2. The calcu-
lated horizontal spectrum accelerations will be divided by this value to generate the shock
spectra in accordance with Equation 9.5.6.5-3. This term reflects system ductility. Values
range from 3.0 to 8.0 for most plant structures and 3.5 for piping is not atypical.
Spectrum Name
This is the name for the force response spectrum that will be generated here. Once prop-
erly entered, this name will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions tab and can be used to
build Spectrum Load Cases. This name would also be used as the data file name if so
requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum name.
The spectrum is based on the curve shown in B31.1 Appendix II, refer to Fig. II-3-2
(below).
Spectrum Name
This is the name given to the Force Response Spectrum created from the time history load
defined here. Once properly entered, this name will be listed in the Spectrum Definitions
tab and can be used with Force Sets to build Spectrum Load Cases. This name would also
be used as the data file name if so requested. Do not include a space in the spectrum
name.
Number of Points
Enter the number of frequency/dynamic load factor pairs to be generated for your data. A
value of twenty is typical.
Generate Spectrum
Clicking this button will convert the time history into its equivalent force response spec-
trum in terms of Dynamic Load Factor versus frequency (below). The buttons on this
window perform the same tasks as those defined at the start of this section.
Spectrum Definitions
Spectrum Definitions
Response spectrum table values can be entered directly or built and stored as a file for use
by CAESAR II such as those generated through the DLF Spectrum Generator. Data
stored in a file can be referenced by any job run on the machine.
The Spectrum Wizard also serves this purpose -providing the spectrum definitions and
data points. There are two parts to the shock definition - 1) the statement of the name and
type of data and 2) the table of actual spectrum data points. If the spectrum data is to be
read from a file, the second part of the shock definition is not necessary, instead, the sym-
bol # should precede the spectrum name to indicate that the data comes from a file on the
hard disk. The name of the hard disk file is the name of the shock spectrum without the
symbol and without an extension; it must be located in the same directory as the piping
job.
Note The Spectrum Wizard automates common shock definitions, for more information
refer to the DLF/Spectrum Generator - The Spectrum Wizard later in this chapter.
When using a file created by the DLF Spectrum Generator, the user must tell CAESAR II
the type of data which resides in the file. (The actual file only contains a table of data
points.) This will always be Frequency vs. Force-Multiplier data, with linear interpolation)
so a typical definition might look like
#TESTFILE FREQ FORCE LIN LIN
This line tells CAESAR II that there is a file containing spectrum table points on the hard
disk by the name of TESTFILE, the table is comprised of frequency versus force multi-
plier data, and is to be interpolated linearly.
Note The data in this file may alternatively be read in directly from the Spectrum Data
Points dialog box. In this case the "#" should be omitted from the spectrum decla-
ration.
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force spectrum analyses, such as a relief valve loading, differ from earthquake analyses in
that there is no implicit definition of the load distribution. For example, for earthquakes,
the loading is uniform over the entire structure and proportional to the pipe’s mass. With
relief valves (and other point loadings) the load is not uniformly distributed and is not pro-
portional to the mass. A water hammer load, for example, is proportional to the speed of
sound and the initial velocity of the fluid. Its point of application is at subsequent elbow-
elbow pairs. Force spectrum analyses require more information than the more common
earthquake simulations. This information is the load magnitude, direction, and location.
Forces are grouped into like-numbered force sets when these forces occur together, or
need to be manipulated in the analysis together. Typical force set input might appear as
-3400 Y 35 1
-1250 Y 35 2
where the -3400 and the -1250 are clearly the loads, Y is the direction, 35 is the node num-
ber, and the 1 and 2 are the respective load cases. This might indicate two different loading
levels of one particular load.
For a skewed load, the force spectrum input might appear as shown below:
-2134 Y 104 1
-2134 X 104 1
This demonstrates multiple components in a single pulse spectrum set. (In the case above
the pulse spectrum set number is 1). These forces obviously belong in the same force set,
since different components of a skewed load always occur together.
Spectrum/Load Cases
Note The direction specified on this line does not need to be the direction of the load
(which is specified in the force set). This direction is used for labeling and desig-
nation of “independent” vs. “dependent” loadings.
More complex nuances of force spectrum load cases are discussed in the Technical Refer-
ence Manual. The complexity increases as the number of components in the load case
goes beyond 1, and as the time history phenomena being modeled deviates from true
impulse type loading.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
This is discussed under Earthquake.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters describe how the analysis is to be conducted. Particular attention should
be paid to the modal summation methodology. Details are discussed in the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information, see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Spectrum Definitions
This is done in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Force Sets
These are set up in the same way as described under Relief Loads.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
Static/Dynamic combinations are set up as discussed under Earthquake.
Time History
Time history analysis is used to solve the dynamic equation of motion for the extracted
nodes of vibration, the results of which are then summed to find the system results.
Profile Definitions
Time history profiles are defined in a way similar to the definition of response spectra --
the profile must be given a name, data definitions (which must be Time vs. Force), and
interpolation methods. As for response spectra, the data must also be defined-either
directly or by reading in from a file (in which case the file name must be preceded by the
“#” symbol). The profile data may either be either be entered with actual forces, or nor-
malized to 1.0 (depending on how the force sets are defined).
One force-time profile should be defined for each load which hits the piping system (i.e.,
each independent point load). The loading case consists of one or more force profiles
which may create a staggered loading on the system.
Force Sets
Force Sets
Force sets are defined as described for Relief Loads. There should be one (or more) force
set for each load profile defined.
Note If the force-time profiles were normalized to 1.0, the maximum magnitude of the
loads should be entered here. If the profiles were entered using their actual values,
the force set values should be entered as 1.0.
Note For Time History analysis, the direction entry is used only for labeling, rather than
as an analytic input value.
Static/Dynamic Combinations
This is discussed under Earthquake.
Control Parameters
Control Parameters
These parameters define how the analyses is to be conducted. Details are discussed in the
Technical Reference Manual.
Advanced
These rarely need to be changed by the user. For more information see the Technical Ref-
erence Manual.
Modes
Once dynamic initialization and the basic equation assembly is completed, CAESAR II
enters the eigensolver. The eigensolver calculates the natural frequencies and modes of
vibration. Each natural frequency appears on the screen as it is calculated. The elapsed
time of the analysis is also listed with the frequency. The processor essentially searches for
the natural frequencies, starting with the lowest, and continues until the frequency cutoff is
exceeded or the mode count reaches its limit. Both the frequency cutoff and mode cutoff
are dynamic analysis control parameters. The frequencies appear to pop out in a random
fashion, perhaps three in rapid succession and then one more several seconds later. The
amount of time to calculate (or find) these frequencies is a function of the system size, the
grouping of the frequencies and the cutoff settings. Eigensolution may be cancelled at any
time, with the analysis continuing using the mode shapes selected up to that point. After
the last frequency is calculated, CAESAR II uses the Sturm Sequence Check to confirm
that no modes were skipped. If the check fails, the user may either return to the dynamic
input or continue with the spectral analysis. (Sturm Sequence Check failures are usually
satisfied if the frequency cutoff is set to a value greater than the last frequency calculated.)
Eigensolver
After calculation, control is passed to the Dynamic Output Processor. Natural frequencies
and mode shapes can be reviewed in text format, or the node shapes can be displayed in
and animated fashion.
Harmonic
For each forcing frequency listed in the dynamic input, CAESAR II performs a separate
analysis. These analyses are similar to static analyses and take the same amount of time to
complete. At the completion of each solution the forcing frequency, its largest calculated
deflection, and the phase angle associated with it are listed on the screen. The root results
for each frequency, and the system deflections, are saved for further processing. Only
twenty frequencies may be carried beyond this point and into the output processor. When
all frequencies are analyzed, CAESAR II presents the frequencies on the screen and
allows the user to select those needed (in terms of frequency and phase angle) for further
analysis. This choice can be made after checking deflections at pertinent nodes for those
frequencies.
hand just when the maximum stresses, forces, and displacements are going to occur during
the cycle. For this reason, the displacements and stresses are often checked for a number
of points during the cycle for each excitation frequency. The user must select these points
interactively when the harmonic solution ends. There will be a complete displacement,
force, moment, and stress solution for each frequency/phase selected for output. Since
there are only 99 cases possible for any one harmonic output processing session, the user
with many excitation frequencies must use the interactive selection process judiciously. In
most cases the largest displacement solution will represent the largest stress solution, but
this is not always guaranteed. The user is also presented with the option of letting
CAESAR II select the frequency/phase pairs offering the largest displacements on a sys-
tem basis. The displaced shapes for the remaining frequencies are then processed just like
static cases with local force, moment, and stress calculations. Control then shifts to an out-
put processor identical to the static output processor. The output processor also provides
the user an animated display of the harmonic results. Users should remember that all har-
monic results are amplitudes. For example, if a harmonic stress is reported as 15200 psi,
then the stress due to the dynamic load, which will be superimposed onto any steady state
component of the stress, can be expected to vary between +15200 psi and -15200 psi. The
total stress range due to this particular dynamic loading would be 30400 psi.
Spectrum
The spectrum analysis procedure can be broken down into three tasks - 1) calculate the
system’s natural frequencies, mode shapes, and mass participation factors; 2) using the
system frequencies, pull the corresponding response amplitudes from the spectrum table
and calculate the system response for each mode of vibration; 3) combine the modal
responses and directional components of the shock.
The first part of the analysis proceeds exactly as with the modal analysis.
After the natural frequencies are calculated, system displacements, forces, moments, and
stresses are calculated on the modal level and combined. Once all the results are collected,
the dynamic analysis output screen appears. The spectral results may be examined here,
and the user may also review the natural frequencies and animated mode shapes.
Time History
The modal time history analysis follows steps similar to a spectrum analysis. The modes
of vibration of the system are computed, the dynamic equation of motion is solved through
numeric integration techniques for each mode at a number of successive time steps, with
the modal results being summed, yielding system responses at each time step.
The output processor displays one load case (and optionally, one load combination) with
the maximum loads developed throughout the load application. There also are as many
“snap-shot” cases as requested by the user.
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Entry into the Processor CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Dynamic Processor
The left-hand column shows the load cases that were analyzed. The top center column
shows the reports available for those load cases. The right-hand column shows General
Results, or reports that are not associated with load cases.
For Spectrum analyses, the load cases listed constitute all of the Spectrum load cases as
well as all of the static/dynamic combinations. For Time History analysis, the listed loads
are the “results maxima” case and each of the “snap-shot” cases for the single Time His-
tory load case and each of the static/dynamic combinations.
The user can select the reports and the loadcases to be viewed by highlighting one or more
load cases (if necessary) and simultaneously one or more reports (reports in the right-hand
column do not require that a report be highlighted). (Selection is done by clicking, ctrl-
clicking, and shift-clicking with the mouse.) These reports can then be printed, printed to
file, saved to file or displayed.
File-Open File-Open—Opens a different job for output review. The user is prompted for
the desired file; Modal/Spectrum results are stored in *._s files, while Time
History results are stored in *._t files.
File-Print
Print—Prints the selected reports.
File-Save Save—Writes the selected reports to file, in ASCII format.
Animate—Allows the user to view animated motion. Modem and spectrum
Animate results allow animation of the mode shapes, while time history analysis pro-
vides an animated simulation of the system response to the force-time profile.
Input Input—Returns to the piping input processor.
Title—Allows the user to enter report titles for this group of reports.
Title
View Reports—Displays the selected reports on the terminal. Each report
selected is presented, one at a time, for inspection. Users may scroll through
View Reports
the reports where necessary. Specific node numbers or results can be located
and highlighted with the FIND (ctrl-F) command. To move to the next report
Microsoft the user should click the right-arrow button.
Microsoft Word Output —For those users with access to Microsoft
Word
Report Types
There are two types of reports available from the dynamic output processor. There are
those associated with specific load cases (the Report Options shown in the center col-
umn) and those not associated with specific load cases (the General Results in the right
column).
Note For Modal analysis, there are no load cases, so the center column is blank
Reports associated with load cases are those associated with the spectral or time history
displacement solution. The Report Options are displacements, reactions, forces,
moments and stresses.
Displacements
This report gives the magnitude of the displacement for each load case. For spectral
results, due to summing methodology, all displacement values in this report are positive.
For time history analysis, the values are correctly signed.
The displacement report gives the maximum displacement that is anticipated due to the
application of the dynamic shock. For spectral analysis, note that all of the displacement
values are positive. The direction of the displacement is indeterminate, i.e. there will be a
tendency for the system to oscillate due to the potential energy stored after undergoing
some maximum dynamic movement. The displacements printed are relative to the move-
ment of the earth.
Restraints
This report gives the magnitude of the reactions for each load case. A typical entry is
shown as follows:
NODE FX
5 716
649
2X(1)
The first line for each node contains the maximum load that occurred at some time during
the dynamic event. The second line for each node contains the maximum modal contribu-
tion to the load, and the third line for each node tells which mode and loading was respon-
sible for the maximum. This form of the report permits easy identification of the culprit
modes.
The mode identification line is broken down as follows:
2 X (1)
mode load direction (load component)
For example, at node 5 the resultant dynamic load due to the shock was 716. The largest
modal component (of the 716) was 649, due to mode 2, and produced by the first X direc-
tion component (either the first support motion set for displacement response spectrum
analysis or the first force set for force response spectrum analysis). This form of dynamic
output report allows us to know if there is a problem, and if there is, then which mode of
vibration and load component is the major contributor to the problem.
If the component shows up as a (P), then it was the pseudostatic (seismic anchor move-
ment) contribution of the loading that resulted in the major component of the response. If
the component shows up as an (M), this indicates that it was the missing mass contribu-
tion. A typical restraint report follows:
Local Forces
This report gives elemental forces and moments in the element local a-b-c coordinate sys-
tem. The a-b-c coordinate system is defined as follows:
Force, moment, and stress reports are similar to restraint reports in that each has the maxi-
mum response, followed by the modal maximum, followed by the modal maximum load
identifier. All force/moment reports are setup to represent the forces and moments that act
on the end of the element to keep the element in equilibrium.
Global Forces
This report contains information identical to that given above for local forces except that it
is oriented along the global X, Y, and Z axes. A typical report follows:
CAESAR II GLOBAL FORCE REPORT FILE: T133-A
(OCC) Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22, 1989
Stresses
The stress report contains axial, bending, maximum octahedral, and code stresses as well
as in-plane and out-of-plane stress intensification factors. These reports contain mode, and
modal maximum data as well. A typical report follows:
NODES ————————Stress(lb./sq.in.)————————(lb./sq.in.)—
TOTALS AXIAL BENDING TORSION MAX OCT STRESS ALLOW
MODE MAX AX/Mode BND/Mode TOR/Mode OCT/Mode SIF1 SIF0 STRESS/Mode
Forces/Stresses
This report is intended to be a brief summary of the forces and code stresses for a particu-
lar load case. This report contains maximum responses only, the calculated stress, and its
allowable.
CAESAR II FORCE/STRESS REPORT FILE: T133-A
(OCC) Shock Case #1 DATE: MAY 22, 1989
——Forces(lb.)—— —Moments(ft.lb.)— (lb./sq.in.)
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ SIF1 SIF0 STRESS ALLOW
Cumulative Usage
This report is available only when there are one or more Fatigue Stress types present. Only
one report is generated, regardless of the number of Fatigue load cases selected. The report
shows, on an element-by-element basis, the impact of each load case on the total Fatigue
allowable, as well as the cumulative impact of all simultaneously selected load cases. If
the total Usage Factor exceeds 1.0, this implies Fatigue failure under that loading condi-
tion.
The General Results reports comprise the following and are independent of the load cases
selected. They are as follows:
Natural Frequencies
Calculated modal natural frequencies are reported in Hertz and radians per second; period
is reported in seconds.
CAESAR II NATURAL FREQUENCIES FILE: T133-A
DATE: MAY 22, 1989
(Hz) (Radians/Sec) (Sec)
MODE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY PERIOD
1 1.652 10.379 .605
2 2.083 13.090 .480
3 3.054 19.186 .327
Note Unity normalized means that the largest displacement component in the mode is
set to 1.0 and all other displacement values are scaled accordingly.
% Mass Included is the % Force Active. This value is computed by taking the algebraic
sum in each of the global directions, and then applying the SRSS method to each of the
three directions. (The sums of the three directions are added vectorally.) The final column
displays the % Force Added. This value is obtained by taking the % Force Active and
subtracting from 100.
Input Listing
This report, which may be displayed or printed, lists the input for the piping model or for
the dynamic input.
Mass Model
The Mass Model shows how CAESAR II lumped masses for the dynamic runs. The mass
lumping report should show a fairly uniform distribution of masses. Large or irregular
variations in the values shown should be investigated. Usually these large values can be
reduced by breaking down exceedingly long, straight runs of pipe.
The mass lumping report shown below is very uniform in distribution and should produce
a good dynamic solution. Note that rotational terms are ignored by CAESAR II.
CAESAR II MASS MODEL FILE: T133-A
EXAMPLE DYNAMIC OUTPUT DATE: MAY 22,1989
———Translational (lbm)——— ————Rotational————
NODE DX DY DZ RX RY RZ
5 172.6228 172.6228 172.6228 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
15 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
20 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
25 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
30 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
35 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
40 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
45 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
50 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
55 517.8690 517.8690 517.8690 .0000 .0000 .0000
60 517.8690 517.8690 517.8690 .0000 .0000 .0000
65 345.2455 345.2455 345.2455 .0000 .0000 .0000
70 172.6228 172.6228 172.6228 .0000 .0000 .0000
Boundary Conditions
The Active Boundary Condition Report shows the user how CAESAR II dealt with the
nonlinear restraints in the job. It shows which directional supports were included, which
gaps were assumed closed, and just how friction resistance was modeled.
The piping model is shown in its default state (volume mode, isometric view, orthographic
projection). For the convenience of the user, it can be displayed in any of the defined
orthographic views Front/Back, Top/Bottom, Left/Right, or Isometric by clicking the cor-
responding buttons. Similar to the Input Processor Graphics, the model can be interac-
tively rotated, zoomed, or panned. Zoom to Window and Zoom to Selection options are
also available.
Perspective or orthographic projections can also be set. Node numbers can be displayed
by clicking the Nodes button. The desired load case or mode shape can be selected from
the corresponding drop down list. The frequency of the load case associated with the ani-
mation is shown at the top of the view plot whenever the Titles option (available from the
Action menu) is activated.
The animated plot menu displays several plot selections. Motion and Volume Motion are
the commands to activate the animation. Motion uses the centerline representation while
Volume Motion produces the volume graphics image. Each of the motion options causes
the graphics processor to animate the current plot. If the Node Numbers button is clicked,
the node number text is moved together with the corresponding node. Once the plot is
“moving” on the screen, it may be sped up, slowed down, or stopped using appropriate
toolbar button. After selecting a different load case or mode shape from the drop down
list, the motion automatically stops. One of the motion buttons should be clicked again to
activate the model “movement”.
Print Motion option (available from the File menu) prints all of the vibration positions of
the current mode. It is not available for the Time History animation. For clarity purposes,
it is recommended to use the single line (Motion) option to generate the printouts. The
Volume Motion option generates a printout which is often too cluttered to be useful.
The first time a CAESAR II created .HTML file is opened with Internet Explorer or other
internet browser, the user will receive a message requesting permission to download a
control from TechSoftAmerica. The user should answer “Yes” to allow the download,
after which the image will display. Once the model appears, right-clicking the model will
show the available viewing options, such as orbit, pan, zoom, and/or different render
modes. The image can be printed or copied to the clipboard as necessary.
Note Internet Explorer 5.0 and earlier may not display the image properly. Since Inter-
net Explorer 5.0 is no longer supported by Microsoft, COADE recommends Inter-
net Explorer 6.0 or later.
menu choice from the Static Output Menu. Alternatively, clicking the View Animation but-
ton allows the user to view graphic animation of the displacement solution.
Static animation graphics has all the model projection and motion toolbar options
described earlier. The load case can be selected from the drop down list. The title consists
of the load case name followed by the file name and can be toggled on and off from the
Action menu.
The Static Animation processor allows viewing of the single line and volume motion, con-
trols the speed of the movement, and the animation can be saved to a file as described
above.
Note The static animation does not have much physical meaning behind it. This is just a
“one-time” move produced from the CAESAR II calculated displacements (from
temperature growth, initial SUS system sag and/or any other related loads). It is
better to use the Deflected Shape button on the 3D/HOOPS Graphics view of the
Static Output Processor toolbar. For more information refer to 3D/HOOPS Graph-
ics Tutorial for Static Output Processor, Deflected Shape.
isometric mode. The model can be rotated, zoomed, or panned and can be set to different
orthographic projections. The current time history time step and the job name are shown
in the title on the top of the graphics view.
Note, due to complexity of the time history calculations and to decrease the animation
time, the animation is only available in centerline mode.
Note The Save Animation to File option is not available in the time history animation
for the same reason.
An additional feature of the Time History animation engine is the Element Viewer. The
Element Viewer dialog displays specific element information for a given time step. After
clicking the Element Viewer button, the Element Info dialog appears displaying the nodal
displacements, forces, moments, code stress, and SIF information provided for the current
element at a current time step. Clicking the Next >> or << Previous buttons will change the
information to correspond to the next or previous element in the system for the same time
step.
There are several ways to animate the model using the Motion button; clicking the Next
Step /Previous Step buttons, jumping to the beginning or the end of the time history anima-
tion; or using the Time Slider.
Clicking the Motion button will start the animation, the current time step will be displayed
in the title line, and the task bar at the bottom of the animation graphics view will show the
progress. The animation speed can be increased, decreased, or stopped by clicking the
appropriate toolbar buttons.
Clicking the Next Time Step or Previous Time Step button while the Element Info dialog is
active will update the dialog information for the current element for the next or previous
time step. If the animation is stopped, this will advance or back space the animation one
step.
Clicking the View Animation button again after stopping the animation will continue the
time history motion from the location (the time step) where the animation was stopped.
Clicking the Plot the First Time Step or Plot the Last Time Step button will bring the anima-
tion to the beginning or the end correspondingly.
Dragging the Time Slider to the appropriate time step. The bar’s position adjusts automat-
ically as the animation progresses or users can click on the slider with the left mouse but-
ton and drag it along the time-line to find the desired time step or to see the model’s
displaced shape. If the Element Info dialog is active, the highlighted element information
is updated to correspond to the current time step.
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Overview of Structural Capability in CAESAR II CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Note Structural file names should be limited to eight characters (with no embedded
spaces) since CAESAR II currently is unable to include long file names in piping
models. The structural file must also be located in the same directory as the piping
model.
Input is interactive/batch keyword. This is a method of input most familiar to the finite
element/structural analyst and probably not so familiar to the piping engineer. Those users
not already familiar with “keyword type” input should pay particular attention to the
examples, and make liberal use of the help functions ([F1]).
The general input format is:
Example Input
Since many structures have a considerable degree of “repeatability”, there are various
forms, options, and deviations of the above commands to help the user generate large
structural models quickly and easily. For the most part however, and albeit with a little
more time and effort, the above method of single element generation is well suited to most
pipers’ needs.
The most commonly used keywords are shown as follows:
New lines may be created by selecting a keyword command from the menu or from the
toolbars. After filling in the data fields, the Add toolbar adds the line to the end of file, or
the dialog may be dragged-and-dropped to any other location in the file.
All lists are printed with “index numbers” and many of the node and element commands
accept index numbers as well as actual node numbers. To specify an index number instead
of a node number enclose the value in parentheses, i.e. FIX (1) TO (10) ALL, fixes the
first 10 nodes in the node list. (In many cases using an index instead of a node number can
greatly facilitate pattern generation).
Certain commands set parameters that remain set for all further element generations.
DEFAULT sets the default section and material ID, ANGLE sets the default element ori-
entation, and BEAMS, BRACES, and COLUMNS set the default end connection type.
The full AISC data base with over 900 cross-sectional shapes is available on a
“per-member-name” basis, additionally the user may define any arbitrary
cross sectional shapes. The proper data base (either AISC77.BIN,
AISC89.BIN, UK. BIN, AUST90.BIN, SAFRICA.BIN, KOREAN.BIN, or
GERM91.BIN) must be selected using the Configuration/Setup module
before starting the construction of a structural model. Sections may be
selected from a tree structure, grouping sections by type.
Configuration/Setup
AISC names should be keyed in exactly as shown in the AISC handbook with the excep-
tion that fractions should be represented as decimals to four decimal places, i.e. the angle
L6X3-1/2X1/2 would be entered: L6X3.5000X0.5000.
File-Save 3.Use File-Save to exit model building, do error checking, and build
CAESAR II execution files if there are no errors. After these steps are
complete return to the Main Menu.
4. Start CAESAR II up at the analysis level. Select the load cases to be analyzed. Do not
use CAESAR II’s recommendations unless a weight-concentrated load case is all that
is needed.
5. When the analysis level finishes, enter the standard CAESAR II output processor.
Displacements, forces, and moments will be available for each structural element.
6. Run the TOOLS-AISC unity check program to ensure that the most heavily loaded
members still satisfy the code.
To include a structural model (or models) in a piping job, use the following procedure:
1. Enter the structural steel input processor as described above.
2. Enter the structural steel model and its loading. Use the interactive plotting liberally to
check the model.
3. Use File-Save to exit model building, do error checking, and build CAESAR II exe-
cution files if there are no errors.
4.Change the current jobname to the name of the piping model filename and
Include enter the piping spreadsheet input processor. After the piping model has
Structural Files been entered to the user’s satisfaction select the Kaux-Include Struc-
tural Files menu option.
5. An include-file dialog box appears. Enter the names of the structural models to be
included in this piping run. The next time the user plots, the structure is included in the
plot.
3D Hoops Graphics
The 3D/HOOPS Graphics engine in the Structural Steel Modeler is mainly used to verify
the model geometry for completeness and accuracy. An Interactive Command Generator
allows user friendly entering and updating of the elements data, and the graphics view
instantly reflects any changes.
The Structural Steel Modeler 3D Graphics Engine has the same general capabilities as the
Piping Input Processor’s Graphics. It has the same HOOPS standard toolbar that allows
(along with other options as shown on the image below) zooming, orbiting, and panning,
and has options of switching among different orthographic views and volume to single
line modes.
The Structural Steel Graphics engine can also show or hide the restraints and anchors, the
axis compass, node numbers, and elements lengths. The restraints may also be changed in
size relative to the structural elements.
The geometry will be shown on the display screen on the right as soon as there is enough
information defined by the user. For example, using Method 2 - Node/Element Specifica-
tion Generator, if only NODEs (absolute coordinates of a point in space) are generated,
nothing can be shown. However, as soon as an ELEM is defined (to specify a single ele-
ment between two points in space), a corresponding graphical element is displayed. When
using Method 1 - Element Definition (EDIM: similar to defining elements in the
CAESAR II Piping Input Processor), the corresponding graphical element is displayed as
soon as the EDIM command is complete. Refer to the CAESAR II Technical Reference
Manual, Chapter 4: Structural Steel Modeler for more information and comparison
between the two methods.
The Structural Steel Command Generator may be resized and/or turned off to allow for the
graphics to take the entire document view. It may also be docked on or off the main frame.
Once docked off, it can be moved from the view or closed. To show/hide (open/close) the
Structural Steel Commands Generator, go to View menu and select the Input option.
Just as the Piping Input Graphics does, the Structural Steel Graphics has the Change Dis-
play option that allows for changing the default colors for steel elements and restraints.
See the discussion in the Piping Input 3D Graphics Processor for more information.
Note Loads (such as Uniform Loads or Wind Loads) are not available in plot/graphics
mode in the Structural Steel Modeler.
An additional feature of the Structural Steel Modeler is its ability to flip the coordinate
system, on the fly. All relevant user entered data is also modified to comply with the
newly selected coordinate system, either Y-up or Z-up.
Sample Input
This section contains three structural steel examples. These examples are presented so that
the user can enter them into the computer from the listed input. This is without question
the best way to become familiar with the structural capability in CAESAR II.
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
Unit MATID 1 30E6 .3 11.6E6 36000. 0.283 ;SPECIFY MATERIAL
SECID 1 W16X26 ;DEFINE CROSS SECTIONS
MATID SECID 2 MC8X22.800
SECID 3 L6X4X0.5000
SECID
EDIM 5 10 DY=144. SECID=1 ;DEFINE ELEMENTS
EDIM 10 15 DY=72. SECID=1
EDIM
EDIM 15 20 DZ=70 SECID=2
EDIM 20 25 DZ=20 SECID=2
FIX EDIM 25 10 DZ=-90 DY=-72 SECID=3
FIX 5 ALL ;SPECIFY SUPPORTS
LOAD ;TRY A PLOT HERE
LOAD 20 FX=-39 FY=-1975 FZ=1350 ;SPECIFY LOADS
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model by executing
the Operations-Plot command. Once the user is satisfied that the model has
Operations- been entered properly, the model can be checked and saved with the File-Save
Plot command. At this time the input is checked, and if no fatal errors are found,
the CAESAR II execution files are written, and the model may be used in a
File-Save
piping analysis or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this example the
model will be analyzed by itself.)
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II
Main Menu. When this is done, the Analysis-Static menu option should be chosen. From
this point, structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping analysis. Output from a
structural analysis is comprised of displacements, forces, and moments.
The desired results from the analysis of SUPP are the displacements at node 20 of:
• Dx = -9.63 in.
• Dy = -0.44 in.
• Dz = 0.88 in.
These displacements are excessive for a support which is to be assumed rigid in another
analysis. The translational stiffness for the support can be computed as follows:
• Kx = 39.0 lb. / 9.63 in. = 4.05 lb./in
• Ky = 1975.0 lb. / 0.44 in. = 4488.64 lb./in.
• Kz = 1350.0 lb. / 0.88 in. = 1534.09 lb./in.
Piping Dimensions
Structure Nodes
Structure Dimensions
Select a job name (for example SUPP2) and enter the structural input processor as
described earlier. The structural input screen appears:
UNIT ENGLISH.FIL
Unit SECID 1 W24X104 ;DEFINE SECTIONS
SECID 2 W18X50
MATID MATID 1 YM=29E6 POIS=0.3 G=11.6E6 DENS=0.283;DEFINE MATERI-
ALS
SECID ANGLE=90 ;COLUMN ORIENTATION
EDIM 230 235 DY=10- ;VERTICAL COLUMNS
EDIM EDIM 235 220 DY=13-10
EDIM 200 205 DY=10-
FIX EDIM 205 210 DY=13-10
EDIM 245 250 DX=8.392- DY=10- ;SLOPED COLUMNS
LOAD EDIM 260 255 DX=8.392- DY=10-
EDIM 250 220 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
EDIM 255 210 DX=11.608- DY=13-10
DEFAULT SECID=2;MAKE BEAMS DEFAULT SECTION
EDIM 235 240 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 240 205 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 220 215 DZ=-2.5-
EDIM 215 210 DZ= -2.5-
EDIM 250 255 DZ=-5-
;THE FINAL SET OF HORIZONTAL BEAMS ALONG THE X AXIS HAVE A
STANDARD
;STRONG AXIS ORIENTATION
ANGLE=0.0
EDIM 250 235 DX=11.608-
EDIM 255 205 DX=11.608-
;ANCHOR THE BASE NODES
FIX 245 ALL
FIX 260 ALL
FIX 230 ALL
FIX 200 ALL
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model by executing
Operations- Operations-Plot. Once the user is satisfied that the model is correct, exiting
Plot with File-Save command checks and saves the model. If no fatal errors are
found, then the CAESAR II execution files are written. The model may now
File-Save be used in a piping analyses or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this
example the model will be analyzed with a piping model.)
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II
Main Menu. The user should change the jobname to the name of the piping input filename
(PIPE2 for this example) and enter the input for the piping system to be analyzed.
The input for this job is shown below:
BEND 5. 6.417ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS=45.000 FITTING THK.= .3750
10. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 5 .00000 .0000 RSTR NODE= 5.DIR=A CN=0.
STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
RIGD 15. -2.500ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 RIGD RIGID WEIGHT=.000
115. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000 RSTR NODE=115. DIR=X CN=215.
STIF=.100000E+13G AP=.0000 MU=.00
BEND 20. .000 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS=45.000 FITTING
THK.=.3750
25. -8.833ft .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
BEND 35. 10.000ft 30.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 BEND RADIUS= 45.00 FITTING THK.= .3750
40. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000
.000 .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
STRT 60. .000 36.000 850.00000 .0 .2740E+08 .2894 RSTR NODE=65. DIR=A CN=0.
65. .000 .375 .00000 .0 .289000 .0000 STIF=.100000E+13 GAP=.0000 MU=.00
-10.000ft .000 .00000 .000000 .0000
The loads on the anchor at 5 are grossly excessive. The structural steel frame and pipe sup-
port structure as shown are not satisfactory. Some displaced shape plots from the analysis
are shown in the next figure:
Example Input
At any time during input the user can generate plots of the model executing Operations-
Plot. Once the user is satisfied that the model has been entered properly, the model can be
checked and saved with the File-Save command. If no fatal errors are found, then the
CAESAR II execution files are written. The model may now be used in a piping analysis
or analyzed by itself. (For the purposes of this example the model will be analyzed by
itself.)
Operations-
The structural input processor generates a number of lists to be used for
List documentation and checking. The Operations-List command generates the
following printout for the job SUPP3.
Of particular interest in this model is the element orientation data that shows that the col-
umns strong axis was indeed rotated 90 degrees. Also the free-end-connection lists show
that the specification entered for the beams produced the desired results.
NODAL FIXITIES
Index NOD FIXX FIXY FIXZ ROTX ROTY ROTZ
1 5 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
2 25 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
3 45 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
4 65 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.
NODAL LOADS
Index NODE FORX FORY FORZ MOMX MOMY MOMZ
1 1000 10000. 10000. 10000. 0. 0. 0.
When error checking has completed successfully, the user is returned to the CAESAR II
Main Menu. The user should change the current jobname to that of the structural filename.
When this is done the Analysis-Static menu option should be selected. From this point
structural steel analysis is performed just like a piping analysis. Output from a structural
analysis is comprised of displacements, forces, and moments.
The displacement and force report for the (Force Only) load case follows. Note that the
structure is stiffer in the X direction, even though the Z dimension is greater due to the ori-
entation of the columns. The Force/Moment report is particularly interesting given that all
of the beams have pinned ends. Note that most of the beams carry no load. This is because
the transfer of the load to the beams in this model is due to rotations at the column ends,
and not translations. (Cross-braces would eliminate this problem and cause the beams to
pick up more of the load.) The 1000 end of the elements from 20-1000 and from 40-1000
carries a moment because it is not a pinned end connection. 1000 is just a point at midspan
for the application of the load.
-----Translations(in.)-----Rotations(deg.)----
NODE DX DY DZ RX RY RZ
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 .6225 .0013 3.8135 2.8450 .0000 -.4644
15 2.1786 .0025 13.3473 4.5520 .0000 -.7432
20 4.2024 .0038 25.7412 5.1211 .0000 -.8363
25 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
30 .6225 .0013 3.8135 2.8450 .0000 -.4644
35 2.1786 .0025 13.3473 4.5520 .0000 -.7432
40 4.2024 .0038 25.7412 5.1211 .0000 -.8363
45 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
50 .6225 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.4644
55 2.1786 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7429
60 4.2009 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.8355
65 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
70 .6225 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.4644
75 2.1786 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.7429
80 4.2009 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 -.8355
1000 7.0909 .2828 25.7434 .0000 .0000 .0000
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
30 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
35 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
DATA--Forces(lb.)--Moments(ft.lb.)-(lb./sq.in.)
POINT FX FY FZ MX MY MZ SIFI SIFO CODE ALLOW.
35 14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
55 -14 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
50 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
55 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
75 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
70 10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
10 -10 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 0 0
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CAESAR II Underground Pipe Modeler CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Note The original job must already exist and serves as the pattern for the buried pipe
model building. The original job should not contain restraints, since the modeler
generates them. The buried job, if it exists, is overwritten by the successful gener-
ation of a buried pipe model. It is the buried job that is eventually run to compute
displacements and stresses.
When the Buried Pipe Modeler is initially started up, the following screen appears:
This spreadsheet is used to enter the buried element descriptions for the job. The buried
element description spreadsheet serves several functions:
• It allows the user to define which part of the piping system is buried.
• It allows the user to define mesh spacing at specific element ends.
• It allows the input of user defined soil stiffnesses
Typical buried pipe displacements are considerably different than similar above ground
displacements. Buried pipe deforms laterally in areas immediately adjacent to changes in
directions (i.e. bends and tees). In areas far removed from bends and tees the deformation
is primarily axial. The optimal size of an element (i.e. the distance between a single
FROM and a TO node) is very dependent on which of these deformation patterns is to be
modelled. Where the deformation is “lateral” smaller elements are needed to properly dis-
tribute the forces from the pipe to the soil. The length over which the pipe deflects later-
ally is termed the “lateral bearing length” and can be calculated by the equation:
Lb = 0.75(π) [4EI/Ktr] 0.25
Where:
E = Pipe modulus of elasticity
I = Pipe moment of inertia
Ktr = Transverse soil stiffness
(on a per length basis)
CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of a bearing span to properly model this
load distribution. The bearing span lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 1
lengths. The axial displacement lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 3 lengths,
and the intermediate lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 2 lengths. Zone 3 ele-
ment lengths (to properly transmit axial loads) are computed by 100*Do, where Do is the
outside diameter of the piping. The Zone 2 mesh is comprised of elements that are 1.5
times the length of a Zone 1 element at its Zone 1 end, and that are 50*Do long at the Zone
3 end. A typical piping system, and how CAESAR II views this “element breakdown” or
“mesh distribution” is illustrated below.
Zone Definitions
A critical part of the modelling of an underground piping system is the proper definition of
Zone 1 (or lateral) bearing regions. These regions primarily occur:
• On either side of a change in direction
• For all pipes framing into an intersection
• At points where the pipe enters or leaves the soil
CAESAR II automatically puts a Zone 1 mesh gradient at each side of the pipe framing
into an elbow.
Note It is the user’s responsibility to tell CAESAR II where the other zone 1 areas are
in the piping system.
adjacent to all buried elbows, the user must only be concerned with the identification of
buried tees and points of soil entry or exit. The figure below is illustrative:
• The tendency for lateral deflection must be defined for each element framing into an
intersection (node 50).
Buried Pipe
• Buried Pipe - Soil Models—Allows the user to specify soil data for
Soil Models CAESAR II to use in generating one or more soil restraint systems. This
is described in detail below.
File-Open
• Buried Pipe - Convert Input—Converts the original job into the buried
job by meshing the existing elements and adding soil restraints. The con-
version process creates all of the necessary elements to satisfy the Zone 1,
Zone 2, and Zone 3 requirements, and places restraints on the elements in
these zones accordingly. All elbows are broken down into at least two
curved sections, and very long radius elbows are broken down into seg-
ments whose lengths are not longer than the elements in the immediately
adjacent Zone 1 pipe section. Node numbers are generated by adding “1”
to the element’s FROM node number. CAESAR II checks before using a
node number to make sure that it will be unique in the model. All densi-
ties on buried pipe elements are zeroed, to simulate the continuous sup-
port of the pipe weight. A conversion log is also generated, which details
the process in full.
Buried Pipe
The user enters soil data by executing the Buried Pipe - Soil Models Com-
Soil Models mand. This option allows the user to specify the soil properties for the
CAESAR II buried pipe equations.
Note Valid soil model numbers start with 2. Soil model number 1 is reserved for user-
defined soil stiffnesses. Up to 15 different soil models may be entered for a single
job.
The soil restraint equations use these soil properties to generate restraint ultimate loads
and stiffnesses. (The THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT and the TEMPERA-
TURE CHANGE are optional. If entered they are used to compute and print the theoreti-
cal “virtual anchor length.”)
These equations are
Axial Ultimate Load (Fax)
Fax = [ (µ)(D)[ (2)(ρs)(H) + (π)(ρp)(t) + (π)(ρf)(D)/4 ] ]
Where:
µ = Friction coefficient, typical values are:
.4 for silt
.5 for sand
.6 for gravel
.6 for clay or Su/600
Su = Undrained shear strength
D = Pipe diameter
ρs = Soil density
H = Buried depth to the top of pipe
ρp = Pipe density
t = Pipe nominal wall thickness
ρf = Fluid density
Either the friction coefficient or the undrained shear strength may be left blank. Typically
for clays the friction coefficient would be left blank and would be automatically estimated
by CAESAR II as Su/600 psf.
Transverse Ultimate Load (Ftr)
Ftr = (0.5)(ρs)(H+D)**2 [tan(45+Φ/2)]**2 ) × Overburden Compaction Mul-
tiplier
Where:
Φ = Angle of internal friction
Typical values are:
27-45 for sand
26-35 for silt
0 for clay
Note If Su is given (i.e. have a clay-like soil), then Ftr as calculated above is multiplied
by Su/250psf.
Note that since in many cases the stiffer the soil, the more conservative the results, Ftr is
multiplied by the Overburden Compaction Multiplier, if specified, as well. Many expe-
rienced pipeline engineers do not wish to add this "extra conservatism," and prefer to use
values that are more in line with those that have been used in the past. To do this, the
Overburden Compaction Multiplier is the parameter that is usually adjusted.
Common practice has been to reduce it (from its default of 8) to values from 5 to 7,
depending on the degree of compaction of the backfill. Backfill efficiency can be approxi-
mated by the Proctor Number, defined in most soils textbooks. (The Proctor Number is a
ratio of unit weights.) The standard practice when the Proctor Number is known, is to mul-
tiply the default value 8 by the Proctor Number. This result should then be used as the
compaction multiplier.
Once the user clicks OK, the soil data is saved in a file entitled .SOI.
Recommended Procedures
The recommended procedure for using the buried pipe modeler is outlined below:
1. Select the original job and enter the buried pipe modeler. The original job must
already exist, and will be converted into a buried pipe model. The Original model
should only contain the basic geometry of the piping system to be buried. Any existing
restraints (in the buried portion) will be redefined by the modeler. Rename the buried
job if CAESAR II’s default name is not appropriate.
2. Enter the soil data using Buried Pipe - Soil Models.
Buried Pipe 3. Describe the sections of the piping system that are buried, and define any
Soil Models
required fine mesh areas using the buried element data spreadsheet.
Buried Pipe 4. Convert the original model into the buried model by the activation of
Convert Input option Buried Pipe - Convert Input. This step produces a detailed
description of the conversion.
5. Exit the Buried Pipe Modeler and return to the CAESAR II Main Menu. From here
the user may perform the analysis of the buried pipe job.
A fairly comprehensive buried-pipe example problem is shown in the following section.
This example was created to test and illustrate the features of the modeler and should in
no-way be taken as a guide for recommended underground piping design.
"Bury3" Model
PIPE DATA
________________________________________________
From 5 To 10 DZ= -8.000 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 16.000 in.Wall= .500 in.Insul= .000 in.
GENERAL
T1= 165 F P1= 600 lb./sq.in.Mat= (1)LOW CARBON STEEL
E= 27,900,000 lb./sq.in.v = .292Density= .2899 lb./cu.in.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 24.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 45.000
RESTRAINTS
Node 5 ANC
Node 345 ANC
Node 100 ANC
Node 285 ANC
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
B31.8 (1986) Sy= 36,000 lb./sq.in.Fac= .7200
__________________________________
From 10 To 15 DY= -4.000 ft.DZ= -4.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 15 To 20 DY= -6.000 ft.DZ= -6.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 24.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 45.000
__________________________________
From 20 To 30 DZ= -110.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 288.000 in. (user)Bend Angle= 90.000
__________________________________
From 30 To 40 DX= 80.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 40 To 45 DX= 6.000 ft.
__________________________________
From 45 To 50 DX= 2.000 ft.
RIGID Weight= 1,000.00 lb.
__________________________________
From 50 To 55 DX= 6.000 ft.
PIPE
PIPE DATA
_________________________________
From 130 To 135 DZ= 2.999 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 20.000 in.Wall= .843 in.Insul= .000 in.
SIF’s & TEE’s
Node 130 Sif(in)= 2.000Sif(out)= 2.000
Node 135 Sif(in)= 2.000Sif(out)= 2.000
_________________________________
From 135 To 140 DZ= 3.999 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 24.000 in.Wall= 1.218 in.Insul= .000 in.
SIF’s & TEE’s
Node 140 Unreinforced Tee
_________________________________
From 140 To 150 DX= 50.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 36.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 45.000
_________________________________
From 150 To 160 DX= 6.000 ft.DY= 6.000 ft.
________________________________
From 160 To 165 DX= 4.000 ft.DY= 4.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 36.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 45.000
________________________________
From 165 To 170 DX= 8.000 ft.
________________________________
From 170 To 175 DX= 3.000 ft.
RIGID Weight= 2,300.00 lb.
________________________________
From 175 To 180 DX= 2.999 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 36.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 90.000
________________________________
From 180 To 185 DY= -4.000 ft.
________________________________
From 185 To 200 DY= -12.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 36.000 in. (LONG)Bend Angle= 90.000
________________________________
From 200 To 205 DZ= 2.999 ft.
________________________________
From 205 To 210 DZ= 4.000 ft.
RIGID Weight= 1,000.00 lb.
________________________________
From 210 To 215 DZ= 5.000 ft.
EXPANSION JOINT
Axial K= 3,000 lb./in.Trans K= 1,000,000,000,000 lb./in.
Tors K= 1,000,000,000,000 in.lb./deg Eff Dia= 26.000 in.
________________________________
From 215 To 230 DZ= 13.856 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 288.000 in. (user)Bend Angle= 60.000
Using the Soil modeler, the soil information is used with the "unburied" piping model to
compute soil stiffnesses and remesh the model. This process is shown in the data listing
below.
SOIL FROM TO USER DEFINED USER DEFINED USER DEFINED USER DEFINED
5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 30 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 40 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
40 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
55 70 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
70 100 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
70 110 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
110 120 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
120 130 2 0 1 0 0 0 0
130 135 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
135 140 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
140 150 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
150 160 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
160 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
165 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
170 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
175 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
180 185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
185 200 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 205 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
205 210 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
210 215 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
215 230 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
230 240 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
240 245 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
245 250 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
245 260 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
260 265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
265 270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
250 275 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
275 280 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
280 285 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness UltimateLoad
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
FROM TOLENGTH(in.)
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness UltimateLoad
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness UltimateLoad
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness UltimateLoad
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness UltimateLoad
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1033. 1363.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1079. 1490.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1126. 1622.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1126. 1622.
FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1126. 1622.
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
FROM TO LENGTH(in.)
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
FROM TOLENGTH(in.)
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
NOT BURIED...
NOT BURIED...
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 1971. 4967.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 390. 195.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 390. 195.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 390. 195.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 390. 195.
COMPUTED STIFFNESSES:
Direction Stiffness Ultimate Load
(lb./in./in.) (lb./in.)
UP 390. 195.
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Equipment and Component Evaluation CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Analysis Menu
All of these program modules share the same interface for easy transition. The individual
modules are described following section.
Intersection Types
A sample input spreadsheet is shown below.
example, to review the SIFs for a bend that does not have a trunnion, the three trunnion
related input fields should be left blank.
Pressure Stiffening
The pressure stiffening option in the input is provided so the user can see the effect that
pressure stiffening has on the bend’s flexibility factor and stress intensification factor. This
option is controlled by the user in CAESAR II via the setup file, but is most commonly
left to the default condition. The default is different for each piping code because some of
the codes mention pressure stiffening explicitly and some do not.
Pressure stiffening has its most significant effect in larger diameter bends adjacent to sen-
sitive equipment (compressors). Including pressure stiffening where it is not included by
default will draw more of the system moment to the nozzle adjacent to the bend.
Note If the user enters a trunnion (where there will be a weld between the trunnion and
the elbow), and does not enter a stress concentration factor (the third input for the
trunnion), CAESAR II assumes a stress concentration factor of 2.0.
Note There are three editions of WRC 107 available from the program; the default is set
by the user in the Configure-Setup option.
WRC 107 Bulletin provides an analytical tool to evaluate the vessel stresses in the imme-
diate vicinity of a nozzle. This method can be used to compute the stresses at both the
inner and outer surfaces of the vessel wall, and report the stresses in the longitudinal and
circumferential axes of the vessel/nozzle intersection. The convention adopted by WRC
107 to define the applicable orientations of the applied loads and stresses for both spheri-
cal and cylindrical vessels are shown in the figure below.
M TAXIS M
T
V (or V ) V L
1 C
B Upper
A VC A B
V (or V ) L C C Lower
2
M LAXIS M CAXIS
M 1AXIS P AXIS
(or M ) C
P AXIS
M 2AXIS M CAXIS
(or M ) L D
D M AXIS
1 A
B
A B
C
M L AXIS
M2AXIS
C
Note Before attempting to use WRC 107 to evaluate the stress state of any nozzle/ves-
sel junction, the user should always make sure that the geometric restrictions lim-
iting the application of WRC 107 are not exceeded. These vary according to the
attachment and vessel types. The user is referred to the WRC 107 bulletin direc-
tory for this information.
The WRC 107 method should probably not be used when the nozzle is very light or when
the parameters in the WRC 107 data curves are unreasonably exceeded. Output from the
WRC 107 program includes the figure numbers for the curves accessed, the curve
abscissa, and the values retrieved. The user is urged to check these outputs against the
actual curve in WRC 107 to get a “feel” for the accuracy of the stresses calculated. For
example, if parameters for a particular problem are always near or past the end of the fig-
ures curve data, then the calculated stresses may not be reliable.
The WRC 107 program can be activated by selecting Analysis - WRC 107/297 from the
Main Menu. The user may be prompted to enter a job name, and then the following data
entry screen appears:
The Hot and Cold Allowable Stress Intensities of the vessel as defined per ASME VII,
Division 2 can be entered manually or updated from the Material Database by providing
the Material Name and Operating Temperature in the corresponding fields. Any allowable
values entered manually or modified by the user, display in red.
Vessel Data
Nozzle Data
The nozzle loading is specified on the last spreadsheet, according to specific load cases,
which include sustained, expansion and occasional cases. These loads are found in the
CAESAR II output restraint load summary under the corresponding load cases or may be
extracted from the static output files automatically by clicking the Get From Output...
button. The WRC 107 specific local input coordinate system has been incorporated into
the program; so the loads may be input in either the Global CAESAR II convention, or in
the Local WRC 107 coordinate system. To enter loads in WRC 107 convention, click the
WRC 107 radio button. If the Global CAESAR II convention is used, the vessel and nozzle
centerline direction cosines must be present. Note, the positive direction is the Nozzle cen-
terline vector pointing from the nozzle connection towards the vessel centerline. The loads
convention may be freely converted from global to local and back provided the direction
cosines are present.
tion. In order to evaluate the stresses through an elastic analysis, three stress combinations
(summations) must be made:
• Pm
• Pm + Pl + Pb
• P m + Pl + P b + Q
Where Pm is defined as the general membrane stress due to internal pressure removed from
discontinuities, and can be estimated for the vessel wall from the expression (PD) / (4t) for
the longitudinal component and (PD) / (2t) for the hoop component, where P is the design
pressure of the system. The allowable for Pm is kSmh where Smh is the allowable stress
intensity (See CAESAR II Technical Reference Manual for definition). The value of k can
be taken from Table AD-150.1 of the code (which ranges from 1.0 for sustained loads to
1.2 for sustained plus wind loads or sustained plus earthquake loads). Pl is the local mem-
brane stress at the junction due to the sustained piping loads, Pb is the local bending stress
(defined as zero at the nozzle to vessel connections per Section VIII, Division 2 of ASME
Code), while Q is defined as the secondary stress, due to thermal expansion piping loads,
or the bending stress due to internal pressure thrust and sustained piping loads. The allow-
able stress intensity for the second stress combination is 1.5kSmh, as defined by the Figure
4-130.1 of the Code, while Smh is the hot stress intensity allowable at the given design
temperature. Both Pl and Q will be calculated by the WRC 107 program. The third combi-
nation actually defines the “range” of the stress intensity, and its allowable is limited to
1.5(Smc+Smh). See the Technical Reference Manual for a detailed discussion.
This summation is done automatically following the WRC 107 analysis. This calculation
provides a comparison of the stress intensities to the entered allowables, along with a cor-
responding PASS-FAIL ruling. Failed items display in red.
The WRC 107 Analysis module can provide a graphical representation of the nozzle and
its imposed loads. This can be accessed via the button on the toolbar.
Nozzle Screen
Note CAESAR II also utilizes, through the piping input processor, the nozzle flexibil-
ity calculations described in WRC 297 refer to Chapter 3 of the Technical Refer-
ence Manual.
When provided with the necessary input, CAESAR II calculates the stress components at
the four locations on the vessel around the nozzle and also the corresponding locations on
the nozzle. Stresses are calculated on both the outer and inner surfaces (upper and lower).
These stress components are resolved into stress intensities at these 16 points around the
connection. Refer to the WRC 107 discussion for more information on the allowable lim-
its for these stresses and output processing.
Flange Analysis
The second section contains data on the bolts and gasket.
Imposed Loads
where 45,000 psi is a constant and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt (correction is
made for metric units).
This is a rule of thumb tightening stress, that will typically be applied by field personnel
tightening the bolts. This computed value is printed in the output from the flange program.
It is interesting to compare this value to the bolt stress printed in the ASME stress report
(also in the output). It is not unusual for the “rule-of-thumb” tightening stress to be larger
than the ASME required stress. When the ASME required stress is entered into the Bolt
Initial Tightening Stress data field, a comparison of the leakage safety factors can be
made and the sensitivity of the joint to the tightening torque can be ascertained. Users are
strongly encouraged to “play” with these numbers to get a feel for the relationship
between all of the factors involved.
Flange Rating
This is an optional input, but results in some very interesting output. As mentioned above,
it has been a widely used practice in the industry to use the ANSI B16.5 and API 605 tem-
perature/pressure rating tables as a gauge for leakage. Because these rating tables are
based on allowable stresses, and were not intended for leakage prediction, the leakage pre-
dictions that resulted were a function of the allowable stress for the flange material, and
not the flexibility, i.e. modulus of elasticity of the flange. To give the user a “feel” for this
old practice, the minimum and maximum rating table values from ANSI and API were
stored and are used to print minimum and maximum leakage safety factors that would be
predicted from this method. Example output that the user will get upon entering the flange
rating is shown as follows:
EQUIVALENT PRESSURE MODEL ————————-
Equivalent Pressure (lb./sq.in.) 1639.85
ANSI/API Min Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1080.00
ANSI/API Max Equivalent Pressure Allowed 1815.00
This output shows that leakage, according to this older method, occurred if a carbon steel
flange was used, and leakage did not occur if an alloy flange was used. (Of course both
flanges would have essentially the same “flexibility” tendency to leak.)
The following input parameters are used only for the ASME Section VIII Division 1 stress
calculations:
• Flange Type
• Flange Outside Diameter
• Design Temperature
• Small End Hub Thickness
• Large End Hub Thickness
• Hub Length
• Flange Allowables
• Bolt Allowables
• Gasket Seating Stress
• Optional Allowable Multipliers
• Flange Face & Gasket Dimensions
The flange type can be selected from the icons on the first spreadsheet.
Material allowables may be acquired from the Section VIII, Division 1 material library
that is accessed from the pull-down list.
An input listing for a typical flange analysis is shown below:
The input screens from the B31G processor are shown below. All input cells have associ-
ated help text for user convenience. Note that most of the data required by this processor is
acquired through actual field measurements.
Data Spreadsheet
Measurements Spreadsheet
Once the data has been entered, the Analyze menu option initiates the computations. A
typical output report is shown as follows.
C A E S A R II MISCELLANEOUS REPORT ECHO
PIPELINE REMAINING STRENGTH CALCULATIONS (B31G)
Measurement 19 (in.)
Measurement 20 (in.)
OUTPUT:
For additional information on this processor, please refer to either the B31G document or
the Battelle project report PR-3-805.
Geometry Spreadsheet
A report displaying both the input echo and the output calculations is shown as follows.
The units used for the coordinate and displacement values are the length units defined in
the active units file. Rotations are in units of degrees.
OUTPUT:
Axial Displacement.100
Axial Displacement due to Lateral .133
Axial Displacement due to Rotation.016
Axial Displacement TOTAL.250
Relative X Displacement-.399
Relative Y Displacement-.132
Relative Z Displacement.095
Relative Rotation about X (deg).000
Relative Rotation about Y (deg)-1.242
Relative Rotation about Z (deg).860
In the previous output, the axial displacement total in the report is the total axial displace-
ment per corrugation due to axial, lateral, and rotational displacement of the expansion
joint ends. This is the value that would be compared to the rated axial displacement per
corrugation. If e(total) is greater than the rated axial displacement per corrugation, then there
is the possibility of premature bellows failure. Be sure that the displacement rating from
the manufacturer is on a per corrugation basis. If not then multiply the axial displacement
total by the number of corrugations and compare this value to the manufacturer’s allow-
able axial displacement. Note that most manufacturers allowed rating is for some set num-
ber of cycles (often 10,000). If the actual number of cycles is less, then the allowed
movement can often be greater. Similarly, if the actual number of cycles is greater than
10,000, then the allowed movement can be smaller. In special situations manufacturers
should almost always be consulted because many factors can affect allowed bellows
movement.
The “y” in the report is the total relative lateral displacement of one end of the bellows
with respect to the other, and “theta” is the total relative angular rotation of one end of the
bellows with respect to the other. (Note that CAESAR II does not include “x” into the
denominator for the lateral displacement calculations as outlined in EJMA.
Note Member properties are obtained from the AISC data base and used to compute the
actual and allowable stress values for the axial and bending terms comprising the
“unity check” equations. The specific data base is set via CAESARS II’s - Con-
figure-Setup module. The data base must be either AISC77.BIN or
AISC89.BIN.
The CAESAR II program which performs the “unity check” calculations is invoked with
the Main Menu option Analyze - AISC.
Global Parameters
Upon invoking this module, the user is presented with the Global Input spreadsheet.
Structural Code
The entry in this field should be either AISC 1977 or AISC 1989 respectively. Users
should set this entry to match the data base in use.
Young’s Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is
usually 29,000,000 psi.
Bending Coefficient
The bending coefficient Cb shall be taken as 1.0 in computing the value of Fby and Fbz
for use in Formula 1.6-1a. Cb shall also be unity when the bending moment at any point in
an unbraced length is larger than the moment at either end of the same length. Otherwise,
Cb shall be
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 but not more than 2.3 where (M1/M2) is the
ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends.
Form Factor Qa
The form factor is an allowable axial stress reduction factor equal to the effective area
divided by the actual area. (Consult the latest edition of the AISC code for the current
computation methods for the effective area.)
Allow Sidesway
The ability of a frame or structure to experience sidesway (joint translation) affects the
computation of several of the coefficients used in the unity check equations. Additionally,
for frames braced against sidesway, moments at each end of the member are required.
Normally sidesway is allowed (i.e., the box is checked).
Member Type
The member type is the AISC shape label found in the AISC manual. The shape label is
used to acquire the member geometric properties from the data base. The label entered in
this field must match exactly the label in the data base for properties to be obtained. Use
the on line help to list typical member designations.
Since many of the angle labels can be found in the single angles, the double angles (long
legs back to back), and the double angles (short legs back to back), require an “angle type”
to tell them apart. This cell should contain a D for double angles with equal legs, and dou-
ble angles with long legs back to back. This cell should contain a B for double angles with
short legs back to back.
Young’s Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel this value is
usually 29,000,000 psi. This value of Young’s modulus overrides the value specified on
the “global” input spreadsheet.
data bases (or compute unity checks on angles using the 1977 code) will generate an error
message and the program will abort. Users are urged to consult the applicable AISC man-
uals when using this program.
For cumulative equipment allowables NEMA SM23 states "the combined resultants of
the forces and moments of the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections resolved at the
centerline of the exhaust connection", be within a certain multiple of Dc; where Dc is the
diameter of an opening whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of all of the individual
equipment connections. A typical turbine cumulative (summation) equipment calculation
is shown as follows:
SUMMATION CALCUATIONS
DIAMETER DUE TO EQUIVALENT NOZZLE AREA, DC = 8.944in.
NOZZLE LOADS SUMMATIONSALLOWABLES % OF ALLOW.STATUS lbs.&ft.lb.)
SFX = 84 50*DC = 447 18.79
SFY = -74 125*DC = 1118 6.62
SFZ = -82 100*DC = 894 9.17
FC(RSLT) = 138
SMX = -447 250*DC = 2236 20.00
NODE FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
30 -108 -49 -93 73 188 603
35 108 67 93 162 -47 -481
50 -192 7 -11 369 -522 39
55 192 -63 11 78 117 -56
To find the forces acting on the turbine at points 35 and 50 simply reverse the sign of the
forces that act on the piping:
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 35 -108 -67 -93 -162 47 481
LOADS ON TURBINE @ 50 192 -7 11 -369 522 -39
There are two input spreadsheets for the NEMA turbine and they appear as follows.
Applied loads should be entered in global coordinates or extracted directly from the
CAESAR II output file (using the on-screen button).
If clause F.1.1 is NOT satisfied, but clauses F.1.2.1, F.1.2.2, and F.1.2.3 ARE satisfied then
the pump is still O.K.
Clause F.1.2.1 states that the individual component forces and moments acting on each
pump nozzle flange shall not exceed the range specified in Table 2 by a factor of more
than 2. Referring to the API 610 report, the user can see if F.1.2.1 is satisfied by compar-
ing the Force/Moment Ratio to 2. If the ratio exceeds 2, the nozzle status is reported as
“FAILING”.
The F.1.2.2 and the F.1.2.3 requirements give equations relating the resultant forces and
moments on each nozzle, as well as on the pump base point respectively. The requirements
of these equations, and whether or not they have satisfied API 610, are shown on the bot-
tom of the report.
The following example is taken from the API 610 code and shows the review of an over-
hung end-suction process pump in English units. The three CAESAR II input screens are
shown, followed by the program output.
The requirements of this standard are identical to those of NEMA SM-23 (1991), except
that all of the NEMA allowables are increased by 85%.
API 617 Allowables = 1.85 * NEMA SM-23 Allowables
The input screens for this evaluation are shown below:
This calculation covers the allowed loads on the vertical, co-linear nozzles (item 9 in the
figure) found on most single, or multi-bundled air cooled heat exchangers.
The several figures from API 661 illustrate the type of open exchanger body analyzed by
this standard.
5.1.11.2 - The sum of the forces and moments on each fixed header (i.e. each individual
bundle) will be less than 1,500 lb. transverse to the bundle, 2,500 lb. axial to the bundle,
and 3,000 pound axial on the nozzle centerline. The allowed moments are 3,000, 2,000,
and 4,000 ft.lb. respectively. “This recognizes that the application of these moments and
forces will cause movement and that this movement will tend to reduce the actual loads.”
Upon execution of the analysis, CAESAR II compares the input forces and moments to
the allowables as published in API 560. Example output is shown below.
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
H I
Hanger U5-20, U6-27 IBC U8-25
Hanger Design U6-23 IGE/TD/12 U5-5
Hanger design control data U5-30 Impulse U8-33
Hanger selection Impulse analysis U8-2
Actual cold loads U6-27 Included mass data U9-11
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Incore solution U6-12 16, U6-18, U6-20, U6-27, U7-2, U7-3, U7-4,
Independent support motion U8-17 U7-12, U7-16, U7-18, U7-19, U7-22, U7-28,
Index numbers, structural steel input U10-5 U8-11, U8-15, U8-33, U8-41, U9-3, U9-5, U9-
In-plane bending moment U12-47 8, U9-9, U9-10, U9-11, U10-7, U10-30, U12-
In-plane large bending moment U12-47 12
In-plane small bending moment U12-47 Basic load cases U3-12
Input listing U9-12 Combination load cases U3-12, U6-18
Input menu U4-5 Example of load cases U6-18
Input overview based on analysis category U8- Expansion load case U6-26
9 Occasional load cases U6-26
Installation U2-2, U2-4 Operating load cases U6-26
Installation menu options U2-4 Recommended load cases U3-11
Installation process U2-4 Stress category U6-16
Insulation density U5-9 Stress types U6-17
Internet Explorer U2-16 Sustained load case U6-26
Intersection stress intensification factors U12-3 Types of load cases U3-12
Types of loads U6-16
K Load cycles U6-18
Kaux menu U5-32 Load, Ultimate U11-10
Kaux menu items Loading conditions U5-7
Include Piping Input Files U5-34 Local element forces U7-8
Include structural input files U5-35 Local forces U9-6
Review sifs U5-32 Local member data U12-44
Review SIFs at Bend Node U5-32 Lumped masses U8-9
Special execution parameters U5-32
Kaux-include structural files U10-7 M
Main menu U4-2
L Analysis
Lateral bearing length U11-4 Menu items U4-6
Leak pressure ratio U12-24 File U3-2
Lease 1-9 Default data directory U4-3
License agreement, CAESAR II 1-2 Input file types U4-4
License grant 1-2 New command U4-3
License types Open command U4-4
Full run 1-9 Select an existing job file U4-4
Lease 1-9 Input
Limited run 1-9 Data entry U3-6
Limitations of remedies 1-3 Input menu items U4-5
Limited run 1-9 Main show menu U7-19
Limited warranty 1-3 Major steps in dynamics input U8-5
Load case list U6-8 Mass and stiffness model U8-5
Load Case Options Tab U6-21 Mass and stiffness model, Modifying U8-13,
Load Case Report U7-13 U8-19, U8-33, U8-35, U8-37
Load cases U3-2, U3-14, U5-6, U5-7, U5-20, Mass correction, Missing U9-11
U5-23, U6-7, U6-8, U6-12, U6-13, U6-14, U6- Mass model U8-9, U9-12
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
R S
Reciprocating pumps U8-12 Sample input U10-11
Recommended load cases U6-26 Save Animation to File U9-15
Recommended load cases for hanger selection Scalar U6-24
U6-27 Screens U5-9
Recommended procedures U11-13 Seismic analysis U8-2
Relief load synthesis U8-20 Select Case Names U7-4
Relief load synthesizer U8-35 Selection of phase angles U8-40
Relief loads (spectrum) U8-20 Serial number U2-5
Relief loads spectrum Shape factor, wind U6-9
Force sets for relief loads Shock definition U8-14
Earthquakes U8-32 Shock results U8-5
Relief valves U8-32 Shock spectra U8-2
Skewed load U8-32 Show Event Viewer Gr U7-24
Water hammer U8-32 Sidesway U12-42
Relief load synthesis Sidesway, AISC U12-42
Dynamic load factor U8-20 SIFs & tees U5-7
Force spectrum methodology U8-20 SignMax U6-25
Relief valve U8-20 SignMin U6-25
Thrust loads U8-20 Skewed load U8-32
Spectrum definitions Slug flow
DLF spectrum generator U8-31 Specifying the load
Spectrum data U8-31 Force sets, slug flow U8-35
Spectrum load cases Force-time profile U8-35
Impulse U8-33 Load cases, slug flow U8-35
Time history U8-33 Relief load synthesizer U8-35
Relief valve U8-2, U8-20, U8-32, U8-35 Relief valve U8-35
Remaining strength of corroded pipe- Water hammer U8-35
lines,B31g U12-28 Slug flow analysis U8-2
Report options U7-6 Snubbers U8-10
Report types U9-5 Snubbers Active U6-23
Resize members U12-43 Software revision procedures 1-6
Response spectrum method U8-2 Soil model U11-10
Response spectrum table U8-14 Soil model numbers U11-10
Response vs. frequency spectra U8-2 Soil properties U11-2
Restrained weight U6-27 Soil stiffnesses U11-2
Restraint auxiliary data U10-23 Soil supports U11-10
Restraint summary U7-7 Sorted stresses U7-10
Restraints U5-11, U7-6, U9-5 Special element information U5-6
Restraints submenu U7-20 Special execution parameters U5-32
Rigid elements U5-6 Specific gravity U5-8
Rigid weight U5-10 Specifying hydrodynamic parameters U6-11
Rotating equipment U8-2, U8-12 Specifying loads, dynamics U8-5
Specifying the loads U8-9, U8-11, U8-14, U8-
20, U8-35, U8-36
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Initiating structural steel input U10-3 Underground pipe modeler U11-2, U11-3
Help functions U10-3 Underground pipe/buried pipe
Keywords in structural steel input U10-4 Bilinear supports U11-10
Running structural steel input U10-7 Bilinear springs U11-10
Static output plot U10-25 Soil supports U11-10
Range command U10-26 Ultimate load U11-10
Structure dimensions U10-17 Yield displacement U11-10
Structure nodes U10-17 Yield stiffness U11-10
Sturm sequence check U8-39 Convert input command U11-9
Sustained load cases U6-26 Element length U11-4
Sustained stresses U8-2, U8-18 Buried pipe displacements U11-4
Sustained sustained load cases U3-11 Lateral bearing length U11-4
System and hardware requirements U2-3 Meshing
System requirements U2-3 Lateral bearing meshes U11-7
System response U8-9, U9-11 Overburden compaction multiplier U11-12
Backfill U11-12
T Backfill efficiency U11-12
Task bar U2-8 Proctor number U11-12
Technical reference manual 1-4 Soil model numbers U11-10
Technical support phone numbers 1-5 Spreadsheet
Term 1-2 Buried element descriptions U11-3
The Spectrum Wizard U8-21 Underground pipe modeler U11-2
Thermal load case U6-26 Buried pipe restraints U11-3
Thermal strains U5-6 Soil properties U11-2
Thrust loads U8-20 Soil stiffnesses U11-2
Time history U8-33, U8-36, U8-41 Zones U11-5
Force-time profiles U8-36 Lateral bearing regions U11-5
Vibration U8-36 Undo/Redo in the Input Module U5-2
Time history analysis U8-3 Uniform loads U5-13
Time history load case U9-3 Unsupported axial length U12-46
Time history load cases U8-16, U8-37 Unsupported length (in-plane bending) U12-46
Time history profile definitions U8-36 Unsupported length (out-of-plane bending)
Time history results U9-3 U12-46
Time vs. force U8-36 Updates and license types 1-9
Title U5-29 Usage factor U9-8
Tools menu U4-8 User assistance
Training 1-5 Technical support phone numbers 1-5
Trunnion U12-6, U12-7 Training 1-5
Tutorial User Defined Time History Waveform U8-28
Center of gravity report, tutorial U3-11
Plotting, tutorial U3-9 V
Sample model input, tutorial U3-6 Valve U5-28
Velocity vs. elevation table U6-9
U Vertical in-line pumps U12-63
UBC U8-22 Vessel attachment stresses/WRC 107
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CAESAR II - User’s Guide
Input data, WRC 107 U12-10 Welding Research Council Bulletin 297 U12-
Nozzel loads, WRC 107 16
Curve Extrapolation U12-13 Wind data
Interactive Control U12-13 ASCE #7 wind loads U6-10
Nozzle data, WRC 107 U12-12 Methods of wind loading U6-9
Nozzle loads, WRC 107 U12-13 Pressure vs. elevation table U6-9
Reinforcing pad U12-9 Shape factor U6-9
Stress summations, WRC 107 Velocity vs. elevation table U6-9
Bending stress U12-14 Wind/wave U5-14
Membrane stress U12-14 Windows server installation U2-20
Vessel data U12-11 WRC 107 (vessel stresses) U12-8
Vibration U8-2, U8-36 WRC 107 stress summations U12-13
WRC 297
W Nozzle flexibility U12-18
Warning dialog U6-4 Nozzle screen U12-17
Water hammer U8-32 WRC axes orientation U12-9
Specifying the load
Force sets, slug flow U8-35 Y
Force-time profile U8-35 Yield displacement U11-10
Load cases, slug flow U8-35 Yield stiffness U11-10
Relief load synthesizer U8-35 Young’s modulus U12-42, U12-46
Relief valve U8-35
Slug problems U8-35 Z
Water hammer analysis U8-2 Zone definitions U11-5
Water hammer/slug flow (spectrum) U8-35 Zoom to Selection U7-24
Website U2-18
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