ENEV605002

PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN

TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN

WEEK 6
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Fadhilah Muslim, ST, MSc, PhD, DIC
Ir. Sjahril A. Rahim, MEng

September 2019
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL, FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 2019
Introduction – Internal Forces

Internal moment → Flexure

reinforcement

Shear force → shear reinforcement

Shear failure is frequently sudden and

brittle, the design for shear must
ensure that the shear strength equals
or exceeds the flexural strength at all
points in the beams.

dM/dx=V
Stresses in an Uncracked Elastic Beam
Distribution of
Flexural and shear stresses acting on
shear
elements in the shear span
stresses

Shear stresses, v, on element cut

out of the beam,
VQ
v=
Ib

equal shearing stresses exist on

both the horizontal and vertical
planes through an element.

Principal stresses on elements in shear

span
Principal compressive stress trajectories and inclined cracks

Cracking
pattern:
-Vertical crack
-Inclined cracks Inclined cracks
have extended
along the
reinforcement
toward the
support,
weakening the
anchorage of
reinforcement

Source: James G. MacGregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, Third Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1997, New Jersey
Average Shear Stress between Cracks
Average Shear Stress between Cracks
The initial stage of cracking generally results in vertical cracks which, with increasing load,
extend in a diagonal manner. The equilibrium of the section of beam between two such
cracks can be written as

M and
T=
jd
M + ∆M Or
T + ∆T =
jd
where jd = lever arm which assumed to be
∆M
∆T = constant
jd
For moment equilibrium of the element,
∆M = V∆x And
∆M
∆T =
jd
∆T
v=
bw ∆x
V
v=
bw jd
V
v= ACI design procedure approximates the above
bw d
formula which does not require he computation of j.
Beam Action and Arch Action
The relationship between shear and bar force can be written as

d
V= (Tjd ) Which can be expanded as
dx
d (T ) d ( jd )
V= jd + T Two extreme cases can be identified:
dx dx
d ( jd )
=0 If the lever arm, jd, remain constant
dx
and
d (T )
V= jd
dx
The other extreme occurs if the shear
d ( jd )
V =T flow, d(T)/dx, equal zero, giving,
dx
This occurs if the shear flow cannot
transmitted due to the steel being
unbonded, or if the transfer of shear
flow is prevented by an inclined crack
extending from the load to the
reaction. Shear transferred by an arch
action.
Arch Action in a Beam

C= compression

jd (varies)

T = Tension
Shear Reinforcement
An inclined crack open
Flexural approximately perpendicular to
reinforcement itself
required to
restraint the
opening of a
vertical crack

Inclined shear
reinforcement Vertical shear
reinforcement
Behavior of Beams without Web Reinforcement
Effect of a/d ratio on shear
strength of beam without stirrup

Shaded area:
The reduction in
strength due to
shear
Internal Forces in a Beam without Stirrup
The forces transferring shear across an inclined crack in a beam without stirrups:
Shear is transferred across line A-B-C

• Vcz, the shear in the compression zone

• Vay, the vertical component of the shear transferred across the crack
by interlock of the aggregate particles on the two faces of the crack,
and
• Vd, the dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement.
• Immediately after inclined cracking, as much as 40 to 60 percent of
the total shear is carried by Vd and Vay together
Factors affecting the Shear Strength of Beams without Web
Reinforcement
• Tensile strength of concrete
• Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, ρw
• Shear Span-to-Depth Ratio, a/d
• Size of Beam
• Axial Forces
• Coarse Aggregate Size
Effect of Reinforcement Ratio, ρw

f c' bw d
Vc = N
6
Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement

• Inclined cracking causes the shear strength of beam to drop below

the flexural capacity. The purpose of web reinforcement is to ensure
that the full flexural capacity can be developed
• Prior to inclined cracking, the strain in the stirrups is equal to the
corresponding strain of the concrete. Since concrete cracks at very
small strain, the stress in the stirrups prior to inclined cracking will not
exceed 20.7 to 41.4 MPa. Thus stirrup do not prevent inclined cracks
from forming: they come into play only after the cracks have formed.
Internal forces in a cracked beam with stirrups
Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for
Shear
The basic design equation for the shear capacity of slender concrete beams (beam
with shear spans containing B-regions) is

φVn ≥ Vu
Vn = Vc + Vs

where Vu is the shear due to factored load

Ø is a strength-reduction factor, taken equal to 0.75 for
shear
Vn is the nominal shear resistance
Vc is the shear carried by the concrete and
Vs is the shear carried by the stirrups
Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams without Web
Reinforcement
Design Equation for the Shear Strength of Members without Web Reinforcement

 120 ρ wVu d  bw d For normal range of variables, the second term

 '
Vc =  f c +  in the parentheses will be equal about
 Mu  7 0.024√fc’

f c' bw d
Vc =
6
Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with Web
Reinforcement
1. Failure due to yielding the stirrup

Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc = Vcz + Vay + Vd Vc=“shear carried by concrete”

Figure 6-26a shows a free body between the end of a beam and an
inclined crack. Assuming that all the stirrups yield at failure, the shear
resisted by the stirrups is

Av f y d
Vs =
s
Shear resisted by stirrups
Inclined Stirrups
If the stirrups are inclined at an angle α to the horizontal, the number of
stirrups crossing the cracks is approximately d(1+cotα)/s, where s is the
horizontal spacing of the stirrups, the inclined force is

 d (1 + cot α ) 
F = Av f y  
 s

The shear resisted by the stirrups, Vs, is the vertical component of F,

which is Fsinα, so that

d
Vs = Av f y (sin α + cos α )
s
Design Equation

If Vu exceeds ØVc, stirrup must be provided so that

φVn ≥ Vu where
Vn = Vc + Vs

In design, this generally rearranged to the form

φVs ≥ Vu − φVc or
Vu Av f y d
Vs ≥ − Vc Introducing Vs =
φ s
gives vertical stirrups spacing:

Av f y d
s=
Vu / φ − Vc
Maximum spacing of stirrups
Stirrups are unable to resist shear unless they are crossed by an inclined crack, for this
reason the maximum spacing are:

Max s ≤ d/2 or
600 mm

Max s ≤ d
Maximum spacing of stirrups
1 The maximum allowable stirrups spacing are
If 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 /∅ − 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 > 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
3 reduced to half those just described.

For vertical stirrups, the maximum is smaller of d/4 or 300 mm.

Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with Web
Reinforcement
2. Shear failure initiated by failure of the stirrups anchorages.

Generally, the upper end of inclined cracks approach very close to the compression face
of the beam. At ultimate, the stress in the stirrups approaches or equals the yield strength,
fy, thus the stirrups should be extend as close to the compression and tension faces as
cover and bar spacing requirements permit and, in addition, specifies certain type of
hooks to anchor the stirrups.
Stirrups detailing requirements
Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with Web
Reinforcement
3. Serviceability failure due to excessive crack widths at service loads

4. Shear failure due to crushing of the web

5. Shear failure initiated by failure of the tension chord

Vs (max) = (2 / 3) f c' bw d
Types of web Reinforcement

• Stirrups or ties perpendicular to the axis of the member

• Welded wire fabric
• Stirrups inclined at an angle of 45° or more
• A portion of the longitudinal flexural reinforcement may be bent up where no
longer needed for flexure
• Combination of spirals, circular ties, and hoops
Minimum web reinforcement

Because a shear failure of a beam without reinforcement is sudden and brittle, and because
shear-failure loads vary widely about the values given by the design equation, ACI section
11.5.5.1 requires a minimum amount of web reinforcement to be provided if the applied
shear force, Vu, exceeds half of the factored inclined cracking shear, Ø(0.5Vc), except in
1. slabs and footing;
2. concrete joist construction; and
3. beams width a total depth not grater than 250 mm, 2,5 times the thickness of the flange,
or one-half the width of the web, whichever is greatest.
Minimum web reinforcement
Minimum web reinforcement

 1  ' bw
Av ,min =   fc but not less than
 16  fy
bw s
Av ,min =
3 fy

In seismic regions, web reinforcement is required in most beam, since Vc is taken equal to
zero if earthquake-induced shear exceeds half the total shear.
Strength Reduction Factors for Shear

Strength reduction factor, Ø, for shear and torsion is 0,75. This value is lower than for flexure,
because shear-failure are more variable than flexure-failure loads
Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of beams
In a beam loaded on the top flange and supported on the bottom as shown in the Figure, the
closest inclined crack that can occur adjacent to the supports will extend outward from the
supports at roughly 45°. Loads applied to the beam within a distance d from the support in such a
beam will be transmitted directly to the support by the compression fan above the 45° cracks and
will not affect the stress in the stirrups crossing the crack shown in the following figure.
Critical section for shear
Example design of vertical stirrups
Example design of vertical stirrups in a simply supported beam

D = 20 kN/m PL = 60 kN b = 900 mm
L = 24 kN/m

L = 10 m hf = 150 mm
d = 610 mm

bw = 300 mm

fc’=25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
fys=300 MPa
Solutions
1. Compute the design factored shear-force envelope.

500

Vu( x)
Factored shear force diagram
0
Vu( 0.610)

500
0 5 10
x
Vu ( 0) = 360

2. Are stirrups are required by Code, No stirrup are required if Vn=Vu/Ø ≤Vc/2

3. Is the cross section large enough ?, the Code gives the maximum shear in
the stirrup as
Solutions
4. Check anchorage of stirrups and maximum spacing. Try D10 double-stirrups,
(a) Check the anchorage of the stirrups.
(b) Find the maximum stirrups spacing

5. Compute the stirrup spacing required to resist the shear force, for vertical
stirrups
Design procedure for web reinforcement
Compute factor shear
force envelope, Vu

f c' bw d
Vc =
6

No
Are stirrups required ? Vu>ØVc/2 Not required

Yes

Vs,max=2/3(√fc’bwd)

No
Is the cross section large enough? (Vu/Ø-Vc)<Vs,max Enlarge cross section

Yes

1
 1

πd s 2
Try diameter ds, n-leg stirrups, Av = n
4

1 bw s 16 Av f y
Av ,min = fc ' → smax =
16 fy f c 'bw
Find the maximum stirrup spacing 3 Av f y
1 bw s
Av ,min = → smax =
3 fy bw

Compute the stirrup spacing

Av f y d
s=
required to resist the shear force Vu / φ − Vc
Daftar Referensi

1. James K Wight, James McGregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics

and Design, Sixth Edition, Pearson, 2012
2. ________________, Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan
gedung, SNI 2847:2013, Badan Standarisai nasional
3. ________________, Building Code requirements for Structural
Concrete, ACI 318-2011, American Concrete Institute
4. ________________’ Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced
Concrete Buildings, ACI 314R-11, American Concrete Institute
5. L Wahyudi, Syahril A. Rahim, Struktur Beton Bertulang, PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1999