2015

Assignment (2)

Names:

 Ahmed Akram Ahmed

 Ahmed Khaled Mostafa
 Ahmed Yasser Ahmed El-Sedawy
 Abdurahman Hisham Farouk
 Hassan Atef Shawky

Group: 1 Dr.Tamer Hassan

Section: 1
3/1/2015
A-1Pa=1N/m2.

B-1bar=105Pa.

C-1bar=760mm Hg.

d-The Fortin barometer is a mercury barometer with a Vernier

scale.

E-Manometer is used to measure differential pressure based on

relationship between pressure and the hydrostatic equivalent
head of fluid.

F-Deadweight testers are used for calibrate pressure measuring

device.
  Absolute pressure  Gauge pressure

 The zero point of absolute  The zero point of gauge

pressure is always the
pressure in an evacuated
space.
pressure is provided by
the local atmospheric
pressure, which equals
approximately 1bar at sea
level.

 The relation between an absolute pressure, Pabs, and it’s

corresponding gauge pressure,Pgauge is given by:
Pgauge=Pabs-Po
 o U-Tube Manometer:
For a measured fluid of specific weight γ, the hydrostatic
equations can be applied to the manometer of:

P1 = P2 + γx + γmH – γ (H+x)

P1 - P2 = (γm – γ)* H
𝚫𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝐇 𝟏
Sensitivity (K) = = =
𝚫𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 (𝛄𝐦 – 𝛄)

To maximize manometer sensitivity, we want to choose

manometer liquids that minimize the value of (γm – γ).

o Inclined Manometer:
It is essentially a U-tube manometer with one
leg inclined at an angle θ, typically from 10 to
30 degrees relative to the horizontal.

P1 = P2 + γmH

H= L Sin (ϴ)

P1 - P2 = γm* L Sin (ϴ)

𝚫𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝐋 𝟏
Sensitivity (K) = = =
𝚫𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 𝛄𝐦∗ 𝐒𝐢𝐧 (𝚹)

This provides an increased sensitivity over the conventional U-tube by the

factor of 1/sin θ.
The sensitivity of manometer can be changed by changing the angle of
inclination.
 Deadweight testers are used to calibrate pressure gauge.
 Construction:
1. Hand pump
2. Testing pump
3. Pressure Gauge to be
calibrated
4. Calibration Weight
5. Weight Support
6. Piston
7. Cylinder
8. Filling Connection
 Principle of operation:

The testing pump is connected to instrument to be tested. A

special oil or gas is used as the pressure transfer medium. The
measuring piston is then loaded with calibrated weights. The
pressure is applied via an integrated pump in order to generate a
pressure until the loaded measuring piston rises and floats on the
fluid. This is the point where there is a balance between pressure
and the mass load.

At static equilibrium the piston floats and the chamber pressure

can be deduced as:
P = (F/A) + Σ error corrections

For most calibration, the error corrections can be ignored.

 Bourdon pressure gauge.

 Construction:

1. curved metal tube having an

elliptical cross section
2. Mechanical linkage
3. Sector
4. Pinion
5. Spring
6. Scale
7. Pointer

 Principle of operation:
A pressure difference between the outside of the tube and the
inside of the tube brings about deformation and a deflection of
the tube free end.
The magnitude of the deflection of the tube end is proportional
to the magnitude of the pressure difference (P1-P2).

 Uses :
Act as Pressure transducer.

 Advantages:
1. simple
2. portable
3. robust
4. Lasting for years of use.
 Bellows sensing element

 Construction:
1. Bellows is a thin-walled, flexible metal tube sealed at one
end.
2. Camper.
3. Sliding arm.
4. Rheostat.
5. Leads.
6. Galvanometer.

 Principle of operation:
A difference between the internal and external pressures causes the
bellows to change in length.
A mechanical linkage is used to convert the translational
displacement of the bellows sensors into a measurable form.

 Uses :

Act as Pressure transducer.

Three different techniques used to convert the diaphragm

displacement into a measurable signal :
1. Strain Gauge Elements “common
method”

 Construction:
1. Diaphragm
2. Resistance strain gauge
3. Signal conditioning electronics
4. Lead wires

 Principle of operation:

If P>Preference, then the diaphragm

have a curvature to down and then
the strain gauge convert the
displacement to electrical resistance.

 Advantages:
By using semiconductor
technology in pressure transducer
construction, we now have a variety of very fast, very small,
highly sensitive strain gauge diaphragm transducers.

2. Capacitance Elements
  Construction:

1. Thin metallic diaphragm

2. Fixed plate
3. Capacitance

 Principle of operation:
When pressure changes, so as to deflect the diaphragm, the gap
between the plates changes, which causes a change in
capacitance.

 Advantages:
1. small size
2. has wide operating range
3. Many common and inexpensive pressure transducers use this
measuring principle
4. Are suitable for many engineering measurement demands.

3. Piezoelectric Crystal Elements

  Construction:

1. Diaphragm
2. Lead wires
3. Case
4. Electrodes
5. Connector

 Principle of operation:
Under the action of
compression, tension, or shear, a piezoelectric crystal deforms
and develops a surface charge q, which is proportional to the
force acting to bring about the deformation.

 Givens: h= 10m, ρ=998.207 kg/m3 , Patm.=1.0132*105

  Find: Pgauge, Pabs.

Solution:

Pabs. = γ h + Patm.
Pabs. = (998.207) (9.81) (10) + 1.0132*105
Pabs. =201044 Pa

Pgauge= Pabs. - Patm

Pgauge =201044 – 1.0132*105

Pgauge=97924 Pa
  Givens: Pgas=104.5*103 Pa , Po= 99.8*103 Pa
ΡHg=13600 kg/m3

a)

b)
Pgas= Po + γ h
104.5*103 =99.8*103 + (13600) (9.81) (h)
h= 0.0352m
a)

Patm= γ h
Patm= (13600) (9.81) (.75m Hg)
Patm=100062 Pa
Patm=100.062 KPa

b)
Pgas= Patm + γ h
Pgas=101.3*103 + 13600(0.4 m Hg)
Pgas=106740 Pa
Pgas=106.74 KPa