TKS 41584

Teknologi Kemurgi (2 SKS)

Kuliah 12 - Biobased Materials (Part 2)

Semester Ganjil 2019/2020 (Pilihan III)
Prodi Sarjana Teknik Kimia Universitas Riau
Chitin and Chitosan
• Chitin is the second most abundant biodegradable
polymer produced in nature after cellulose.
• It is an acetylated polysaccharide composed of N-
acetyl-D-glucosamine groups linked by β (1-4) linkages
and exists as ordered crystalline microfibrils.
• Deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan. Chitin is
insoluble in its native form but chitosan is water
soluble
Chitin and Chitosan
• Chitosan and chitin are biocompatible and have
antimicrobial properties and ability to absorb heavy
metal ions.
• Because of their water-retaining and moisturizing
properties, they are used in cosmetic industry.
• Chitosan can be formed into membranes and are used
in tissue engineering applications.
Chitin and Chitosan
• The high chemical reactivity of chitosan makes them
useful in drug conjugates for cancer therapy.

• Chitosan gels, powders, films, and fibers have found

use in encapsulation, membrane barriers, contact lens
materials, and cell cultures.
Bacterial Polyesters
• Among all biodegradable polymers, polyesters are
considered as a primary choice because of their
hydrolyzable ester bonds.
• The polyesters are classified into two types: aliphatic
polyesters and aromatic polyesters.
• Some bacterial polyesters utilize bacteria like Bacillus
megaterium, Wautersia eutropha, and Pseudomonas
species to synthesize polyesters.
Bacterial Polyesters
Some of the important characteristics of bacterial
polyesters are as follows:
1. They are water-resistant, and products made of the
polyesters are water-tight.
2. The material can be processed by injection and blow
molding.
3. Polyesters are not flexible and tend to become
brittle.
4. Polyesters tend to lose their vapor barrier properties
Bacterial Polyesters
Some of the bacterial polyesters are:
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
• Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
• Poly(hydroxy-butyrate-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/HV)
• Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
• PHAs are a family of intracellular biopolymers
produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids.
• They are produced by numerous bacteria to store
carbon and energy.
• Bacterially synthesized PHAs have found importance
because they can be produced from a variety of
renewable resources and are considered
biodegradable.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
• PHB is the second member of the bacterial polyesters.

• It was synthesized from bacteria Bacillus magaterium

by Lemoigne in 1925.

• PHBs are the class that is of interest for bio-derived

and biodegradable plastics.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of
biodegradable polymers of biological origin.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most widespread

and completely characterized PHA found in bacteria.

PHB is accumulated as a carbon and/or energy

storage material in various microorganisms usually
under limiting nutritional conditions.

PHB Properties: Thermoplastic processibility,

hydrophobicity, complete biodegradability and
biocompatibility.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Currently, PHB is produced by bacteria

grown on different feedstocks.

The challenge is to find autotrophic

microorganisms to produce PHB.
 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Carbon source
Extraction

fermentation PHB in
cell wall

• Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a linear thermoplastic polyester

produced by controlled bacterial fermentation process.
Bacteria • Discovered by French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne in 1923.
• Next generation PHB will come from Transgenic plants/micro-
organisms
• Typical cost ranges from 1-2 $/lb
Poly(hydroxy-butyrate-hydroxyvalerate)
(PHB/HV)
• PHBV copolymers are thermoplastic polyesters. They
are composed of hydroxybutyrate (HB) units with
between 0 and 24% of hydroxyvalerate (HV) units
appearing randomly throughout the polymer chain.
• Produced by bacteria from agricultural raw materials,
and they can be processed to make a variety of useful
products, where their biodegradability and
naturalness are quite benficial.
Poly(hydroxy-butyrate-hydroxyvalerate)
(PHB/HV)
Poly(hydroxy-butyrate-hydroxyvalerate)
(PHB/HV)
Poly(hydroxy-butyrate-hydroxyvalerate)
(PHB/HV)
• PHB and its copolymers with up to 30% of 3-
hydroxyvaleric acid are now commercially available
under the trade name Biopol.
• It was found previously that a PHA copolymer of PHB/
HV with a 3- hydroxyvalerate content of about 11%,
may have an optimum balance of strength and
toughness for a wide range of possible applications.
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
• Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is aliphatic polyester and is
of great interest as it can be obtained by the ring
opening polymerization of a relatively cheap
monomeric unit ‘ε-caprolactone’.
• This polyester is highly processible as it is soluble in a
wide range of organic solvents.
• PCL undergoes hydrolytic degradation due to the
presence of hydrolytically labile aliphatic ester
linkages; however, the rate of degradation is rather
slow (2–3 years).
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).

• PCL is a semicrystalline polymer with a low glass transition

temperature of about -60°C. Thus, PCL is always in a rubbery
state at room temperature.
• Among the more common aliphatic polyesters, this is an
unusual property, which undoubtedly contributes to the very
high permeability of PCL for many therapeutic drugs.
• Due to the slow degradation, high permeability to many
drugs and non-toxicity, PCL was initially investigated as a
long-term drug/vaccine delivery vehicle.
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Others Biopolymers
• Polylactic Acid or polylactide (PLA);
• Polyglycolic Acid (PGA);
• Polybutylene Succinate (PBS);
• Polybutylene Succinate Adipate (PBSA);
• Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVOH) and Poly (Vinyl Acetate)
(PVA).
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