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Towards 5G System:
Conference on Wireless and
Telematics (ICWT 2016) Issues and
Challenges in
1-2 August 2016 Beamforming
Grand Aston Hotel Yogyakarta Indonesia
1 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Abstract
In order to meet Fifth Generation (5G) wireless system requirement in term
of user and system capacity, various disruptive technologies have been
proposed among other heterogeneous network (HetNets) over multiple
Radio Access Technologies (multi-RATs), Millimeter-wave, Massive MIMO
and Device-to-Device and Full-duplex communications. As 5G is
anticipated to operate in higher frequency, the propagation is more
hostile, however more elements can be packed into smaller antenna, thus
it become possible to steer the transmission towards the intended
direction and users using Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) information.
Traditionally, a beamforming is a signal processing techniques used to
control the directionality of the transmission and reception of radio signals,
thus the beam can be directed toward users and suppressed towards
interferers. Moreover, in 2G and 3G system, it been deployed using either
switched beam or adaptive beamformers in 2G and 3G system. Besides
several benefits in term of decreased interference, reduces overall
transmission power in networks, extended service and higher data rates in
sparse deployment, various issues and challenges need to be resolved for
5G beamforming deployment such as digital beamforming, DOA
estimations, Millimiter-wave beamforming and Massive MIMO
beamforming. 2 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Outline
Introduction
5G Enabler
Beamforming
BF Challenges
Related Research
Conclusion
3 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Introduction
4 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Source: Qualcomm 2013
Introduction
13 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Networks
•Small cell, new carrier type, multiple RAT, D2D
Other Technologies
•mmWave, shared spectrum, big data, indoor positioning
14 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
Heterogeneous Network (HetNet)
15 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
Software defined
control framework
for heterogeneous
RAN
16 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
19 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
20 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
5G Enabler
21 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
Essentiallynarrows a signal toward a receiver
Identified as a part of the solution to the 5G deployment
problem.
Already, beamforming is becoming a standard element
in many wireless scenarios, from Wi-Fi deployments to LTE
rollouts.
Benefit in Massive MIMO
Enhanced energy efficiency
Improved spectral efficiency
Enhanced data rate through
gain improvement
Increased system security
Improved link reliability
Applicable for mm wavebands
22 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
Two adjacent cells each communicating with
a respective UE located at the boundary
between the two cells (eNB1UE1,
eNB2UE2) with maximum signal power in
the azimuth direction of serviced UE and by
steering the power null location in the
direction of interfered UE. Beamforming can
provide considerable performance
improvements particularly for cell edge users.
The beamforming gain can also be used to
increase the cell coverage where required.
LMS CMA
Battler Matrix
RLS LS-CMA
Beamforming
SMI LCMV classifications
CGA MVDR
24 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
COVERAGE AND BETTER COVERAGE AND WITH THE SAME POWER LEVEL,
CAPACITY CAPACITY COMPARED TO CAN COVER A LARGER AND
CONVENTIONAL ANTENNA UNIFORM AREA COMPARED TO
SYSTEMS. THE IMPROVEMENT IS SWITCHED BEAMFORMING.
FROM 20 TO 200%.
INTERFERENCE SUFFERS FROM A PROBLEM IN OFFERS MORE COMPREHENSIVE
ELIMINATION DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN THE INTERFERENCE REJECTION
DESIRED SIGNAL AND AN
INTERFERER SIGNAL
COMPLEXITY AND - EASY TO IMPLEMENT IN - VERY DIFFICULT TO
COST EXISTING CELLULAR SYSTEMS IMPLEMENT AND EXPENSIVE.
AND INEXPENSIVE. - REQUIRES TIME AND
- SIMPLE ALGORITHMS ARE ACCURATE ALGORITHMS
USED FOR BEAM SELECTION (VERY COMPLICATED) TO
STEER THE BEAM AND NULLS.
26 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
Beamforming utilizes multiple antennas
transmitting at the same frequency to realize
directional transmission
Open loop beamforming
Usedprecomputed beamforming weights without
knowledge of the user’s location
Closed loop beamforming
Employs channel state information (CSI) to
calculate the beamweights
27 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
28 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
29 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
31 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
32 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
33 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
34 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
• Multi-antenna technology is a wireless communication
technology which uses more than one antennas in both Base
Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MS) in many wireless
communication standards, such as 16e,16m,LTE,LTE-A
• The technology brings:
• Power Gain
• Space Diversity Gain
• Spatial Multiplexing Gain
• Array Gain and
• Co-channel Interference Reduction Gain.
• Therefore, it is used to improve the system coverage,
enhance the link reliability and increase system capacity, and
what’s more, these performances can be achieved without
obvious cost increase in wireless communication systems.
35 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
• Space-Time Block Coding (STBC)
• achieve the Spatial Diversity Gain
• offers redundancy in the spatial dimensions by transmitting a signal
on more than one antenna during two time slot.
• Space Multiplexing (SM)
• is for the Multiplexing Gain in MIMO system
• it sends a different signal on each time-frequency resources of each
antenna
• could multiply spectrum efficiency without additional spectrum
resources.
BF systems
37 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
MIMO+BF Scheme 2- based on the entire antenna array & data transmission
38 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
The evolutionary path where Generation II moves the radio units from the indoor enclosure at
the base of a tower, up to the tower top below the antenna. RRU replaces coaxial feeder
cables with fiber-optic cable interconnects. Generation III integrates the radio unit, typically
2T4R, and antenna within the radome where the radio interfaces with a cross-polarized
antenna array. Generation IV integrates multiple radio transceivers inside the antenna where
each radio interfaces with a dedicated antenna element to form an array.
RF Beamforming
architectures
41 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
Hybrid Beamforming architectures
• The precoding and combining is done in both baseband (BB) and RF
sections. Baseband precoder(FBB) / combiner(WBB) using digital signal
processing and RF precoder (FRF) / combiner(WRF) using phase shifter.
• By reducing the total number of the RF chains and ADC/DAC, hybrid
beamforming still gets similar performance to that of digital beamforming,
but saves power and complexity.
• With this structure even though we used a large enough number of
antennas, the lossy mmWave channel naturally suppresses multi path
interference and reflections.
43 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
44 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Beamforming
3D beamforming
Both vertical and horizontal directions
Vertical cell splitting (sectorization)
Beamforming
BF Challenges
FD-MIMO 3D
Beamforming
47 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
49 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
50 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
51 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
52 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
53 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
• Feedback for channel state information for hybrid
beamforming in 802.11ay
54 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
BF Challenges
• Efficient beam selection for hybrid beamforming
55 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
5G Initiative in Malaysia
Was established on 3rd Sep 2014 – initiated by Wireless
Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM)
Members from universities, research institutions, industries and
Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd. (MTSB)
MTSB is designated by Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC) and was established to
embrace self regulatory by initiating and facilitating the
development of technical codes, standards and guidelines
The objectives of 5G committee
To foster collaboration and partnership
between academia and industry in
5G R&D activities in Malaysia.
To contribute to the standardization
of IMT-2020
To become evaluation group for Source: Rahman, T.A. 2015
56 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
IMT-2020 standardization
Related Research
5G Initiative in Malaysia
58 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
EstimatingDoA From Radio Frequency RSSI Measurements
Using Multi-Element Femtocell Configuration
59 © 2015 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Interference Mitigation Strategies for Co-Existence
Among 5G Heterogeneous Networks
60 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Problem Statement
Provision of directional beam
forming in femtocell
mandated by coverage
optimization and cell
mitigation
Future 5G wireless networks will
have to contend with severely
limited range at the high
frequencies at which they will
operate
Expect to see a proliferation of
5G base stations, including
multiple ones within a single
building.
61 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Problem Statement
A handset usually communicates
though the nearest tower but
can be made to use a more
distant one if the nearest tower
cannot handle its traffic.
No evidence investigating Radio
Environment Map (REM) in
mitigating the intercell
interference.
What is not yet known is the role
of REM in facilitating small and
dense cells deployment in future
5G.
62 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Problem Statement
Device-to-Device (D2D) architecture improve
throughput, coverage, end-to-end latency.
However, introduces several challenges, such as
interference management between cellular and
D2D users becomes one of the most critical issues
for in-band D2D communication.
If the generated interference is not well
controlled, it will deteriorate the potential benefits
of D2D communication since the overall cellular
capacity and efficiency is degraded
63 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Objectives
To introduce a novel DoA estimation
technique of the users in 5G femtocell
network by using machine learning process
To quantify the benefits of REM-data
measurements experimentally in the intercell
interference coordination within 5G small cells
To design an innovative interference
cancellation technique to mitigate cross-layer
and co-layer interference in D2D enabled
cellular network.
64 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Methodology
WP1: DoA Estimation for 5G Femtocell Multi-element Antenna
PHASE 1: Problem background and DoA characterization
PHASE 2: Development of beam steering technique based on
machine learning DoA algorithm
PHASE 3: Validation of beam steering in potential 5G
environment
WP2: Interference Mitigation for 5G Small Cells with Radio
Environment Map (REM) PHASE 1: Development of Spectrum
Sensing and Localisation Tracking
PHASE 2: Development of REM database
PHASE 3: Development of Intercell Interference Coordination
technique
65 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
WP 2: Overview of REM Prototype Architecture
REM Manager
Spatial interpolation toolbox REM Storage and
Propagation models toolbox Acquisition unit
Statistical toolbox (REM SA)
...
66 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Methodology
WP3: Cross & Co-Layer Interference Mitigation
Strategy for Device-to-Device (D2D)
PHASE 1: Investigation of interference cancellation
techniques in D2D enabled cellular networks and
5G transmission
PHASE 2: Exploring the feasibility of integrating
interference cancellation and Beamforming
precoding to D2D enabled cellular network
PHASE 3: Evaluate the interference cancellation
based on 5G specifications and network
offloading scenario
67 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
WP 3: Cellular Offloading in D2D Communications
in Multi-tier cells in Heterogeneous Networks
68 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Capacity Evaluation for UWB/mmWave Deployment in
5G System
28 GHz
SINR A=??????
38 GHz
SINR B=??????
73 GHz
SINR C=??????
MAX_SINR
69 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Capacity Evaluation for UWB/mmWave Deployment in
5G System
Empirical CDF
3000 1
SINR A
21
0.9 SINR B
22 20
2000 9 813 SINR C
57 23 8210 3 717 19 0.8
Max SINR
35 50 27
66
36 34 29 49 115
28 26
43 11 12 36
9 8 87 24 63 84 265 3 652 0.7
1000 47 48 12
37 10 4 647 5933 25 29 421 27219 1 25
P(SINR>absisca)
20 10
95 9431 769 0.6
11 12 281172 7 33 86 4690552 6 75
38 80 623
40 514596 2
3 356070 30 32
0 39 9356 12 41155 34
140
99
22 1 74 8 31 23 0.5
4429 9798 32
6 929168
54 37 18
30 1781 69
28 16
4 38 77
5 30 6 58 3867 36
21 20 13 78
42 15 14 15 14 0.4
39 100 41
31 22 5 19 27 1489 39 16 53 7 13 35
-1000 8 43
88 79 44 37
42 2617 18
23 24 0.3
32 34 1583 14 25 40 42
33 61 73 41
45 16 6 13 41 0.2
85
9 2
-2000 171018 24
46 48
47 0.1
-3000 0
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SINR (dB)
70 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• A Hybrid Gravitational
Search Algorithm (GSA)
for Enhancement of
Minimum Variance
Distortion-less Response
(MVDR) Beamforming
To develop and investigate the
MVDR beamforming algorithm
assisted by GSA so as to obtain a
deeper null at interference R 1a( )
sources and more accurate WMVDR H
steering of main lobe toward
a ( ) R 1a( )
desired signal. W1
W
To analyses the performance of W MVDR 2
the GSA so as to enable Hybrid
GSA (HGSA) based beamforming W M
algorithm to obtain its optimized
weight vectors with better
throughput.
71 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Minimization result of benchmark functions with tmax=1000
Function Method Mean Median Best Std
F1 MBGSA 1.66×10-1 1.59×10-1 1.28×10-1 0.0322
73 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• MVDR assisted by GSA perform better in terms of SINR in all
simulated scenarios as compared to conventional MVDR.
• Three new modifications of GSA have been proposed as HGSA:
Memory Based Gravitational Search Algorithm (MBGSA)
Experience oriented-Convergence improved Gravitational Search
Algorithm (ECGSA)
Stochastic Leader Gravitational Search Algorithm (SL-GSA)
• The HGSA-MVDR performs the best as compared to
conventional MVDR beamforming technique, GSA-MVDR,
MBGSA-MVDR, ECGSA-MVDR, SLGSA-MVDR beamforming
technique. HGSA-MVDR with high convergence rate is able to
determine the best weight vectors to produce better SINR in all
scenarios.
• The HGSA performs the best as compared to conventional GSA
and its variants. HGSA with high convergence rate is able to
produce the best value in the benchmark functions.
74 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Efficient Adaptive Handover
2
2
r
βCC1 = 450
be
be
βCC1 = 450 βCC2 = 450
um
um
βCC2 = 450
rN
rN
cto
cto
βCC1 = 1800
Se
βCC2 = 1800
Se
βCC2 = 1800
2
βCC1 is the Beam Angle of CC 1
r
be
βCC1 = 300
um
two contiguous CCs with different beam βCC2 is the Beam Angle of CC 2
rN
βCC1 = 1500
cto
Sector Number 1
Coverage and Beam Pattern
orientation for each carrier to enhance
Se
of CC1
βCC2 = 3300
βCC2 = 220 0
Sector Number 3
(c)
eNB1
eNB3
eNB4
CADS-2 6
0.8 CADS-3
CDF Probability of User’s RSRP [P > Q
CC-CADS 5
0.7
4
0.6
3
0.5
2
0.4
1
0.3 CADS-1
0 CADS-2
0.2 CADS-3
-1 CC-CADS
0.1
-2
-54.5 -54 -53.5 -53 -52.5 -52 -51.5 -51
0 Average Serving RSRP [dBm]
-57 -56 -55 -54 -53 -52 -51 -50 -49 0.35
Average Serving RSRP [Pr (dBm)]
Empirical CDF 40km
1 60km
0.3
80km
thr
100km
CADS-2
CADS-3
0.25 120km
0.8
CDF of Spectral Efficiency Probability
CC-CADS 140km
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.15
0.5
0.4 0.1
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.1 0
CADS-1 CADS-2 CADS-3 CC-CADS
0 Carrier Aggregation Deployment Scenarios
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
Average UE’s Spectral Efficiency [bps/Hz]
3.8 4 4.2 76 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
• Steerable Beamforming
Techniques over Carrier
Cell Layout
1.5
Aggregation in LTE-Advanced 1
7
System 0.5
6 2
km
0 1
beam steering coordinated with Carrier-
Aggregation for capacity enhancement -0.5
5 3
4
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
km
77 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
SINR for F1 (2.1GHz)
1
F1 for 10 UE
0.9 F1 for 50 UE
F1 for 100 UE
0.8
0.7
0.6 X: 6.484
Y: 0.5
F(x)
0.5
0.4
SINR for F2 (2.6GHz)
0.3
1
F2 for 10 UE
0.2 0.9 F2 for 50 UE
F2 for 100 UE
0.1 0.8
0 0.7
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
SINR (dB)
0.6 X: 20.53
Y: 0.5
F(x)
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
SINR (dB)
78 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Related Research
Current Grants
A New DoA Estimation Technique based on Multi-element
Antenna configuration in Femtocell for 5G Cellular Mobile
Communication
Autonomous Multi-objective Cross-layer Optimization for
Ultra-dense 5G Cellular Networks
Pilot Contamination and its Effect Towards Massive-MIMO
Capacity in Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Transmissions
79 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Conclusion
80 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
References
Wonil Roh. 2015. Advanced MIMO/Beamforming as Key Enabler for
5G. Johannesberg Summit. May 2016.
Chin, Woon Hau, Zhong Fan, and Russell J. Haines. "Emerging
Technologies and Research Challenges for 5G Wireless Networks."
IEEE Wireless Communications April 2014.
Akhil Gupta & Rakesh Kumar Jha. A Survey of 5G Network:
Architecture and Emerging Technologies. IEEE Access. 2015
Miranda, J.P. 2014. Interference Mitigation & Massive MIMO for 5G:
Summary of CPqD’s Results.
Shayea, I., M. Ismail, R. Nordin & H. Mohamad 2014. Handover
Performance over a Coordinated Contiguous Carrier Aggregation
Deployment Scenario in the LTE-Advanced System. International
Journal of Vehicular Technology 2014(15):1-15.
Tharek Abd. Rahman. 2015. Malaysian Towards 5G: Standardization
and R&D Activities. 5G IMT Seminar
Rahim Tafazolli. 2015. 5G: Special Generation. 5G IMT Seminar
81 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
References
Konstantinos Dimou. 2013. Interference Management Within 3GPP
LTE-Advanced.
Phil Roberts, 5G – is this the technology that will deliver the ultimate
mobile experience? 2015 (http://telecom.com)
Qian Li,Huaning Niu, Apostolos Papathanassiou & Geng Wu. 5G
Network Capacity. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine. March 2014
Moray Rumney. Keysight Technologies - Finding Space for 5G. 2014
Howard Benn, Vision and Key Features for 5th Generation (5G)
Cellular. 2014
Afaz Uddin Ahmed, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and Mahamod Ismail.
2015. Estimating DoA From Radio Frequency RSSI Measurements Using
Multi-Element Femtocell Configuration. IEEE Sensors Journal
15(4):2087-2092.
http://www.telecomclouds.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/. 2015
Zahir, T., Arshad, K., Nakata, A., and Moessner, K. Moessner, K.,
Interference Management in Femtocells, IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, 15(1):293-311. 2013. 82 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Thank you
http://www.ukm.my/mahamod
mahamod@ukm.edu.my
mahamod@gmail.com
019-2615404/019-3275425
03-89216326
UKM
84 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Department
http://www.ukm.my/jkees/
86 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Research
Wireless & Network
87 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM
Research
88 © 2016 Dr.MBI@UKM