HOMEWORK.

DOCENTE:
Angélica Carrasco
CURSO:
Ingles
ALUMNO:
- Avalos Soberón Kevin
 UNLESS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

GRAMMAR:
Unless means the same as if...not. Like if, unless is followed by a present
tense, a past tense, or a past perfect tense (never by a conditional). Unless is
used instead of if...not in conditional sentences of all types. The order of the
clauses doesn't matter with sentences using unless.
Type 1 conditional: Unless + present tense
With If Equivalent with Unless
You will be sick if you don't stop eating. You'll be sick unless you stop eating.

I won't pay if you don't provide the goods I won't pay unless you provide the goods
immediately. immediately.

If you don't study dilligently, you'll never Unless you study dilligently, you'll never
understand trigonometry. understand trigonometry.

Type 2 conditional: Unless + past tense

With If Equivalent with Unless
If he wasn't very ill, he would be at work. Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.

I wouldn't eat that food if I wasn't really I wouldn't eat that food unless I was really
hungry. hungry.

She would be here by now if she wasn't stuck She would be here by now unless she was stuck
in traffic. in traffic.

Type 3 conditional: Unless + past perfect

With If Equivalent with Unless
Our director would not have signed the Our director would not have signed the contract
contract if she hadn't had a lawyer present. unless she had had a lawyer present.

I wouldn't have phoned him if you hadn't I wouldn't have phoned him unless you'd
suggested it. suggested it.

They would have shot her if she hadn't given They would have shot her unless she'd given
them the money. them the money.
EXERCISES

Which of these sentences could you re-write with unless?

1. If you don’t have an umbrella, I’ll lend you mine.

2. If you don’t take an umbrella, you’ll get wet.

3. He’ll fail his exam if he doesn’t study.

4. I’ll be very disappointed if he doesn’t study.

5. Will it be all right if I don’t wear a tie?

6. They won’t let you in if you don’t wear a tie.

7. If it doesn’t rain in August the tourists will be happy.

8. If it doesn’t rain this August, there will be water shortages.

9. In the old days people never travelled if they didn’t really have to.

10. You’d sleep better if you didn’t drink coffee before bed.

CONVERSATION

Bill: Do you have any plans for your summer vacation?

Bob: Not really. If I have enough money, I’ll go to Turkey. If I don’t have much money,
I’ll go somewhere nearby.

Bill: What will you do unless you like Turkey?

Bob: Everybody who goes to Turkey likes it!

COUNTRIES VOCABULARY:

o Turkey
o Peru
o Germany
o Japan
o China
o Britain
 REPORTED SPEECH

GRAMMAR

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.

Direct speech vs Reported speech:

Direct speech Reported speech

She says: "I like tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish.
She said: "I'm visiting Paris next She said that she was visiting Paris the
weekend" following weekend.

Different types of sentences

When you use reported speech, you either report:

 statements
 questions
 requests / commands
 other types

A. Reporting Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

 pronouns
 tense
 place and time expression

1- Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example:

She says, “My dad likes roast chicken.” – She says that her dad likes roast chicken.

2- Tenses

 If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported

speech.
  If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported
speech.


Direct speech Reported speech

(no backshift) “I write poems.” He says that he writes poems.

(backshift) “I write poems.” He said that he wrote poems.

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says).
Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd
person singular).

Example:
He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).

Example:
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Examples of the main changes in tense:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past
He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy
Present Progressive Past Progressive
He said: "I'm looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his keys
Past Perfect Simple
Simple Past
He said that he had visited New York the
He said: "I visited New York last year"
previous year.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
He said: " I've lived here for a long He said that he had lived there for a long
time " time
Past Perfect Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the work He said that they had finished the work
when I arrived" when he had arrived"
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I was playing football when He said that he had been playing football
the accident occurred" when the accident had occurred
 Present Perfect Progressive
He said:"I have been playing football
for two hours."
Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I had been reading a
newspaper when the light went off"
Future Simple (will+verb)
He said: "I will open the door."
Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I
were rich"
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been playing football
for two hours
Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been reading a
newspaper when the light had gone off
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would open the door.
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes if he
had been rich"

EXERCISES

Complete the sentences in reported speech.

1. John said, "I love this town."

John said
2. "Do you like soccer ?" He asked me.
He asked me
3. "I can't drive a lorry," he said.
He said
4. "Be nice to your brother," he said.
He asked me
5. "Don't be nasty," he said.
He urged me
6. "Don't waste your money" she said.
She told the boys
7. "What have you decided to do?" she asked him.
She asked him
8. "I always wake up early," he said.
He said
9. "You should revise your lessons," he said.
He advised the students
10. "Where have you been?" he asked me.
He wanted to know
CONVERSATION

Karl: Hello Josie! Can you please tell me what does Paola say about the meeting?

Josie: Well, she says that she will be half an hour late.

Karl: And what about the food?

Josie: Kevin says he'll cook everything and bring it just in time for the meeting.

Karl: Well, I hope so. And have you seen Paty around here today?

Josie: Sure! I saw her two hours ago. She said she was in a hurry.

Karl: Why?

Josie: She told me that she was studying for her final test in german.

Karl: Oh, and when is she coming back?

Josie: She said she was going to be back here tomorrow, she also said she was anxious
to finish her test and to go out for some drinks tonight.

Karl: I understand. Did she say what time tonight?

Josie: She said that she hoped to be free by 7pm.

Karl: Well, I'll call her then.

 EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: NOUN CLAUSES

GRAMMAR
Embedded or included questions are used in two main situations: when we ask for
information indirectly or when we report questions. This is common in more passive, or
softer English (“Do you know…”), for reported speech (“She told me where…”) or to
discuss a question without directly asking it (“I don’t know why…”). Embedded
questions are noun phrases, so they use regular word order. The following article will
explain when and how to use them, and is followed by some exercises.
Embedded questions are always formed using a noun clause. This means it must use
noun clause word order, subject + verb, not the usual question form. The embedded
question (noun clause) is the object of a verb.
Example
“I know what his name is.” The embedded question is what his name is, a noun clause
that is the object of know.
For information questions, using question words (when, what, where, why, whose,
which, how), the noun clause should begin with the question word.
Example
“Do you know when the taxi will arrive?”
If the question asks for a yes/no response, the noun clause should begin with “if” or
“whether”.
Example
“Do you know if the taxi is coming?”
For questions formed with the verb to do, remove the verb to do from the embedded
question.
Example
“What do you want?” would become “He asked what I wanted.”
In questions the verb of the question is usually in a bare infinitive form; when it is part
of a noun phrase it should agree with the noun, with the correct tense.
Example, we might ask “What did he say?”, but as an embedded question say “I don’t
know what he said.”
CONVERSATION
John: Hi! It's a nice day, isn't it?.
Mark: SURE, it is! Could be better?.
John: If it rains today, we won't have classes.
Mark: Yeah, the teacher told us to study for a very hard math test.
John: And every exercise is written by her.
Mark: She is going to make me crazy!.
John: Ey Mark! Calm down... If we pay more attention we will understand her!
Mark: OK, we should try to do it.
John: I have studied so much, I think I'm ready, but I'm scared.
Mark: I had not understood her never, but I'm going to pay her more attention.
John: I can help you if you want.
Mark: Would you do it FOR ME?
John: Sure! I can show you my solved exercises.
Mark: Thank you! These exercises are GREAT!
John: Really? I DID all of them
Mark: AWESOME

EXERCISES
Change the following questions to embedded questions.
1. Where is the toilet?
Can you tell me …
2. When will we get there?
Do you happen to know …
3. What time is the train leaving?
Could you let me know …
4. How much money does he earn?
Do you know …
5. Is there any more cake?
Can I ask you …