Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
MR
Functional Description
Harmony syngo MR
Symphony syngo MR
Sonata syngo MR
© Siemens AG 2004
The reproduction, transmission
or use of this document or its
contents is not permitted
without express written
authority. Offenders will be
liable for damages. All rights,
including rights created by
patent grant or registration of a
utility model _or_ design,_are_
reserved.
English
Doc. Gen. 12/06
Document Revision Level
This is a document used for classroom training only and does not correspond to official version/revision
levels of the official documentation. Revisions to this document will not be distributed automatically.
Disclaimer
The installation and service of equipment described herein is to be performed by qualified personnel
who are employed by Siemens or one of its affiliates or who are otherwise authorized by Siemens or
one of its affiliates to provide such services.
Assemblers and other persons who are not employed by or otherwise directly affiliated with or autho-
rized by Siemens or one of its affiliates are directed to contact one of the local offices of Siemens or
one of its affiliates before attempting installation or service procedures.
Section
1 Introduction 1
This Introduction is intended to familiarize you with the structure of the MAGNETOM Harmony, Symphony, Sonata documentation. Here will
also be explained the print format as well as the on-line documentation and how to use it.
Service Documentation 1.
Electronic Documentation 1. 2
3
Introduction - Service Documentation
1
4
As you can see, these sections cover the major hardware sub- The structure of all other documents is specific to the type of
systems, software and Tune Up. document and is deemed unnecessary to explain in detail here.
Sources of Documentation 1.14
CD-ROM 1. .41
INTRANET 1. .42
The best source for the latest documentation and information is the
Siemens Intranet. All Siemens service employees will have access
to the intranet. A list of the links to this information cannot be
given here, since they do change from time to time. It is best if you
familiarize yourself with the CS web pages and where this
information can be found. Bookmarking these pages is
recommended, with the reminder that they can and will change
with time.
As mentioned, for CSEs entering the service field for a modality for
the first time will be given the FUN, TSG and ROP in ring book form
as well as a service CD/DVD.
5
Introduction - Service Documentation
1
6
2 System 2
The MAGNETOM Harmony, Symphony and Sonata represent a new generation of MR imaging systems designed to meet the specific needs of
radiologists and brings the new and improved technologies over previous MR product lines. Customer surveys provided many new ideas and
their wishes led to the appeareance and features of these machines.
Overview 2.1
software application improvments have accompanied these
systems over the years:
• Harmony / Symphony
The latest MR product line includes three machines sharing a • Symphony Quantum
common electronics platform:
• Harmony / Symphony / Sonata syngo
• MAGNETOM Harmony, a 1 Tesla system • Harmony / Symphony / Sonata Maestro
• MAGNETOM Symphony, a 1.5 Tesla system • Symphony, a Tim system (not described in this document)
• MAGNETOM Sonata, a 1.5 Tesla system with stronger
gradients
These systems were not only designed to improve the
performances of the major sub-systems - RF, gradients, magnet
and digital processing - with the latest technological
advancements, but to optimize both harware and software for
better image quality, higher resolutions, optimized radiological
workflows and improved patient comfort.
Since the initial introduction of the Harmony and Symphony
systems in 1997, they have since gone through two
metamorphasis that have not only changed their outward looks,
but also their peformance. New or improved hardware components
(gradient amplifier and coil, RF receive chain and RF coils) and
7
System - Overview
2
8
CCA
PMU
Shim I
SHIM
PTAB
Filter Panel
MPCU 3 MC4C40 Rx4 MC1C40 IOP
BC, LC Control
MMC
RFCI
PCI-link
PCI-CAN
GCTX GPA_INT
CAN 1
CAN 2
Gradient /
Shim Coil
Cool Water
Compr. Gas
RFSU
Body
TX 2x
RX
2x
RX
GPA RCA BC_CTRL
Coil
Module
Module Mod
RFAS
4 4 Array
.
RF
pr
TALES
Coils
BCCS
Power
om
LCCS
BTB
Amplifier
C
TAS
LPD
16
LC_CTRL
16
Figure 2 Equipment Room Components
System
Diagram
Equipment Room
Components
MMC PS SPS
MSUP
RFSU
Controller
RFCI LEDs
CCS
MMC
Cooler 1
Blower Fans
RFCI RFCI PS
RFPA
MREF
(compressor)
LPD
9
System - Overview
2
10
System
Exam Room Diagram
Filter Panel
Components
Magnet
The magnet system generates the basic magnetic field. The An electrical shim system consisting of 5 shim coils, integrated into
components required are described below. The electrical and every gradient coil, and a Shim Power Supply allow for interactive
mechanical shim are integrated into the gradient coil. fine-tuning of the B0-field to compensate local field
inhomogeneites caused by the patient and the surrounding
environment.
Magnet 2.1.1
The magnet comprises the superconducting magnet including the Passive Shim - PSHIM 2.1. 6
11
System - Overview
2
12
room orientations for spatial encoding. The gradient system The RFPA amplifies the RF signal processed in the RF small signal
includes the gradient amplifier and the gradient coil. unit to the amplitude necessary for exciting the hydrogen nuclei
(1H). For diagnostic applications, the defining parameters are peak
Gradient Amplifier - GPA 2.1.21
and continuous output as well as the reproducibility of pulse
patterns, i.e., temporal stability, since these parameters represent
The gradient amplifier consists of the components necessary for the prerequisite technical conditions for realizable examination
generating and regulating the gradient currents. This includes the protocols and the reproducibility of examination results.
electronics cabinet, the power-line filter, the gradient power-supply
lines and the electronics for monitoring the temperature of the
gradient coils. RF Application System - RFAS 2.1.3
by the local coils into an intermediate frequency and digitizes them The RFCI provides the coil control signals for dynamic de-tuning
into digital format for demodulation and filtering by the receive and the the necessary operating voltages for the RF components in
the examination room. Patient Handling 2.14
RF to the patient for the slice excitation and also as a receive coil The patient table is used to position as well as move the patient
for producing full FOV scout scans used normally for slice into the magnet bore. The motor-assisted table movement is
positioning. The body coil is impedance tuned to the patient before controlled via the front side control units located at the magnet.
the start of the sequence. Manual tuning elements are found within The standard positioning support (excluding the specific positioning
the coils allowing an adjustment of the coil elements for service supports for the local coils) as well as the patient trolley are
purposes. The Body Coil also serves as the inner cover lining of the components of the patient table. The standard patient table is
magnet bore. designed for partial body applications up to 140 cm. An optional
Panaromic patient table functionality is available for automated
table movements.
Local Coils 2.1.37
signals are transferred to the RFAS over a connector-cable system To facilitate changing patients, a removable tabletop carrier and
within the Patient Table. Most Local Coils are circular polarized for corresponding trolley are also provided as an option. The patient
optimized signal reception and all Local coils do not require patient- trolley together with the removable tabletop of the patient table
related tuning. allows for patient positioning outside the RF room. In the
examination room, the patient lying on the removable tabletop is
lifted onto the patient table with the help of the trolley. No
Spectroscopy - MKO 2.1.38
additional patient positioning is required.
The spectroscopy option allows the use of different nuclei
(standard imaging uses 1H) to perform Single Voxel Spectroscopy
Intercom - COM
(SVS) and Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI). The option requires
2.1.43
additional hardware (broadband RFPA, SAMI) and a software Since the patient is usually alone in the examination room during
package. the measurements, patient and physician communicate via the
intercom. The intercom consists of the configurations necessary in
the examination room and the operating console.
13
System - Overview
2
14
Whenever required (no direct face-to-face interaction between The Modular Measurement Control has its own processor system
physician and patient, e.g. through a window), the patient is which performs the RF, gradient, timing and aquisition events
monitored during the examination via a video camera. The set-up described within the sequence. It also provides the hardware for
consists of the camera, the monitor as well as the cabling. signal generation and generation of the hardware specific dynamic
control signals as well as a communications network providing the
channels for controling the peripheral components and providing
System Control 2.15
The system control is the main communications interface for the The PMU acquires the ECG signals, the pulse and respiration of the
overall system. It converts examination protocols or user input to patient and forwards it to the measurement controller. The sensors
the corresponding control signals and transmits these signals to are cableless utilizing the Blue Tooth wireless interface for
the affected components via a CAN (Controller Area Network) transmitting the measured signals to the base station installed in
communications bus. It also monitors the functional status of the the patient table electronics which processes the signals before
various subcomponents and processes these accordingly for sent to the measurement controller. The PMU electronics contains
system monitoring. all sensors, voltage supplies as well as the cables for
communication with the measurement controller.
Host Computer - HOST 2.1.51
The hardware comprising the host computer includes all processor In-Room MRC 2.1.5
components required for patient data management, image With the optional In -Room MRC it is possible to st art
handling (image display, post-processing, evaluation, hardcopy measurements inside the examinationroom and check the images
documentation, archiving), and measurement sequence immediately for supporting interventional tasks.
programming. This includes all elements of the processor's user
interface, e.g. monitors, satellite console, console table, power
distribution MRC, keyboards, mouse, and data carriers, etc.
as specified to the power-supply side of the system. The power The software used in the MAGNETOM Harmony, Symphony and
distributor provides the different components with individually Sonata is NUMARIS 4. This is a completely new design, with
fuse-protected supply voltages. The main power distributor is adoptions to the hardware, especially the MMC.
located in the main electronics cabinet which includes space for
installing additional components.
Options 2.18
15
System - Overview
2
16
17
System - Overview
2
18
19
System - Overview
2
20
3 Software 3
This section covers the most expensive part of the system: software. You can’t see, smell, taste or feel it, yet it is a major cause of eye,
heart, lower back and stomach diseases as well as hair-loss and impotency. Scientific studies have found, however, that approx. 0.2% of the
population is immune to the side-effects of software. Through observation of this minority group it could be proved that these individuals
exhibit typical characteristics. It is not allowed to reveal these details to the general public, but we can say this much: they like to have all
their socks in one draw and feel an affiliation to the letter "C++". If you belong to this group, we know you’ll enjoy this section. The rest of
you, wear the appropriate safety gear, exercise due caution and visit your doctor regularly.
Introduction 3.1
• Operating System (OS)
• Applications (syngoMR)
• Scanner Peripheral Control (CPU and FPGA loadware)
This description will give a general overview of the syngo MR
software and its components. The main emphasis will be the
service relevant aspects of the software. In most cases, repairing Of course, there can be no software without hardware. The
software problems will entail either fixing a bad configuration or re- hardware components running one or more of these software
installing software entirely. But, to satisfy curiosities, some groups :
background knowledge of the software and what is it SUPPOSED to • MRC and MRSC Host
do will also be presented. • MR Image Reconstruction MRIR (Imager)
• Scanner hardware peripheral units such as the
Overview 3.1 Measurement, Physiological & Communication Unit (MPCU)
and various low-level hardware and peripheral controllers
Software has now become, by far, the single most expensive
component of our MR systems. It has and is being developed by The software components mentioned above which require
more than 300 programmers across four continents and is interaction from and with the user or service engineer will be
continually growing in functionality, size and number of unexpected looked at more closely, that is primarily the software running on
features. the Host. The Imager software is invisible to the user and generally
does not require configuration or handling and therefore will not be
To gain our bearings, lets first define the software components
covered, although some tips will be given which may help
running on the system. In general, the software components determine whether it is running properly. The scanner software is
running in the system can be classified into one of three groups:
discussed in the Control System section.
21
Software - Introduction
3
22
System
Diagram
Host Imager
Software Installation
Operating Application
System Software
Scanner
System Software
Ethernet
A
CPU DSP CAN
G
FP
System
Software VxWorks Loadware
Config
Data Loadware
Overview
These Loadware and Configuration Data components are stored locally in
FLASH or EPROM, but can be refreshed or replaced by the Host. The Software
for the CPU on the MPCU board must be downloaded by each system start.
Imager Software 3.12
Raw Data Disk F: 3.1.24
The software for the Imager as such will not be covered since there Below is the contents of drive F:. You can see that each of the four
are no service actions involving direct interaction with the Imager raw data drives contains two 4GB raw exchange buffer files. The
software. There are some issues, however, that will be mentioned other files are also spread out over the four disks. This is what
here that could be helpful when dealing with the Imager. you’ll find on it:
Next
Remote Connection 3.1.21
If the remote connection over the Host is not possible, then the
only other alternative to see what is going on inside the Imager is
to connect a monitor and terminal to it.
A monitor is also necessary to determine whether all the raw drives
are being recognized. The raw drives can only be seen during the
boot of the Imager.
The presence of the Q Disk MED_SYSTEM Q:\"Imager IP number" The Imager uses components from the general syngo package and
on the Host is an indication that the communication link to the therefore requires a license. The license file is located on the Host
Imager was successfully started. under the directory C:/MedCom/tftp and on the Imager under
C:\MedCom\config\licensing.
Grafik: Help > Info Disks... highlight Q The Host copies this file to the Imager. If the Imager is changed, a
new license file will need to be installed on the Host. Follow the
replacement procedures correctly!
23
Software - Introduction
3
24
The Host software includes a Microsoft OS and the syngo MR ® The common syngo applications are the same for all syngo
software applications required for setting up scan protocols, image implementations accross all modalities and include the Viewing,
pos t-processing, image arc hiving functions and other Filming and 3D processing functionalities.
organizational tasks such as providing the imager and hardware
controllers with software during the scanner boot up procedure. MR Specific syngo Applications 3.1.34
syngo® 3.1.31
• Mean Curve • BOLD
syngo is a software platform developed especially for medical • ARGUS Flow • Spectroscopy Evaluation
systems and applications and provides the basis for modality • Perf MR - Neuro Perfusion • Nero 3D - 3D Offline fMRI
specific control and applications as well as applications for a wide
range of post-processing and other radiological workflow-related
functions. syngo has a modular structure and can be divided into syngo User Interface 3.1.35
these major functional blocks (refer to Figure 5): syngo provides a user friendly graphical interface providing a
• the syngo Platform common interface across all modalities, workstations, radiological
• the syngo Applications and clinical information systems implementing the syngo software.
• the syngo User Interface The syngo software together with the MR specific application
packages is called syngo MR software
syngo Platform 3.1.32
Much of the software just mentioned can be configured and
The syngo platform utilizes a Common Software Architecture (CSA) adapted to the workflow requirements and personal preferences.
which provides fundamental functionalities such as basic image This will be discussed throughout this section.
processing tools, a DICOM data model, an image database and
networking capabilities.
A Patient Browser enables access to and allows one to navigate Scanner Software 3.14
Main
Host Software Overview Host
Diagram
syng
o Us
er Inte
r face
Viewing
Exam
Filming
3D engine
Mean Curve
ARGUS
syng
o Pl Task Patient Exam *
atfo
rm Protocols*
Cards Browser Explorer
O pe
ratin
g Sy
stem
DICOM Database Transfer
...
Options
3D Vessel
Spectro.
Perfusion
Manager
syng
...
o an
d
App MR rel Help SRS
licat a
ions ted
* Not available on MRSC
25
Software - Introduction
3
26
syngo MR 3.2
Figure 6 syngo MR Task Cards
The syngo and syngoMR Applications are loaded onto Task Cards
(see Figure 6) which are automatically started when the Host is
booted or can be started manually.
Exam
The arrangement of the task cards reflects routine workflow in the A standard task card, developed by
hospital or practice and their layout supports the examination the MR business unit.
procedure.
Task Cards which are produced by the syngo software factory and
available on all syngo-based modalities are : Viewing
A standard task card, developed by
• Viewing • Filming • 3D (option) the syngo developers.
The Filming Task Card will only be loaded after a DICOM camera
has been configured. If a DICOM camera is not physically available,
it is possible to configure a dummy camera in order to get the Filming
Filming Task Card. This task card is an integral part of syngo and A standard task card, developed by
the syngo developers.
does not require additional licensing.
The 3D Task Card is an optional package requiring additional
licensing. 3D
An optional task card, developed by
syngo MR specific Task Cards
the syngo developers
3.2.1
Although all the functions and commands found under these menus
are described in very minute detail in the Operators manual (print
number MR-05000.621.01) there are several functions that are
useful to know for Service engineers and will be discussed here :
• The Patient Browser • The System Menu
• The Transfer Menu • The Configuration Menu
• The Exam Explorer
27
Software - syngo MR
3
28
The configuration mask for the Patient Browser is started under the browser automatically. Additionally it can be configured, which of
Options > Configuration menu. The window appearing will look the flags are displayed in the tree view and the list view of the
much like the Windows Control Panel, having several icons for the patient browser.
various configurable entities. Under them you will find the Patient
Browser. Clicking it will call up the Browser configuration mask.
Figure 7 shows the top half of the General configuration mask with
the various Work Status flags that can be configured. The Work
Status flags serve to support the work flow of the imaging process.
Once images have been created, the will not stay indefinitely on
the modality, but will be printed, sent to an archive device or
archived locally to mass storage media. Flags can be set according
to the user’s work flow. Once images have been printed or sent to
archive, the flags are used to indicate that the images have
Figure 7 Work Status Flags
Confirm Deletion
Auto-update
on open Window
Completed
Committed
Committed
Archived +
Archived +
Received
Exported
Archived
Verified
Verified
Printed
History
Sent +
Read
Sent
Shown work status
Permit delete if
29
Software - syngo MR
3
30
Transferring images to mass media or remote network nodes is Command Description Flag
performed via commands located under the Transfer menu found set
on the Viewing Task card or the Patient Browser. Used to archive images to the local CD ROM. The
Archive to CD burner is configured as an archive device A
CD-R during the software installation.
Figure 8 Transfer Menu
Used to archive data to computer systems over
the network which have been configured as a
Archive to A
Back DICOM archive node. When selected, a dialog box
opens with a list of the available archive nodes.
The Flags that are set will only be displayed within the Patient
Browser if they have been set to be displayed which is described
under the Setting Work Status flags section on page 29.
USERS
Protocols are found under two main groups: SIEMENS and USER.
The protocols located under the SIEMENS tree are factory defaults
and read only, they cannot be modified. The USER programs can be
modified and are used by the customers for their examinations.
Region
Protocols are organized within a strict hierarchy as shown in Figure
9. The top level consists of Regions. Regions correspond to the Exams
Protocols
anatomical region to be examined. Regions consist of Exams,
Programs
which in turn contain Programs which are a grouping of
Protocols.
31
Software - syngo MR
3
32
Back
of Protocols
New
Software Software New Software
Installation Re-installation Version
Siemens Siemens
It is not necessary to
copy the SIEMENS tree new!
to the User tree if a
new!
backup exists. If you
do, the Siemens
protocols in the backup
set will be restored and
C:\medcom\bin\MRExamDbTool.exe: given the extension
Copy SIEMENS to USER tree 001.
33
Software - syngo MR
3
34
The System Manager provides status information of the Host, The Image Reconstruction System card displays the applications
Imager and MR scanner. It is invoked over the menu: System > running on the Imager. From here you can reboot the imager
Control. hardware or attempt to restart the application servers. Use this
only if you are feeling lucky.
The System Manager / Host card displays the status of the loaded
applications. The Exam-Task, Viewing-Task, Filming-Task and the
3D-Task are normally running (green arrow up). Optional tasks
which are not loaded are marked with a red arrow down.
Applications which are hanging and not responding can be closed
and restarted without having to shut down syngo MR or the
operating system. It may work. But then again, it may not.
MR Scanner Card 3.2.63 Tools Card 3.2.64
The state information is displayed for all monitored hardware The Tools card is used to acquire diagnostic information or check
components (i.e., have CAN components (SLIOs or Modules) or important system files. If a software error occurs during scanning,
CPUs) within the MR scanner. These are listed under "Component it is recommended to create a MrSaveLog file immediately. It
Name". The current status of the components (OK, Not OK) is contains valuable diagnostic information valid at the time the error
shown in the State column. The State flag here indicates that all occurred. It is stored in the C:\MedCom\MriDiagnostic folder as a
conditions required for an "OK" state have been met, i.e., no errors ZIP file.
or faults occurred or is in an undefined state. The list is updated
The MR Consistency-Checker checks the system files for changes
automatically. During the reboot phase, the message "The Scanner
every time the system boots. The result is saved in a log file. You
is not online" will be displayed. When all scanner components are can view the content of this file in the Support & Diagnostic Tools
up and running "MR scanner is ready" is displayed.
window by clicking the View Consistency Log button.
The System On and Stand By buttons can be used to turn the
scanner components on and off. The Reboot function is necessary CAUTION Never install additional software on the system.
to reset the NOT OK state if an error occurred. Doing so could replace existing system files and
corrupt the scanner software.
35
Software - syngo MR
3
36
The language of the data displayed within the white fields in the
Patient Browser and Patient Registration UIs is determined by the
DICOM Character Set.
syngo MR also displays information about your scanner system. The System card provides further information about the scanner
This includes information regarding memory capacity and system. Here you will find information about hardware and
availability. Select the menu Help > Info menu item. software options installed as well as the available coils.
Also, the expiration date (if applicable) of software option licenses
General Card 3.2.81
are shown.
37
Software - syngo MR
3
38
The Disk list displays all physical and logical (network) drives as If your console or satellite console is connected to a network, you
well as their capacities and available space, expressed in MB and may view network-specific information on the Network card such
number of images. as the node names (computer names) and IP addresses.
All local databases are listed under Database. You are also shown
how many images can still be stored in each matrix.
If the MRSC has been configured to share the database with the
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine MRC, the transfer of images between the two units is NOT in the
DICOM format but the native format of the Versant database. If the
MRSC has been configured to have its own Local database,
Overview 3.31
communication of images between the two units is performed
This section provides some general DICOM information as it using the DICOM protocol. In this case, both units must be properly
pertains to syngo MR. Detailed information about DICOM can be configured for DICOM.
found any and everywhere else. The most comprehensive source of The DICOM Conformance Statements should be referred to for
DICOM materials within the organization will be found at the detailed information on the DICOM implementation i.e., which
Connectivity Competence Center (CCC) intrAnet page. DICOM services and objects are supported as well as useful
configuration information. The DICOM Conformance Statements
can be found on the Siemens Intra- and Internet pages.
DICOM Services 3. .1
39
Software - DICOM
3
40
Back
Basic
RIS Worklist Scanner Workstation Storage / Archive
Query / Storage
Retrieve Commitment
Performed
Procedures
Media
Basic Print Storage
DICOM
Configuration
Network Nodes
Print Devices
DICOM Configuration 3.32
be properly displayed (not that it would do you any good...).
The DICOM character set is not to be confused with the fonts usage
by the Windows XP operating system. syngo is a program running
Overview 3. .21
under the Windows OS, so the text in the menus and program
The DICOM services of both the local and remote DICOM nodes are fields will use the character set and language as defined in the
configured under the Service Software (SeSo) configuration tool. "Regional Settings".
There are currently seven DICOM configuration pages : Currently three DICOM character sets are available.
• General • ISO-IR6: 7Bit ASCII e.g. for the US
• Character Set (see Figure 13) • ISO-IR100: 8Bit ASCII e.g. Latin1
• Offline Devices includes special characters such as ä,ö,ü,ß, œ, é, ê and other
• Network Nodes (see Figure 14) strange characters used in many foreign languages.
• Print Devices (see Figure 15) • ISO-IR13: Japanese character set
• HC Overview LUT Files Look at the online help for the selection of "multiple character
• HIS/RIS Nodes sets". The selected character set will be written in the image
header as DICOM attribute 0008, 0005.
If a Radiological Information System (RIS) or Hospital Information
System (HIS) uses a different character set for patient registration,
General 3. .2
the character set of the worklists will be taken over so that the
This mask provides several DICOM communication parameter patient records and images created by the modality will use that
settings such as local AE titles, maximum number of associations character set. The local character set setting will be over-ridden.
(simultaneous connections), protocol data unit sizes and time-outs. This behavior is true for patient registration only.
These parameters are usually set to default values, but have been
provided to allow for "fine tuning" of DICOM communications to
equipment with older DICOM implementations.
Offline Devices 3.3.24
41
Software - DICOM
3
42
Back
Image
t?
Se
RIS
ra
MWL
Ch
0
Local
10
R
Database
_I
Register
O
IS
t?
Patient
Se
Registration
ra
Ch
The character set of
the imported objects
will be used
Service Configuration
DICOM default character set
Back
43
Software - DICOM
3
44
Page 1
Back
Page 2
Page 3
Database 3.4
combines it with the pixel data to create DICOM files and writes
them to the chosen mass storage device (which, by the way, must
be p r o p e r l y configured in the Service Software). When the
The database used by syngo has been structured to accommodate procedure is finished, the entries in the archive store database are
both local storage of patient images and the transferring of patient deleted.
images and records to remote DICOM nodes. The database has The archive store database is also used to import images from a
built-in translators for translating native database records into the CD to the Local database. If the CD has a DICOM format, it will be
DICOM format and vice versa. automatically mounted and the contents (DICOMDIR) displayed.
With the "Transfer > Import" command the image headers can be
Overview 3.41
imported into the local database and the pixel data are imported to
the pixel drive "E".
The database structure is seen in Figure 16. It consists of four
The Exchange Board database (D:\Database\Exchangeboard) is
individual databases:
an Input/Output interface to a network connection. When
• the local database (indigenous - native - inherent) transferring images over a network connection, the header
• the scheduler information and the pixel data is combined to produce a DICOM file
• the archive and placed in the exchange board database from where it can be
• the exchange board sent over the network. Also film jobs are placed in the exchange
board database. After a film job is finished the last X number of
Database Structure 3.42
film jobs are kept in the job list, where X is set in the "Print
Devices" section of the configuration . This allows to restart a job in
The Local database (D:\Database\Local) is the main database case of film jams or any other printer problems occur. When
containing the image header records as well as pointers to the images are displayed for evaluation the relevant information of
actual pixel files stored on drive "E". manipulations is stored in the exchange board database as well.
Entries in the Scheduler database (D:\Database\SchedulerStore)
can be created by the pre-register dialog in the Patient Registration NOTE The host name is part of the image information in the
window or are retrieved from a HIS/RIS system via the DICOM local database. Therefore all images have to be archived
Worklist service. These records are only temporary and will be and deleted on the local database before the host name
transferred to the Local database as soon as the patien t is changed!
examination is begun. Therefore, the records in this database have
no images and no pointers to drive "E".
The Archive database (D:\Database\ArchiveStore) is used as an
Input/Output interface of the Local database to external mass
media storage devices (CD, DVD, etc.).
When images in the Local database are to be written to mass
media, a list of the images to be written is created which contains
only pointers to the images in the Local database. The archive
procedure takes the image records from the Local database,
45
Software - Database
3
46
Local Query
Database
Local
Database Translation
Pre-register
DICOM Network
Local Job Status (CTRL L)
Import
Archive Export
Local
Network Job Status (CTRL N)
Storage / Print
DICOM
Exchange Retrieve
Remote
Physical Arrangement of Database 3.43 Figure 17 Database Overview
Database Translation
Database Translation
MRSC Database 3.4.32
Archive Archive
The MRSC uses two hard disks only:
DICOM
DICOM
physical
• drive "S" (CD-R) is used to store patient data on CD-ROMs
logical
and
• drive "R" (DVD-ROM) is used to import patient data into the
database.
There are two different database configurations possible for the #0 C:\ system (Win XP, #0 C:\ system (Win XP,
MRSC. It can be configured to operate as a satellite of the database syngo MR) syngo MR)
running on the MRC Host or set up to operate as a stand-alone #1 D:\ database & Image #1 D:\ temporary database
database. headers queues only
These two configurations are described on the following pages. #2 E:\ pixel (image pixels) S:\ CD Recorder
* DVD -R recorder
S:\ CD Recorder
R:\ DVD
* DVD -R recorder
R:\ DVD
* Systems with R630 or newer
and supported with VB27
onwards
47
Software - Database
3
48
In this configuration, the MRSC shares the Local database and the
Scheduler database of the MRC Host database. Data transferred
between the MRC database and the MRSC are NOT in DICOM
format, but in the native Versant format. This has the benefit that
images pulled from the MRC database do not have to be converted
into DICOM first before being transferred. Another benefit in this
configuration is, there is only one copy of images. The results of
post-process operations performed on images are stored directly to
the MRC database. There is also only ONE set of images and thus
no extra care has to be taken that images are actual and up-to-
date.
MRSC
MRC
SeSo / Configuration / Local Host - Console Options SeSo / Configuration / Local Host - Console Type
User
Password ******* Confirm *******
Account meduser
You must use identical account and password on satellite and main console
Password ******* Confirm *******
You must use identical account and password on satellite and main console
Local
Preregister
Scheduler
Archive Archive
Exchange Exchange
49
Software - Database
3
50
MRSC
MRC
SeSo / Configuration / Local Host - Console Options SeSo / Configuration / Local Host - Console Type
Database Properties
Satellite console
nt
define new Add Del
Host Name
TCP/IP address
po
m
User
t i
Account
noPassword Confirm
You must use identical account and password on satellite and main console
Local Local
Scheduler Scheduler
Archive Archive
Exchange Exchange
51
Software - Database
3
52
The image header and image pixel data are stored on separate In order to prevent unintentional deletion of patient images there is
disks, thus if one of the disks goes bad the whole database is a built-in protection mechanism using work status flags. Printed,
damaged. For this reason, there is NO database repair tool. Archived, Sent and Received are set by the software automatically.
The flags Completed, Read and Verified can be set by the operator
Due to the structure of the database, there are dependencies himself. Icons for doing this can be configured to be available in the
between the Local and Scheduler databases so that if one of them
tool bar of the Patient Browser.
becomes corrupt it will be necessary to recreate them both.
The work status flags are shown in the tree view of the patient
Therefore, repairing the database involves deleting the defective
browser automatically. Additionally it can be configured, which of
one and creating a new one. This procedure is described in the
the flags are displayed in the tree view and the list view of the
TSG. patient browser.
The patient browser configuration tools also allows to get a warning
Exchange Database Repair 3.4.41
message in case of operations not to be performed without
Due to the problematic of transferring DICOM data and print jobs confirmation.
over a network connection it can happen that the Exchange Board
gets "stuck". It is now possible to delete this database part
s e p a rat e l y. T h i s i s p e r f or m e d b y s t a r t i n g t h e b a t c h f i l e :
C:medcom\utils\ExchbRemove_MR.bat. After deleting this Database Status Request 3.46
database you must reboot. During the reboot, the system will There are different possibilities to check the size and status of the
recreate the Exchange Board automatically. databases.
Use the main menu Help > Info and select the Disk/Database card.
The possible database access functions are shown in Figure 16.
Here you see two groups: internal accesses and external accesses. This command is available on the MRC and MRSC.
Internal access means the own Host software accesses to the MRC: the
database to import DICOM images from a CD-ROM or MOD, to
record or archive DICOM images on a CD-ROM using the CD-R via Service Software 3.4 6.02
drive, to prepare the virtual film sheet of the Filming task card, to Another way is to start the service software, select Utilities Source
register a patient or preregister a patient locally. Escape to OS and type in the command dblist and click Go.
External access means to send and receive images via DICOM These functionalities are available at the MRC and MRSC.
services storage and query / retrieve, to print images via DICOM
basic print or to preregister patients at a HIS or RIS and get that
patient data via DICOM service worklist.
Figure 20 Database Status
Back
MRC
MRSC
53
Software - Database
3
54
Overview 3.51
Local Access 3.5.21
After selecting Local Service in the menu Options Service and SAM password protects the different service levels which allows the
typing in the required password, the SeSo platform (shown below) access of the available features to certain persons only.
will be displayed.
Customer: The first level is accessible without password by the
Figure 21 Service Software User Interface
operator. Here only configuration parameters can be displayed.
SIEMENS Back In addition this level is used automatically if the operator selects
the Event Log in the menu Options Service Eventlog.
Home Menu Event Log Reports Documentation Help SAM also distinguishes between local access and remote access.
There is the service password only for local access which allows to
Service Software access the service software user interface without further
Training Center Erlangen limitations, since the CSE is at the system and has full control over
the system anyway.
NUMARIS/4 MR 22002
If wanting to log onto a system remotely there are three modes the
*******
Configuration Tune Up Quality Assurance File & Image Tools
Back
Syngo UI Service UI
Local Remote
SIEMENS SIEMENS
Authentication Authentication
Customer
Inhouse
SIEMENS
Service
Home Menu Event Log Reports Documentation Help
Password Protection
Service Software
201.1.145.111
Service Levels
Training Center Erlangen BASIC
NUMARIS/4 MR 22002 Remote Access Level is now: “limited access permanent”
NUMARIS/4 syngo MR 2004A
Service Level = 7
Service
ADVANCED
Configuration Tune Up
OK
Quality Assurance *******
File & Image Tools Access
Backup & Restore Shim Test Tools Auto Report
EXPERT Manager
Magnet & Cooling DICOM Tests Utilities
Installation Protocol
SIEMENS
55
Software - Service Software (SeSo)
3
56
Back
Event Log 3.53
Post Filters 3.5.32
• the Windows OS With the Domain filter only messages from the selected message
• Remote service (SAM) source will be displayed.
• syngo MR Facility 3.5 3.2
Regardless of the source, all messages are written into the same
For the dis play fac ility Service i t depe nds on the service
Event Log.
configuration parameter "Display Service Messages" whether
service relevant Developer messages are displayed or not.
Pre-Filters 3.5.31
57
Software - Service Software (SeSo)
syngo MR RDIAG Windows OS
Figure 25
Pre
Service
Filters
OS Events
Activities
Event Log
Overview of Event Log
When entering the SeSo / Configuration page a List of system Configuration Masks
options is displayed with corresponding check boxes that can set if Back Local Host
that option is to be configured (see Figure 26). The list of options is
Configuration Site Info
Console Type
shown on the config mask on the left side and the list of the Console Options
corresponding configuration pages on the right, with colored boxes Country Code
Main Configuration Page Life @ Your Scanner
showing the options to the corresponding configuration page(s). TCP/IP LAN
Users
Even if no options would be checked all the default configuration System MonitorType
MR
type
pages (pages in the list on without colored boxes in Figure 26) will Security
Settings
still be available and must be configured. Service
List of Mail
The following configuration masks will be discussed on the system FTP
following pages: options AutoTransfers
59
Software - Service Software (SeSo)
3
60
MRC
At the Host you have to configure an IP address and a net mask for
NIC1 (network interface controller 1, located on the Host 192.168.2.1
motherboard) and for NIC2 (PCI card in slot 1). NIC1 is used to Netmask:
communicate to the MRSC and hospital LAN, NIC2 is used to 255.255.255.248
communicate to the AMC and the Imager. The IP addresses and net
masks for the AMC (i.e. the MPCU) and for the Imager are loaded
Internal Network
automatically from the Host during boot of the MR scanner.
IP Conflicts 3.54.1
Back
61
Software - Service Software (SeSo)
3
62
NUMARIS 4
The backup tool can be started in the service software Home menu
3.5 5.21
with the button Backup & Restore. A restore of Numaris4 should be used after software re-installation
or software update only. All protocols from the user tree with and
There are several predefined backup packages, some of the MR
without archive flag are backed up. Restoring Numaris4 after
specific packages are discussed here, see Using the Restore Tool.
software re-installation means all protocols are available again.
To make a backup put in a CD-ROM into the CD-R drive, start the After a software update the protocols without archive flag are
service software and open the menu Backup & Restore. Then select deleted. In addition to the protocols other software parts will be
the Command Backup, select Drive [S] CD-R, select the right restored e.g. registry entries.
backup package under Packages e.g., Numaris4 and click Go. In
the footer you see Backup/Restore Running ..., now the backup file Customer Protocols 3.5 5.2
for the selected package is prepared and after a while it is burned A restore of a CustomerProtocols archive file should only be used if
to the CD-ROM. While the backup is running you get some text all user protocols included in an older backup should be restored.
output and also time stamps like: Note: All previous user protocols are deleted during restore!
Start Backup: <day>, <data>, <time> and
ExamDB 3.5 5.23
The restore tool can be started in the service software Home menu
with the button Backup & Restore.
To restore, put in a backup CD-ROM into the DVD-ROM drive, start
the service software and open the menu Backup & Restore. Then
select the Command Restore, select Drive [R] DVD-ROM, select the
right backup file under Archive (e.g., Numaris4-10-02-2004-10-11-
37.ar) and under Groups select all groups or several groups or one
group only and click Go. In the footer you see Backup/Restore
Figure 30 Backup and Restore
Back
Backup & Restore
Drives
Command
Backup
Packages Backup & Restore Packages
SELECT
CustomerProtocols
Diagnostic
ExamDB
MriCVLicenseFile Customer Diagnostic ExamDB Numaris4 SW Settings
Numaris4
Security-Settings Protocols
SW-Settings02 N4Site User Configuration (Options / Configuration)
Backs up everything System specific params,
tune_up values, User Licenses
under
C:\MedCom\MriCustom hardware settings
SeSo Configuration :
er\examdb\Root. LocalHost
N4Customer Service
Same as Numaris4 - Customer protocols ExternalDevices
DICOM
N4Customer
EPRI\Server\
N4SeSoDB
Applications
QA reports Database
Shimreports TCPIP
Test Tool reports
Tune_up reports
Drives
Command
Restore
Archives
63
Software - Service Software (SeSo)
3
64
65
Software - Siemens Remote Services
3
66
Figure 31 SRS Access Server Structure SRS <> Modality Port Connects 3.63
SRS Portal Databases Figure 32 shows an overview of the protocols used for the various
users sites SRS functionalities such as File & Image Tools, Auto reporting,
System Utilization and other Value Added services.
Siemens intranet
How to test the ftp connection to the SRS Server is shown in the
stats images document Installation Software, section Remote Connectivity: Test
FTP login to the Remote server.
The figure below shows an overview of the SRS mail connection.
Mngr
How to test the mail connection to the SRS Server is shown in the
CA Asset Mngr
Router
Dist
Demilitarized zone
document Installation Software, section Remote Connectivity.:
CA Event
CA Sftwr
Testing connectivity from system to RDIAG server.
-
-
SRS
Firewall Acess
Server
Router
Hospital/Practice Router
Figure 32 SRS Connection Protocols
Back
SRS
Server MR-System
File and Image (put)
FTP- FTP
Server Download (get) Client
Web Web
SAM
Browser Server
http
67
Software - Siemens Remote Services
3
68
Overview 3.71
The software reload for the Imager is started during boot from CD-
ROM, everything else runs a u t o m a t i c a l l y. Any questions?
69
Software - Software Installation
3
70
The S O F T W A R E The S O F T W A R E
Win XP syngoMR
BIOS Win XP syngo+N4
Installation
Restore
Backup
Backup
- DICOM config
Install Time Calculation
ncd
t install = Σ1 dt read • γ +k
where :
ncd = number of install CDs
tread = read time of each CD
Backup / - Numaris 4 γ = murphy’s constant, dependant on day of week
Restore - SW-Settings2 Mon-Thurs =1 Fri-Sun = 3
k = can be anywhere between 2 to 8 hours
Section
4 Host / Imager 4
Introduction 4.1
Host (MRSC) 4.12
The major tasks of the Host of the MRC are: Imager (MRIR - MR Image
• User Interface (syngo) Reconstruction) 4.13
71
Host / Imager - Introduction
4
72
System
Alarm Box Diagram
MMC
MPCU
LAN,
Hospital Network
Scanner
Host (MRC) 4.2
Primergy 470 Celsius 670 Celsius R610A/B
(discontinued) (discontinued)
The MR Console (MRC) and MR Satellite Console (MRSC) consist of Front-side Connections
the following components:
USB 2.0 0 0 2
• a high resolution LCD Display : output device
• keyboard and mouse: input devices Audio none none
Headphone out
Microphone in
• Host (Intel based PC) - basic model identical for both MRC
and MRSC, however, configurations are different. Rear-side Connections (see Figure 37)
Developments are rapid in the computer industry and therefore Line in (blue)
Audio none Line out (green) same
this description applies only for the current configuration of the Mic in (purple)
model implemented at the time of creation or modification of this 2x USB 2.0 4x USB 2.0 4x USB 2.0
document. Future versions of course will have faster processors, 1x IEE 1394
more memory, larger disk capacity and more software. 1x Parallel (DB-25) 1x Parallel (DB-25) 1x Parallel (DB-25)
I/O 2x PS/2 (Kybd, mouse) 2x PS/2 (Kybd, mouse) 2x PS/2 (Kybd, mouse)
1x RJ-45 LAN 1x RJ-45 LAN 1x RJ-45 LAN
Host Configurations 1x Serial (DB-9 pin) 2x Serial (DB-9 pin) 1x Serial (DB-9 pin)
4.21 1x VGA analog 1x VGA analog 1x VGA analog
The table below lists the main hardware features for the current PCI Slots
Host types. See below for information on discontinued Hosts. NIC2
1 MOXA MOXA
Intel Pro /1000MT
.
Figure 35 MR Console Hardware 2 Sound SCSI 29160N
NIC2
3
Intel Pro /1000
General
Intel P3 2x Intel Xeon 2 x Intel Xeon
CPU @ 1.7 / 2.2 GHz @ 3GHz
@ 550 / 850 MHz
73
Host / Imager - Host (MRC)
4
74
Foot Space
Imager
Main
Alarm
MPCU
Switch Mouse
Box
Diagram
MRSC or LAN, LCD
Hospital Network Display
MOD
Drive
(Option)
4 5 7
Hd p hon e
M i cr o
L i ne O ut
M ou s e
Keyb d
port
Seria l
A udio
1Gbit
NIC1
Port
1394
Card
IE EE
U SB
MRC MRC
Rear-side Connections * * only only
* *
Connections
* CPU CPU
Front- side
U320 LVD
PCI
A u dio
IDE
Motherboard Interface Boards
ID 0
System
C: Disk
ID 1
Host
S: R: Database
Floppy Celsius 670
D: Disk
Celsius R610
ID 2
CD-R DVD Pixel Disk
* DVD-R E: (MRC only)
Drives
* = for differences between models, see text
I/O Connection Plate 4.2 Drives 4.23
Figure 37 Host Motherboard Rear Panel The Motherboard provides four on-board drive controllers for:
• Floppy drive - is needed to install new licenses when
Primergy 470 Back purchasing additional options or to install licenses after a
software reload.
• CD Recorder (CD-R) - for image archiving and software
Parallel Ser 1 Ser 1
backups.
• DVD Recorder (DVD-R) - The R630 Hosts are configured
VGA Ser 2 Ser 2
with a DVD burner and which will also be supported with the
VB13 software.
• DVD Reader - An IDE device, the DVD-ROM drive is intended
for software installation, reloads and updates.
Celsius 670
• Hard Drives (HDD) - The drives are 16 bit SCSI U 320 (320
Parallel MB/s) LVD (Low Voltage Differential).
• MOD Drive option - is available for both the MRC and MRSC
Hosts and it is connected to the second on-board SCSI U320
Ser 1 Ser 2 LVD controller.
Parallel
Audio
E Pixel 73 (73/ 2 SCSI U2W SCSI U160 SCSI U320
LAN 36/ SCA LVD LVD
18)
Serial
R CD-ROM 5 SCSIU LVD IDE IDE
S CD-R 6 SCSIU LVD SCSI / IDE IDE
Celsius R630 F MOD (opt) 1.7 3 SCSI-2 SCSI-2 SCSI-2
LAN
75
Host / Imager - Host (MRC)
4
76
Raw data will be only available for display when storage is enabled
before the measurement. The second possibility to display raw data
is a re-transformation from the images. This is always possible.
77
Host / Imager - Imager (MRIR)
4
78
Main
Imager Overview Diagram Diagram
Celsius
Host
MPCU
RX_4
MMC
R610
Keyboard
& Mouse
Emulator
DB -25 p i n
D B -9p i n
Pa r all e l
S e ri a l
PS-2
Receiver
I n te rf ac e
In te r fac e
G r aph i c
NI C 1
S CS I
PCI
Motherboard
* *
CPU RAM Slot 1 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 6
PCI
IDE
Adapters
CD-ROM
System Disk Raw Data Disks
Drives 18GB 18GB
Figure 39 Imager (MRIR) Celsius 670
Main
Imager Overview Diagram Imager Overview Diagram Diagram
Celsius 670 (Single Tower) 1,7 GHz Celsius 670 (Single Tower) 2,2 GHz Celsius
R610
Celsius
Host Host
MMC
MMC
MPCU
MPCU
RX_4 RX_4 460
Keyboard Keyboard
& Mouse & Mouse
Emulator Emulator
D B - 25 p in
DB - 25 p in
100 M b i t
1 00 M b i t
D B- 9 pin
D B- 9p in
Par a l l e l
P ar all el
S e r ial
S er ial
PS-2
P S- 2
G r a p hi c
Receiver
PCI
Int e rf ac e
NIC 1
NIC 1
2916 0N
G r a p hi c
I n t e rf a ce
SCSI
PCI
Receiver
Motherboard
Motherboard
* RAM * Slot 1 Slot 6 * RAM * Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 6
CPU CPU
PCI PCI
AGP AGP
IDE SCSI IDE SCSI
Adapters
CD-ROM CD-ROM
System Disk Raw Data Disks System Disk Raw Data Disks
Drives 18GB 18GB Drives 18GB 18GB
79
Host / Imager - Imager (MRIR)
4
80
Main
Imager Overview Diagram Diagram
Celsius
Host
MMC
MPCU
RX_4 670
Keyboard
& Mouse
Emulator
D B - 25 p in
100 M b i t
D B - 9 pin
Par a l l e l
S e r ial
PS-2
PCI G r a p hi c
NIC 1
I n t e rf ac e
Receiver
Motherboard
AGP
IDE SCSI
Adapters
CD-ROM
System Disk Raw Data Disks
Drives 36GB 36GB
Keyboard / Mouse 4.3.23 Figure 41 PCI Receiver
Keyboard and mouse have to be connected temporarily, only RX4
during sw-installation and configuration. Back
In the measurement mode, the raw data will be sent from the MMC v1 v5
via the Raw Link (piggy back on RX4) and the fibre optic cable to V1 V5
the PCI Receiver. Power On Test for a few seconds
Boot
The Data Receiver contains a 16 MB SDRAM, which works like a all off
FIFO and allows to buffer data.
during Win NT boot
Some LEDs indicate the functions, see Figure 41.
81
Host / Imager - Imager (MRIR)
4
82
In-Room MRC 4.
The "In-Room MRC" option extends the monitor and mouse of the
MRC inside the exam room to allow the user to operate the system
in an interventional mode. A keyboard is not part of this option
since in all likely hood the Doctor’s hands are full of blood and
fleshy bits and pieces anyway.
There are two versions of the IN Room option which will be called
OLD and NEW. The diagram in Figure 42 shows the new version.
The old version can be Besides power supplies, there are only
cables for the LCD-display and the mouse connected to the
corresponding distribution box.
Function 4.41
Monitor 4. .1
The video signal to the MRC and In Room MRC monitors are
identical. The video signal from the Host is simply split and
amplified by either the Interconnect Box (new version) or a video
distributor (old version).
Mouse 4. .12
Remote
In-Room MRC Monitor
Old version
FO
E
LWL Outputs
R R R
In Room
Sync Sync Out 2 MRC
H G G H G H
Out 3
V B B V B V
AC AC
Mouse Multiplexer
Mouse AC
Out InRoom
MRC 12V DC
Power
Supply
230V AC Z4,5
LPD
83
Host / Imager - In-Room MRC
4
84
Examination
Room
230V AC
Interconnet Box
DVI Z30,
12V DC Z31
PS2
FO
MRC
Video Distributor
LWL Outputs
Input Ouput 1 Ouput 2 Out 1
R R R
Sync Sync Out 2
H G G H G H Out 3
V B B V B V
AC AC
Section
5 Control 5
You are now in the Control section of the Functional Description. It begins with an introduction to the MMC - Modular Measurement Control.
This is followed by a functional description of the software and then a description of the hardware components. You will find both text and
graphics in the descriptions. The pictures can be looked at in color (they will be shown only in black and white if printed, however). The text
can be read. Experience has shown that the maximum efficiency is achieved when combining the two.
Introduction 5.1
The Concept 5.1
85
Control - Introduction
5
86
Functionality 5.2
software updates delivered with newer software packages will
automatically be downloaded to the CAN Modules.
At power on, the CAN Modules software versions are checked and if
In this section a description of the MMC’s functionality will be
necessary (i.e., new software or parts replacement) will be updated
presented. The Modular Measurement Control responsibilities can
with actual versions. This task is performed by the MPCU. The
be grouped into the following tasks:
software modules for the scanner hardware are physically located
• Scanner Software Download on the Host system disk. This process is described below and
• Sequence Control shown in Figure 44.
• Supervision and Error Handling
• System Standby MPCU Boot Procedure 5.2.13
As seen in the Software section, there are several components At power on, the MPCU performs an initialization and self test of its
which require software. These components can be basically on-board circuitry. During this test routine, the BIOS writes
grouped into two groups: progress codes, also known as POST codes, to LEDS connected on
• CPUs, DSPs and FPGAs the parallel port (X14 on the MPCU). The LEDs display these codes
in hex format.
• CAN Modules
Load Operating System 5.2 1.32
After the MPCU has loaded its OS, the next step is to perform a
CAN Modules 5.2.12
start-up script. In this script all further steps are defined:
- Load and start MPCU tasks
Many of the peripheral hardware units and sub-systems of the
- Boot the DSPs in MC4C40 (+MC1C40)
scanner, (Gradient amplifier, RF System components, Patient Table,
- Boot GCTX and RX4
etc.) have control components, either CAN Modules or CAN SLIOs,
that provide hardware control functions and a feedback path for - Check CAN units and load loadware if necessary
local monitoring. The programs for the CAN Modules are stored in - Load parameters into CAN SLIOs
non-volatile memories - EEPROMs or Flash memory - and
programmed in the factory with the most current version. CAN
Figure 44 MMC Software Download The "start-up sc ript" executed by the MPCU contains the
instructions for downloading the software into the MMC units.
Host MPCU Scanner Status and error messages will be logged into the file
C:\Medcom\log\mpcu_startup.log . Interpretation of this file needs
reboot
detailed knowledge, but it could be helpful for support. This file will
Power on selftest selftest
scanner be overwritten by the start of the start-up scrip (e.g. with "System
/ Control, Reboot Scanner").
boot Host OS get IP addr For detailed messages of the MPCU activities another trace can be
boot OS
start network
started with System/Run -> StartMPCUTrace. Messages will be
processes boot
logged into C:\Medcom\log\MPCUTrace.log.
load VxWorks
Y
error ?
A special measurement sequence will be started that should exceed
MC4C40, GCTX immediately some predefined low SAR limits for that
STIMO, PALI
Run Sequence GPA, RFPA, BCCS measurement. If is tested if the PALI can detect this problem.
functional test
TALES, RX4
Y
error ?
Indications 5.2.17
87
Control - Functionality
5
88
89
Control - Functionality
5
90
In the SAFE-Model, the physiological stimulation is approximated order and 2nd-order distortions. In order to get the field
by filtering the differentiated gradient pulses. Each gradient pulse homogeneous, the 1st order terms are compensated by driving an
is differentiated and then filtered by applying at least two offset current to the gradient coils. For compensating the 2nd order
exponential functions using two time constants. The filtered signals terms, all systems are already equipped with 5 shim coils in the
are then added together using a weighting function and then gradient coil assembly. To drive a current also through these coils,
compared to an established limit. The established limits have been you need to have the shim option installed. If no shim option is
derived empirically through studies done on real people (they are present, the 3D Shim will only calculate the 3 linear gradient
all still living). If these limits are exceeded, stimulations are to be offsets.
expected.
Eddy Current Compensation 5.2 2.53
5.2. 6
91
Control - Functionality
5
92
Hardware 5.3
Block
MC4C40
MC1C40
Diagram
RX4
IOP
MPCU Box
PCI_Link
PCI_CAN
MPCU
MPCU
Figure 46 MMC Block Diagram
Power
RX_Module
RX_Module
RX_Module
RX_Module
TX_Module
Parts
Supply Location
RF Room door /RFCI
RFSU
SYNTH 1
TX 1
X28-30,
X34-36
Fan_OK, N_PPC_Reset
X27
RFCI
Door-contact
X33 RFCI_CTRL
Physio Data
+12V, -12V
Ethernet
Beeper
Backplane
RFPA
RFPA_CTRL
X13 H1,H2 X3 X1 X15 RFPA_ON U1
EXT_TRIG_OUT U2 Customer device
RX4 RX4
GPA_INT
MC4C40
MC1C40
for fMRI
MPCU Box RFPA_UNB1 U3
CORA_UNBLK
GCTX
D12 D12 RFPA_UNB2 U4
MHSEL 0 U5
MPCU2/3 Advanced
IOP MHSEL 1 U6
(TALES)
D14 MHSEL 2 U7
RFAS
IPA
option SEQ_ON U8 RFAS_CTRL
D10 D11 D21 D22 D16 SE_CTRL U9 (BCCS)
(LCCS)
RFAS_SEL0 U10
(Quantum) U11
PCI (Sonata) U12
RAWLink
RAWLink
CAN PCI U13
U14
D28 Link CAN2 U15
MOD1
MOD0
RFCI
CAN1 U17 RFCI_CAN
X1
X2 X4A X3 U1 X3 U1 X6 X4 CAN1 U18
CAN1
CAN2
Standby
D26 (NUM/3.5 only)
Raw
MMC
GPA_CTRL STIMO Data
Overview
CAN GPA MRIR LPD
93
Control - Hardware
5
94
This board provides a digital data interface between the MPCU and
the DSPs on the MC4C40. The bus drivers and monitoring of this
bus are found on the MC4C40 (see MC4C40 LED description).
Figure 47 MPCU Box Block Diagram
Main
Diagram
X27
FAN_OK
IOP
N_PPC_RES
X1 (at back side) MMC
Backplane
MPCU Box
MPCU 2/3
Host
X15 Ethernet
POST LEDs
X14 Backplane
Power PC
PMU
Physio_Data 603/750
32/64 MB
266/300 MHz
CAN1
PCI CAN
PCI Link
H2
CAN
Intercom
H1
Physio_Beeper
X3 CAN2
X13
X12
n.c.
MC4C40
X4A
X2
RFCI
Door Contact X2000
95
Control - Hardware
5
96
PCI bus
CTRL
during the sequence
• Mute - used to connect peripheral devices that must be put Backplane
into standby during the sequence, in order to prevent noise
The ACTIVE bus is labelled as CAN Bus 1. PCI bus
PCI_CAN
The MUTE bus as CAN Bus 2
Outputs 5.31.2
LEDs 5.31.23
Opto Opto
Only the CAN Bus 2 controller has LEDs: Coupler Coupler
MX3
ISO ISO
Trx Trx
Module 1 Module 0
X12
CAN
Figure 49 CAN Bus Topology
Main
Diagram
BTB2 BTB1 LCCS PTAB (A514)
U3 U1 U3 U1 U3 U1 U3 U1
U4 U2 U4 U2 U4 U2 U4 U2
CAN Bus
Topology
Harmony : BTB1(42MHz)
RF Cabin Symphony: BTB1 + BTB2 (both 63MHz) Filterplate
Technical Room
MSUP & Shim TX_Module RFCI
Chiller
TX
GSU RX CAN1
Backplane
X402
U14
U15
Module 1 U15
U16
CAN 1
Master X5
X401
U17 U1
CANOpen
+CPU U18 U2
Module 0 RCA
CAN 2
CANprop
SLIO
U3
fibre U4
X6
optic PCI-CAN
electrical
U2 U4
U3 U5
RFPA
GPA CCA
97
Control - Hardware
5
98
There are LEDs indicating bus activity on the CAN2 bus at the IOP,
RFPA and BTB. At the CAN1 bus there is no such an indication.
In the idle state there is no activity on the bus.
In the diagram you find that some CAN units are called SLIO and
some are called CAN Module.
• CAN SLIO is a serial-linked-IO, this means it just has input
and output ports, no intelligence.
• CAN Module has a CPU and a loadable software program.
SLIOs have to be polled by the MPCU, while the CAN+CPU units
can actively access the bus.
CAN Modules (CAN & CPU) 5.3.21 Figure 50 CAN Modules
CAN modules are relatively small piggy-back devices which contain
a CPU. There are five such modules used in the scanner, most of
which are identical. A CAN module is identified by a 4-bit unit ID
which is provided on the board into which the Can Module is
Found in these units:
plugged into. GSU, MSUP, RCA, RFCI, PTAB
As with all CPU circuits there is also some RAM and a PROM for
Firmware. The firmware is the same for all CAN modules and
contains only a boot, initialization and loader program. LW FW
LW FW
The application specific software for the CAN Modules (called RAM EEPROM PROM
CPU
loadware - LW) is contained in an EEPROM and will be downloaded
Reset &
during installation or software update. CAN
LED 5.32.1
After power ON, the CPU will boot and initialize its environment
with the Firmware contained in PROM. At this time the FW LED will CAN Module
blink. After completing the boot process it will load the Loadware
from the EEPROM, if available, and turn the LW LED on and the FW
Mini DIN
LED off. or ID
FOC
The FW / LW LEDs are used to indicated other conditions according (Isolation)
to the diagram at right.
With a reset button the CPU will be forced to restart like power ON.
After a reset a "Reload All" has to be performed, since unit specific
LW FW
NUMARIS parameters may be required.
Power OFF off
FW-mode blink
During a measurement all units at CAN bus 2 will be set into "sleep LW-mode (normal) on
mode" in order to avoid noise. This is indicated by a permanently lit
idle-mode (sleep mode)
LW LED. Any activity on the bus will wake up the SLIO units. The
CAN+CPU units will wake up when they are addressed by the Selftest failed
M P C U . T h i s i s n o r m a l l y t h e c a s e f o r t h e P TA B a f t e r t h e (blinking alternat.)
severe bus error
measurement but not for the RFCI.
erasing E2PROM
99
Control - Hardware
5
100
start LW if Error
checksum was stay in FW
successful
NOTE The hardware of the piggy modules is identical but the
loadware is not! During power on, the CPU switches
from FW to LW. This LW is designed for a specific unit. wait for CAN
It is not predictable what this software will do in a commands
different environment. Therefore don’t swap the piggies!
MPCU requests Hard drive
LW version
no
up to date? Download LW
yes yes
possible errors
Flash blank
no
start LW checksum error
status request
LED Description
MC4C40 5.3.31
GCTX 5.3.32
101
Control - Hardware
5
102
Main
MC4C40 GCTX Diagram
TX X1
Re
TX FIFO
ERR
TX_Mod
DIR TX_IF
STAT
Im TX_OFF
Test_En,
ASIC Test_Rd,
X4A
DSP 1 OutS,
TX Gain,
Res RXLO_Re
MMC backplane
RFON
NCO RXLO_Im
Coil_Mask_Sel,
X33
RFCI
BC_Ctrl, LC_Ctrl,
DSP 2 Clock
TX_ON
MPCU Generator
Res GC CLK_10 RFPA_Unb, SE_Ctrl,
Box CLK_20 RFAS_Sel, Ext_Trig_Out
ERR Delay
DIR N_PCI_Reset
Generator
IOP
STAT N_SYS_Reset
PCI_Link
Grad Amplitudes
Control Word
RFPA_ON, MH_SEL 0:2
Pipeline
TX_ON, RX_ON
TICO
RX4
RXLO_Re,Im
ERR TX_OFF
DIR Grad delays RXIO_Bus
STAT
DAC
Res ECC Pipeline
X4
Grad
Res GPA
OSC 0-2
DSP 3
ERR SAR
DIR
STAT
MC1C40 / GPA_INT 5.34
LEDs 5.3.45
LED Description
Overview 5.3.41
MC1C40 5.3.42
GPA_INT 5.3.43
The GPA INT is connected to the MC1C40 as a piggy back. The only
used front connection is X4 which receives the actual current
values of the three gradient axes from the GPA.
Outputs 5.3.4
In addition two signals are control and status for the GPA:
• GPA_ON -> Enables gradients, but disables if stimulation limits
are exceeded
• WDG_ERR -> Watchdog error
103
Control - Hardware
5
104
Main
Diagram
MC1C40
MC1C40
D21
GPA INT GPA K2217
D22
Filter / AV_GX
ADC_X Amplifier
Reg.
Filter / AV_GY
ADC_Y Amplifier
AVA
D12
GCIO_Bus
ERR
DIR or
MC4C40 Filter / AV_GZ D124
STAT ADC_Z Amplifier
EMMI Modulator
D14
Control
SEQ_ON
GCTX
DAC
D11
RX4 5.35
LEDs 5.3.54
The RX4 board supplies four demodulator and filter circuits for up to LED Description
four RF channels. on when the 20 MHz clock (generated by the
CLK_20
The Advanced IPA option includes 4 additional RF channels synthesizer of the TX_Module in the RFSU) is available,
essential for the entire RF system and MMC
requiring a second RX4 board.
TX_ON transmitting of RF power is enabled, this signal is
necessary for PALI supervision
RECEIVE data are being received from RFSU
Inputs 5.3.51 TRANSMIT data are being transferred to the Imager (MRIR) for
image calculation
As the RX4 block diagram shows, the main task of the RX4 is to
WDOGEN the PALI watchdog is enabled
demodulate the receive signals. As input signals there are the 4
RBANK Read Bank, internal signal necessary for sorting the
digitized MR signals RX1_IF...RX4_IF coming from the RX_Module
data
in the RFSU and the digital demodulation signals RXLO_RE and
UNEXPRFERR there is RF from the RFPA without the TX_ON signal,
RXLO_IM generated from the 10MHz clock by the GCTX. And all this is an error condition.
signals are in 16 bit format. This explains the 435 pin (!!!)
PALIERR PALI watchdog error. PALI did not react to an watchdog
backplane connector. Don’t mess any up, with your luck they will all interrupt in less than 20µs. Software may have
be used... crashed.
Demodulation 5.3.52
Via the MOFI interface the data is sent into two ASICs called MOFI1
and MOFI2 (MOFI stands for modulator and filter). Here the
digitized MR signals will be demodulated, or better said, the
demodulation will be calculated. Digital demodulation has the
a d va n t a g e t h a t e x p e n s i ve a n a l o g c o m p o n e n t s ( L P f i l t e r,
demodulator, ADCs) are not required and there is absolutely no
distortion of the signal - one more step towards excellent image
quality.
Output 5.3.53
105
Control - Hardware
5
106
Main
Diagram
MMC
RFPA_ON CLK_20
Backplane
MH_SEL 0:2 TX_ON
TX_OFF RECEIVE
Rx_On, Tx_On, Control Event TRANSMIT
Clk_10, Clk_20 Interface Control
MC4C40 WDOGEN
GC_TX RF_ACT RBANK
UNEXPRFERR
PALIERR
RXIO_Bus DSP
N_SYS_Reset Interface
RAM
RX1,2_INS
U1 RX1_IF
MOFI Interface
RXLO_RE
RX2_IF
MOFI
RXLO_IM 1 Serial U1 Raw_data
MRIR
Rx4 Data Bus
Interface
LO_RE X4
RX1_IF
LO_IM RAWLink
RX_Module RX2_IF
RX3_IF RX3_IF
MOFI X3
RX_Module RX4_IF RX4_IF
2 RS-485
Interface
IOP
RX4
D26
RX5_IF
RX_Module RX6_IF
RX7_IF
RX_Module RX8_IF RX4 X3
U1
IOP 5.36 Figure 55 IOP Reset Circuit
At the left top the LEDs of the MMC power supplies must always be
on.
Reset 5.3.62
A monitoring system checks for the +/- 5% limits. Since there is no
-5V supply, the jumper x13 (2-3) bypasses the check in order to
The Power On Reset or the manual Reset via the push button will enable the LED and avoid an error message. Any power failure
reset all MMC boards and MPCU via the backplane. The software would reset the MMC.
can reset the MMC via MPCU, MC4C40 and IOP.
Standby 5.3.64
107
Control - Hardware
5
108
IOP Main
D14 Diagram
+3,3V
±5, ±12, +3.3 +5V
RFPA_On Voltage
-5V
MH_Sel 0
N_Power_Good Monitor
+12V
N_Pow_Fail
RX4
MH_Sel 1
-12V
MH_Sel 2
N_SYS_Res
N_PCI_Res
Reset
N_PPC_Reset reset
Control
N_Sys_Res
MMC Backplane
RFPA_Unb X3
SE_Ctrl Ext_Trig_In (n.a.)
RFAS_Sel 0
MC4C40
RFPA_Ctrl U1, U6
Ext_Trig_Out RFPA_On U1 DORA
N_PCI_Res Customer device
Ext_Trig_Out U2
Res 0-2 for fMRI
RFPA_Unb U3
Ext_Trig_In
RFPA_Unb 2 U4 CORA
N_SYS_Res
MH_Sel 0 U5
MH_Sel 0:2 U1-U3
MH_Sel 1 U6 TALES
Tx_Mod
MH_Sel 2 U7
Seq_On U8 U1
RFAS_Ctrl BCCS
SE_Ctrl U9
X27
RFAS_Sel 0 U10 U5
LCCS
RFAS_Sel 1 U11
Fan_Ok Fan
4 1
Res 0 U12
Res 1 U13
Fan
Res 2 U14
CAN_LWL U15
X6
CAN_2 CAN_LWL U16
X5
(D16 piggy back)
Section
6 RF System 6
Introduction 6.1
achieved with a CAN SLIO component.
For 1.5T systems a multi-nuclei spectroscopy option is available
which includes an additional 2kW solid state amplifier. We were in a
RF Small Signal Unit - RFSU 6.1
hurry, so we borrowed the CORA from the Open system. At
The role of the RFSU has been reduced to that of a converter. The spectroscopy frequencies it produces more RF than we need.
RF pulse modulation and MR signal demodulation are performed by
DSPs of the GCTX and RX4 respectively. The Tx_Module must only
convert the digitally modulated RF pulses from the GCTX and then
mix the result up to the required system frequency. Conversely, the
RF Application System - RFAS 6.13
Rx_Module mixes the MR signal down to about 1MHz and A/D The functions are all there: T/R switch, pre-amps, impedance
converts the 1MHz IF frequency for the RX4 which then does the matching networks. For the most part, the previous circuits have
filtering and demodulation digitally. been consolidated into a single unit to reduce the component
There are no adjustments required and there are no filters to clean count. The BTB has grown somewhat from three fixed tuning
and maintain. ranges of the Impact/Expert to 128 or 256 tuning positions. A
calibration program, similar to the one used in the Vision, will be
The RFSU components are broad-band and are used for 0.2T used to "map out" the tuning ranges so that the impedance
(8.25MHz), 1.0T (40.45MHz) and 1.5T (63.6MHz) systems. matching process (patient tuning) can be automated and
performed within seconds.
The SAMI is a new device for included in the spectroscopy option.
RF Power Amplifier - RFPA 6.12
It allows fast switching of the RF transmit source (High Power RFPA
or Broad Band RFPA) for de-coupling experiments.
A new double-resonant RFPA has been designed for the Harmony,
Symphony product family. It is fully solid-state (no tube, no Control for these components is exercised by CAN controllers or
external power supplies, no discharging points and no manual SLIOs. In its simplest form, a CAN SLIO is principally a
adjustments), extremely small, is water cooled, can produce up to programmable I/O chip with a CAN bus serving as the
15kW and can be used on both the 1 and 1.5 Tesla systems. The communication link to a CPU. A CAN controller has an integrated
amplifier recognizes the input frequency automatically and sets the CPU. Both types are used in the RFAS.
max power limit accordingly. Communication to the RFPA is
109
RF System - Introduction
6
110
A major technological advancement has been achieved in the Local The RF System Menu 6.15
Coil design concept which has been termed Integrated Panoramic The RF System hardware components have been placed into the
Array. The Integrated Panoramic Array, or IPA, is the latest
following blocks:
evolution in coil handling and CP array coil technology. The basic
• RF System Block Diagrams for:
approach is to:
- Harmony
• reduce patient setup time by having some coils integrated
- Symphony
into the patient table
- Symphony with Spectroscopy option
• reduce the number of individual coils
• increase flexibility and optimize image quality by the • RF Signal Unit (RFSU)
possibility of combining almost every single coil with others - TX_Module
for the intended application - TX_Module for Spectroscopy
- RX_Module
The advantage of the Integrated Panoramic Array is to reduce
patient setup times by leaving the head and spine array on the
• RF Power Amplifier (RFPA)
patient table for almost all examinations with the exception of - 15kW RF Power Amplifier (DORA)
female breast imaging. Therefore one has no longer a "Body Array - 2kW RF Power Amplifier (CORA)
Coil" or a "Neck Array Coil" as on Expert and Vision but the CP • RF Application System (RFAS)
Spine array serves as the lower part of these coils; they are used in - TAS for 42/63 MHz
conjunction with the CP Neck Array or the CP Body Array, - SAMI for 63 MHz
respectively. The user has to select the corresponding spine array - BCCS for 42 MHz
elements in these cases. The image area is not just where the coil - BCCS for 63 MHz
is located but it is variable.
- LCCS for 42/63 MHz
Harmony and Symphony systems can be equipped with IPA - TALES for 42/63 MHz
(standard) or Advanced IPA (option). In addition, both systems are - BTB for 42 MHz
using analog linear signal combination of elements as well as array - BTB for 63 MHz
image combination. This will be explained in more detail in the
• Antenna Systems
Local Coil section below.
- Body Coil for 42 MHz
- Body Coil for 63 MHz
All array coil resonator elements employ circular polarization - Local Coils
technology for optimized homogeneity and utilize built-in • RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
preamplifiers for unparalleled S/N performance. The coil casings
use a specially formulated plastic with a high static load rating and
excellent RF permeability to ensure good RF field homogeneity. All
Figure 57 Harmony RF System Block Diagram
50
PF PR
Loop1
Synthesizer RxLO
CV
MC4C40 RFCI
Backplane
MMC
Coil Control
RX4 Bodycoil
LCCS
RX_Module
Receiver A 1
PF
MR SIG 1 Test
SGA
PR
Receiver B CV 2
4
MR SIG 2 4
Switch 4
Array 3
4
RX_Module Tx/Rx
Local
RX_Module 4 Coils
16 x 8
RX_Module
111
RF System - Introduction
6
112
50
PF PR
Loop1
90°
Synthesizer RxLO
CV
BC-47 BC-2
MC4C40 RFCI
Backplane
MMC
Coil Control
RX4 Bodycoil
LCCS
RX_Module
Receiver A 1
PF
MR SIG 1 Test
SGA
PR
Receiver B CV 2
4
MR SIG 2 4
Switch 4
Array 3
4
RX_Module Tx/Rx
Local
RX_Module 4 Coils
16 x 8
RX_Module
Figure 59 Symphony/Sonata RF System Overview
50
TTX1 PF PR
Loop1
CORA
90°
SAMI
Synthesizer RxLO
PF PR
CV
BC-47 BC-2
MC4C40 RFCI
Backplane
MMC
Coil Control
RX4 Bodycoil
LCCS
RX_Module
Receiver A 1
PF
MR SIG 1 Test
SGA
PR
Receiver B CV 2
4
MR SIG 2 4
Switch 4
Array 3
4
RX_Module Tx/Rx
Local
RX_Module 4 Coils
16 x 8
RX_Module
113
RF System - Introduction
6
114
Overview 6.21
Overview 6.2.21
Parts Main
Mod 1
Rx
Location Diagram
Mod 2
10MHz_REC1
TX_Module Synthesizer
Rx
10MHz_REC2
Latch
RXLO1_1
10MHz_REC3
Mod 1
Fixed RXLO1_2
Rx
10MHz_REC4
285 MHz
Mod 3
Oscillator RXLO1_3
Rx
10MHz_DSP RXLO1_4
Reference
Mod 2
Counter
Rx
TX_20MHz Oscillator
Latch
Mod 4
20MHz_DSP
Rx
40MHz_DSP
Mod 3
Rx
295 MHz, RXLO2_1
RFCI PS
Mod 4
Rx
Frequency Freq. VCCO
Selection Control RXLO2_4
8 MHz,
IOP
40 MHz,
CAN Bus Calibration
Control 63 MHz
PROM
RFON Output
OutS
Control
OutS Stage
MC4C40/GCTX
Gain Loop1
Gain
RFPA
Loop2
Test_En Loop3
Gain 0 Gain 1 Loop4
D
TX_IF 16 1. IF 2. IF 6 dB 12 dB SSB 1
A
Output SSB 2
TX_20MHz Input 1 Mixer 2 Mixer LP Attenuators Stage TTX
X60
Backplane
Modulator
LCCS
CCA X09 Filter
Roof Panel
115
RF System - RF Signal Unit
6
116
Synthesizer 6.23
The 10MHz_REC 1:4 signals are used in the RX_Module by the A/D
converters for the acquisition of the MR signals. They are routed to
The synthesizer has the task of producing stable clocks used by the the RX_Module slots over the backplane.
DSPs performing the modulation of RF excitation pulses and
demodulation of received MR signals as well as provide clock
signals used by other DSPs and control circuitry responsible for LEDs 6.2.34
sequence control and gradient signal generation. The software selected middle frequency of 63.6, 40.45, 8.25 MHz
will be indicated by a front panel LED.
Inputs 6.2.31
oscillator which is set via the CAN SLIO in the Modulator half of the Testing of the synthesizer is performed under the Quality
TX_Module. Assurance section of the service software. The test is conducted
using a phantom and a SE sequence. The frequency and phase are
Function 6.2.32
varied during excitation and the received MR signals are evaluated
accordingly. Please be aware that this test is also sensitive to any
Control 6.23.21
other system instabilities.
unit in the modulator. Modulation of the SSB pulse is performed digitally by a DSP of the
GCTX. The digital data of the SSB pulse is then converted by the
System Clock Generator
Modulator to an analog signal and mixed up to the system
6.23.2
The various clocks used by the RFSU and MMC components are frequency of 40 or 64 MHz.
derived from a central 10 MHz reference clock. The reference
frequency of 10 MHz is multiplied up to 80 MHz from which
40 MHz, 20 MHz and 10 MHz clocks are produced. Inputs 6.2.41
The clocks provide overall synchronization of the data The TX DSP on the MC4C40 computes the center frequency,
measurement system. The DSP clocks are used to synchronize the bandwidth, and pulse shape from the sequence parameters and
digital RF modulation and demodulation by the GCTX and RX4 produces the digital amplitudes which are then digitally SSB
boards respectively and the generation of the gradient pulses. They modulated on the GCTX module. The final pulse amplitudes, TX_IF
are also used to synchronize data transfer in general. 1:16, are clocked into the TX_Module over the backplane,
synchronized to a 20 MHz clock. Additionally, the dynamic control
signal RFON from the TICO is required for enabling the DAC.
Outputs 6.2.3
The output level for RXLO1_1:4 and RXLO2_1:4 is typically Function 6.2.42
+7 dBm (500mV).
DAC 6.2 4.21
The digital amplitudes from the MC4C40 are converted to an Outputs 6.2.43
Attenuators 6.24.23
Harmony Symphony
The RFPA gain is fixed at 70dB for 40.45 MHz or 71.8 dB for
63.6 MHz. The RF transmit pulse amplitude is determined by the Center Frequency 40.45 MHz 63.6 MHz
digital amplitudes and the output attenuators of the modulator. The 0.1dB Bandwidth ± 125 kHz ± 125 kHz
DAC has 16 bits of resolution providing a large dynamic range
Gain Asymmetry ≤ 0.1 dB ≤ 0.1 dB
eliminating the need for variable attenuators as in previous
designs. Instead, two series attenuators with values of 6 dB and
12 dB form four power levels in which the 16 bit DAC resolution Testing 6.2.46
117
RF System - RF Signal Unit
6
118
Figure 62 TX_Module for Spectroscopy Option The software selected middle frequency is indicated by LEDs. The
LEDs indicate the actual status of the PLL. For example the
The LEDs of the Synthesizer half of the
frequency of 64 MHz will be indicated by 3 front panel LEDs 40MHz,
TX_Module are different to the normal
20MHz and 5MHz. In addition the status of the control line for fast
TX_Module. The frequency is selected via
switching of TX_FSEL and RX_FSEL is indicated.
a frequency cascade.
NOTE The TX_Modules for the 1.5T systems (Symphony and Sonata) support the following
Symphony/Sonata for Multi additional nuclei/frequencies:
Nuclei option and for the Trio
look alike but are not the total
Gamma Freq at Bandwidth
same! Element Isotope Bandwidth
[MHz/T] 1.494T (in kHz)
(kHz)
1
Hydrogen H 42,575 63,6 250 700
Fluorine 19F 40,053 59,833 50 288
3
Helium He 32,433 48,450 200 552
31
Phosphorus P 17,235 25,746 105 291
Lithium 7Li 16,546 24,717 105 288
129
Xenon Xe 11,776 17,591 35 125
32
Sodium Na 11,261 16,822 70 193
Function 6.2.51
13C
Carbon 10,705 15,992 70 190
The function of the spectroscopy Synthesizer is the same. the Oxygen 17
O 5,772 8,622 35 97
exceptions are described below.
Control 6.25.1
Parts Main
Mod 1
Rx 10MHz_REC1
TX_Module Location Diagram
10MHz_REC2 RXLO1_1
Latch
Mod 1
Fixed
Mod 2
10MHz_REC3
Rx
RXLO1_2
Rx
Mod 2
Mod 3
10MHz_DSP
Rx
Reference
Counter
Rx
TX_20MHz
Oscillator Var. Osc.1
Latch
20MHz_DSP
VCO1
Mod 3
40MHz_DSP
Mod 4
Rx
RXLO2_1
Rx
VCO2 RXLO2_2
160
RX_FSEL
TX_FSEL
Mod 4
80 RXLO2_3
Rx
40
20 Var. Osc.2 RXLO2_4
10 RX_FSEL
VCO1
Synthesizer 5
2,5
MC4C40/GCTX
VCO2
Frequency Frequency TX_FSEL
Selection Control
RFON Output
OutS
DORA
Control
OutS Stage
RFCI PS
CORA
Loop3
Test_Rd Gain 0 Gain 1 Loop4
D
TX_IF 16 1. IF 2. IF 6 dB 12 dB
A SSB 1
LCCS
Modulator
CCA X09 Filter
Roof Panel
119
RF System - RF Signal Unit
6
120
RX_Module 6.26
Differential Input (DC) 6.2 6.21
fixed sampling rate of 10MHz. The increased sampling rate, The CV input originates from the TALES. The TALES is a precision
together with the digital decimation filter of the RX_4, the effective RF voltmeter which measures the amount of RF power into the
ADC resolution is increased to between 21-24 bits depending on Body Coil or Local-TX coil (e.g. CP extremity coil). The TALES
the pixel bandwidth. This translates into a dynamic range of about converts the power levels into DC voltages which are digitized by
130dB, an increase of 40dB over older systems. It is this effective the RX_Module. The digital values are used for the SAR monitoring.
increase in dynamic range that eliminates the need for a receiver As a means of verifying the validity of the CV signal, a 500mV DC
adjustment. reference is used.
The receivers also provide inputs for various other sources e.g.,
RX1_RFACT
RFPA output forward and reflected waves, service loop inputs for
6.2 6.23
testing purposes and an input for the TALES used for power Over and above the normal SAR monitoring of the RF power by the
monitoring. MMC, a “RF present” detector has been incorporated into the
The basic system configuration will contain two RX_Modules receiver A of the RX_Module. When RF is present, the RX1_RFACT
signal will be active. It is used to verify the presence or absence of
providing four receivers supporting up to four local coil elements.
RF at the output of the RFPA. A simple check is made: if the RFON
Additional two RX_Modules expand the receive capability by
allowing four additional coil elements to actively receive without signal is active (transmitting) and the RX1_RFACT signal also can
be (should be) active. If the RFON signal is NOT active (we should
combining the MR signals.
not be transmitting), and the RX1_RFACT IS active (but we are
transmitting).... oops. The software will take the appropriate action
Inputs 6.2.62 of disabling the RFPA.
Parts Main
Location Diagram
Receiver A
100 kHz
DC+
GPA
DC-
Tx Mod
RX1_IF Output
MUX PF
RFPA
2. IF 1. IF MRSIG1
Loop
Digitizer 2. Mixer 1. Mixer
RX1_Test_En,
RX1_InS Switch
Tx Mod
Control
285 MHz RXLO_1
10MHz_REC1 295-350 MHz RXLO_2
RX4
RX2_Test_En,
RX2_InS Switch
Control
LCCS
2. IF 1. IF MRSIG2
PR
RFCI PS
X13-17
RX2_IF Digitizer 2. Mixer 1. Mixer
RFSU_PWR
Output
MUX
TALES
CV X59 X10
RX1_RFACT Ref
Backplane
121
RF System - RF Signal Unit
6
122
Function 6.2.63
designed to test functionality and performance - linearity and
stability - can be configured and started from the service software
Mixers Stages 6.26.31 platform. Results are displayed graphically and alpha-numerically
with tolerances and performance data being given.
The mixer stages of the receiver reduce the MR signal down to a
frequency of around 1.8MHz in preparation for digitized by the
ADC.
Digitizer 6.26.32
Outputs 6.2.64
The digitized MR signals are sent to the RX4 board in the MMC over
the backplane via opto-couplers which maintain the electrical
isolation between the MMC and RFSU.
LEDs 6.2.65
Specifications 6.2.6
Testing 6.2.67
NOTE There are two RFPA types. All RFPA’s with ODD
NUMBERED REVISION LEVELS have CAN bus connectors
reversed and REQUIRE ADAPTORS. Adapters are
delivered with these RFPAs.
Function 6.32
amplifier capable of operating at the two frequencies of 40,45 and To bring the amplifier up to operating condition, the Power Supply
63,6 MHz. requires two inputs: the internal enable signal from the CAN SLIO
which will be set via a command sent from the MPCU over the CAN
Inputs 6.31
bus during the system start up, and the RFPA_ON signal from the
IOP. When both signals are present, the Start Up LED will light and
Signal Description stay on until the power supply voltages have reached their proper
AC_IN The three-phase AC primary voltage of 93V (measured
levels. This takes only a couple of seconds. After a successful
phase/neutral) for the RFPA is tapped off the main power up, the Start Up LED goes OUT and the Ready LED lights
system transformer. The internal power supply generates and to signify the amplifier is operational.
all the required voltages from this.
RF_IN Input of RF signal to be amplified. The nominal input
level for the full output power level of 15kW is 0dBm. Bias Control 6.3.2
RFPA_UNB To reduce noise and loss of the MR echo during reception The bias control circuitry is responsible for blanking the amplifier
the amplifier is blanked during the receive cycle. When
signal is active (light on), the amplifier is activated.
(put the amplifiers into cut-off, i.e. disables it) when not in use and
for regulating the bias of the driver amplifier and power stage
RFPA_ON An enable signal allowing the SAR monitor to shut the
amplifier down independently from the CAN bus amplifiers during the transmit cycle for a stable amplification. The
controller. If the signal is missing (light out), the RFPA UNB signal determines the blanked (disabled) or unblanked
amplifier shuts down. (active) state. An LED is supplied to display the state of this signal.
Enable_Out A copy of the RFPA_On signal as output to an additional
RF amplifier.
CAN1, 2 Fiber optic CAN bus communication interface.
123
RF System - RF Power Amplifier DORA
6
124
Amplifiers 6.3.23
Outputs 6.3
LED Description
UNBLK Lights when being unblanked (i.e., when transmitting)
Start Up Indicates the RFPA is being enabled via a command over
the CAN. This LED is only temporary and will go out when
the Ready condition is reached.
READY Amplifier power supplies OK.
CAN TX, RX Indicates activity on CAN bus.
L1-L3 AC Power supplied to unit.
Parts Main
Location Diagram
RF power
U5
CAN temperature
CAN2 SLIO
U2
CAN
Monitor
duty cycle
enable
ready
over I, under V
W342 U3 Power
Stage
Driver RF_Out
Tx Mod
RF_IN
X1
Mon. X2 (SSB1_2) X1
X62
TAS
(SSB1_1)
W309 W319 W019
DICO
(SSB1_3)
Monitor
RFPA_UNB U1 Bias
W340
Control
Unblank X3
PF
Mod 1
W308
Rx
IOP
Ready 2 PR
W307
Start up X4
Enable_Out U7
RFPA_ON U6
Monitor
W345
AC_IN X16 Power
Supply
L1
L2
LPD
L3 Water_IN Water_OUT
X5 X6
125
RF System - RF Power Amplifier DORA
6
126
LED Description
Power Up 6.4.21 DC AC Power supplied to unit
PA_ON Remote power on signal present
To bring the amplifier up to operation the PA_ON signal must be
applied. When the amplifier is ready, it will set the Ready signal READY Amplifier start-up completed, system ready
(light on). This signal is routed to the RFPA_On input of the DORA UNBLK Lights when being unblanked (i.e., when transmitting)
amplifier. This will tell the MPCU via CAN bus CORA is okay and TS-ERR Transistor junction temperature too high (non-latched)
MPCU will enable the DORA amplifier via CAN bus; the Start up - HOT-TSINK Heat sink temperature too high (non-latched)
LED in DORA lights up. Finally the Start up - LED switches off and
the Ready LED in the DORA lights up. Both RFPAs are ready now.
Monitoring 6.4.2
CCA
F1 X15
U2, DORA 230V 230VAC
U3
CAN
U4, CAN F2
160V
U5 SLIO
RF_Out
F3
RF_IN X1 X38 X1 15V1
TAS
Highpass
Filter
F4
15V2
Rx_Mod 1
PR X3
PF X4
RFPA_UNBLK U1
RFPA ON U6
P.S. Filter
SSB_1 Panel
Tx_Mod
SSB_2 CORA X1
U730 U710 U720 U700 V711 V702 V600
V712 V722 V701 X5 X4 X2
Ready U710
RF_Out
Monitoring
SAMI
X1 X50 X1
RF_IN
RF IN UNBLK READY UN BLK PA ON POWR POWF
RF OUT
Rx_Mod 2
OUT
PR X5
-30dB LED Name Descrip tion
PF X4 Sink
-30dB V 712 (HOT -Sink) heat sink temp too high (not latched)
Overtemp
U3 Junction
V 711 (T S-ERR) transistor junction temperature too high (non-latched)
U720 Overtemp
U4 CORA_UNBLK
lights indicating the amplifier is being unblanked, i.e., system is
IOP
V 722 UNBLK
transmitting
U1 PA_ON U700 lights when start-up of amplifier completed. Only goes out when an
P.S. V 702 Read y
error present
lights indicating the amplifier is being enabled, i.e., no RFSW D error
V 701 PA_ON
has occurred.
V 600 DC lights indicating the internal power supplies are ok
127
RF System - RF Power Amplifier (CORA)
6
128
Overview 6.51
TALES
TAS
TAS - Transmit Antenna Selector 6.52 Figure 69 Transmit Antenna Selector
The TAS primary function is to route the RFPA output to the body
coil or TX-local coil (e.g. CP Extremity). Secondly, it has a built-in Parts
Location
Main
Diagram
50 Ohm dummy load to terminate the 90° hybrid of the BCCS_63
RFCI P.S.
(Symphony) and the RFPA when running test loops. X22 X22
Z1,
<W042> Z2 <W145>
Function 6.5.21
X8
TAS_C
Relay Control 6.52.1
UB+
The switches are actuated with DC relays operating at 15 volts Power
X10
which is supplied by the RFCI power supply.The control signals for
LCCS
CCA Relay X7 TAS_PWR
S1 and S2 are applied by the CAN controller of the LCCS. LEDs on Control <W1500>
both the LCCS and TAS provide the actual select status.
S1 Service
S2 local
LEDs 6.5.2
X62 X1
RFPA
LED State Description X4 BC_TX X1
ON power present (15V OK) SSB1_3
UB
BCCS
<W019>
ON Service (RFPA out to Dummy) S1 S2 X7
S1
OFF Imaging (RFPA out to S2)
ON TX to Local coil
S2
OFF TX to Body coil
TALES
X5 LC_TX X5
X6
Dummy
(Symphony)
Dummy
Grad Coil
X2 X3
Load
RCA
Water Water
Out In
Filter
Panel
129
RF System - RFAS - RF Application System
6
130
DORA
X1 X4
standard DORA RFPA can be used. For the lower spectral SSB1_3 SSB1_4 X1
BCCS
frequencies of the 13C, 23Na, 129Xe, 7Li and 31P nuclei an <W019> <W119>
X7
additional RFPA must be used. The Spectroscopy AMplifier
Interface allows the use of both amplifiers over the same Local Coil
transmit path without interfering with each other. X6 Dummy
<W123>
X7
Function
LCCS
TAS_CTRL X10
6.5.31
<W143>
The Frequency Switch prevents feeding the high frequency Pwr
X8
(63 MHz) output of the DORA RFPA from into the broad band RFPA
and to prevent feeding the x-nucleus low-frequency RF pulse into
X5 <W145>
the DORA RFPA.
RFCI PS
X22 Z1,
<W012> Z2
<W124>
X2
SAMI
CORA
X61 X1 Frequency
SSB2_3
<W020> Duplex
Filter X3
TALES
Panel TX_LC X5
<W125>
Application of SAMI 6.5.32 Figure 71 Decoupling Experiment
Decoupling experiment: during receiving the x-nucleus
Main
s p ec t r um p r o t o n R F i s t ra n s m i t t e d : s p e c t ra b e c o m e l e s s Diagram
complicated, fewer lines with better signal-to-noise result.
Decoupling Experiment
The Decoupling works as follows: A local Tx/Rx dual resonance Transmitting
DORA
c o i l i s u s e d . T h e b r o a d b a n d R F PA g e n e ra t e s x- n u c l e u s
magnetization and during receiving the x-nucleus signal the DORA TAS
RFPA applies a proton frequency RF pulse to the local coil in order
to decouple the spectra and hence getting a better signal to noise x-nucleus
coil
ratio.
CORA
proton
coil
SAMI
Receiver
LCCS
Decoupling Experiment
Receiving
DORA
TAS
x-nucleus
coil
CORA
proton
coil
SAMI
Receiver
LCCS
131
RF System - RFAS - RF Application System
6
132
The Body Coil Channel Selector for the Harmony provides the IOP
components to allow using the Body Coil as a transmit and a U21
receive coil. The T/R switch connects the Body Coil to the transmit
or receive path, a directional coupler provides a tuning and testing SE_CTRL
RFCI PS
X23 BCCS_PWR
port and a pre-amplifier for the receive signal from the Body Coil.
X6 U1
Function 6.5.41
Filter
Panel
BCCS_42
Transmit / Receive Switch 6.54.1
The T/R switch is required when imaging with the Body Coil. It is T/R Switch
actively switched to provide a linear feed-through characteristic. X1 X2 X1
SSB_4 TX_BC1
TAS
Figure 72 T/R Switch action
)
TALES
When transmitting, the SE_CTRL is active
and X1 is connected to X2.The path X1 to X3
is electrically isolated (very high Z). If the
SE_CTRL signal is missing, the switch will
still work, but non-linear however.
When receiving, the SE_CTRL is inactive
(0V) and X2 is connected to X3.
Path X1-X2 is electrically isolated. LNA
.
31dB
Pre-amplifier (LNA) 6.54.12
X5 X4 X3
The directional coupler provides a port for tuning. A tune signal is
applied alternatively to both the forward and reflected side of the
directional coupler. The ratio of the amount of tune signal being
RX_BC1
coupled in the forward and reflected directions between the body
TU1R
TU1F
coil and the amplifier is influenced by the impedance of the body
coil. These signals are measured are compared to a matrix
acquired during the tune_up and |r| values then determined.
X32 X31 X9
LCCS
BCCS_63 - Body Coil Channel Selector 6.5 Figure 74 BCCS Symphony
RFCI PS
X23
SE_CTRL
BCCS_PWR Location
Function 6.5.51
U1
X6
The T/R switch, preamplifiers and directional couplers are
Filter
described in the BCCS_42. Panel
BCCS_63
TX_Hybrid 6.5 .1
TX 90° T/R Switch
Hybrid
The Symphony/Sonata systems employ a circular polarized body TX_BC1
SSB4 0°
coil which require two 90° phase-shifted signals. The TX_Hybrid is
TALES
X1
a passive-reactive device which provides the 90° phase shifting X4 X1 X2
TAS
and splitting of the transmit signal required by the two CP Body dummy 90° TX_BC2
Coil systems. Assuming both 0° and 90° Body Coil systems are
X2
equally loaded and have the same impedance the power draw will X6 X7 X8
also be equal.
A part of the MR signal is received (picked up) by each of the two LNA
Body Coil 0° and 90° resonator systems and needs to be combined 31dB
to one coherent MR signal. This is achieved with the RX Hybrid. For
imaging the output is taken from X3. The output at X9 will be
RX 90°
terminated by the input of the LCCS Switch Matrix. The output at Hybrid
X9 is for BC Tuning and BTB/BC TestTools.hhh
X5 X4 X3 X9 X10 X11
RX_BC1
RX_BC2
TU1R
TU2R
TU1F
TU2F
X32 X31 X9 X10 X33 X34
LCCS
133
RF System - RFAS - RF Application System
6
134
Function TALES
X2.1
6.5.61
X2 X1 X3
TX_BC1 HF_1
Demodulation, Power Scaling
BCCS
W539 W519
BTB
6.56.1
X4
T h e R F s ig na l s p ic ke d up b y t he d i r ec t io nal c o upl e r s a r e X8 TX_BC2 X2 HF_2
demodulated and filtered to produce a DC voltage proportional to W538 W518
X2.2
the RF levels. The power scaling circuitry linearizes the measured
values to correct the demodulator’s non-linearities. See note
Pat. Tab.
X1
X5 X6
below.
TAS
X5 TX_LC TX_LC
W120 W515
Ref. Volt.
500mV
MUX 6.56.12
Body 90
During sequence activity, the MMC reads out all six values in
Body 0
Local
regular intervals, whether transmitting or not. The measured
Filter
values are read out over a MUX which is addressed by the MH_SEL Panel
select signals. The resulting CV signal is output to the RX_Module
Range
PF PR PF PR PF PR
Low
where it is digitized and sent to the MMC. A comparator in the
Receiver is connected to the CV input and will generate a signal Demodulation &
when the CV signal level indicates RF is being transmitted. THis Power Scaling
signal informs the SAR monitor U1-
U3
IOP
MH_SEL
W030 U1- MUX
LEDs 6.5.62 U3
The LEDs display the selected signal being measured by the MMC. +15V
–15V
RFCI PS
PWR_TALES
Outputs 6.5.63
W550
X23
X11
In addition to the RF signal being measured, the TALES outputs a
control dc reference voltage of 500mV. The reference is used to RX_Module
X7
X10A
verify the accuracy of the signal coming from the TALES.
CV
W121
Accuracy of TALES 6.5.64
NOTE The TALES will be replaced every two years with a newly
calibrated one. The old TALES will be sent to Erlangen
for re-calibration.
135
RF System - RFAS - RF Application System
6
136
RF transmit path and the body coil whose impedance varies with
patient size and condition.
Those of you interested in a great explanation of the characteristics Static
BTB
CS5
of the BTB should go here. CS4
Detune
CP4
10
CS3 CP3
Relay Control 6.57.01
CS2 CP2
PTAB
The control signals for the relays are generated by the internal CAN U2 U5
CS1 CP1
controller. LEDs are provided to indicate the selected capacitors. Cool F VCC
D9
TX RX
Vcc
Relay Power Supply 6.57.02
U3,U4
The switches are actuated with DC relays. The relay control voltage
CAN
is generated by a +/-15 volts regulator on board that is supplied by
LCCS
CAN
the RFCI power supply. U1,U2
Dynamic
Static Detune 6.57.03 Detuning
X5
When transmitting with a transmit-capable local coil, the body coil
TALES
will be statically detuned by clamping the coil to ground, thus /4
preventing and absorption of the transmit energy into the body
coil.
BC_PIN
TX_BC
5 Relay
Dynamic Detuning 6.57.04
Control
4
Signals
When used in conjunction with the receive local coils, the body coil X2
3
will be tuned only when transmitting the excitation pulse. During X1
Body Coil
reception it will be detuned to prevent absorbing any MR-signal. A 2
fast switching PIN diode circuit on a λ/4 line is used for quick 1
RFCI
dynamic detuning. D15
Cs Cp static
Panel
Filter
1 2 3 4 detuning
LEDs 6.57.05
PTAB
polarized body resonator. U2 U5
CS1 CP1
Cool F VCC
Although not visible in the diagram, BTB2 has the same BC_PIN,
D9
TX RX
TX_BC and BTB_PWR connections as BTB1. Vcc
U3,U4
CAN
LCCS
CAN
LEDs 6.5.82 U1,U2
Dynamic
There are twice as many as the Harmony version. Detuning
The BTB 90° on older systems may always show a Cooling Fault X5
TALES
(Cool_F LED always on). That does not indicate a system deficiency /4
since the monitoring is done at BTB 0° only. On newer BTBs the
Cool_F at BTB 90° is jumpered out.
BC_PIN
TX_BC
5 Relay
4 Control
Signals
X2
3
X1
Body Coil
2
RFCI
D15 90°
Cs Cp static
Panel
Filter
1 2 3 4 detuning
RFCI PS
X23 X4 P15V
Vcc
N15V Reg.
BTB relay
voltage
PWR
137
RF System - RFAS - RF Application System
6
138
Body Coil 6.
Figure 78 Body Coil Harmony
BTB
The Body coil is used for whole-body imaging and for transmission
Body Coil 42 Parts
Location
Main
Diagram
of the excitation pulses when using the specialized local coil LP Aldermann/Grant
antennas for reception. The fact that practically all clinical Harmony
examinations are using the specialized local coils the role of the Faraday (foil layer glued
to inside surface
body coil is mainly to acquire scout scans and for use as transmit Shield of gradient coil)
coil.
The Body Coil employs a Alderman-Grant design. With this design,
it is not necessary to phase split the input signal. The coil is fed at
a single point.
ground
capacitors
The body coil comes in three flavors: straps
to magnet
• Body Coil 42 - Harmony
galvanic
• Body Coil 63 - Symphony isolation
• Body Coil-2 - Symphony
end ring
cool water
RCA
The body coil for the Symphony employes a circular polarized (CP) BTB
coil. A CP coil has been chosen for its higher efficiency which is
Body Coil 63 Parts
Location
Main
Diagram
necessary to keep the SAR limits within tolerances due to higher RF CP Aldermann/Grant
transmit pulse amplitudes required by 1.5T systems. It is primarily Symphony
used for whole-body imaging and for transmission in conjunction Faraday (foil layer glued
to inside surface
with the specialized local coil antennas. Shield of gradient coil)
139
RF System - Body Coil
6
140
Body Coil Cool-water Monitoring 6.63 Figure 80 Monitor for Body Coil chill water
The Harmony Body Coil and the first version of Symphony Body BC BC
Coils (BC-47) use cooling water. The flow and temperature of this Harmony Symphony
water is monitored on the D9 in the Patient Table Control Unit.
Flow Sensor
The cooling water flow is adjusted with the valve until the Flow
sensor has reached an output of 70Hz. The D9 monitors this 70Hz
±3Hz. When the flow becomes too low (refer to RF-repair
instructions for adjustment) LED V 83 (left) lights up.
V63
D9
Temperature 6. .32
Frequency
flow V83
Measurement of the cooling water temperature sensor resistance in 70Hz ±3Hz
the body resonator (return cooling water flow) can be done at U2
&
BTB
connector X21/D9 between Pins 9 and 10.
Resistance values of the temperature sensor:
temp
• R = 2000 Ohm at 20 °C R < 2140
V4
V12
V20 Gradient Coil erors
V28
V36
V55 18V supply ok
V63 na/water temp
V83 water flow/No errors
U1
U2
Gradient Coil
Supervision
Board D9
Body Coil-2 Symphony 6.64 Figure 81 Body Coil-2 Symphonys
In spring 2002 a new version for the 63 MHz Body Coil was
BTB Body Coil -2
introduced. The principal change is the capacitors being built in the Parts Main
Location Diagram
end-rings. This design is called "high-pass birdcage". This coil CP Birdcage
requires a new Body Tune Box (BTB 047-2) which uses different Symphony
capacitor values. The advantages compared to the first version 63 Faraday (foil layer glued
to inside surface
MHz body coil are: Shield of gradient coil)
• much less RF losses in the coil now, the value being about
500 to 600W, in the first version the losses were about
capacitors
1200W
• consequently the transmitter reference values (Adjust/ BC 0° T1
Transmitter) will be much lower, typically values of about 300 Tuning Cap ground
V will be measured for loader and large spherical phantom straps
to magnet
(360V for the old Body Coil)
• better signal to noise compared with the old Body Coil 0°
• no water cooling necessary
Resonator
Element
The following 63MHz Body Coils are delivered:
141
RF System - Body Coil
6
142
X11
X3
X5
X10
X9
X4
The LCCS is a multi-channelled pre-amplifier providing receive
TX_Module
inputs for up to 16 local coil elements and 2 inputs for the Body Parts
RX_BC1
RX_BC2
X09
TTX3 Location
Coil. All inputs can be routed to one of 8 output preamplifiers via a
TU1R
TU2R
TU1F
TU2F
programmable switch matrix. This offers the maximum routing
flexibility. The pattern of switch selection depends on coil and
X10
hardware configuration. See IPA for more info. Filter
X31
X32
X33
X34
X9
Panel
X30
Switch Control 6. 5.02
RFCI P.S.
coil
possibilities are available, certain combinations should be adhered +10V OK preamp
supply
to in order to assure good IQ. See IPA for more info. X23 Test
X36
Amplifiers 6. 5.03
12
SGA
Each of the output channels has its own amplifier stage switchable
X01 X1 Switch
1
1. Rx
Mod
between 0dB (no gain) and +20dB. The gain level is set by the CAN
2
Matrix
or can be switched dynamically during the sequence via RFAS_SEL X11 X1
2. Rx
3
signal (for 3D sequences only).
Mod
4
3
Coil Supply Voltage 5 4
3. Rx
6. 5.04
Mod
Most local coils contain their own pre-amplifiers and are fed with a 6
+10V supply over the connecting coax cables. This 10V coil preamp X12 X2
4. Rx
7
Mod
supply is generated in the LCCS from the +15V. X08
8
X8
LEDs 6. 5.05
RFAS_SEL
IOP
To facilitate testing of the amplifiers several loops have been
U5 S1 ON
incorporated into the switch array. It is possible to switch the S2 ON
incoming tune signal output of the TX_Module to all of the eight S1 ON (SAMI)
amplifier stages but the first one for testing gain linearity and
BTB
2 U3
U4
stability. Also, the service software is able to test all of the switches TAS_CTRL
TAS
of the array. CAN
2 X35
PT
U1
U2
LCCS
Local Coils 6.7
Flexibility and Image Quality 6.7.12
The Siemens Integrated Panoramic Array™ concept for the • Up to four coils can be placed on the patient, largely
MAGNETOM Harmony and the MAGNETOM Symphony is the latest eliminating patient and coil repositioning.
evolution in coil handling and CP Array technology in the industry. • This panoramic combination of individual coil elements into
new configurations is the key to higher flexibility and
excellent image quality.
• This increased flexibility for large field of view imaging is
Integrated Panoramic Array 6.71
highly advantageous for head/neck imaging, whole spine
T h e m o d u l a r c o n c e p t o f c o m b i n i n g C P a r ra y c o i l s i n t o a examinations, body screening and peripheral MR
Angiography.
sophisticated Panoramic coil increases productivity, expands
anatomical coverage, and streamlines examinations – thus having
a tremendous impact on clinical efficiency.
The selection of local coil elements is achieved through the
sequence change platform.
Trend setting developments in the CP Array coil arena have lead to
Increases Productivity 6.7.1
the production of antenna assemblies which can cover a very wide
area and at the same time provide excellent signal quality.
• The new coil design by Siemens Medical Engineering allows
you to image the patient panoramically from head to thigh. An array coil consists of several resonator elements in an array
Multiple CP array coils can be used simultaneously without configuration the elements of which can be variably selected. Array
having to reposition. antennas have the main advantage that through their combination
• To increase patient throughput and reduce set up time, the larger FOVs can be achieved while maintaining the S/N advantages
lower section of the CP head array coil and the whole CP smaller antenna exhibit.
spine array coil are integrated into the patient table. The coils All array coils employ circular polarized antenna elements for good
remain on the table for almost all examinations except for RF-field homogeneity and preamplifiers built into the coils thereby
knee (or other extremities) and breast imaging. increasing the signal to noise separation for unparalleled S/N
• These unique Siemens MAGNETOM features greatly performance.
accelerate patient set-up times, coil handling, patient
throughput, and patient comfort.
143
RF System - Local Coils
6
144
Figure 83 The use of Array Coils in the Integrated Panoramic Array Concept
The IPA
Coils
EX
CP Neck Array ID 2B
N1-N2
ID B5
CP Body Array
B1-B2 CP Spine Array CP Breast
ID 95 S1-S6
ID 25,D5
M1-M2
ID 58
LP Loop, lg
CP Flex, lg CP Flex, sm
Flex Coil Interface LP Loop, sm
LF SF LL SL
ID 89 ID 98 ID BD ID D9
145
RF System - Local Coils
6
146
The RF coil connectors are integrated within the socket elements of The Large FOV Adapter shifts the CP Spine Array Coil by 36cm out
the patient table. Each socket/plug element itself has four RF of the bore allowing MR Angiography from kidneys to feet with one
Receive pins (RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4) and various Control pins. coil setup. You can connect the Body Extender Coil + the CP Body
Array Coil (connected to the CP Spine Array) + the CP Spine Array
The transmit RF Pin (A1 TX/TX_GND) is available and active for
socket element 1 only. In Magnetom Trio the transmit RF pin is + the 8 element Peripheral Angio Array-Coil (PAA).
reversed: male is on top. Therefore you cannot use the same The blue connector is only to connect the Body Array Extender,
Service Plug for tests, see below. other coils (for example the Large Flex coil) are not supported.
Involved in Coil Code Detection are Pins CODE1, CODE2 and When the Body Extender is connected, the CP Spine Array
CODE_GND. If no Coil is connected, you will measure elements SP1 and SP2 are automatically disconnected and not
approximately 9.07V between Pins 12 and 05 and between Pins 17 selectable, see the switches on the right hand graphics.
and 05. If the 10V generated on the RFCI motherboard is missing
or faulty an error message will be displayed on the LCD Display and
no measurement will be possible. Figure 85 The Large FOV Adapter
The output control signals LCx_PIN_1-4 (for local coil connector Connector for Body Array Extender Back
x=1, 2, 3, and 4) are applied to the local coils over the local coil
connectors on the patient table, see the description "Dyscon
Module A and B", this chapter.
The Service Plug has to be connected to local coil connectors 1,2,3
and 4, respectively. It is used for many functional test in the Test
Tools. Besides this you can measure voltage levels with a DVM
(RFCI Interactive Tests, see TSG):
• control signals LCx_PIN_1-4 Connectors for connected to coil
• the 10V for the preamplifiers located in the surface coils CP Spine Array connectors 2 and 3
1 2 LC Connectors 3 4 Main
LCCS
Internals RX1
B3
LC Connector Pinout
RX4
RX3
RX2
10 B4 RX1
20 Rx4
RX_GND4
PIN4
RX_GND3
Rx3 RX4
PIN3 RX3
Code Low RX2 Large FOV
RX1
Adapter
PR1
PL1
PIN_GND1
Transmit
PIN_GND2
Code_GND
CP Neck Array
PIN2
Rx2 S1 N1
PR2
PL2
PIN1
RX_GND1
11 Rx1 N2
1 CP S2
Spine
Array CP Body Array
S3
ID 25,D5
PR3
PL3
B1
ID 95
S4
B2
S5
LP
PR4
PL4
S6
CP
147
RF System - Local Coils
6
148
Block
Before you get confused, RF Cabin interface has nothing to do with Diagram
the RF cabin (and thus the name). The RFCI is the control
electronics for the dynamic detuning of the Body Coil and local
coils. What you’ll find in this chapter:
• Overview
• CAN Module Interface
• Motherboard
- Voltage Monitoring
- Coil Code Detection
- Body Coil Detuning
• DYSCON Module A
DYSCON Module B
• RFCI Power Supply
Overview 6.81
RFCI Motherboard
The RFCI’s provides the tasks of generating the control signals for
the PIN diodes in the local coils and the BTB for static and dynamic
detuning of the Local coils and Body Coil and to recognize the coil RFCI Service Board
code. On-board monitoring supervises all power supplies and
detects if a coil change occurs during a sequence.
Figure 88 RFCI Overview
CAN test
Module -V -V points
W373 Detune
X33
to
X1 Service Board
LC_PIN 9-16
BC_PIN
LC_PIN 1-8
MMC
Backplane Coil
Voltage
Code
Monitoring
RFCI
Motherboard
X5 X4 X2 X3 Exam Room
X2000
W354
W370
W371
W057 W376 Local Coil
Filter X5 BTB Connectors
W375
X23
W376
Panel
CCA
X1 X2 X20 Roof X21 W146
RF Cabin D15-2
W041 X2 W516 X2
Door Contact MPCU
CCA BC_PIN
RFCI W040 W515 X1
Power D15-1 X1
X3 X22 RFAS_Pwr PTAB
Supply W374 W042 W142 W550
RFAS
X22 X23 X23 X24
149
RF System - RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
6
150
The CAN Module acts as the principle controller for the RFCI CAN
electronics. The CAN Module employs a CAN microcontroller whose Module
functions are:
• CAN Bus communication X2 X1
N_INT
LC_Code
• Error Interrupt Handling
• Coil Detune Signal Masking CS Ctrl
Door_Contact_Int
Coil_Change_Int
Power_Fail_Int
CAN Unit
ID
Unit Code
DTC/DFC
6.82.01
This CAN Module is also used in other components. The Unit code is CAN
an identifier byte used to identify the component in which the CAN Coil Interface
Module is plugged. Code
N_INT 6.82.02
CS
Two error interrupts, power_fail, coil_change, will cause an Ctrl
immediate stop of the sequence. Voltage Power Status
Monitoring
Status LED 6.82.03
CS
The CPU will activate the FW LED on the service board if the CPU is
Ctrl
in the firmware mode, the LW LED when in the loadware mode. DYSCON A Coil_Mask
CS
DYSCON B
The CAN Module interface provides hardware specific interface Ctrl
circuitry for the CAN Module which has been designed as a general PIN Status
control unit for use in any sub-system. Bodycoil
Detune
DTC/DFC 6.82.1
The Data To Can (DTC) and Data From Can (DFC) busses transfer X4
X14-17
the various status information and coil masks to and from the CAN Service Board
RF Cabin
Module. LEDs on the Service board show the digital state of each of Door Contact DFC 1:8
these busses. DTC 1:8
Voltage Monitoring 6.83 Figure 90 Voltage Monitoring
To assure proper coil control and operation, all powers supply Main
voltages are monitored. Voltage Monitor Diagram
N5V
All voltages are monitored for under voltage. A failing or weak volt-
age will generate an interrupt to the CAN Module. Subsequently the
sequence will be stopped.
1
X1
_
V
The failing voltage is also read in by the CAN Module and status Power_Fail_Int
5
1
CAN Module
P
sent to the NUMARIS error log.
7
X5
2
_
RFCI Power Supply
V
5
1
P
DTC
N15V
N31V
X2
Service
Board
7 LEDs
X4 AC28V
Testpoints
7
151
RF System - RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
6
152
A current source generates a constant current that is fed to the coil Change
connector. The local coils are equipped with one or more resistors Detector CAN
connected to the 8 code signal lines. Where a resistor is found, a Bus
voltage drop is generated which is read and recognized by the CAN Coil_Change_Interrupt
Module controller.
Short Name Coil Name Coil Code Ser._P Service Plug TX mode = CC
RX mode = CD
CP Neck 11
SF CP Flex Small 98
HLS Heart Liver (Spec.) 12
EN Endorectal 9d
USI USAI Head Spec 14
HE CP Head Coil 22
SP1 CP Spine Array (Connector 1) 25
EX Extremity Coil 2b
DL Double Loop Array Left 2c
DR Double Loop Array Right 2d
CA MAI Carotid Array 31
UE MAI Upper Extremity Flex 32
LE MAI Lower Extremity Flex 33
153
RF System - RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
6
154
Body Coil Detuning 6.85 Figure 92 Body Coil Dynamic Detuning Control
circuit is without effect: the Body Coil will be tuned. When the
Backplane Dynamic
X33
diode is opened (-30V) the Body Coil will be detuned. Detuning
Dynamic
The dynamic control signal IN_BC is produced by the two dynamic Control
signals Tx_Rx, Dyn_Stat and a digital memory consisting of 2
X1
sets of 2 bits each. This allows the CAN module to freely program
the diode state for tuning or detuning according to coil or coil RFCI Motherboard
Tx_Rx
Dyn_Stat
combination. This concept offers the greatest flexibility and is
easily programmable. 600mA
LEDs
Mask
Coil -30V
Coil
U_On_I_
IN_BC BC_PIN Off_BC UR_On IF_On State
H 600mA OFF OFF ON tuned PIN
CAN Status
L -30V ON ON OFF detuned Interface
The monitor checks the output voltage and current levels. The
UR_On and IF_On LEDs signify that the current or voltage level of
the output signal are ok.
UR_On_BC
CAN +5
Module U_On_I_Off_BC
IF_On_BC
Out_BC
Service Bd.
DYSCON Module A 6.86 Figure 93 Local Coil Dynamic Detuning Control
Tx_Rx
Dyn_Stat
LC2_PIN_1-4 (local coal connector 2) are applied to the local coil
over the local coil connectors on the patient table. 100mA
For trouble shooting purpose the status of the dynamic tuning/ LC1_PIN_1-4
detuning signals is indicated by LEDs at the service board.
LC2_PIN_1-4
Additionally, test points are available. Tx
X2
Rx Switch
IN_1-8
LEDs &
U_On_I_O
Monitor
Tx
IN_LC LC_PIN ff_LC UR_On IF_On Coil Rx
H 100mA OFF OFF ON detuned
DYSCON
Mask
-30V
Coil
L -30V ON ON OFF tuned Module A
PIN
As seen in the table above, the IN_LC signal controls the output of CAN Status
the PIN driver circuit. A monitor is also built in which checks the Interface
output voltage or current levels. The UR_On and IF_On LEDs
signify that the current or voltage level of the output signal is ok.
8
NOTE The table above applies for ALL Siemens coils, but not
necessarily for third party coils where the tune logic may
UR_On_1-8
be opposite. CAN +5
Module U_On_I_Off_1-8
IF_On_1-8
NOTE The cable from the MMC delivering the dynamic control
signals is NOT tested by the service software Service Bd.
Out_1-8
155
RF System - RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
6
156
Tx_Rx
Dyn_Stat
LC2_PIN_1-4 (local coal connector 2) are applied to the local coil
over the local coil connectors on the patient table.
100mA
For trouble shooting purpose the status of the dynamic tuning/
LC3_PIN_1-4
detuning signals is indicated by LEDs at the service board.
LC4_PIN_1-4
Additionally, test points are available. Tx
X3
Rx Switch
LEDs IN_9-16
&
U_On_I_O Monitor
Tx
IN_LC LC_PIN ff_LC UR_On IF_On Coil Rx
H 100mA OFF OFF ON detuned
DYSCON
Mask
L -30V ON ON OFF tuned -30V
Coil
Module B
PIN
As seen in the table above, the IN_LC signal controls the output of CAN Status
the PIN driver circuit. A monitor is also built in which checks the Interface
output voltage or current levels. The UR_On and IF_On LEDs
signify that the current or voltage level of the output signal is ok.
8
NOTE The table above applies for ALL Siemens coils, but not
necessarily for third party coils where the tune logic may
be opposite. CAN +5
UR_On_9-16
Module U_On_I_Off_9-16
IF_On_9-16
NOTE The cable from the MMC delivering the dynamic control
signals is NOT tested by the service software Service Bd.
Out_9-16
RFCI Power Supply 6.8 Figure 95 RFCI Power Supply
Water_OUT
Water_IN
for protection against short circuit, over voltage and over RFCI P.S.
temperature. And it’s water cooled. E4 K2204
LEDs 6.8.81
X900
LED Description
I fold back Indicates normal operation
I Constant Indicates an error. Output current will be limited.
Overtemp 1 >50°C - Warning
Overtemp 2 >60°C - Fatal. Power supply shuts down
Output Voltage One for each output voltage. Indicates only that a
voltage is present. Level monitoring is done on the
RFCI motherboard.
Output Error Indicates that any error has occurred.
Crow bar Active Indicates that an over voltage has occurred. It will Overcurrent I I I I I
stay on until the power supply has been turned off. protection
V V V V V
Voltage
The Overtemp status signal going to the CAN Module on the RFCI Regulator
will generate an error to the MMC. N31V N15V P15V N5V P5V
Overtemp disable
Overvoltage
protection
AC28V
Distribution / Connectors
Overtemp
_warn
X1 X2 X3
RFCI RFCI RFSU & RFAS
157
RF System - RF Cabin Interface (RFCI)
6
158
7 Patient Handling 7
Introduction 7.1
Figure 96 Horizontal Motor Interconnections
159
Patient Handling - Introduction
7
160
Overview
W54908 TULI TULI Patient
PTAB Control Unit A5198 A5198 Fan
A510
W54909
Coil Temp W54906 Camera
X38 W561 A5196
D9 X37
W5192
X21 W552 Grad Coil Body Coil
X20
Temp Water
MPCU
PMU FO
Converter Control Panel Display
X28 W5464 W5467
W5181
A5162 A517
Controller X27
A5161 A517 Marker
W5140
X29 W5413
W5415 Micro Micro Micro
X30 Switches Switches Switches
X25
W140 X36
W5453
X33
X39
X100 W5411
X3
W160 Power A531 A532
Supply X51 Frequency
Xformer X4A A5131 Converter Table
A5131-T1 X52 A511 Lifting Column Support Frame Top
Patient Table 7.2
Figure 98 Patient Table Parts Location
Specification Value
Max. patient weight 200kg (440 lbs)
Max scan range 154 cm (5’11")
Control Unit Support Frame Table Top
Horizontal table movement 212 cm (7’)
Lifting Column
161
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
162
Spindle
Vertical
Slide Motor
Plate
Drive
Nut
Support Frame
Support Frame 7.2 Figure 100 Support Frame
The support frame must support the weight of the patient (plus his
clothes) and the Patient Table top. The components located within Back
the support frame: Support
• Horizontal Drive motor. Frame
• Acoustic Transducer (see Intercom section)
• cable guide
• several table position switches top side
Cable
Guide
Acoustic
Transducer
Horizontal
Motor
under side
drive table
belt belt
transfer
pulley
163
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
164
The Control Unit contains the electronic control components and Block Parts
consists of the Control Unit rack, Control Unit backplane, Power Diagram Location
Supply A5131 and transformer.
backplane Power Supply A5131
These components are described in detail in further pages. Go to
the Block Diagram for details.
Controller A5140
Interconnections 7.2.42
165
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
166
Main
Vertical Drive Diagram
Manual
X27 2
I C bus
CAN
Vertical Collision
X30
SpindleNut_Reactor Microswitches
X29 SY6 Support frame collision
Vertical Control Switches
SZ15 Table Top collision
X36 Thermal Switch
POWER
F7 K4
X52
MOTOR
Frequency 3 AC
Converter motor
X4
Power
Transform er Supply X3 POWER_VERTICAL_MOTOR
LPD F15
Frequency Power Supply Back
A5131
Converter W5451 X51 X100
Gnd 6 6
N 5 5
K4 F7 15A/M
L 4 4
Vertical Motor
INV_SUPPLY
W5414 X52 X3 W5411 Motor in connection
Gnd 6 6
BK
W1 V2
U 2 2
RD
V1 U2
V 5 5
YE U1 V1 W1
W U1 W2
8 8
X5 M
3~
Gnd
X39
Backplane
W5453 A515 YE U2 V2 W2
X501 X33
Gnd BK 8 RD
Serial A BN 9 BK
Serial B RD 10
W5412
DIM 1 OR 19 CAN X36
DIM 2 16 1 BK
YE
DIM 3 GN 15 T1 Thermal
DIM 4 BU 2 Switch
3 BN
Sparc VT 20
T2
RL 1A GY 23 Controller
RL 2B WH 24 A5140
A511 A531
167
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
168
Function 7.2.51
Back
Backplane
are responsible for the horizontal movement control. Horizontal
PTAB
The Horizontal Drive motor is a DC type with integrated gearbox Motor
and electro-mechanical brake (brake impedance 100 Ohms, to be
measured at X1, Pin 5/6). An incremental encoder is coupled to the Assembly
motor detecting the relative motion of the table. X35 X1
6 - Mot 4
During horizontal positioning stops the table plate is locked actively
Horizontal 7
by delta-position detection and motor force (the electro- Endstage
mechanical brake is not active yet). After start of measurement,
the Main Controller A5140 turns into a sleep mode and switches-off A512
8
9
+Mot 3
M
the horizontal motor. The electro-mechanical brake gets active
4 Gnd 8
now, the table plate is locked again (~20 VDC from A5140, applied
via connector X1 Pin 5/6). 2 Brake 6
LEDs 7.2.52
X32 X2
7 5V_ENC 1
LED
15 ENC_A 3
POWER 38 V_AC - Power supply for end stage
16 ENC_/A 7
SUPPLY Power supply off during MR measurement
19 ENC_B 4
RUN End stage is enabled and no error present
20 ENC_/B 8
ERROR_C Over current: Motor A532, cable W5421, end stage A512
ERROR_S Over or under voltage or overtemperature of the end stage Controller 23 ENC_N 5
24 ENC_/N 9
A5140
8 0V 6
W5422
Increment-Encoder
Figure 105 Horizontal Drive Control
X27 2
FW I C bus
LW
Horz Fault
Horz Ok
Controller Horizontal
A5140 Position
X31 Microswitches
Horizontal
5V
Power
Motor Assy.
Supply 10V_Sens Optical Encoder
X2
A5132
Backplane
38V_AC A515
X1
X39
X5
X4
Power
Transform er Supply
A5131-T1 A5131 A532
169
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
170
Microswitch Vertical
Drive
Horizontal
Drive
Locations
Cam SY4
Cam SY2
Cam SY0
SZ13
SY1,SY5,SY4,SY3,SY2,SY0
SZ12 SZ15A,B
SY6
SZ10
SZ11
X2 X100
Transformer Interface 7.26.1
The A5131 provides the interconnects for the 230V AC mains from
the LPD to the transformer. The transformer secondary voltages
F5 F6 F7
are fed back to the A5131 board and passed on to the Power F1 F2 F3 F4
Supply within the Control Unit. SOme of these voltages are fused
(see diagram below).
K3 K2 K1 K4
Fan Control 7.26.12
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
171
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
172
X4 Main
X100 F5 A5131-T1 Diagram
L
1 1
4 2 230V
7 3 Parts
N 4 Location
2
5 5
F7 F6 18V
8 6
3 7
8 38V
6
9 9
K4 10 13,5V
11
10V
X51 12
L 13
1 F4 F3 16,5V_1
14
4 15
7 16 16,5V_2
N
W5451 2 F2 F1
Tunnel Light
5
Power
Frequency Converter
A5182
8 X5 18V
Backplane
A515
3
6 Supply 18V
9
12
9
A5131 38V
15
18
Horz End
X52 8 X39
13.5V
A512
U 17 38V
1
2 16
V 10V
13
4 C1-3 C4,5 Fan 10
5 16.5V
W5414 Control 14
PMU
W 13.5V
7 11
8 R1 R3 16.5V
K1 7 10V
3
PwrSply
Fan_Speed_0
A5132
6 K2 2 16.5V
Fan_Speed_1 16.5V
9 R2 R4 K3 3
Fan_Speed_2
5
K4 FreqCon_Supply
6
X3 GND
1
A5140
K1 K2 K3 W5452
Cont.
1 4
2
Vert Motor
4 X2
5
W5414
Patient
7 1
Fan
2 W54909
8
3
3 5
6
9 A5199
Power Supply A5132 7.27
Function 7.2.71
173
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
174
Main
Diagram
5V 2
REG I C Controller
I/O
W5140
Power_Fail
Mon
Horizontal
Power Supply A5132 Endstage
A512
Tunnel Light
Power Controller
LPD
The Tunnel Light board provides the circuitry that enables the
controller to vary the intensity of the tunnel lights.
Function 7.2.81
The tunnel lights are 12V halogen lamps. The voltage to the lamps
is varied by the Controller with the signals Light_0 and Light_1:
175
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
176
Main
Diagram
F21
Power
+ +12V
18V_AC
X38
TULI
-12V A5198
Lamp 1
Heat Sink
TULI
Lamp 2 A5198
Temp +12V
LSB Light_0
Controller
MSB Light_1 W5140
Power
LPD
Up to three operating panels can be connected to the system. The Figure 112 Patient Table Display
number of connected Control Panels is recognized automatically
during powerup of Patient Table electronics. Block Parts
Diagram Location
Front Panels PAN_0 and PAN_2 and Front Display DISPLAY_0 are
connected in series to X27 at the Patient Handling Control 12
Backplane. An optional Back Panel PAN_1 and DISPLAY_1 can be 1
11
connected to X28. 2
1 2 3 4
An Operating Panel can be removed from the HW-configuration
(e.g. for troubleshooting). In that case the two free cable ends
10
(connectors X1/female and X2/male) have to be connected
together. mm
9
Figure 111 Patient Handling Control Panel (left)
Block Parts 8
Diagram Location
STOP
START STOP 7
Headphone
Speaker Volume
Volume Patient Table 3 4 5 6
Air Tunnel Table HOME
Light STOP 1 Text field for displaying status messages
2 Coil socket assignments
3,4 Start and Stop
5 Status of laser light localizer
6 Table Stop
7 Center Position
8 Home Position
9 Current tabletop movement
10 Relative position of the tabletop
Measurement
to 11 Tunnel ventilation
Joystick Light Isocenter 12 Tunnel lighting
start/stop
Measurement Marker
177
Patient Handling - Patient Table
7
178
I C bus
/WAKE_UP
2
X4 7 7 7 7 7 1
1 2 SCL_PAN
I C 8 8 8 8 8 2
3 SDA_PAN
9 9 9 9 9 5
5 10.5V_PAN
10 10 10 10 10 8
SHIELD
11 11 11 11 3
LOOP_0
12 STOP 12 12 STOP 12 4
LOOP_1
13 12
1 2 3 4
W5467 POT_GND
A517mm W5466 14 13
POT_HP
15 10
POT_VCC
(back opt.)
STOP
16 15
START STOP POT_LSP
A5162 A5161
W5465
3 3 3 7 GND
4 4 4
5 5 5 6 +10.5_DC_PAN
6 6 6 9 /WAKE_UP
7 7 7 1
SCL_PAN
8 8 8 2 SDA_PAN
9 9 9 5 +10.5_DC_PAN
10 10 10 8
SHIELD
A517 11 11 3
LOOP_0
W5467 12 12 4
STOP LOOP_1
W5464
Backplane
A5162 A515
Grad
X1
X20
Coil
D9 Coil Temp Monitor A5192
Body
HP
NC/
X22
X21
Coil
1
2
Mic
Mic
X2
X23
X24
spare Control
X3
X26
X27
Panel F
Figure 114 Control Unit Backplane
spare
Control
Panel R
X28
X4
spare Switch
X29
Vertical
Switch
X30
Spindel
X5
Switch
X31
Horizontal
X6
PTAB
A5115
Controller A5140
Horizontal
Backplane
Encoder
X32
Vert Mot
X33
Control
X7
X35
Motor Dr
Horizontal
Vert Mot
X8
Therm Sw
X37
Lights
Tunnel
X9
S1
X39
179
7
180
System
Intercom and Patient Monitor Overview Diagram
Music In
Mic out
Intercom Speaker
CV In
Microphone
X11 X12 Squeeze
R1 R2 Line Head
Bulb
Phone
out
X23
X101
X1 X2 X25 X22
W058 W140 W549051
D15-4
Physio Beeper
Acoustic
W047
W074
Power
PTAB Transducer
A515
Filter Panel
X33 X100
Operating Unit CCD Camera
Power
Intercom CCA Patient Monitor W54906
Roof
X3 Com 1 Video
W035
MPCU
MMC
181
Patient Handling - Intercom System
7
182
Figure 140 shows a simplified logic. The real logic is more complex
and realized in ICs, so it is not possible to measure any "switch".
Anyway the drawing shows more details than described above or in
the Operating Instruction.
Figure 117 Central Unit Intercom Overview Diagram
Main
Diagram
green
Playback Physio
red Beeper
Record
TRIGG OSC
0123
CV CBT
R1
Head
Phone
R S
Squeeze Bulb
R2
Microphone
OSC
X12
Table
Stop
183
Patient Handling - Intercom System
7
184
PMU 7.4
External Trigger Output is currently not supported.
• Option PMU display, located in the magnet front cover. It
provides for a lead select facility and the display of the
Overview 7.41 physiological signals ECG, Pulse and Respiration, as well as
for a symbolic display of the External Trigger input (Every
Some kind of MRI needs physiological trigger signals for the
low-to-high transition is displayed as a blinking " * ").
improvement of image quality and of the diagnostic value of the
• Option Active ECG Electrodes.
images. For example, when running a heart study, it is very
important to know, whether specific images have been measured
during the diastolic phase (heart muscle relaxed) or during the
systolic phase (heart muscle contracted).
All components of the PMU are options. It comprises:
• the sensory elements to measure ECG, pulse and respiration,
• amplifiers,
• electrical/optical converters,
• display units.
The MMC uses the pysiological signals in order to trigger the
corresponding protocols or the signals simply serve for monitoring
the patient’s well-being.
The PMU Display offers a new functionality: the lead select
facility. Once the operator has positioned the 4 electrodes on the
patient’s back or chest, the lead facility (activated via push buttons
at the PMU display) will evaluate the small voltages in different
ways to get the optimum result for a clear identification of the R-
Wave and a correct evaluation of the heart frequency.
The PMU Frontend also provides for an External Trigger Input. The
Figure 118 PMU Overview
System
PMU Overview Diagram
PMU
Backplane
PMU
A515
Converter +10.5V
+-18.5V
X9 X2B 13.5VAC
MMC
ETH
U3,U4
X5B
W553
PWR
W543
Respiration
ECG-Leads Belt X1
U3,U4
Pulse Sensor
PMU Display
(option)
RF-Cabin
185
Patient Handling - PMU
7
186
The communication links provide for the transmission of the NOTE The ECG-Test Phantom used in Vision and Impact/Expert
physiological signals to the MPCU and the PMU Display, as well as cannot be used, because the connector does not fit
for status messages and controls in the opposite direction (e.g.
ECG lead selection).
The PMU Conve rt er board A5 18 1 pe rform s R S48 5- opti cal
conversion and vice versa. From the Converter the signal are fed:
• via FOC to the MPCU-Box. The PMU software on the MPCU
provides for the computation needed for the transmission of
the signals to the host, where they are displayed. In addition
the signals - as selected by the USER - are processed in the
PMU Software for the physiological control of the
measurement.
• via FOC to the PMU-Display. The Graphic Controller in the
PMU-Display calculates the graphics which are displayed by
means of a TFT display.
Further functions of the PMU-Display are:
• Display of the curves and output of frequencies of ECG, pulse
and respiration,
• selection of scroll speed,
• lead select facility. The different ECG-lead positions are: I, II,
III, AVR, AVL, AVF or test signal,
Figure 119 PMU Block Diagram
Lead_Select
1 mV Back
Input Test
Memory
Amp
+ 12V
DSP
PMU Connections
ECG-Leads - 12V A
- 5V MUX
Pulse Pulse D
Sensor Analog Processing
Respiratory Respiration
Belt Analog Processing
PMU
Ext. Trigger External Trigger Frontend
Input Processing
X9
X2
U3 U3
PMU_DISP_COM
RS485
U4 U4 FOC
PMU_DISP U1
(Power) Physio_Data
X5 To
X1 U2 MPCU Box
Power
U1
MPCU_INT
+-18V
U2
Backplane
U5
U6
PMU Converter A5181
187
Patient Handling - PMU
7
188
PMU Display (option) 7.43 Figure 120 Active ECG electrodes, Block Diagram
The battery lifetime depends on the use. As a guideline, use of 15 Glass Fiber
hours per week results in about 2 years lifetime, a use of 60 hours cables
189
Patient Handling - PMU
7
190
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PMU Intercom
8 Gradient System 8
The gradient systems of the MAGNETOM Harmony/Symphony/Sonata are based on switched mode current generators and actively shielded
gradient coils. In order to achieve a compact design at the required high performance both components are water cooled.
The type of gradient system used depends on the MAGNETOM system, the NUMARIS software version (NUMARIS 3.5 or syngo MR) and the
options bought by the customer. The following description covers the first generation of the Gradient System used in the
MAGNETOM Harmony/Symphony (K2209) and the newer Cascade-gradient system (K2217) first used in the MAGNETOM Sonata, then in all
new systems delivered from August 1999 onwards.
Introduction 8.1
overall performance of both the gradient amplifier and gradient coil
and is calculated from the maximum gradient field (coil) and the
minimum time needed to reach this field (rise time as a factor of
This chapter serves as a general introduction to the hardware the applied voltage) by the formula:
components of the gradient systems.
The majority of the Field Replaceable Units (FRU) in the gradient max. gradient field
system are integrated into the left part of the twin cabinet called
SR = -----------------------------------------
min. rise time
GPA.
For example, a system with a 33mT/m coil and a GPA capable of
Gradient System Performance 8.1
ramp voltages needed for a 264 µs rise time, the SR would be:
191
Gradient - Introduction
8
192
Gmax in mT/m
The performance level options are realized in software
Geff in mT/m
(licensing and configuration).
•
Amplifier
The AS39S coil replaces the and AS39R, but has the same
Risetime
Gradient
Gradient
System
Option
specifications and performance characteristics.
Vmax
Igrad
FoV
Coil
SR
800 Click below to jump to the Functional Description
400 V Turbo 25
K2209 µs
20 35 300 A
K2209
Symphony
800
AS39S K2217 500 V Turbo 25
µs
Cascade 20 35 300 A
1000 400
Light Ultra 50
V µs
1000 400
20 35 300 A Ultra 50
V µs
Symphony
1500 400
K2217 30 52 380 A Sprint 75
V µs
only
500
AS39T Cascade
125
Quantum
2000 300 (Z)
30 52 380 A Quantum
V µs 100
(X,Y)
K2217
Sonata
2000 200
400
* Notes:
• There are two different K2209 Power Stages. The Papillon400
K2217
is a new gradient Power Stage replacing the older ones which
are no longer in stock. This new power stage uses IGBT
switching elements instead of FETs increasing its reliability.
They are pin-compatible and can be mixed with the older
Power Stages.
Gradient System K2209 8.2
Figure 123 Gradient System K2209
Introduction 8.21
Driver Supply K2209
Current Sensor Assembly
The K2209 Gradient Amplifier is the first amplifier designed for the
MAGNETOM Harmony and Symphony systems. It can be called the GSSU Power Supply
"classic" gradient system. Its performance stats :
GSSU
Turbo Ultra Option
Max Gradient Field 20 mT/m 20mT/m
193
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
194
Parts System
GSSU Location Diagram
AVA
MMC
X
MC4C40
D Delay 5
PI Reg PWM 5
Control
A
X Supervision 5
Y & Display
Z
Control and
Clock monitoring logic
D1 D2 D4
DAC Regulator X Modulator X
Status
Signals
CAN
5
CAN 5
D3 D5 5
Communication
& Test-
Sync Turbo Mod Z
Supervision signals
RX_Module
Loop
MUX
D7
I/O X
6
D10
D6 CAN & Service Driver PS Power Stages
CSA Filter Grad
Panel Coil
X100
F14
GSSU
Terminal
PS 3 x 400 VDC
LPD
Gradient System
Line
Resonant
3 x 400 VDC
K2209
F9 Converter
Filter
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) 8.2 Figure 125 GSSU Layout
D5 Turbo Modulator
D3 Synchronisation
General 8.2.21
D6 Service/CAN
D2 Y Regulator
The GSSU is generating the pulse width modulated control signals
D7 Light Board
D4 Modulator
for the switches in the Power Stage based on the digital data
coming from the MMC. It’s additional task is the overall supervision
of the GPA.
D1 DAC
D2 X
D2 Z
The PCBs or FRUs (field replaceable units) of the GSSU connected
to the one common backplane (D8) are listed below:
• Service/CAN D6
• DAC D1
• Regulator D2 (3x)
• Synchronization D3
• Modulator D4
• Turbo-Modulator D5 (only Ultra-gradient option)
• Light board D7
Backplane D8 8.2.2
195
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
196
4 MHz
A
Nominal Value 8.2 .32
7
Z
F0 S2
The output voltage of the DACs (DAC_ X, Y and Z) is ± 10 V at full 2
50 kHz Unfiltered X85 (X)
scale. It corresponds to the maximum gradient strength of 20mT. Offset
X86 (Y)
S4 R153 (X)
Switches S1 and S2 are used to zero the DAC outputs to allow the Frequency R177 (Y)
X87 (Z)
R200 (Z)
adjusting the DAC offsets with potentiometers R153(X), R177(Y) Divider
filtered X81 (X)
and R200(Z). See TSG for the procedure. X82 (Y)
X83 (Z)
Umax ±10 V
Monitoring 8.2 .3
S_DAC_X(Y,Z)
DAC_X(Y,Z)
Frequency Divider 8.2 .34
FSYNC
Also a 4 MHz clock signal is connected to the board via the same
connector. This clock signal is divided by a frequency divider to
selectable 25 kHz, 50 kHz (FSYNC) or 100 kHz. The division ratio
can be adjusted by two rotary switches S3 and S4.
D3 Sync D2 Regulator D6 Service
)
Switches 8.2 .35
Figure 127 D1 Front View
Switches S1 and S2 are used to zero the DAC inputs and outputs
for the offset adjustment. When set to the upper position, the Block
Diagram
Offset potentiometers R153(X), R177(Y) and R200(Z) are
adjusted for 0V ±50µV at connectors X4(X), X5(Y), X6(Z).
X R153
Potentiometer Description DAC
Y R177 Offset
R 153 DAC_X offset adjustment
Z R200
R 177 DAC_Y offset adjustment
R 200 DAC_Z offset adjustment
X
Y DAC
Z
Test Points 8.2 .37
X DAC
Y
no filt
The DAC output signals (DAC_X, Y, Z) are available for monitoring Z
via QLA-connectors (X4, X5 and X6) and test pins X81-X88 with Ana gnd
ground connection X9 at the front panel of the board.
X
Z
DAC
Output
197
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
198
+15V_Ret
C-Con1/2
The Regulator Board D2 is divided into four functional blocks:
• Actual Value Amplifier,
• P-I Regulator X707 (LEM 1)
• Modulator D2 X709 (LEM 2)
2
Regulator
Actual Value Amplifier 8.2 .42
V24
Monitor
Actual
The current sensors in the Current Sensor Assembly deliver a R191 CAV_Err
Offset Value
compensation current proportional to the current driven through Amplifier
Adj X705
D1 DAC
the gradient coil. This compensation current is converted into a DAC_X(Y,Z)
Iact.
corresponding voltage level by the Actual Value Amplifier. The 40 A/V
X3
CAV
D4 Modulator
output is scaled for 40A/V Reg_Off
The offset of the amplifier is adjusted by potentiometer R191. See S1
TSG for the procedure. Reg D
D6 Service
Data A P
N_SeMo
Monitor
Soft-start I V27
D
In order to prevent pre-magnetization of the current sensors the
A PI Regulator
actual value amplifier is soft-started via photo-resistors to the
S2
sensors.
&
Monitoring
D6 Service
Loop_Err
The AVA contains a soft-start circuit to run up the current sensors
slowly. It also checks if the amplifier is connected to the sensors Reg_Err
Reset Reg_Out
and the cable connection to the sensors is checked by an interlock
D3 Sync
X701
signal (P15_RET). Also, the difference between the compensation TRIA X703
currents of the two sensors is checked that it is not greater than PW Modulator CAV_Err N_INT_INT
30A. If any of the above conditions are not met, a CAV_ERR is Reg_Err ≥1
generated and LED V24 is lit. 4 4
X401-X404 X405-X408
Loop Testing
X(Y,Z)2_S1-4
X(Y,Z)1_S1-4
The analog signal CAV is connected to the loop multiplexer on the
Service/CAN board for automatic testing.
D4 Modulator
P-I Regulator 8.2 .43
Figure 129 D2 Regulator Block Diagram
The closed loop regulation is based on a digitally controlled PI- CSA Parts Main
regulator with 7 bit resolution for both the Proportional (P) and the Location Diagram
+15V_Ret
C-Con1/2
Integral (I) part. The initial setting of the regulator after power on
is determined by DIP-switches (S1: P-part; S2: I-part. The
nominal setting, a result of the regulator adjustment procedure, is
activated by software. X707 (LEM 1)
D2 X709 (LEM 2)
The regulator compares the actual current value to the nominal Regulator
2
current value from the DAC and the resulting regulator difference is
V24
amplified by the regulator according to its PI-characteristic.
Monitor
R191 Actual
Value CAV_Err
Monitoring Offset
Adj Amplifier
X705
D1 DAC
The difference between the nominal value from the DAC and the DAC_X(Y,Z)
Iact.
actual value and the output signal of the regulator (Reg_Out) are 40 A/V
X3
CAV
monitored by an error logic. If any of these signals are out of range
D4 Modulator
Reg_Off
a yellow LED (V27) on the front panel is on. This state (Loop_Err)
S1
is detected by the Service/CAN board (D6).
Reg D
D6 Service
The analog outputs of the Regulator are connected to the loop Data A P
N_SeMo
Monitor
multiplexer on the D6 Service/CAN board for testing, although this I V27
D
signal can not be selected in the SeSo test tools. A PI Regulator
The Reg_Off signal generated by the supervision logic on the D4 S2
&
Modulator disables the regulator by forcing its output to zero.
D6 Service
Loop_Err
Reg_Err
Pulse Width Modulator 8.2 .4
Reset Reg_Out
D3 Sync
The pulse width Modulator compares the output signal of the TRIA
X701
X703
regulator to the TRIAngle voltage coming from the D3
Synchronization and generates two pairs of four switch control PW Modulator CAV_Err N_INT_INT
Reg_Err ≥1
signals 1S1-4 and 2S1-4 for up to two Power Stages. 4 4
X401-X404 X405-X408
X(Y,Z)2_S1-4
X(Y,Z)1_S1-4
D4 Modulator
199
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
200
Loop Err
TP Description
PWM signals to the switches 1 through 4 in bridge (Power
X401-404
Stage Module) 1 - the three modules on the left side
PWM signals to the switches 1 through 4 in bridge (Power
X405-408
Stage Module) 2 - the three modules on the right side
X701 see list in diagram at right
R191 LEM Offset
D10 Driver PS
D3 Sync
• Supervision. 50kHz 50kHz
X14 Triangle Generator X12
The D3 generates a triangular signal required for the pulse width
D1 DAC
modulators on the three regulator boards. It also generates a FSYNC Phase Freq1
rectangular synchronization signal for the driver supply circuit in Comparator
±9V
the GSSU power supply. The above mentioned signals are phase PLL X10
locked to the system frequency. R66
D2 Reg
Freq Window TRIA
In addition to the signal generation a multipurpose supervision is Adj
VCO
Integrator
implemented on the board.
Triangular Signal
The triangular signal TRIA is generated by a free running Voltage
Supervision
Controlled Oscillator (VCO). The frequency of the signal is 50 kHz
V38 Tria_Err
(phase locked to the system frequency) the amplitude is ± 9 V. Triangle
Monitor
This signal is available for monitoring on the front panel test pin
X10. The free running frequency of the VCO is adjustable by the Sync
V37 Sync_Err
potentiometer R66. Monitor
D6 Service
The synchronization signal (FSYNC) can be monitored on the front
D4 Mod
Latch
N_SeMo
panel test pin X14.
Driver Supply Clock
A rectangular 50 kHz synchronization signal (FREQ1) is generated P15 V32 P15_Err
D7 Light Bd
for the Driver Supply Board (D10 in the GSSU power supply). N15 Voltage V31 N15_Err
Vcc Monitor V30 Vcc_OK
X16
N_INT_INT
X18
X20
X22 S1
X23 Reset
&
GSSU PS
CAN_Reset
201
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
202
D10 Driver PS
D3 Sync
D6 Service/CAN board.
50kHz 50kHz
X14 Triangle Generator X12
D1 DAC
Synchronization FSYNC Phase Freq1
Comparator
If the PLL is not locked it is detected by an error logic. In this case ±9V
LED V37 will come on and the SYNC_ERR sent to the D6 Service/ PLL X10
R66
CAN board. This error will be over-ridden if the Service Mode switch
D2 Reg
Freq Window TRIA
VCO
(N_SeMo signal from D4) is activated. Adj Integrator
D6 Service
D4 Mod
Latch
N_SeMo
General Functions 8.2 .54
Reset
P15 V32 P15_Err
All error signals are latched. Push button S1 on the front panel can
D7 Light Bd
N15 Voltage V31 N15_Err
be used to reset the error latches on the board. This reset function Monitor V30 Vcc_OK
Vcc
can also be activated by the Service/CAN board.
X16
N_INT_INT
X18
X20
Internal Interrupt
X22 S1
A l l e r r o r s t a t e s w i l l a c t i va t e t h e i n t e r n a l i n t e r r u p t l i n e
X23 Reset
&
GSSU PS
(N_INT_INT) except Sync-Error in Service-Mode (see D4
CAN_Reset
Modulator description).
LEDs 8.2 .5
Figure 133 D3 Front View
Analog
R66 can be used to adjust the frequency / amplitude of the Triangle Gnd
signal. Se Replacement of Parts for details.
S1 Supervision reset
203
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
204
Power Stage
DTD Monitor
Digital Switch
Drive Signal
Fail Detect
Y1_S1-4
monitoring circuit of time critical power stage related signals.
D2 Regulator
The switch control signals from the three regulators passing Y2_S1-4
through the board with an added dead-time delay and a double Z1_S1-4
security disable function.
Z2_S1-4
The supervision monitors the supply voltage and temperature of
the power stages and limits the current generated by them to
prevent damage of the hardware.
Mode Select
S3
S1
Drive Err
Modulator Function 8.2 .62
S4
S2
Dead-time Delay Reg_Off
SeMo
In order to prevent cross-current in the power stage bridge a delay N_SeMo V1 ModOff
is added to the switch-on signals. This delay (dead-time delay), ModOff
generated by the programmable logic is selectable by a DIP-switch Duty Cycle
(sw1 and sw2 of S3). X(Y,Z)_CAV
D6 Service
The logic is also responsible to prevent firing the two switches in Overcurrent
Latch
the same half of the bridge at the same time (cross-current). A Imax. +5%
second safety level based on a separate circuit is responsible to X V8
ModOff
detect the cross-current state in case the prevention logic fails Y V9
D3 Sync
Reset V10
(DRIVE_ERR). Z
Current
Direction 3 3
Current Indicator
D7 Light Bd
The actual current signal (SU_CAV) from the regulator board
reaches the current indicator detecting the current direction and
Temp_Err
RC_OVV
>425V
>55°C
correspondingly driving the yellow twin-LEDs V8, V9 and V10. The
current indicator also generates signals for the supervision logic
used to disable driver signals of the respective counter direction.
Power Stage ResCon
Supervision and Control 8.2 .63
Figure 135 D4 Modulator Block Diagram
The supervision and control based on the programmable logic
allows a very high flexibility. The internal 32 MHz clock (MOD_CLK)
of the supervision is generated on board and it is phase locked to
the 4 MHz system clock.
The control section is responsible for generating the switch control D4 Modulator
X1_S1-4
signals if it is enabled by the supervision section. It is also
Programed
generating signals supporting the Turbo Modulator (D5). X2_S1-4
Delay
Power Stage
DTD Monitor
Digital Switch
In the supervision section the power dissipation of the power
Drive Signal
Fail Detect
Y1_S1-4
stages is simulated by an electrical circuit. Additionally the supply
D2 Regulator
Y2_S1-4
voltage, the temperature of the power stages and the current
Z1_S1-4
generated by the those is monitored.
Z2_S1-4
Status Signals
The following error states are detected and partially displayed by
the supervision logic: Mode Select
• Over-current (OVERCUR_ERR) S3
S1
Drive Err
• Duty cycle error (DC_ERR) S4
S2
• Temperature error (TEMP_ERR) Reg_Off
SeMo
• Over-voltage (OVV_ERR) N_SeMo V1 ModOff
• Driver error (DRIVE_ERR) ModOff
Beside the error states also the internal interrupt line Duty Cycle
X(Y,Z)_CAV
(INT_INTERN) and front panel switches (S1_left, S2_right, S2_left)
D6 Service
can disable the generation of switch control signals. These states Overcurrent
Latch
Imax. +5%
are detected by the supervision logic, too.
ModOff
X V8
Y V9
D3 Sync
)
Reset Z V10
Error Memory Current
The above mentioned seven states are stored locally on the Direction 3 3
modulator board for all three axis. The Service/CAN board is able
to read these states sequentially using the ERR_X, ERR_Y, ERR_Z D7 Light Bd
data and ERR_SEL1, ERR_SEL2, ERR_SEL3 control lines.
Temp_Err
RC_OVV
>425V
>55°C
Power Stage ResCon
205
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
206
V8 Current X+ / Current X-
Switch Function Explanation V9 Current Y+ / Current Y-
V10 Current Z+ / Current Z
S3
MOD OFF
sw1 dead time 1
Dead time range select switches
SeMo
sw2 dead time 2
X
sw3 mode 1 not used on
off
sw4 mode 3 Power Stage swapping enable
sw5 fqa Frequency monitoring select switch (with fqb) on
off
sw6 mode 2 not used Z Y sw1 deadtime range select 1
MOD
sw7 fqb see sw5 OFF
sw2 deadtime range select 2
sw3 not used
sw8 mode 4 not used sw4 Power Stage swapping enable
sw5 Frequency monitoring select 1
S4 sw6 not used
S3
sw1 modsemo x sw7 Frequey monitoring select 1
sw8 not used
sw2 modsemo y Local service mode select switches (not used)
sw3 modsemo z sw1 not used
sw2 not used
sw4 sunuse x S4 sw3 not used
Power Stage switch device type select switches sw4 Power Stage X type select
sw5 sunuse y
sw5 Power Stage Y type select
sw6 sunuse z sw6 Power Stage Z type select
sw7 Power Stage heat dissipation adapt 1
sw7 swloss 1 Power Stage switch heat dissipation adapt sw8 Power Stage heat dissipation adapt 1
sw8 swloss 2 switches
D5 Turbo Modulator 8.2.27 Figure 137 D5 Turbo-Modulator
)
207
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
208
EXT_IN
• the analog signal multiplexer.
X301
Loop Ext. Ch.
D1 DAC
Function 8.2 .82
AUX X501
Receiver 1
DC+
DAC
The CAN-Module is responsible for the data transfer between the
MUX
CAV X500
DC-
MMC and the GPA. Control data for the GPA is transferred from the RegOut
D2 Reg
1X,2X 25kHz
MMC and GPA-status information to the MMC. RegErr
V5X,10X
The analog signal multiplexer is used to connect signals generated
in the GPA to the ADC in the data acquisition system. This link X502 Scope
allows the software evaluation of the selected signals. Out
X401
MPCU
Proc
CAN-Module 8.2 .83 Reset
LW active
Communication FW active
X402
The firmware (FW) stored in a PROM allows the processor to run a
MSU
CAN
self-test to communicate on the CAN-Bus and to load the Module ResCon
application software. The application software (LW) for the ON
Reset
The front panel push button S404 is used to reset and re-start
(warm-start) the Processor. D7 Light Bd
RC_CurTrip
RC_Enable
RC_Ready
RC_Temp
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 Res Con D9 Coil Mon
ResCon Control 8.2 .84
Figure 139 D6 Service/CAN
ResCon on/off Main
Diagram
The front panel push button S402 is used to switch on the D6
Resonant Converter; button S403 is used to switch it to standby. Parts
The switched on state is indicated with the green twin-LED V407.
Service / CAN Location
EXT_IN
Power -Fail message 8.2 .85
X301
The + 5 V supply of the CAN-Module is buffered at + 15 V level. If Loop Ext. Ch.
D1 DAC
the + 15 V fails it is detected by an error logic and the buffered
+ 5 V is still available long enough to send a Power-Fail message to AUX X501
Receiver 1
DC+
DAC
the CAN-System. This message is processed with the highest
MUX
CAV X500
DC-
priority. The Power-Fail state is indicated by the red LED V607. RegOut
D2 Reg
RegErr 1X,2X 25kHz
V5X,10X
MPCU
Proc
(S_REGOUT) from all three channels are fed via the backplane to Reset
MSU
(25 kHz) can be activated. The differential output signal DC+ CAN
Module ResCon
(X500) and DC-(X501) are input to the RX_Module of the RF- ON
system where it is digitized. ResCon
Communication
The settings described above can also be used for an external & ON
signal connected to the multiplexer via the front panel connector Supervision ResCon
Status & OFF
X301. In this case the setting is done by the front panel push Control
Signals
button S401.
(For detailed explanation of this function see Troubleshooting
Guide.)
D7 Light Bd
RC_CurTrip
RC_Enable
RC_Ready
RC_Temp
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 Res Con D9 Coil Mon
209
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
210
Loop Out
X500 (DC-)
Loop Out
X501 (DC+)
O’scope
X502
Out
ResCon
S402 ON
ResCon
V407 ON
ResCon
V403 OFF
Upgrd Fail
V413 Coil Err
V607 Pwr Fail
S404 Proc
Reset
V403 LW active
FW active
X401 CAN
X402 CAN
D7 Light Board 8.2.29 Figure 141 D7 Layout
The optical transmitters and receivers between the GSSU and the
rest of the Gradient System are implemented on the Light Board
U11 U13
D7. Additionally the Power Supply connection and the Current
Sensor Assembly connection is done via this board. U12 U14
U21 U22
50kHz CSA_Y
Function 8.2 .92 U24 U25 X4
Power
• Electrical to optical and optical to electrical signal conversion CSA_X CSA_Z
1 3
U31 U33
for the Power Stages.
• Control signal decoupling for the ResCon. U32 U34
• Clock signal (50 kHz) decoupling for the Driver Supply board CSA
U101 U121 U111
D10. X1_S1 X2_S1
• Gradient coil temperature monitoring signal decoupling. U102
X1_S2
U122 U112
X2_S2
U151 U171 U161
• Synchronization clock for Current Sensor Assy. (not used). U152 U172 U162
U103 U123 U113
• Upgrade status link connector. X1_S3 X2_S3 X1_Temp_Err X2_Temp_Err
U104 U124 U114 U153 U173 U163
X1_S4 X2_S4 X1_OVV_Err X2_OVV_Err
211
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
212
Main
DC Supplies 8.2.31
Diagram
50kHz Power
Stabilized DC-voltages for the GSSU. Voltages and tolerances with clock LED
disabled modulator:
Driver
Power Supply
D10 Driver Power Supply
Driver Supply with external clock (jumper X4 1-2).
The external clock (50 kHz via a fiber optic cable from D7) divided Driver
to 25 kHz on board. Supply
Output voltage is 16V AC @25 kHz, Imax = 10 A. Outputs
An LED indicates if the output voltage is available
A separate cable connection is available for each driver circuit.
GSSU
Power Supply
Power Stage 8.24 Figure 143 Power Stage
Function 8.2.41
X Y Z X Y Z
The 400V DC supply voltage from the Resonant Converter is
delivered to the Power Stages over tongue connectors at the rear.
The PWM drive signals from the Modulator are delivered over Standard Upgrade
Power Power
fiber optic cables and connected at the top-side of the Power Stage
Stages Stages
modules.
(Turbo option) (Ultra option)
The 16V AC, 25 kHz power supply for the internal Drivers are
delivered over yellow and brown twisted pair cables and connected
also at the top of the Power Stage modules.
T h e p o w e r s t a g e s h ave i n t e r n a l h e a t- s i n k t e m p e r a t u r e
monitoring circuits. Their output is one fiber optic cable at the top
of the Power Stage module
213
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
214
Main
General 8.2.51
Diagram
The Resonant Converter (ResCon) supplies the Power Stages with Resonant Converter Mk I
stabilized DC-voltage. Each Power Stage has its own supply to
minimize the coupling between the axis.
Specifications 8.2.52
Supervision 8.2.53
LED Description
Tria Err On when Triangle signal not ok: amplitude and/or offset
On when the Sync signal is either missing (clock from MC4C40)
Sync Err
or if the PLL cannot lock on (internal eror)
P15 Err P15 power not ok when ON
N15 Err N15 power not ok when ON
P5 Err P5 power not ok when OFF
Main
Overview 8.2.61
Diagram
215
Gradient - Gradient System K2209
8
216
Introduction 8.31
K2217
The Quantum gradient system K2217 is the standard gradient Current Sensor Assembly
system in the MAGNETOM Sonata. Additionally, it is available as an
option for the MAGN ETOM Sym phony and the MAGNETO M GSSU
Harmony.
(For more details refer to "The Different Gradient Systems" in this
description.) GSSU Power Supply
Sprint Quantum
Power Stages
Max. Gradient Field 30 mT/m 30mT/m
Max. Current 380 A 380 A
Max. Voltage 1500 V 2000 V
Min. Rise Time 400 µs 300 µs
100 (X,Y)
Slew Rate in T/m/s 75 (X,Y,Z)
125 (Z)
Parts System
Location Diagram
GSSU
MMC AVA
D A
X
MC4C40
PID Reg D
Control
GPA_CTRL A
Modulator
Cascade Light
and Synch.
D11 (D111) D12 (124) D14 (142)
MC1C40
Monitoring Logic
D17
CAN
CAN I/O
CAN
Blowers
Cascade Quantum
Communication
& Test- Z
Supervision signals
RX_Module
Loop MUX
Loop
X
Y
D16 CAN & Service Z
217
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
218
Gradient Small Signal Unit (GSSU) 8.32 Figure 148 GSSU Front View
Main
General 8.3.21
K2217 E5 GSSU Diagram
ext ch
of the GPA. V130 V57 V27
LP on
V131 V58 gain V38
V132 V59 1 V40
V408
V133 V60 2
V412 V41
V134 V61
The PCBs or FRUs (field replaceable units) of the GSSU connected V135 V62
5
10
S401 S1
to the one common backplane (D18) are listed below: X3 V136 V63
• I/O-Board D17
reg. differ.
n. c. X3
X61-67
reg. output
n. c. O’scope
S2 act. value X502 Out
n. c.
ext. sig. in
X71-77
n. c.
Offset reg. output X713
n. c. PwrStg PS
D18 Backplane 8.3.2
X R153 act. value
n. c.
ext. sig. in
S402 ON
Y R177 PwrStg
reg. differ. V407
X81-87
n. c. ON
Function 8.32.21
Z R200 reg. output
n. c.
X8
act. value PwrStg PS
n. c. S403
The backplane is the interconnection between the components of ext. sig. in OFF
X5 Y
X401
X6 Z X3
X10 X5 CAN
DAC
Output X402
D11 (D111) DAC 8.3.23 Figure 149 DAC-Board D11/D111
The DAC-Board exists in two versions: GCTX
Main
Diagram
Board System Differences
GPA_CTRL Board
D11 K2217 Quantum or Sonata selected DACs Layout
X3
D111 K2217 Light non-selected DACs
D11/D111
The DAC board can be divided into these functional blocks:
• Control Logic DAC Test
• DACs 4MHz clock Data Input Logic
• Frequency Divider SU_Grad Grad_Data G_SEL
9
6 Offset X86 (Y)
R153 (X)
The 18 bit amplitude data (Grad_Data) for the three gradient axes S4 X87 (Z)
R177 (Y)
Frequency
is transferred multiplexed and controlled by the select signals
R200 (Z)
Divider filtered X81 (X)
G_SEL. The G_SEL select signals are used to clock in new gradient X82 (Y)
data values. Unchanged values are not clocked in, thereby Umax ±10 V X83 (Z)
X4
Loopback Test
X5
An input data loop-back test between the MC4C40/GCTX and the X X6
D11 can be run from the Service Software. When the Test signal is Y
S_DAC_X(Y,Z)
Z
activates (SeSo), the 18 bit data of the X channel (SU_Grad) and
DAC_X(Y,Z)
the control lines can be looped back to the GCTX to verify the data
FSYNC
cables and connections.
219
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
220
DAC 8.32.32
Figure 150 DAC-Board D11/D111
The 18 bit amplitude data is transferred to the three DACs GCTX
Parts Main
controlled by the select signals. The DACs have an output voltage Location Diagram
of ± 10 V which corresponds to the maximum current allowed by
the gradient option. GPA_CTRL
The main DAC output is fed over the GSSU backplane to the D12 X3
Regulator board as the nominal gradient amplitude. A copy is also
sent to the D16 CAN & Service board where it is used as a feed D11/D111
back to the measurement control for loop testing and for the tune DAC Test
up procedures found in the Service Software.
4MHz clock Data Input Logic
SU_Grad Grad_Data G_SEL
X9
X4
X5
X X6
Y
S_DAC_X(Y,Z)
Z
DAC_X(Y,Z)
FSYNC
D14 Mod D12 Regulator D16 Service
Switches 8.3.24 Figure 151 D11 Front View
Switches S1 and S2 are used to zero the DAC inputs and outputs
D11 Block
for the offset adjustment. When set to the upper position, the Block
Diagram
Diagram
Offset potentiometers R153(X), R177(Y) and R200(Z) are
adjusted for 0V ±50µV at connectors X4(X), X5(Y), X6(Z).
221
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
222
D12 (D124) Regulator Board 8.3.27 Figure 152 Regulator Board D12/D124
D11 DAC
General 8.32.71
Main
Diagram
The Regulator-Board exists in three versions: CSA
DANF. LEM Board
Layout
Regulator Gradient System Differences
D12 K2217 Quantum or Sonata
C-CON1/2_X(Y,Z)
D124 K2217 Light regulator parameters
D123 K2217 Allegra
DAC_X(Y,Z)
6
D12/D124
The Regulator board includes the regulator function for all three
axes. It contains the following functional blocks:
Regulator
• Actual Value Amplifier (3x)
D14 Modulator
• PID Regulator (3x)
• Supervision Logic (3x) Actual
3 REG_OFF
• Monitoring and LEDs
Value
Amplifier
Monitoring
• Regulator Control
Monitor
Inom. Iact. and Errors
50 A/V LEDs
Function 8.32.72
N_RESET
D16 Service
The current sensors in the Current Sensor Assembly (CSA) deliver 3 S_CAV
a compensation current proportional to the current driven through
the gradient coil. This compensation current is converted into a Regulator
Param.
corresponding voltage level by the actual value amplifier. PID-Regulator
Control
Regulator-data
2 2 Low_Gain
In the PID-regulator the actual current value is compared to the X
Y
nominal current value DAC_X(Y, Z) from the DAC-board. The Z
resulting regulator difference is amplified by the regulator
REG_ REG_ SOFF_X(Y,Z)14
according to its characteristic. The output signals REG_X(Y, Z)12 X(Y,Z)12 X(Y,Z)34 SOFF_X(Y,Z)23
and REG_X(Y, Z)34 of the regulator are connected to the input of
the modulator board D14 (or D142).
3 3 6
D14/D142 Modulator
Actual Value Amplifier (AVA) 8.32.73
Figure 153 Actual Value Amplifier
Amplifier
The measurement current (C-CON1) from the DANFYSIK current X(Y, Z)-Gradient Coil Back
transformer is amplified so that 50 A coil current corresponds to CSA
1 V. The signal from the LEM current transformer (C-CON2) is used
P15_RET
for monitoring only. DANFYSIK LEM
+15V
-15V
using switches S1 and S2 located on the D17. The potis are then
+15V
-15V
adjusted for 0V ±50µV as measured at X11(X), X12(Y) and
AVA
X13(Z).
Monitoring
The two signals from the current transformers are checked for Voltage
Monitoring
OK CAV_ERR
differences greater than 32 A. The power supply (±15 V and
ANA_GND) for the current transformers on the current sensor Offset Adj. &
R155(X) abs. current
assembly (CSA) is coming from the D12/124-board and the +15 V R189(Y) difference
is looped back as P15_RET-signal. This signal is combined with the R 223(Z) < 32 A
±15 V voltage monitoring. If one of the above monitoring signals is
faulty, the respective current error (CAV_ERR) is sent to the D16- Current Flow
D14 Modulator
|i|<30A V159
board. This error signal also lights a red LED on the front panel of SOFF_
D12/124 and initiates the interrupt internal signal (N_INT_INT) >1 X(Y,Z)14
<+30A
that blocks all three axes. X24
1 SOFF_
Loop Test > -30A
X(Y,Z)23
>1
The analog signal S_CAV is connected to the loop multiplexer on
the Service/CAN board for automatic testing.
S_CAV_X(Y,Z)
D16
Stimulation Monitoring gradient loops
223
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
224
PID-Regulator 8.32.74
Figure 154 PID-Regulator
Current Setting D11 DAC CSA
The nominal value sent from the DAC-board is inverted and via Back
jumper X16(18, 20) added to the actual value coming from the
AVA. The two jumpers X22 and X23 are used to set the maximum
DAC_X
DAC_Z
DAC_Y
current value for the gradient system in use:
D12/D124
Regulator
X23 X22 Imax. Gradient System Software
I max
software LOW
1-2 1-2 what ever NUMARIS/4 setting
controlled GAIN1 1
non non 300 A Light X22
AVA
Regulator Unit D
The closed loop regulation is based on a digitally controlled PID- A
P
regulator with 7bit resolution for the proportional (P), the integral S1
REG_X12_P
REG_X34_P
REG_Z...
REG_Y...
D14/142 Modulator
Monitoring 8.32.75
Figure 155 Monitoring on Regulator Board
Errors and LEDs
The following table shows the monitoring on the D12/D124-board: Back
D14 Reg
CAV-error 15 V return from CSA; 3 red YES Vcc
N_INT_INT
±15 V supply AVA
Over-current actual current value 3 red YES
12
Duty Cycle actual current value 3 red YES
Ohmloss actual current value 1 red NO
regulator difference YES, if not in CAV_ERR CAV_ERR_
3
Loop-error 3 yellow
regulator output signal service mode X(Y, Z)
Latch
Duty Cycle DUCY_
identification of the faulty axis. adder X(Y, Z)
Ohm-
Reset Reg power-
OHMLOSS
All of the above mentioned errors are latched in error flip-flops and diff loss
sent to the D16-board. The error flip-flops are reset by software via Loop LOOP_ERR_
3
D17 I/O
The service mode can be activated either by software via the D16-
X17 V130 N_RESET
board or by switch S2 on the D17-board. The service mode is 1 V131
indicated by a yellow LED on the D17-board. If service mode is V132
V133
activated, the loop error does not result in an interrupt internal. V134 X V136
Nevertheless, the yellow LEDs will light and the error is forwarded V135 Y Z V137
to the D16-board.
D14 Reg
V136 3
REG_OFF
Regulator Enable _X(YZ)
Monitoring Section
The modulator board D14 or D142 sends the signal REG_OFF to
enable and disable the regulator board. The enable status is shown
by three green LEDs on the front panel of the regulator board.
D12/D124
Regulator
225
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
226
D14 Reg
The signal SOFF_X(Y, Z)23 disables the positive current direction Vcc
N_INT_INT
and the signal SOFF_X(Y, Z)14 disables the negative current AVA
direction. Both signals are sent to the modulator board D14 or 12
D142, respectively.
Jumper X24 determines wether this disable logic for the opposite
current direction is used (1-2) or not (2-3). CAV_ERR CAV_ERR_
3
X(Y, Z)
Latch
Duty Cycle DUCY_
adder X(Y, Z)
Ohm- OHMLOSS
Reg power-
diff loss
3
Loop LOOP_ERR_
Error X(Y,Z)
Regulator N_SEMO
D17 I/O
X17 V130 N_RESET
1 V131
V132
V133
V134 X V136
V135 Y Z V137
D14 Reg
V136 3
REG_OFF
_X(YZ)
Monitoring Section
D12/D124
Regulator
LEDs 8.3.28 Figure 157 D12 Front View
Test Points
V136 Z LOOP error X Reg. on
8.3.29
V137 Y Reg. on Z Reg. on
These test points are generally intended for factory use. V159 Current flow
X R155 X-current sensor offset adjustment
Y R189 Y-current sensor offset adjustment
Potentiometers 8.3 2.10 Z R223 Z-current sensor offset adjustment
X Regulator input (difference between Nom and CAV)
Potentiometer Description
--
X Regulator output
X61-67 --
X Actual value
R155 X-current sensor offset adjustment --
X Ext. sig. in
R189 Y-current sensor offset adjustment Y Regulator input (difference between Nom and CAV)
--
Y Regulator output
R223 Z-current sensor offset adjustment X71-77 --
Y Actual value
--
Y Ext. sig. in
Z Regulator input (difference between Nom and CAV)
The adjust is made in much the same way as the DAC offset
--
Z Regulator output
--
X81-87
adjustment. For this adjustment, the Modulators must be disabled
Z Actual value
--
Z Ext. sig. in
with switches S1 and S2 on the D17 I/O board to assure there is no
X14
current being generated by the amplifier. The pots are adjusted for X15
gnd
227
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
228
D14 (D142) Modulator Board 8.3 2.1 Figure 158 Modulator Board D14 or D142
General 8.32.1 .1
Board Main
Layout Diagram
The Modulator board exists in two versions dependent on the type
of Power Stage used: D14/D142
Gradient # of
Modulator
Stages
Power
System Cascades Modulator 3 Driver_V
Supervision
Quantum 5 D14 K2217 3 PS_Temp
& Display
Light 3 D142 K2217
N_RESET
D17 I/O
SWOFF_X(Y,Z)
The Modulator Board has two main functions: N_SEMO
OVV_X(Y,Z)
• generation of the pulse-width-modulated switching signals EMMI
• supervision of power stage related signals GPA
OFF
Pulse-Width-Modulator
D11 DAC
8.32.1 .2
Overview FSNYC
The D14(2)-board is based on a programmable logic that contains
the pulse-width-modulator and the monitoring circuit of time 3 N_Mod_On_X(Y,Z)
Modulator
critical power stage related signals. 3 Err_Sel_1(2,3)
D16 CAN
N_SR2(4)
Modulator
X9 1
The regulator output signals REG_12 (34) are analog-to-digital SR1
Vcc
converted and fed to the modulator chip where the pulse-width- SR2 X10 1
modulation takes place. The resulting switch signals (active low)
N_Int_Int
are sent over 3 cables to each Power Stage module. These cables 6 SOFF_14
D12 Regulator
are monitored by looping VCC through a bridge between pin 1 and SOFF_23
pin 50 inside the plug on each of the Power Stage modules. If this 3 REG_12 A 1
signal (GPA_On) is missing, the VCC-supply for the opto- 3 REG_34 D
transmitters on the driver boards in the power stages is switched
6ADCs
off by means of a relay. 3 REG_OFF
The signals SOFF_14(23) inform the modulator chip whether the Vcc
opposite current direction should be enabled or disabled. Vcc for
opto-couplers
The N_INT_INT signal from the Regulator informs the modulator
chip about a severe problem of the regulator. Consequently, the
modulator disables the regulator of the desired axis by means of
signal REG_OFF_X(Y, Z). Power Stage
Jumpers 8.32.1 .3
Figure 159 Modulator Board D14 or D142
The Quantum gradient system is available in different versions Main
dependent on the MAGNETOM system it is used for. The max. Diagram
power stage voltage is selectable by software or jumper X9 and
X10: D14/D142
Modulator
X9 X10 Max Voltage System Software
Stages
Power
3 Driver_V
1–2 1–2 software Supervision
all NUMARIS/4 3 PS_Temp
(SR2ADJ) (SR4ADJ) controlled & Display
S/H Quantum; N_RESET
2–3 2–3 2000 V
Sonata
D17 I/O
SWOFF_X(Y,Z)
NUMARIS/3.5 N_SEMO
none 2–3 1000 V S/H Ultra
OVV_X(Y,Z)
don’t care none 500 V S/H Turbo EMMI
GPA
OFF
D11 DAC
The actual setting of the Power Stage voltage is fed back to the
D16 Service/CAN. If the Power Stage voltage is set to >1000 V, the FSNYC
gradient system requires a stimulation monitor. Systems running
with NUMARIS/3.5 use a hardware stimulation monitor (D13 or 3 N_Mod_On_X(Y,Z)
Modulator
D131) and systems with NUMARIS/4 use a software stimulation 3 Err_Sel_1(2,3)
D16 CAN
monitor: N_SR2(4)
SR1 X9 1
D12 Regulator
Sonata D131 K2217 SOFF_23
3 REG_12 A 1
3 REG_34 D
6ADCs
3 REG_OFF
Vcc
Vcc for
opto-couplers
Power Stage
229
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
230
D11 DAC
FSYNC Supervision Clock_Err
• Power stage voltage monitoring from D17; &
• Manual modulator off by switches S1 and S2 on D17; Sync Logic
• Modulator enable/disable from the processor board D16. P15_Err
D16 CAN
N_Mod_On_X(Y,Z)
Error Latch
Voltage Monitor
If the modulator detects an error, the D16 is informed by signal Err_Sel_1(2,3)
ERR_X(Y, Z). N15_Err
Driver_V
Stages
Power
Switch Off Modes VCC_Err
PS_Temp
In case of an error, the modulator can disable a running gradient
current in two ways:
• The "hard" way; all switches of the power stage are blocked.
Sync_Err
S1
SWOFF_X(Y,Z)
N_SEMO
Err_X(Y,Z)
S2
OVV_X(Y,Z)
EMMI
This "soft off" is necessary to prevent stimulation during switch off. DB_WDG_ERR
Only the processor controlled modulator disable using signal
N_MOD_ON_X(Y, Z) and the manual off (SWOFF...) by the switches
on D17-board result in a hard switch off of the gradient current. N_DB_WDG
MMC
GPA_ON MC1C40
LED Display 8.32.1 .5
Figure 161 Error Display D14(2)
The different error possibilities are indicated by eight error LEDs D14(2) Block
and two control LEDs. The status of the two control LEDs (LED 7 Diagram
and 8) determine the error indicated by the lower eight LEDs.
V57 Clock Err MOD Err
Error Reset V58 P15 Err N15 Err
All errors can be reset by the processor D16 (N_CAN_RESET) or V59 Sync Err P5 Err
V60 Err LED 1 Err LED 2
manually by switch S3 on I/O-board D17. V61
V62
Service Mode V63 Err LED 1 Err LED 2
The supervision logic can be switched into service mode (N_SEMO) V64
by front panel switch S2_right on D17-board and remotely from N_INT_INT X-Modulator. man. OFF
the D16-board (N_CAN_RESET). The service mode is indicated by a EMMI Pull Protection
yellow LED on the front panel of the I/O-board D17. Fequency X Power Stage Temp. X
Power Stage Voltage X Driver X Volt low
X3
X4
Err LED 1 Err LED 2
Y-axis PMW not used Z-Modulator. man. OFF
outputs to not used not used
Power Stage
Fequency Z Power Stage Temp. Z
Power Stage Voltage Z Driver Z Volt low
X5
Z-axis PMW
outputs to
Power Stage
231
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
232
D16 Service/CAN Board 8.3 2.12 Figure 162 D16 Service/CAN Board
EXT_IN
Board
Service / CAN Layout
• Analog signal multiplexer.
D11 DAC
X301
Loop Ext. Ch.
Receiver 1
8.32.12.
DC+
DAC
MUX
The CAN-Module is responsible for the data transfer between the
D12 Reg
CAV X500
DC-
MMC and the GPA. Control data for the GPA is transferred from the RegOut
1X,2X 25kHz
RegErr
MMC and GPA-status information to the MMC. V5X,10X X502 Scope
Out
The analog signal multiplexer is used to connect signals generated
in the GPA to the ADC in the data acquisition system. This link
D9 Coil_Mon
allows the software evaluation of the selected signals.
D31 / D32
D17
+15 V Communication
Mon
Pow_On
& &
self-test to communicate on the CAN-Bus and to load the V607
Pwr
Fail Supervision
application software. The application software (LW) for the Pwr Fail
I/O
Pow_Ready
processor is stored in an EEPROM. According to this program the RC_Temp
processor is able to receive control data from the MMC and transfer Reset
status information from the GPA to the MMC. Proc S404 N_DB_WDG
Reset
Front Panel Control LW active / V403
CAN
The state of the front panel switches is checked via input ports and FW active
Module Status
the front panel LEDs are driven by output ports of the CAN-Module.
D12
X401 &
MPCU
Control
Reset Signals
The front panel push button S404 is used to reset and re-start
D14
(warm start) the Processor. MSU
X402
Power Stage Power Supply ON / OFF Figure 163 D16 Service/CAN Boar Layoutd
Switches S402 is used to switch ON the Power Stage Power Supply
switch S403 to switch it OFF. LED V407 indicates ON/OFF state D16 Block
Diagram
and lights when ON.
ext ch
Power Fail Message
LP on
The + 5 V supply of the CAN-Module is produced from the + 15 V gain
1
V408
and buffered. If the + 15 V fails it is detected by an error logic and 2
V412
the buffered + 5 V will be available long enough to send a Power- 5
S401 Gain/LP select 10
Fail message to the CAN-System. This message is processed with
the highest priority. The Power-Fail state is indicated by the red
External
LED V607. X301 IN
Loop Out
X500
(DC-)
Loop Out
Analog signal multiplexer 8.32.12.4
X501 (DC+)
X401
CAN
X402
233
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
234
D17 I/O Board 8.3 2.13 Figure 164 D17 I/O Boar Layoutd
General 8.32.13.1
D17 Block
Diagram
The D17 I/O board acts as an interface for the control and
monitoring signals to and from the D14 Modulator and D16 Service V27 Rectifier Temp not used
V38 Coil Temp not used
CAN boards and the components external to the GSSU (refer to V40 EMMI DB_WDG_ERR (stim.mon.)
Figure 165). V41 Service Mode
It also provides several service switches (see below) and the off
S1 Modulator disable X / Y
on
distribution of the GSSU power supply voltages to the GSSU boards
off
over the backplane. on S2 Modulator disable Z / Service Mode
S3
STIMO Interface 8.32.13.2
Error reset
For systems running syngo MR and having the Sprint, Quantum or X61-65
+15V
--
The GSSU power supply voltages are fed to the GSSU boards over
the backplane via the D17. These voltages can be measured at the
front over X61, X63 and X65 (see D17 board layout diagram).
Figure 165 I/O-Board D17
D16 Service & CAN D14/142-MOD Main
D18 Backplane Diagram
OFF_X(Y,Z)_SW
Board
DB_WDG_Err
N_SEMO_SW
Layout
CAN_Reset
to GSSU
COILERR
DCLOCK
boards
Reset
EMMI
D17-
I/O
Service Switches
V40
V41
Syncronisation
Power Control
Power Supply
&
& S1
V38 1 X9
Interface
& Status
17 X Y
STIMO
X9 X9
18 1
13
1
15 S1
1
14 16 Z
S2
+15V
S5 S2
-15V
GND
+5V
Reset
U7 U1 U2 U3 X4
V27
V38
X61
X65
X63
V40
X5 X3
J
NTC
Gradient
Coil
235
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
236
Main
DC-Supply for GSSU 8.3.31
Diagram
Measure
Voltage Tolerance Point Current
5.075 V ±25 mV D17 X63 3A
15.050 V ±25 mV D17 X61 2A
–15.050 V ±25 mV D17 X65 2A
Measure
Voltage Tolerance Point Current
direct on the
16.500 V ±100 mV 12 A
power supply
GSSU
Power Supply
the mains voltage to transformer T1 over current-limiting resistors Each power stage module needs 5 times 400V DC for the five
to allow a slow charge of the buffer capacitors in the Power Stages. cascades. The D32 Rectifier board has 15 rectifiers for the three
After a 2 second delay contactor K2 will be activated to connect the axes with over-voltage monitors. The three error signals pass the
mains voltage directly to the transformer. soft start unit D31 and block the modulator via the I/O-Board.
The current over the damping resistors is monitored and when too
high, the respective relay (K100 for L1, K200/L2 and K300/L3) is
activated resulting in a extreme power input (EPI) error message
to the D16 (this signal changes to Fast_Off which lights the left
side of LED V413 and informs the CPU.) At the same time the
N_Power_On signal to K1 is removed deactivating both K1 and K2.
237
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
238
E1 Line
Stage Filter
PS
D16 D17 X2
CAN I/O
Power On +15V
-15V
ON Logic
S402 K1 K2
2 sec.
X3 X1
N_Power_On
& 1 +15V
6x
-15V
V413
K100 K200 K300
S403 Over
OFF Current
EPI
500V
480V
460V
440V
420V
400V
380V
500V
480V
460V
440V
420V
400V
380V
500V
480V
460V
440V
420V
400V
380V
Fast_Off Extreme_Power
Fast Off /
Coil Error
K3 T1 15 x 25A
N_Power_Rdy Rect_OK
10 10 10
X9
8 7 X8
V27 15 x 285V AC
PTC
K4 Temp
RC_TEMP J
1 1 Monitor
>55°C +15 V 15 x 400V DC
X9
GND
X703
9 10
OVV_X N_OVV_X
D14/142-MOD
1
Voltage
X703
X9 Monitor
OVV_Y 1 2 N_OVV_Y >450V
1
D32
X703
X9
OVV_Z 3 4 N_OVV_Z Rectifier
1
10 10 10
X9
5 6
X Power
Y Power
Z Power
Stage
Stage
Stage
+15 V
GND
-15 V
Figure 168 Power Stage Module
Block
Diagram
Rectifiers
D32
D31
239
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
240
Block
Overview 8.3.51
Diagram
The difference between a Cascade Light and
Cascade Quantum can be seen by the DC PS
LEDs. If all 6 are on, ist a Cascade Quantum, if
Each of the three power stage modules consists of the following:
only 4 LEDs then it is a Cascade Light.
• 5 water cooled bridges (cascades) with 4 IGBT-switches each
(3 water cooled bridges in case of Light).
• 5 times DC400 V power stage supply.
• Integrated driver supply, capacity block and filter units.
• Integrated opto-transmitter and opto-receiver for drive- and X Y Z
monitoring-signals.
• Maximum output 500 A and 2000 V
PWM
CAUTION The Power Stage capacitors require approximately Input
20 minutes to fully discharge after switch-off.
Driver
Supply
LEDs 8.3.52 Figure 170 Power Stage Module
Each of the Power Stage modules consists of 5 cascades (bridges) D32 Rectifier D14 Modulator GSSU PS
(or 3 for the Cascade Light version) each with its own DC400 V X12
power supply. The presence of the supply voltage is indicated by (X22, X32)
17VDC
green double LED sets which are visible through holes on the front Parts D31
Location 50-pin SSU
side of the Power Stages. SCSI-cable
X1 X2
clock
5 x 400 VDC
systems having revision level 07 (as of August 2006)
these LEDs have been removed! But the holes are still cable Driver
Supply
Driver
interlock Supply
there :-) T > 50°C
20
< 14 V
DC AC
J to Drivers to Drivers
• 5 times DC400 V from the rectifier board D32
• 16.5V DC supply from the GSSU-power supply unit routed via
the soft start unit D31.
• 50-pin SCSI-cable for the drive signals coming from the
Driver
Driver
1 5
modulator board D14(2).
Driver
Driver
2 4
all 5 stages
Cascade Quantum:
Cascade Light:
Stages 1,3,5 only
Driver
Driver
Power 3 3
Stage
241
Gradient - Gradient System K2217
8
242
For cooling the Power Stages and Output Filter-chokes, five 24 VDC
fans are located in a box underneath.
DCLOCK
8.5.21
Diagram
Function 8.5.2
LEM 8.52.21
The current sensors from the company LEM use the Hall device DANFYSIK
principle and are used only for monitoring purposes. It is necessary Sensors
to measure the current on both sides of the gradient coil because CSA
of the fact that the final stages and coils are floating (galvanically
isolated). Shorts to ground or to another coil can only be detected
by comparing the current leaving and the current coming back
from the coil.
Current Sensor Assembly
In addition, filter capacitors are installed in this unit.
LEM Danfysik
243
Gradient - Fan Box
8
244
D7, D17
8.61
Z pri 3
X sec 4
The temperature of the gradient coil is measured with six thermal Y sec + 5 N_CoilErr
resistors (NTC) located in the coil. The monitoring circuit is on the Z sec 6
Coil Supervision Board D9 where a defective NTC can be by-passed
by a DIP-switch.
V4 X pri / Y pri
In addition the Body resonator temperature (water cooled) is V12 Z pri / X sec
monitored by the board D9. If the temperature is within range the V20 Y sec / Z sec
green LEDs Grad. temp. ok (V36/A2) and Body Coil ok (V83/A2) V28 na / na
V36 na / Grad coil temp ok
are on. (For detailed description of the Coil Supervision Board D9 V55 18V supply ok
see TSG.) V63 Body Coil erors
Patient Table
V83 Control Unit
Service Jumper X9 8.61.01
U1
By means of this jumper each of the errors passing the D17-Board U2
can be jumpered out. In such a case the desired error is not
monitored anymore! Gradient Coil
Supervision
Board D9
Section
9 Magnet System 9
Introduction 9.1
Figure 174 OR24, OR70 Magnets
The Magnet Systems of the 1 Tesla Harmony and the 1.5 Tesla
Symphony/Sonata systems consist of the following components:
• OR24 Magnet - a 1 Tesla superconductive magnet for the
Harmony systems.
• OR70 Magnet - a 1.5 Tesla superconductive magnet for the
Symphony and Sonata systems.
• Magnet Supervision - MSUP
Monitoring system for magnet and refrigerator functions.
• Alarm Box
Indicator for warning and alarm messages of the MSUP
including the system power up-, stand by-, power down- and
magnet stop buttons.
• Magnet Refrigerator System - MREF
Compressor and cold head unit for cooling the cryo shields of
the magnets.
• Advanced Shim
An optional electrical shim unit for localized shimming of
imaging volumes.
• Magnet Power Supply - MPS
A mobile power supply for energizing (ramping up) and de-
energizing (ramping down) the magnet. The MPS, including
the ramp cables and accessories, is a service tool and not
part of the system delivery.
245
Magnet System - Introduction
9
246
System
RF-Room
Magnet System Diagram
Magnet OR24,
OR70
X1
CCA
X10 X8
MSUP CAN
X2 X2
X1 X1
W206
D15-1
Mag ID
X4
* W205 W204 Remote
Alarm
CAN
CAN
X1 X3 X4
MSUP +15V,
~ Power Switch
Magnet ~ PS
Power X5 X6
Mag ID
Supply LPD
F24 F2
X1 X102
PWR
3
F5 F4 Mains
X6 RS 232
Host Port 6
OR24/OR70 Magnets 9.2
Specifications 9.2.1
OR41
OR 24 OR70 OR42 OR35 OR64
Overview 9.21
247
Magnet System - OR24/OR70 Magnets
9
248
Helium Compressor
Overview Venting
System
Super Conductive
Switch
8 Bar 20 Bar
Cold
Head Fiberglass
Supports Quench Protecting System
Displacer
Unisock
Primary windng
50cm
AS windng Imaging primary coils
Volume
Coil former
90 cm
2,3m
active shield coils
Vacuum vessel bore
b tube
80K cryoshield
20K cryoshield
160 cm
Venting System 9.2
Component Description
Service turret The service turret is the interface into the He vessel
for cryo and gas transfer as well as for all electrical
Hazards and Risks 9.2.21
connections
Given the extreme temperatures and the phenomenal liquid-to-gas Cold Head The cold head is a part of the refrigerator system,
expansion ratio of liquid helium, it should almost go without saying keeping the He boil off at a low level
that the hazards which exist with a vessel containing up to 1600 He syphon The vacuum pipe is a part of the He filling device
liters of liquid helium are not exactly small. The main dangers Ramp connectors The quench valve and overpressure valve is
confronting both man and machine are frostbite, asphyxiation and connected there to allow safe venting of boiled-off He
gas to quench pipe
explosion of the magnet due to an over-pressure situation (ice-
blocked magnet vessel). Quench pipe Piping system for directing boil-off and quench gasses
to the outside of the building
With these dangers vividly before our minds-eye we want to spend Quench valve Valve that opens in case of a quench to release the
some time here to discuss the components of the magnet venting large amount of boiled-off LHe safely into
system which provides features for both safety and serviceability. atmosphere. It contains a spring loaded valve that
opens at a pressure of 15 psi. In addition a graphite
bursting disc will break if a pressure of 20 psi is
WARNING This information is provided for general informational exceeded.
purposes only. Work on the magnet should not be Overpressure valve The overpressure non return valve keeps the magnet
performed by inexperienced personnel. He-pressure at 2/3 psi
Depressurization Opens a connection from the He vessel into the
(Bypass) valve quench pipe to depressurize the vessel in case of
service actions
Introduction 9.2.2
Pressure gauge Indicates the pressure inside the He vessel
The components of the venting system provide these functions: Current lead Used for cooling the current lead during ramping (will
• Allow an unimpeded exiting of the normal helium boil-off cooling pipe be installed only during ramping)
gasses or quench gasses developed in the magnet safely out
to atmosphere.
• Prevent air from entering the magnet - ingression of air will
cause an ice blockage which could lead to a total blockage of
the magnet and eventually bring the magnet to explode.
• Provide a service entry point into the magnet.
• Provide indication of pressure within the magnet.
249
Magnet System - OR24/OR70 Magnets
9
250
Venting System
4
1
Vent
line
Electrical connections
HDCL tube
0.5psi
Lhe fill Lhe fill tube
vent line
Vacuum chamber
Neck tube
Depressurisation 80K shield
0.5 psi (bypass) valve 20K shield
valve cryostat
Lhe fill
Depressurisation
vent line light blue color signifies pressurized helium
(bypass) valve
back side view
Electrical
connections
Quench
Valve
B A
C
Main Block
Diagram Diagram
D3 D2 D1 D4
Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram
251
Magnet System - Magnet Supervision
9
252
• magnet shield temperature monitoring Connecting the ERDU lest load (ETL) activates the buzzer and lights
• voltage monitoring the ERDU TEST LED. This serves as a reminder to the CSE not to
• cabinet temperature sensor interface forget to remove the test load, since the ETL disables the ERDU
buttons making an emergency quench impossible.
9.3.13
An error also activates relay K1 connected to Plug X4 on CCA Roof EIS EIS circuit or probe fault
is driven together with the buzzer activating an external alarm. magnet shield temperature above 80 K. Either Cold Head is not
FRIDGE running or has become too old
Since relay contacts are used galvanic separation is provided from
any external connection.
When ramping the magnet the HTR_OK error must be disabled. It Button Function
is masked out with the SH_I_On signal. to acknowledge He, EIS and ERDU errors. Turns off the
Acknowledge corresponding LEDs
Helium Level Display 9.31.13
initiates a helium level and shield temperature
Manual Sample measurement and an EIS reset
The two digit display on the D1 is for display of the helium level.
The value is driven by the D4 Processor. LEDs: there are two LEDs. Display Temp for displaying the cabinet temperature
The HE-WARN LED is turned on when the He-level is below the
warning level. The level is set under SESO, Magnet and Cooling.
253
Magnet System - Magnet Supervision
9
254
D2
D1 Monitor Parts
Location
Main
Diagram
SH_I_On Msg_HTR_OK
HTR_OK &
Batt_Status MagStopOK
³1
D3
D4 Processor
SWIT_OK 1 Msg_SWIT_OK
EIS_Error Msg_EIS_OK
2
MSG_ALR_OK
Batt_Tst_On ³1
He_Alarm He_Alarm He_Alarm_Out
Fridge_Alarm F Alarm 3
D4 Processor
4 X4
N/C
He_Warn Com
He Warn
Fridge_Warn N/O
F Warn
Sample_On
³1
CCA Roof
Sample
He_Disp_En S1 +15V
R
Alarm Box
Mod_Data0-7
Acknowledge ERDU Remote Alarm
1 S
EIS
Latch
Acknowledge 2 1D Buzz
He ³1
3 R
Fridge
Error / Status Logic 4
MsgSys_On
LPD
Msg_SysOn
Air_Con_On CCS_On
LPD
Alarm
Box
ERDU Test
X2
ERDU_Test
ERDU Test Load Reminder OSC +15V
BUZZER
ETL
Roof
CCA
Man_Sample
Shield Temp Monitor Manual Sample
Tmp_Disp
Display Temp
D4 Processor
CCA Temp
Sensor
MSUP_Sel1,2
Cabinet Temp
GPA Temp 80K shield
Sensor Interface MSUP_Mon
MUX
Sensor CCA Temp
GPA Temp
+5V
Pwr Sup
V Mon
+15V
-15V Pwr_Fail
+40V 40V_Fail
Shield Temperature Measurement. 9.3.16 Figure 181 Shield Temp Monitor
The function of the refrigerator system is indirectly monitored via
the shield temperature of the magnet. If the refrigerator fails or Back
becomes inefficient (Cold Head wears out) the shield will heat up. D1 Monitor
This condition needs to be recognized for two reasons: firstly,
warm cryo-shields will increase the helium boil-off and, secondly, Shield Temp Monitor
will lead to higher Eddy currents causing poor fat saturation +15V +5V
adversely effecting image quality. and a warning or alarm will be
issued after the next shield test.
D4 Processor
F Probe OC
ref
Fridge_On
Msg_Probe_OC
NOTE In case of a complete refrigerator failure the helium boil-
off rises to 3% or more per day after just 24 hours after
the failure!
MSUP_Sel1,2
D4 Processor
The shield temp measurement is initiated by the D4 Processor with MSUP_Mon
MUX
the Fridge_On signal. When active, +5V is applied to a constant Magnet
current source which runs a current through the temperature Fridge_+,- RV2
sensor diode located on the 80 K Unisock. The diode resistance is
proportional to the temperature. The voltage drop across the diode +5V
80 K Shield Test
is read into the D4 Processor’s ADC and evaluated by software. The Temp
S4 Msg_Frig_Nrm
RV3
measurement takes approximately 10 seconds. Sensor
Test
255
Magnet System - Magnet Supervision
9
256
stop (ERDU) in operation in case of line failures. The battery If a false output or no supply when requested is detected, the
voltage is checked every 24 hours by the D4 processor via signal message EIS_Error is transmitted to board D1 Monitor.
BAT_TST_ON. The voltage is compared to a reference value and
sent back to the processor D4 as BATOK. From this the D4 drives Helium Level Measurement. 9.3.23
Parts Main
D2 Location Diagram
ERDU
Control Battery
K2
Manual
Batt_Tst_Quit
+ Batt Test S
+24V
D4 Processor
Man_Batt_Tst
D3 ERDU
+40V 1D
USTOP +
Regulator R
UBATT
Msg_Tst_ERDU
SH_I_ON F1* Load
X7 On
BATT+
BATOK
Batt
24V Supp Test
Backplane
Batt
Battery Load ref
MSUP
K2 Rly
D1 Monitor
BATT
Out +40V Test
Batt_Tst_On
Batt_Sense Battery In
Charger Batt Batt
Batt_Test_On Bad Ok
Batt_Status
ERDU_Batt_Ok
CCA Roof
Backplane
MSUP
Sample_On
≥1 Magnet
EIS
Fault EIS_Error
=1
EIS_ON X2 X2
EISRET
≥1
K1
D4 Processor
10 min F3
Delay EIS 600mA EISOUT
Override
+15V EIS ON
EIS Control
Measure_On
HE_I-
Set Probe
Booster Pulse Current
X2
Switch
F2* HE_I+
1: 500mA +40V
0: 250mA
X3
HE_U+
HE_ANLG_SIG
HE_U-
Helium Level * = thermal fuse
257
Magnet System - Magnet Supervision
9
258
D3 ERDU 9.3
Switch Monitoring 9.3. 3
and the Switch Heater (SH). The voltage is supplied by the He, EIS Allows to connect a third (optional) ERDU button to the MSUP.
& Battery D2. • 2 ERDU buttons (standard): SW2A closed, SW2B open
When one of the magnet stop switches is depressed relay K1 is • 3 ERDU buttons (optional): SW2A open, SW2B open
activated applying 24 VDC from either USTOP or UBatt (supplied by
D2 Control board) to quench heaters 1 and 2 and switch heater 1
via the D81 ERDU Power board. The voltage is normally supplied by
Switch Heater 9.3. 5
the TEDI board D80 (USTOP_Net). In case of voltage failure the 24 The Switch Heater is switched on when the signal +5V_MPS is
Volt battery supplies the voltage via a de-coupling diode (USTOP). energized from the MPS.
The heating current flows to ground via diodes/resistors which are
part of the heater monitoring circuit. ERDU Test Load (ETL) 9.3. 6
Tell Tale Indicator The ERDU Test Load is a service tool used to test the monitoring
When K1 energizes (a quench button has been pressed) fuse F4 functions of the MSUP. Push buttons on the test load simulate faults
(63mA) will blow and the Tell Tale LED will light. such as heater load resistance too low or too high. These simulated
faults have to be recognized by the D3 ERDU switch monitoring.
When the ERDU buttons are activated, LEDs on the test load light
Heater Monitoring 9.3.32
up to indicate correct operation.
Via a protective resistor the voltage UHTR permanently drives a
small current (about 10 mA) through QH1, QH2 and the Switch
For a detailed description how to use the ERDU TEST LOAD
heater. The voltage drop is compared to reference values in two
see the Safety Related Tests documentation.
comparators. It is thus possible to detect breaks in the lines to the
heaters or short-circuits. Each heater can activate a LED on board
to indicate a heater fault. The actual alarm signal is summarized
from all messages and transmitted to the D1 Monitor.
Figure 183 D3 ERDU Block Diagram
MSUP PS D2 Control
Parts Main
Alarm Location Diagram
Ustop
UBatt
+15V
+24V
Box X1 X1
SH1
Heater Monitoring
QH1
≥1
QH2
F5*
Comp
>R
<R
Lo
Lo
Hi
Hi
S2.B
S2.A
UBatt
MSUP Backplane
R
R
R
R
MPS SH
100µ
CCA Roof
Remote X2 X2 K2B
SH_Ret
ERDU
buttons
Rp Magnet
+15 UBatt xH_Ret 3
K2 K2A
X6 X1 X2 X2
F1 0.8A SH
MPS
SH_Out
F2 2A QH1_Out QH 1
UQuench
MSUP Backplane
CCA Roof
K1
UBatt F3 2A QH 2
QH1_Out
B
+15V
63mA
Tell
F4
Button Button Tale
Switch Monitoring
missing shorted
Ref
max
HTROK
D1 Control
SWITOK
Comparators ≥1
SH_I_On
Ref
min
* = thermal fuse
D3 ERDU
259
Magnet System - Magnet Supervision
9
260
Function: Main
The D4 is the communication interface between the magnet D4 Processor Diagram
VERY!
monitoring system and the MMC. The Monitoring functions are:
Parts
• ERDU: battery, heater and buttons Location
• Helium level, Screen reset, cryo-shield temperature, CCA/
GPA air temperature Status
D1 Monitor
In addition, the processor board controls the Advanced Shim.
Status
D2 Control
Control
D1 Monitor
Mod Data
He_Ana_Sig
Digital In
MSUP_Mon
Analog
MUX
Digital Out
+48V
Mod_Mon 2
D2 Control
Control
Shim PS Unit
A
Addr, Data
D
Shim PS Unit
Mains_Fail Mod Data
DC_+5V
Mod_Fail
DC_Inhibit
DC_Sply_Gnd
FW RS232
LW CAN Bus
RCA
Proc
Reset
CAN
CAN Bus
Module
GPA
Cabinet Temp Sensors 9.4
Main
Back Diagram
CCA Cabinet
261
Magnet System - Cabinet Temp Sensors
9
262
Block
Diagram
Overview 9.51
The System On, System Off and System Standby buttons are hard-
wired to relays K4, K5 and K9 in the Power Distributor respectively.
In addition, the Host can also activate the system Standby or On
relays via software under the System / Control / MR Scanner
menu.
Figure 187 Alarm Box Block Diagram
Parts Main
Location Diagram
CCA
Alarm Box
Distributor
X5
LPD
Port 7
Serial
RS232
W026a
+15V
X1
Pwr Sup
+15V +
MSUP
+5V µP
+
Regulator
Host
X3
X1 X1
LEDs
LINE
MsgSys_On CCA
System On
MagStopOk
Magnet Stop
D1 Monitor
MSUP
He_Alarm_Out +15V
Helium Level
Alarm
Acknowledge
D1 Monitor
Buzzer SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM
ON OFF STANDBY ACKNOWLEDGE
X1 X1 X1
+15V
Buzz OSC
Standy
ERDU Button
ERDU_Button System_Off
System_On
D3 ERDU
W206
39k
X4
System Power
Switching
LPD
MSUP W206
263
Magnet System - Alarm Box
9
264
Block
Overview 9.61 Diagram
Concept 9.6.1
APD HC-10
Heat is being developed in the cryo shields, mainly caused by Pressure Guage
induced radiation. This heat, if not removed, would lead to an On / OFF /Reset
increased liquid helium boil-off rate. Helium costs, at today’s rate,
around €10 a liter.
Status Output
The Refrigerator System, consisting of the compressor and cold
head, works on exactly the same principle as refrigerator
appliances you find in any home. The compressor provides the high
pressure gas. The cold head provides the expansion chambers to
produce the heat extraction from the cryo-shields to which it is Power In
connected. The cold head has two stages. Both the design and the
materials used within the cold head allow it to reach temperature
of 20K and 80K
Compressor Unit 9.62
• Thermal Switch TSH1: shuts down the compressor, if the
temperature of the helium behind (downstream of) the heat
exchanger exceeds 38° C.
Function 9.6.21
• Thermal Switch TSH2: shuts down the compressor if the
The oil-lubricated compressor compresses the helium gas from compressor-exit helium temperature exceeds 100° C.
approx. 7 bar (Pl) to approx. 21 bar (Ph). This causes the helium to • Thermal switch in compressor capsule.
become very hot. For this reason it is passed through a helium/ • Motor protection switch. It protects the compressor unit
water heat exchanger located immediately downstream from the against excessive main currents.
compressor. The gas temperature is lowered to about the • Fuses for cold head
temperature of the coolant. The major portion of the oil vapor • Fuses for control voltage (internal)
mixed with the helium in the compressor is condensed to droplets • Bypass valve. This will open a shunt between the high- and
within the oil separators and returned to the compressor by means low-pressure helium circuits if the pressure difference
of capillary pipes. exceeds 17 bar.
The helium gas exiting the second oil separator, however, still • Safety valve. This will open the helium circuit to the
contains small quantities of oil vapor. A charcoal-based adsorber atmosphere if the high-pressure segment exceeds 29 bar.
removes the rest of the oil. The adsorber must be replaced every • Microprocessor for checking the phase rotation.
18000 hours (two years) since it will become saturated with oil If the compressor is shutdown due to a failure, the compressor
over time.
must be MANUALLY re-started. Please refer to the delivered OEM
documentation for detailed information on error status and
CAUTION If any oil were to escape the compressor, it would handling.
contaminate the flex lines and also enter the cold Figure 189 Compressor Status Feedback
head. There it would freeze and damage the cold
head. Therefore: REPLACE THE ADSORBER Block
REGULARLY! Diagram
Compressor
Cooler 1
To cool the compressor, its oil is pumped through a heat exchanger. Remote
25 +24V_Compressor 4
Oil circulation is maintained by the pressure difference between low +24V
and high-pressure helium. The temperature of the cooling water
should be 5...25°C at a flow rate of 5...10 l/min. PSL 16 Low Pressure 36
CAN
(24V=error)
265
Magnet System - Refrigerator System
9
266
CCA
Quik disconnect
PWR
X101
He-Compressor
LPD
W063 Power
TSH1
Module Leybold Coolpack 6000
TSH2
Remote APD HC-10
PSL > 60 C
0
Oil
> 100 0C > 38 0C
Cooler 1
Separators
TSH2 TSH1
Oil
Compr. Adsorber
Ph ~ 21 bar
Heat
Exchanger Bypass Valve
Cold Head
Pl ~ 7 bar ∆p = 17 bar
He Filling
p < 2 bar
PSL
W210
= aeroquip fittings
Advanced Shim 9.7
Figure 191 Shim Power Supply Layout
Block
Introduction 9.71
Diagram
Passive shimming with iron plates reduces low and high order
inhomogeneities caused by magnet tolerances and ferromagnetic
objects in the environment. Objects to be measured (patients as
well as phantoms) may generate local field inhomogeneities that
have to be compensated for applications sensitive to inferior shim
e.g. Spectroscopy, Fatsat, EPI (Echo Planar Imaging), TGSE (Turbo
Gradient Spin Echo).
Correction of the first-order (linear) inhomogeneities is achieved by
applying DC offset currents to the gradient coils. The higher
second-order terms are corrected with a 5-channel shim coil
embedded within the Gradient coil. The currents for these coils is
produced by the Shim Power Supply Unit, which is described here.
The Advanced Shim option is optional for the Harmony and
Symphony systems, standard for the Allegra and Sonata systems.
Inputs 9.7.21
267
Magnet System - Advanced Shim
9
268
• 8 bit data bus MOD_DATA0 - MOD_DATA7. The data bus is Protection and Monitoring 9.7.23
CCA Roof
Parts Main
Location Diagram
X9
Mod Data
Mod_Fail
D4 Processor
+5V
-15V Shim
+15V Coils
-15V
FAULT FAULT FAULT FAULT FAULT
K12 AMP ON AMP ON AMP ON AMP ON AMP ON
MSUP
Backplane X1
+48V
SPS Backplane
X50 X60
F12 48V DC
LPD
10A X700
SUPPLY
N
269
Magnet System - Advanced Shim
9
270
Overview
Block
9.81 Diagram
2
1
Pos. 1 CB1, Mains circuit breaker
Pos. 2 X1, MPS power connection
Pos. 3 Fuses (F1 - F4) 4 3
Pos. 4 X6, RS 232 connection to Host or Service PC
Pos. 5 X5 Control cable to MSUP
Pos. 6 Ramp cables
Figure 194 MPS 3600 Block Diagram
Parts Main
Location Diagram
Voltage
Mains Box
X102 Sense X3
400 VAC X1
Magnet
F4 Short
Contactor
Mosfet
Switch
Transformer X4
F1
F2
110 VAC
Voltage
Monitor
Current actual
FAN
DC
X2 Power Supply
to MSUP for
CCA Roof
CAN X5 SH control X6
X6
Host or RS 232
Control Circuit
Laptop Current
Monitor
MPS 3600
271
Magnet System - Magnet Power Supply 3600
9
272
Function 9.82
directly feed the MPS current to the magnet coil.
The 400 VAC 50/60 Hz 3-phase line voltage is fed via circuit The MPS is equipped with a shorting contactor that is normally
closed. During different ramp phases, the control circuit will open
breaker CB1, which routes the input supply to a line filter. Two
the contactor if required.
outputs are taken from there, one via fuses F3 and F4 to a
transformer that reduces the voltage to 110 VAC, the second one The shorting contactor is opened if:
to the rectifier and inverter. • The MPS ramps up the magnet
The power for the four cooling fans as well as for MPS control • The MPS ramps down the magnet
circuits is protected by fuse F1 and F2. That 110 VAC voltage is
used as energizing voltage for the main output shorting-contactor
and is also routed to connector X2 at the MPS front. It can be used The shorting contactor is closed if:
to connect a low power-consumption device like a Service-PC. • The MPS is switched off
• During ramping, a line power failure occurs
(Magnet current will safely run down via the ramp cables and
Ramping Power Supply 9.8.2
closed shorting contactor)
The 3-phase input is rectified and fed to a full bridge inverter • MPS performs internal 700 A self-test prior to ramping
running at about 20 kHz. The modulated square wave is fed to a 20 • Magnet is captured at beginning of the ramping-down cycle
to 1 step down transformer that supplies a schottky rectifier and a
LC filter. The MPS output current (max. 725 A @ 12 V) is fed via a
Run Down Load (RDL) to the MPS output connector X3 and X4. The
Control Circuit 9.8.25
RDL can be shorted by a MOSFET switch. The control circuit monitors and controls the operation of the MPS.
Actual output current is measured by a current transducer that is Ramping commands are initiated by the operator using the host or
a Service-PC, to be connected to the MPS. The algorithm for
connected to the Control Circuit. For service, it can be directly
ramping is stored in a table at the control circuit. Required magnet
measured at connectors X11 and X12.
specific data are loaded from the Magnet Supervision (MSUP) via
CAN-bus connection (X7). During ramping, the MPS activates the
Run Down Load, MOSFET switch 9.8.23 switch heater by sending CAN commands to the MSUP.
To run down the magnet, the MPS is equipped with a Run Down If the CAN-bus is disconnected, the MPS is inhibited and the fault
Load (RDL) which consists of heavy-duty diodes embedded in heat displayed at the host or Service-PC.
sinks and cooled by fans.
To activate the RDL, the MPS opens a MOSFET switch that is Current and Voltage Monitoring 9.8.26
Next
Serial Distributor port 6) The MPS is run up to 700 A with shorting contactor closed, the
• Baud rate = 9600 voltage drop across the MOSFET switch is monitored. When the
• Data bits = 8 current reaches its peak, the voltage is recorded (V1). Next, the
• Parity = none MOSFET switch is opened and the current runs through the Run
• Stop bits = 1 Down Load. Before the current starts to decay, the voltage drop
• Flow Control = None. across the RDL is recorded at Peak Current (V2).
• File, properties, settings tab, Emulation = VT100
273
Magnet System - Magnet Power Supply 3600
9
274
• Turn off switch heater, wait 2 minutes Bumping the magnet involves making a small change to the
• Ramp down cables to 0 A, wait 2 minutes magnetic field strength either up or down. The procedure is
• Turn EIS off essentially the same as ramping the Magnet.
Ready!
Prerequisites for bumping: 9.8 2.10.1
275
Magnet System - Magnet Power Supply 3600
9
276
• Capture Text
• Browse
• Select the target directory and filename: e.g. 3600 Ramp
Data\OR105_SerNr_RampUp_Date_Time
• Start
• L <Return> (a data screen will appear)
From Hyperterminal menu select:
• Transfer
• Capture Text
• Stop
To return to the Operational Screen press <Return>.
Figure 198 MPS Ramp Data Dump)
Main
Diagram
Section
10 Cooling System 10
Introduction 10.1
The Harmony and Symphony/Sonata MR systems employ a number of high-power components that require cooling to maintain a constant
operating temperature and stable performance. The Cooling System is responsible for providing temperature-stabilized cool water to these
components and to provide monitoring of the cooling water flows and temperature.
The Cooling System consists of two separate water circuits, a Secondary 10.1 0. 2
at 20°C.
The RCA cabinet is designed to accept a second chiller unit
The RCA Coolpak (cold head compressor) uses the primary water necessary for Sonata, Trio and Allegra. The distribution of the
for cooling the compressor. secondary water can be seen in the next 3 block diagrams.
The water-CCS option uses primary water for internal climatic
Flow Regulation
cooling of the CCA and GPA cabinet components. This option
10.1 0. 4
eliminates the need for expensive and space-requirement-intensive The flow reducers in the CCA and GPA cabinets assure that the
external air conditioners and thus benefitting the customers proper amount of water flow requirements for the components in
pocketbook. each cabinet are maintained.
277
Magnet System - Introduction
10
278
Parts System
Location Diagram
Cooling System
Gradient
Block Diagram Coil
Harmony / Symphony Chiller
TAS
Flow
Filter
BC-47 Temp Panel Transfer
(Option)
Station
1 1/2“
D9 PTAB
(Option)
CAN bus
1f AC
Sight Strainer 3f AC
Glass
R* Mains R* X100 X101
Box
R = flow reducer
R* = 1rst production
R GPA CCA R
run cabinets
Power Stages
R = Schroff cabinets
Water CCS
RFPA
MREF
Power Stage (Compr.)
Power Supply RCA
Figure 200 Cooling System Overview - Double Chiller
Parts System
Location Diagram
Cooling System
Gradient
Block Diagram Coil
Sonata/Trio/Allegra Chiller
TAS
Flow
Filter
BC-47 Temp Panel Transfer
(Option)
Station
1 1/2“
D9 PTAB
(Option)
CAN bus
1f AC
Sight Strainer 3f AC
X101
Glass
R* Mains R* X100
Box
R = flow reducer
R* = 1rst production
R GPA CCA R
run cabinets
Power Stages
R = Schroff cabinets
Water CCS
RFPA
MREF
Power Stage (Compr.)
Power Supply RCA
279
Magnet System - Introduction
10
280
Block
Overview 10.21
Diagram
Pressure
The RCA water cooler contains a water/water heat exchanger which switches
uses the primary chilled water to maintain the secondary cooling Cold Head
water circuit at 20°C. Secondary lines
Return CH Power
The water/water plate heat exchanger in the RCA is responsible for
the pressure difference of max. 2.5 bar of forward and backward Power In
running primary water. Secondary
Supply
Primary tap
The secondary water circuit of the Water Cooler is used on the for CCS
following components organized in two circuits:
• Electronics Suite: Primary
- RFPA,
Single Cooler
- RFCI power supply,
- GPA.
• Coil:
- Gradient Coil, Block
Diagram
- RF Body Coil,
- RF Dummy load (TAS).
GC Supply
Double Cooler
Control Electronics 10.2
- Local control. This is a manual switch labeled AUTO/MAN.
Its normal position for remote control of the pump is
Monitoring is done by the Cooler Control Electronics. The controller AUTO. It is set to MAN during startup, when filling the
is an IAC (intelligent controller) manufactured by Satchwell and is secondary water reservoir the first time.
linked to a CAN-Module. According to its function the processor in
the CAN-Module receives status and error information from the Analog OUTPUTS:
Satchwell controller and will transfer this information from the RCA
- Actuator. The temperature of the secondary water is
to the MMC. It also receives control data from the MMC, for
controlled and adjusted to the "temperature set point"
example for switching ON the secondary water circuit via the IAC
(normally 20 degree, set under SESO, Magnet and
or switching it OFF during standby mode.
Cooling, Initialization) by changing the primary waterflow.
The IAC has the following INPUTS and OUTPUTS: The primary waterflow rate through the Heat exchanger is
controlled by the IAC via motor setting of the primary
bypass valve. This is necessary in order to protect the
Analog INPUTS: pump of the primary water chiller, when the system is
- Electronic Suite Waterflow, switched off. The flowrate of the primary water will be
- Gradient Coil Waterflow, dependent on the primary water temperature.
- Primary Waterflow,
- Water Overpressure Electronic Suite,
The IAC will switch off the pump for the secondary water circuit, if:
- Water Overpressure Gradient Coil.
• system switched to "standby",
The waterflow is monitored electrically by measuring the magnetic
• water level in secondary water tank too low,
variation in a coil caused by the rotation of a piece made of
• water pressure too high,
ferromagnetic material placed in the water flow. This means, the
flow measurement will also work in polluted water. • pump overload.
In the case the pump was switched off, due to overpressure for
Resistive INPUTS: example, you can switch it on again (after check of water
- Primary water temperature, connections and hoses) by setting the system to "standby" and
then "ON" again.
- Secondary water temperature.
Setting the flow rates of the secondary water through Electronic
Digital INPUTS: Suite and Gradient coil is done by manually adjusting the valves
- Pump Fault (for detection of overcurrent), and monitoring the flow rates in the SESO under "MAGNET &
- 3 INPUTS indicating the waterlevel (FULL, LOW, VERY COOLING", "STATUS". This procedure as well as the setting of the
temperature measurement points is described in the "Technical
LOW) of the seconday water reservoir (refilling of the
Documents", Register Start-up.
secondary water is necessary, when the yellow light glows
constantly)
- Low pressure and Over temperature signals from the
coldhead (these are status lines only),
281
Magnet System - Water Cooler
10
282
Show
CCA/GPA Grad. coil Primary Primary in Grad coil CCA/GPA Status
X100 X101
supply supply out return return
RCA roof
Pressure Pressure
Switch Switch CAN
0.4 mm
Strainer 400/480V 230V
F F F 3~
L Breather/
Filler K1
Temp
T1
Sensor
Temp
CAN Bus
T2
Low press. Sensor Water p
to CAN M Primary
Over temp Bypass Tank Pump
fault
Level
indicator
1/4“ Drain
Valves Heat Exchanger 0.25mm
Strainer
P.S.
CAN
Primary Coil Suite System Primary Secondary Full Low Oh, oh Level Primary Pump Pump Module
24 VAC
flow flow flow Overpressuretemp temp level level level Full bypass fault enable
F F F P T1 T2 L L L M p K1
X100 F1
X6 10A Water K1
Cooler 1
W063 K2
SK2
SK1
LPD
X101
SK3
W062
F2
10A
Water
Cooler 2
SK3
SK1
F1
K2 F3
20A
Compressor
X6 F2
X7
K1 K2
K1 = low pressure
K2 = He gas over-temperature
F3
T1
283
Magnet System - Water Cooler
10
284
The Cooling System status masks (viewed under SeSo > Magnet &
Cooling) are shown below:
If the technical room is air conditioned, the CCS Air version can be
used. Cooled air is taken in from ventilation holes in the CCA
cabinet door and circulated through the CCA and GPA cabinets in
the same way as mentioned above.
Regulation 10.3.21
Monitoring 10.3
285
Magnet System - Cabinet Cooling - CCS
10
286
Strainer
GPA CCA CCS Blower Unit
Temp Temp
GSSU Monitor
Blower Unit
Monitor
M1
M1
MSUP
N1
M2 RFSU
M3
RFCI
M2 M3
MMC
Blower
Exchanger
Heat
LPD w1 a p
CCS
Section
Wow!! Hallo, it’s been a l o n g time since someone’s been here... probably made a wrong turn on the way to the RF section., eh? That usually
what happens... hey, hey... wait! PLEASE DONT LEAVE!!! If you stay and keep me company for a while, i’ll give tomorrows lottery number!
Really.
The LPD has the monumental task of distributing the lines power to There are two versions of the LPD and Mains box, both are shown
the various components withing the system. Overview schematics below. The electrical connections for both versions are displayed in
of the LPD are found below. Please also refer to the Diagrams the schematics on the following pages.
document for details.
287
Power Distribution - Introduction
11
288
Back
OLD Version
F3
GPA
F1
Mains
Newest Version
F5 F4
MPS RCA
F4
RCA
F23
Mains
Newer Version F5
MPS
F25
Astex
F3
GPA
Figure 208 LPD Schematic Page 1 (OLD version with K2209 GPA)
F5 Mains Box
20A K7-1 K1 K1-2 CCS MMC Blower RFPA
1 X800 X801 X300
F7 F6
K9-1
K4-1
X102 3
K3-1
K10
MPS 5 10A 10A
9 K11
E
K5-1 ON
F3 RC-2
50A
1 RC-1 K3 K13-1 K7-2
X111 2
not 3
used
E
F9
F4 F2
K11 50A
32A F24 Line 25A F10
1 4A 6A
Filter Res
X101 2
RCA 3
Con F8
16A
4 K10
F1 F23 3U2 L1
E
100A 32A 3V2 L2
Line 3W2 L3
L1 1U1
Filter 1V1
N
X100 L2
Mains L3 1W1 K1
2U2 L1
Page 2
E 2V2 L2
T1
to
2W2 L3
N
X4 K4-2
CCA
K5-2
GPA
X1 X1 CCS_On
9
IOP
17 MsgSys_On ON OFF
T
17 17 4
N3.5 Trafo
24 System_On MSUP systems
22 22 3 K2-2
23 System_Off Backplane only
K6-2
23 23 2
22 Host_Stby
24 10 7
K1-1 K4 K5 K9 K6 K2 K7
8
3 3 +15V 0V 5
Stdby
289
Power Distribution - Mains Box
11
290
Figure 209 LPD Schematic Page 1 (NEW version with K2217 GPA
F5 Mains Box
20A K7-1 K1 K1-2 CCS MMC Blower RFPA
1 X800 X801 X300
K9-1
K4-1
X102 3
K3-1
F7 F6 K10
MPS 5 10A 10A
9 RC-2
E
F3 K5-1
ON
80A
K13-1 K7-2
RC-1 K3
X111
GPA
F4
32A F24 F2 F10
1 4A 25A 6A
X101 2
F8
RCA 3
16A
4 K10
F23 3U2 L1
E
32A 3V2 L2
Line 3W2 L3
L1 1U1
Filter 1V1
N
X100 L2
Mains L3 1W1 K1
2U2 L1
Page 2
E 2V2 L2
T1
to
2W2 L3
N
X4 K4-2
not used
CCA
K5-2
GPA
X1 X1 CCS_On
9
6 MsgSys_On ON OFF
T
17 17 4
Trafo
4 System_On MSUP
22 22 3 K2-2
5 System_Off Backplane K6-2
23 23 2
3 Host_Stby
24 10 7
K1-1 K4 K5 K9 K6 K2 K7
14
3 3 +15V 0V 5
Stdby
Relay Control 1 .3
Alarm Box over a serial link and the µP activates the System On
signal to the LPD.
Pressing either the "System off" button on the Alarm Box or the
Figure 210 Inner view to PDS
BLUE button S2 in the LPD activates K5 which opens contacts K5-1
and K5-2 deactivating relays K3 (MRC, MRIR power) and K2 (K7,
K1, K10 and K11 removing power from the scanner components).
Manually
Pressing the "Host Standby" button on the Alarm Box activates K9
and K6. K9 will enable K3 (self-locking) which powers MRC and
MRIR (MRSC). If the scanner was ON, K6 will disable K2 and so K7,
K10, K11 and K1 removing power from the rest of the scanner
components. If the scanner was OFF then K6 has no function.
Via Software
This feature works the same as for System On described at the left,
however, the Standby signal is activated.
System On 1 .3.1
Pressing either the "System on" button on the Alarm Box or the In case the temperature in either the CCA or GPA cabinets exceeds
GREEN button S1 in the LPD K4 is activated temporarily closing 50°C K6 will be activated and the system is switched to Standby. If
contact K4-1 and K4-2. Contact K4-1 activates K3 which pulls in the system is already switched off, but for any reason the
self-holding contact K3-1 and supplies the MRC and Imager with overtemperature switches get activated, a diode between K6 and
power. Contact K4-2 activates K2. When K2 activates the self- K9 will prevent the system from switching to Standby.
holding contact K2-1 keeps itself on and contact K2-2 activates K7.
Contact K7-1 activates relays K1, K10 (and K11 on oler systems)
which supplies power to the rest of the scanner components. CCA and GPA 50°C Overtemp Switches 1 .3.15
Via Software
"System On" can also be activated the software under the Options
> System Control menu on the Scanner task card : System
Standby. When activated, the Host sends a command to a µP in the
291
Power Distribution - Relay Control
11
292
OLD NEW
Version Version
CCA Cabinet
RCA RF Room
Controller Reserve PatTab Printer Digicam
X104 X108 X105 X107 X106
1 2 3 E 1 2 3 E 1 2 3 E 1 2 3 E 1 2 3 E
CCA Roof
F22 F11 F14 F16 F13 F20 F15 F18 F12 F17
2A 10A 4A 4A 4A 10A 16A 6A 10A 16A
Page 1
from
OLD
L1
L2
L3
N
Page 1
NEW
from
293
Power Distribution - Relay Control
11
294
12 Tune-Up / QA
Main System
12
Diagram Diagram
Introduction 12.1
The Procedures 12.1
295
Tune-Up / QA - Introduction
12
296
Each of the Tune-Up steps can be performed in one of two modes: For every procedure the results are stored as an HTML file and can
• Normal mode: this is the mode that has to be used to be called up for display under "Reports", "Session History". The
achieve a status of "Done". saving of the measured data in the system parameter files, log files
• Expert Mode: This mode is intended for troubleshooting and database files will be done automatically by if the procedure
only. Procedures which can be run in this mode offer the was performed successfully.
possibility to change or make individual selections of sub-
steps of a procedure. For example, a single gradient axis Quality Assurance Procedures 12.15
subsequent procedures being interdependent on the one just The Active Coil menu shows the name of the currently selected coil
performed, will be set to To Do. For example, if a regulator that will be used by the Tune-up procedures. Since the body coil is
adjustment is performed, all gradient-related procedures will be set always connected, it will always be the default selection when the
to To Do, even if they were set to Done previously. If a procedure Tune-up platform is opened.
has stopped or aborted due to an error or time-out, it will be set to
error. Is this all making any sense? In addition to the Body Coil, up to 4 coils may be connected to the
system at any one time. These coils are displayed in the Active coil
pull-down menu. The first coil displayed in the list is always the
Body Coil. The 2nd is the coil connected to the 1st coil plug, the 3rd
the coil connected to the 2nd coil plug and so on. If no coil is
connected to a plug the message "No Coil" replaces the coil name.
Figure 213 Tune Up and QA Procedural Steps
Calculation Artefacts
Coil Power Losses
Spike Check
297
Tune-Up / QA - Introduction
12
298
Main
Tuning Calibration 12.21
Reflection X Menu
j1
The Body Coil’s center frequency (electrical length) and loading Chart
Cs
conditions are constantly changing with every new patient or
patient position thus shifting its impedance away from the nominal
Range of
RF System impedance of 50 ohms resulting in an increasing power variance Cp
reflection. The Harmony and Symphony have been designed with of BTB
an impedance (Z) matching network called the Body Tune Box
(BTB). The BTB consists of a serial and a parallel capacitor array 0.1
that can be set to compensate the effects of the patient and bring 0W 50W ¥W R
the impedance of the Body Coil back to the nominal 50 ohm -1 short 0 open 1
impedance, or close enough so that the reflected power is 10% or
less (green circle in center of reflection chart). The task of Range of
measuring and analyzing the BC impedance (reflection factors) and variance
of Patient &
finding the appropriate BTB capacitor setting to compensate is Body coil
performed by the tuning algorithm in the Adjust/Tune procedure.
But before the Adjust/Tune procedure can perform the task of
m a t c h i n g t h e i m p e d a n c e i t m u s t f i r s t c a l i b ra t e t h e Tu n e
-j1
Measurement Circuit which is used to measure the reflections and
also the actual effective range of the BTB. This calibration is
accomplished in two separate steps:
BTB Body Coil
• Tune Measurement Circuit Calibration - normalizing the TX
impedance characteristics of the components in the Tune Module
Measurement Circuit including the TX_Module, RX_Module,
Cs Cp
all connecting cables and the internal components of the - Cables
0°
BCCS, LCCS and TALES. - BCCS
• BTB Calibration - mapping out the range of variance of the -
-
LCCS
TALES
series (Cs) and parallel (Cp) capacitances in the BTB.
Cs Cp 90°
RX
Module
12. .1
Figure 215 Normalization of Tune Circuit
Results
For this measurement, the TALES output will be terminated with an TALES
open, a short and a 50 ohm terminations which covers the
BCCS
complete impedance resitive range. Under these different 0° X3
impedance conditions the forward and reflected values are
measured by applying a rectangular RF pulse (tuncal sequence) to
POI
the Ur and Uf side of the directional couplers in the BCCS. For each
termination condition, the frequency is varied through the
complete operating range. For Harmony the frequency range is 90°
4 0.35 to 40. 55 MHz wi th a frequency step of 10 kHz (21 X4
measurements). For Symphony/Sonata the frequency range is Ur
6 3.45 to 63. 75 MHz wi th a frequency step of 10 kHz (31
Uf
measurements).
The Symphony/Sonata system has a CP Body Coil consisting of two
coil systems so an additional measurement is necessary since there
is also a coupling of the two Body Coil systems over the Rx Hybrid.
This coupling has the result that impedances of the 0° system Rx
couple through to the 90° system effecting its impedance and vice Hybrid
TTX
versa, so it must be measured and compensated as well. This is TX
done by measuring the 90° path when sending with the 0° and vice Module
versa. The coupling factors are expressed as H-parameters.
POM
After this measurement the Tune Measurement Circuit will be
normalized and the point of measurement (POM) (i.e., the point
where the system knows the exact amplitude, frequency and phase
RX
of the signal being sent or received) will have been transferred to SGA1
Module
the Point of Interest (POI) and the system is now able to "see" the
impedance conditions at the POI.
299
Tune-Up / QA - RF Related Tune-Up
12
300
Results
T
12. 1.13
Figure 216 Results of Normalizations
The graphic displays the results of the H parameter (Rx hybrid
coupling). Each colored line represents one of the four measured H 1 Back
parameters with each line displaying the 21 (harmony) or 31 H11
H12
(Symphony/Sonata) measured frequencies (tick marks). H21
H22
It is difficult to interpret this graphic since the lines will always be
round. You may notice, however, that the blue line begins, for 0.5
example, at real part 0 and imaginary part of approximately 0.75
imaginary part
and runs to r=0.6/i=0.2. All other lines begin and end at different
points. The graphic may be of help if compared with curves
measured at a time when the system was functioning properly. 0
measurement measures the 90° system with a short which should real part
give a result of real = -1, imaginary = 0 (i.e., 100% reflection).
The results are displayed in the two tables.
If the results are good, it will continue with the BTB Calibration.
TALES Reflection Verification 0-system (50 ohm)
Testing the Tuning Calibration 12. 1.14 Value Low Spec High Spec
There is a service test in the TestTools under RF system / BTB TALES_0_Reflect_Real 0.00 0.00 0.02
Interactive that also checks the tuning calibration. This test uses, TALES_0_Reflect_Imag 0.00 0.00 0.02
12. .12
Figure 217 Mapping out the BTB capacitances
After successfully normalizing the tuning circuit, the capacitor array
of the BTB will be "mapped out", i.e., its range of variance Back
BTB
determined. The tuning calibration must have been successful TX
since the impedance and coupling data are used. Module 0°
In the circle in the diagram at right represents the reflection factor Cs Cp
for any given load (R) and frequency (X) value. The outer - Cables
- BCCS
perimeter signifies 100% reflection (r=|1|), the center point 0% - LCCS
reflection (r=0 i.e., 50 ohms). This chart has been overly simplified - TALES
90°
for explanatory purposes. It can be seen, that the Cp capacitance
varies along the X axis, whereby the Cs capacitances vary along RX
Cs Cp
the R axis. The amount of variance along either axis depends on Module
the number of and the values of the individual capacitors. For
example, if the BTB has 4 switchable Cs capacitors, call them C1
Tune Measurement Circuit Z-Matching
through C4, and C1=1pF, C2=2pF, C3=4pF, C4=8pF, then there are Network
16 different capacitance values ranging from 1-15pF. There are
three different versions of BTB:
• Äst < 5 : 4 Cs capacitors, only three selectable (= 8 values)
• Äst > 5 : 4 Cs capacitors, all selectable (=16 values) X BTB_0° BTB_90°
j1
• BTB-2 : 5 Cs capacitors, all selectable (= 32 values)
X
j1
Cs
Cs Cp
Range of
Results 12. 1.21
variance Cp -j1
of BTB
The results are not displayed but are stored in the tuncal.dat file
under C:\MedCom_047\MriSiteData\Measurement if the program
finished successfully.
0W 50W ¥W R
The output in the report is as follows: -1 short open 1
-j1
301
Tune-Up / QA - RF Related Tune-Up
12
302
well as minimize the coupling between them. This is a manual adjustment requiring the rear tunnel cover to be
This procedure is only possible for systems with the bird-cage Body removed. On the Body Coil are three 50-turn trim capacitors (refer
Coil (BC47-2). to Figure 218 below), two for adjusting the frequency of each Body
Coil system and one for minimizing the coupling between the two.
The measurements are performed with fixed Cs/Cp values and over The trim capacitors T1 and T2 vary the resonance frequency of the
an 800 kHz frequency range. The resonant frequency is found at system 1 and 2 respectively. These 50-turn capacitors vary the
that point where the reflection of the BC has a minimum. The frequency by approximately 5 kHz per turn. Turning the cap CW
decoupling is given by the frequency where the transmission has LOWERS the frequency, CCW INCREASES the frequency.
its maximum value. The transmission is determined at that
frequency where the transmission (coupling) has its maximum Decoupling 12. 2.32
value.This should be lower than -16 dB. A -16dB coupling TD is also a 50-turn capacitor and effects the de-coupling between
translates into a 2.5% power loss! Therefore, the lower the the two BC systems. It is not possible to know which direction to
coupling, the less losses. take at first, but there is only one minima.
The transmission through the Body Coil, that is, the amount of
coupling between the two Body Coil systems, describes a mutual
inductance between the Body Coil systems due to coil construction.
The transmission is measured by sending a signal into the 0°-
Figure 218 Body Coil Resonant Frequency and De-coupling Adjustments
0.6
Cs
T1 0.5
Cp
0.4
90° 0.3
0.2
0.1
TD
63.3
63.2
63.4
63.5
63.6
63.7
63.8
63.9
64.0
Frequency in MHz
90° -30
Transmission Result Plot
Rx
Transmission |t| in dB
-35
TX TTX Hybrid T2
Cs Cp -40
Module
-45
-50
-55
RX SGA1 -60
63.3
63.2
63.4
63.5
63.6
63.7
63.8
63.9
64.0
Module TD
Frequency in MHz
Value Low Spec High Spec Unit Value Low Spec High Spec Unit
303
Tune-Up / QA - RF Related Tune-Up
12
304
A phase distortion would lead to a shift or drift in the frequency, desired pulse
which would result in false slice positions hence the phase f
distortion must also be corrected.
correction
The correction curve
Method of correction 12. 3.03
curve
is the inverse of the
RFPA’s characteristic
The distortion caused by the non-linearity of the RF amplifier is curve.
corrected by measuring the output of the RF transmission in terms f
cross-talk
of the amplitude and phase based on a known input to the RF
amplifier for the entire operating range of the RF amplifier, thereby
defining the input/output characteristic of the amplifier. The
corresponding inverse function of the amplitude and phase desired pulse
characteristics are used for pre-distortion of the input signal in
order to achieve a linear output characteristic and to optimize the
RF excitation. t
50 W
dummy
PF load
RX
Module
305
Tune-Up / QA - RF Related Tune-Up
12
306
RF Output [volts]
Phase [degrees]
12. 3.2 600
500 185
The second set of graphics displays a calculated version of the 400 180
measured data mentioned above. The measured data is used to 300
175
generate an equidistant RF Characteristic correction data base on 200
170
input amplitude, slope and phase necessary for the RF 100
input data. Finally, the output data and phase data is converted to 800 195
700
slope and phase values. 190
RF Output [volts]
Phase [degrees]
600
500 185
Plot of Verification Measurement 12. 3.23
400 180
The last set of graphics display the evaluation results of the 300
175
200
verification measurement. The verification measurement is made 100
170
RF Output [volts]
180.6
amplifier at no time went into saturation.
Phase [degrees]
600
180.4
500 180.2
400 180
Expert Mode 12. .3
300 179.8
179.6
200
179.4
The expert mode allows the user to specify the maximum voltage. 100 179.2
The voltage input must be between the range 50% to 100% of 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
179
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
MaxPowerAllowed. RF Input [normalized] RF Output [volts]
RF Characteristic for Local Coils 12.24
pulse starts with the maximum voltage, decreasing by 0.25
dB for each subsequent pulse. This ensures that the
• Non-spectroscopy systems: complete characteristic is measured.
The Local coil characteristic can be measured in Expert Mode 5. The RF Characteristic is saved in the rfchara.dat file.
interactively by connecting the dummy load to the LC output of the
TALES. This measurement is not mandatory because the RF 6. The final step is the verify measurement. This includes
Characteristic BC is applied also for local TX-coils. the calculation of amplitude and phase deviation and
• Spectroscopy systems: checking if the results are within specification. The results
and graphics can be viewed in the service software under
The RF-Characteristic must be measured using all RF-amplifiers Tune-Up, Report, Tune-Up Results.
and all available nuclei (H and all X-nuclei) in the Local coil (LC)
path. An interaction of the service technician is necessary:
Results 12.2.42
disconnect input cable at BCCS X7 and connect it with TALES In Expert Mode, the function operates similar to standard mode
output X6) and the service plug must be connected to patient table except that the following options are available:
coil plug 1.
1. You can click Save to save the RF Characteristic after
The RF characteristic is measured as follows: measurement.
1. Calibration Voltage Search: Starting with 100 Volts 2. You have an option to modify the "Maximum allowed RF
output (this is just a nominal value). The TALES readings power".
are used to increase the output until 250 Volts output are
measured. 3. Selection of RF-amplifier, coil path and nucleus.
2. RF Calibration: The DICO has to be calibrated since it is 4. Option to switch off the frequency adjustment
used for the final measurement of the characteristic. The 5. Option to disable switching of TAS to dummy load.
DICO value is measured based on the resulting input
Also, Expert Mode does not include RF-verification at the end of the
voltage from step 1. The DICO is calibrated using the known
measurement.
relationship between TALES and DICO.
3. RF Max Power Search: By carefully increasing the output
voltage, the max. power of 1900 W, respectively 2440 W
(depending on nucleus) is searched.
4. RF Characteristic measurement: For the following Main
measurement, the RF is sent to the 50Ω dummy in the TAS. Menu
307
Tune-Up / QA - RF Related Tune-Up
12
308
GPA Regulator
The regulators in the newest very-high-power Gradient Amplifiers
(500A and above at 2000V) have a proportional, P, (= gain),
AVA
inte gral, I, (= tim e) and differential, D, regulation
DAC Modulator Power
characteristics, thus each regulator consists of a P, I and D
Stage
regulator circuit in series. The purpose of this procedure is to find
the optimal P, I and D regulator adjustment values for an optimized D
regulation characteristic. A P I D
A A A
D D D
Amplitude [normalized]
1
overshoot of the gradient pulse 1.02
• performs an evaluation (described below)
1.01
0 1
0 1 2 0.5 1
Time [ms]
Evaluation 12.3.12
Figure 223 Regulator Signal Evaluation
The pulse is evaluated for three criteria:
• Overshoot amplitude to the nominal pulse amplitude (in %) Pulse Check
Results
Amplitude
difference to the next successive data point is determined. This is 1.06
repeated for all data points of the overshoot. The smoothness
factor is the maximum difference determined by the above process 1.04
If there are points with an amplitude below the nominal amplitude Pulse Evaluation
an undershoot after an existing overshoot is detected. That means
over-driven regulator or oscillating signal. Overshoot (in %)
1.1 Decay time (from max to 15%)
Smoothness (in %)
A 1.08
D
Amplitude
1.06
1.04
sign
changes
1.02
15% of
overshoot
1
309
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
310
Results 12.3.13
I 50
D 42
If the factory default values are too tight and cause the regulator to
oscillate and result in an aborted measurement, the default values
can be changed in the Expert Mode menu.
Figure 225 Evaluation Results (final results)
RegAdj Expert Mode
Orientation X gradient
Y gradient
Z gradient
127 (min)
Proportional 25
to 0 (max)
127 (min)
Integral 38
to 0 (max)
0 (min) to
Differential 58
127 (max)
Table Adjustment 12.32 Figure 226 Table Adjustment Results
The goal of the Table Adjustment is to determine:
Main
• center positioning of the phantom in the magnet iso-center A 50 cm
magnetic
B Menu
iso-center
• sufficient field homogeneity scan volume
• distance between light marker and magnet iso-center
24 cm
The Phantom shim, CTC and ECC procedures require a centered phantom
Measurement 12.3.21
The measurement uses a double echo sequence. The first echo is Signal spectrum
acquired without applying a readout gradient resulting in an FID of phantom
The results of the Z axis measurement is used to determine the Phantom Position
table position and will be corrected automatically and stored as the Value Low Spec High Spec
new light marker distance. All three phantom position values are X Position -3 -5 5
displayed in a table, shown in the table in the graphic. Corrections Y Position 4 -10 10
necessary in the X direction are made by re-positioning the Z Position 3 -2 2
phantom. Corrections in the Y axis may be made by adjusting the
table height with SY0 (described in the TSG). Phantom is not centered in z-direction!
Moving patient table by -2 mm.
Correcting patient table distance by 2 mm to 899 mm.
311
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
312
32 voxels
procedure used for patient imaging.
els
Background
vox
12.3.31
32
field. Phantom Shim makes a 3D-measurement, a so-called "Field 32 voxels
Map" of the measurement volume using a 32 x 32 x 32 voxel
matrix covering a 35 x 35 x 35 cm volume. The resulting voxel 3D DESS Sequence
volume is about 0.5ml and the voxels are cubes, so the resolution TE1
TR
is isotropic. An advantage with this method is in having actual field TE2
values for each of the voxels and allows the user to define a
TX/RX
specific volume within the measurement volume that is to be PSIF FISP
optimized. This is called local volume shimming. Also, the
evaluation algorithm detects voxels with little or no signal and will
32
not use the data for correction improving the optimization. GS
Phasestatic
First, an operational check of the shim hardware is made. A • the field generated by the three gradient coils and the 5 shim
nominal shim current is applied to each shim channel followed by a coils
shim measurement and the actual field change effect is compared • the measured magnetic field inhomogeneities.
to the expected, predicted field change effects. In this way wrong
cabling, wrong polarity, open or short coils can be detected.
Figure 228 Phase rotation of magnetization vectors in the voxels
Field Map 12.3 .2
Example:
The sequence is a 3D-DESS-sequence, i.e. two echoes, a FISP and Results
a PSIF echo are generated. The echo times - 4.7ms - are so
chosen, that fat and water are in phase, hence, the sequence is
prepared for patient use as well.
Evaluation 12.3.3
For 1.5T systems the echo time difference of FISP and PSIF signals
is 9.4ms. This has the shortcoming, that the true absolute off Numerically, the problem is a least square fit leading to a system of
resonance-frequencies cannot be analyzed: Due to the Nyquist- many linear equations with 8 unknowns: the 3 gradient offset
theorem the highest frequency, which can be analyzed correctly is currents and the 5 shim currents. In short: the comparison of the
only B o -fields in two voxels - performed by analyzing the phases -
results in one equation. For all voxels 98304 calculations are
1/9.4ms = ± 53Hz required. However, a threshold is set for the signal to noise: voxels
However, for the check and optimization of the B o -field it is with no or little signal-noise ratio will be rejected, so the number of
sufficient to compare the field differences between neighboring equations is typically reduced to about 20000.
voxels. The field difference is obtained by comparison of the phases
of the magnetization vectors. With an echo time difference of
9.4ms a shift of 10 degrees from voxel to voxel in one direction
313
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
314
Results 12.3.34
Figure 229 Phantom Shim Results
The first table displays the measured field terms for each of the 8
terms that can be corrected. The 3 first order field terms and the 5 Field Terms Main
Menu
second order field terms that can be optimized are: Value Low Spec High Spec Unit
Pos. 1 The following two tables give the correction currents for Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit
the gradient and shim coils. The gradient offset current are Gx 0.0011 mT/m -0.0035 mT/m -0.0045 mT/m
expressed in mT/M and the shim coil currents in mA. Gy -0.0041 mT/m -0.0044 mT/m -0.0003 mT/m
Gz 0.0030 mT/m -0.0011 mT/m -0.0041 mT/m
A20 -10 mA -2 mA 8 mA
A21 43 mA 29 mA -14 mA
B22 -13 mA -9 mA 4 mA
Cross Term Compensation (CTC) 12.34 Figure 230 Cross term Currents
An applied gradient field in any axis produces not only eddy
currents along that axis, but also small amounts of eddy currents Crossterms Main
Menu
are coupled over the conductive magnet components onto the
other two axis’, the so-called cross terms. The CTC (cross term Crossterm
sterm
erm currents
compensation) procedure measures the eddy currents created by
the cross terms. Compensated is made by pre-distortion of the
gradient waveform. Cross term amplitudes can be up to 0.2% of Y
the main applied gradient amplitude. Unlike the main eddy
currents which are complicated and need to be modeled with 5
time constants, the Cross Term current decay exponentially in time
in general with only one time constant. X
Main
nZ
gradient
radient
ient
Measurement 12.3.41
conductable
conductab
d bl magnet
b magne
The procedure measures the decay of the eddy currents caused by Gradient Coil parts (bore
(bore, shields)
the cross terms. Amplitudes and time constants of the eddy current
contributions are then calculated. The compensation is
straightforward: gradient fields of equal and opposite amplitude
and time constants to the measured cross terms are applied Cross Term Fit Results: Cross Term Fit Results:
perpendicular to the main applied gradient field. The result is a Z-Gradient X-Compensation Z-Gradient Y-Compensation
much cleaner main gradient with very small residual cross terms 0.005 0.03
Compensation [%]
Compensation [%]
0 0.025
-0.005 0.02
Result 12.3.42
-0.01 0.015
-0.015 0.01
The amplitude and time constants if the compensations are -0.02 0.005
displayed graphically and in tabular form. Only the Z axis is shown. -0.025 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Delay [s] Delay [s]
The CTC can be made individually for each axis. Cross Term Fit Results for Z-Gradient
315
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
316
Eddy Current Compensation (ECC) 12.35 Figure 231 Eddy Current Measurement
The dynamic gradient fields produce currents (called eddy magnet
currents) in all the surrounding conductive structures, mainly the Eddy currents Next
Body Coil, magnet bore and the cryo-shields. The eddy currents
produce in turn magnetic fields which oppose and distort the cryo-shield
Experience has shown, that for smaller slice shifts it is sufficient to conductable magnet
express the eddy fields into a 0th and a 1st order term.
parts (bore, shields)
Term Description
Applied signal Resultant signal
0th This term arises from an asymmetry of the gradient coil with
respect to the magnet bore and cryo shields. This term is space
independent and present in the complete imaging volume and
adds to the nominal Bo-Field. The amplitude (x) is given in the no ECC
unit µTm/mT. The time constant of the most significant 0th term
component is about 500ms, although there are shorter time
constant components as well.
1st This is the most important term as it has the same symmetry as
the gradient field itself. The amplitude is given in % of the Eddy current
applied gradient pulse. energies
2nd or There are also high ordered eddy currents present, they are
above usually small and negligible as long as the slice shifts and off
center zooms are not too large. No compensation for the high
order eddy currents can be made.
with ECC
Measurement 12.3.51
Figure 232 Eddy Current Measurement
F irst , th e phant om ce nte r posi ti on is ch ecked. Th e sam e
preparation measurement is used as for Phantom shim, however, Next
the small spherical phantom is used. If the phantom is not
correctly positioned the measurement stops with an error.
The sequence for the measurements generates 23 spin echoes with Amplitude
8mT/m
180°
90°
317
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
318
Evaluation 12.3.52
After a measurement - usually two or three iterations are required V1: Training Center File: ecct_x1.res Next
before the final optimization - the measured data is displayed in a --------------------------------------------------
table found in the log file. The first table (not shown) lists the 2006-12-14 10:23:23 Sequence: eddy
Gradient: X 8.0mT/m 400us Hardware: 1
a c t ua l m e a su r e d d a t a a t p o s it i o n + 5 0 m m f r o m th e f i r s t Echoes: 23 Points: 1024 * 10us
measurement. The second table lists the measured data for the -50 Gradel: 14us Ref.Freq: 34061.0Hz
mm position. The third table, shown at right, gives the combined Position 1: 50.0mm Position 2: -50.0mm
results of both.
Nr. Delay Gradient B0
[ms] [Hz] [%] [Hz] [uTm/mT]
Header 12.35.21
----------------------------------------------
( 1 0.38 2182.7 6.408 35.8 0.105)
There is some basic information given in the header (top section). ( 2 0.55 2147.3 6.304 34.2 0.100)
For example, the sequence generated 23 spin echoes. The delay 3 0.81 2119.2 6.222 33.2 0.097
times can be seen in the list and are between 0.4 ms to 9000 ms of 4 1.18 2113.4 6.205 33.0 0.097
the applied gradient. The gradient amplitude is 8 mT/m, the spin 5 1.71 2105.9 6.183 35.2 0.103
6 2.47 2101.8 6.171 37.5 0.110
echoes are generated in 3 mm slices with slice shifts of +50 mm 7 3.58 2089.5 6.135 36.3 0.107
and -50 mm. Hence the gradient amplitude in the slices is: 8 5.17 2073.2 6.087 32.7 0.096
±8 mT/m · 0.05m = ± 0.4 mT 9 8.57 2038.5 5.985 32.3 0.095
10 12.97 2007.6 5.894 29.7 0.087
corresponding to a frequency of 11 18.47 1974.3 5.796 28.8 0.084
12 26.62 1932.4 5.673 26.9 0.079
±0.4 · 10-3 · 42.577 · 106 Hz = ±17031 Hz 13 37.68 1883.8 5.531 25.4 0.075
14 53.76 1822.7 5.351 24.4 0.071
at the slice position +50 mm or - 50 mm resulting in an overall 15 76.87 1744.6 5.122 23.4 0.069
frequency of 34062 Hz. This frequency will be displayed as Ref. 16 111.05 1637.6 4.808 21.8 0.064
Frequency. 17 159.27 1497.5 4.397 20.1 0.059
18 230.29 1310.3 3.847 18.0 0.053
Signal Nr. 1 is measured for frequency offset. Signal 2 is measured 19 331.29 1079.2 3.168 15.4 0.045
to correct for the eddy currents generated by the slice-select 20 477.29 810.3 2.379 12.4 0.036
21 688.29 532.7 1.564 8.9 0.026
gradient (measurement of long delays). 22 993.29 292.7 0.859 5.6 0.016
The data for a given delay time will be rejected if the amplitude 23 1433.29 139.7 0.410 2.5 0.007
24 2069.29 57.3 0.168 0.4 0.001
"Ampl" is less than a given threshold-value. "Points" in the last 25 2988.29 21.5 0.063 -0.2 -0.000
column means the number of ADC-sampling points for the given 26 4315.29 7.1 0.021 -0.1 -0.000
signal. The shorter the delay time after the gradient, the shorter 27 6232.29 1.9 0.006 0.2 0.000
must be the total sampling time and hence the number of sampling 28 9002.29 0.3 0.001 0.3 0.001
--------------------------------------------
points.
After the sequence was run for the two slice positions + 50 mm
and - 50 mm the data first will be added up and then subtracted in
order to separate the 0th order term and 1st order term.
Results 12.3.53
Figure 233 ECC Measurement Results and Specifications
The program will then calculate:
Main
Gradient Compensation (1st order term) Results of First Measurement Menu
12.35.31
7 0.12
=========== Gradient Compensation for X ========== Gradient B0
6 Fit 0.1 Fit
Current Param. Change Suggested Param.
Gradient [%]
Gradient [%]
5 0.08
Time[s] Amp[%] Time[s] Amp[%] Time[s] Amp[%]
-------------------------------------------------- 4 0.06
eddy current compensation. For the Fit Quality the RMS-value is >10ms 5.894 0.0 - 0.1 % 0.087 0.0 - 0.1 uTm/mT
319
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
320
Coil Power Losses (CPL) 12.36 Figure 234 Coil Power Loss Measurement
The purpose of this procedure is to measure the amount of power
loss of the Body Coil. This value is used by the RF-Safety Watchdog Coil Power Loss Measurement
Main
Menu
(RFSWD) monitor to achieve a more accurate SAR measurement.
Adjust Transmitter
Measurement 12.3.61
180° flip angle
A complete inline adjustment with a non-volume-selective
RFPA TAS BCCS TALES BTB BC
frequency adjustment is performed, followed by a transmitter
adjustment. The voltage from the Adjust/Transmitter result is used TX Small Ball
phantom
to calculate the reference power: Module
Evaluation 12.3.62
Phantom Center
The measured reference power from the TALES is checked. Low
Value Low Spec High Spec Unit
Spec = 250 W, High Spec = 630 W. If an oil-filled 170 mm phantom
Phantom Center X -2.67 -20.00 20.00 mm
were to be used the low specification might not be reached or if the
body loader phantom is in the magnet the high specification might Phantom Center Y 2.81 -20.00 20.00 mm
be exceeded.
Phantom Diameter
Value Low Spec High Spec Unit
Results 12.3.63
The value for the Coil Power Losses is calculated: CPL = Reference Phantom Diameter Y 170.01 150.00 190.00 mm
Power from TALES * (1 + σ), where σ is a correction factor taking
into account electrical conductivity of the phantom fluid and Ref Power from TALES
dielectric resonance effects. The factor σ is greater than 1 so the
Name Value Low Spec High Spec Unit
Coil power loss value is larger than the measured reference power.
Ref Power from TALES 422.98 250.00 630.00 W
between the 90°- and the 180°-pulse and then again during the No extra functionality is offered in the expert mode.
readout time of the spin echo.
The first gradient pulse causes a dephase of the magnetization
vector in the direction of the gradient axis. The amount of dephase
is proportional to the time-amplitude integral of the gradient pulse.
Subsequently, a 180° refocusing pulse is applied normally resulting
in a spin echo at TE/2 time later. However, due to the dephasing of
the vector by the first gradient pulse, the echo will only land in the
center of the ADC window (which is also centered exactly around
the TE time point) when an equal rephasing gradient has been
applied at the proper time so that the rephasing is finished at the
center of the ADC cycle.
For a non-corrected gradient delay the two gradient pulses are
time-delayed. This does not influence the dephasing effect of the
first gradient pulse, however the delayed second gradient pulse
causes a rephasing delay and thus a time-delayed echo signal.
From the echo signal delay and the gradient amplitude the system
can calculate the required correction time.
321
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
322
Dephase Rephase
GR
Uncompensated t
missing
delay
Dephase Rephase
GR
Compensated t
echo
7680µs maxima
300µs
Gradient Sensitivity 12.38
sequence with a TR = 50 msec, TE = 10 msec. The sequence is run
three times, one for each orientation. For the sagittal orientation
The purpose of this measurement is to establish the actual LSB the usual orientation of the readout and phase encoding gradients
weighting (sensitivity) of the gradient amplifier so that accurate are swapped.
gradient field strengths can be calculated assuring accurate FoV
(image size).
Evaluation 12.3.82
The 24cm phantom is measured and checked initially for size and
The nominal sensitivity is simply the maximum gradient strength of center.
the Gradient System (amplifier and coil) divided by the digital Results
resolution of the DAC. In the example below, the gradient system
has a maximum 30 mT/m field strength and an 18-bit DAC, Afterwards the three values for the gradient sensitivity will be
whereby 17 bits is the dynamic range since 1 bit is used for polarity stored in the status file.
(it is a ±10V DAC). This gives a nominal sensitivity of 0.229 µT/m. In addition, the Grad Sens program is used to determine the
The first Gradient Sensitivity measurement will use this value. As distance from the light marker to the gradient coil center.
can be seen in the first image results, the phantom has the shape
of an oval.
Expert Mode 12.3.83
Actual Sensitivity
In Expert Mode, the Grad Sens procedure operates similar except
12.38.02
The actual sensitivity, however, will depend on the characteristics that the results are not written into the database.
of the DAC, the amplifier and the coil. In order to determine the
actual gradient sensitivity an object of known diameter (the
large 24 cm spherical phantom) is measured using a 500 FoV. and
the resultant image evaluated and the actual phantom diameter
determined. The actual sensitivity is the old value time the
correction factor which is determined by dividing the nominal
phantom diameter with the actual measured image diameter.
During this procedure the patient table distance - the distance from
the light localizer to the iso-center - is also measured (again, it was
first measured some steps ago) and, if necessary, automatically
corrected. If a correction is necessary the measurement is
repeated.
Measurement 12.3.81
323
Tune-Up / QA - Gradient Related Tune-Up
12
324
Main
Gradient Sensitivity Menu
GPA
FoV = 350 mm
DAC 0.78V Amplifier
18 Bit*
24 cm Phantom Position
27EF D
Phantom f = 22.8 kHz PhaseEnc ReadOut Average
A m
T/ Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit
±10V 3m
2.2 X Position -0.5 mm -0.5 mm -0.5 mm
Sequence:
PBW = 130 Hz Phantom Diameter
Default MA = 256
30mT/m FoV = 350 mm PhaseEnc ReadOut Average
Sensitivity =
217 PBW * MA * 1/FoV Value Spec Unit Value Spec Unit Value Spec Unit
GR =
= 0.229µT/m (LSB) 42.577 Diameter X 240.4 238 - 242 mm 239.9 238 - 242 mm 240.1 238 - 242 mm
GR = 2.23 mT/m Diameter Y 240.0 238 - 242 mm 240.3 238 - 242 mm 240.1 238 - 242 mm
Diameter Z 241.3 238 - 242 mm 239.5 238 - 242 mm 240.4 238 - 242 mm
Image
Gradient Sensitivities
Actual Sensitivity =
Current New
f Actual
?
New Value = Old value Value Unit Value Unit
f Nominal
Sensitivity X 0.000229 mT/m 0.000265 mT/m
By a fresh installation the “Old value” is Sensitivity Y 0.000229 mT/m 0.000276 mT/m
the default value of 0.229µT/m) ?
Sensitivity Z 0.000229 mT/m 0.000272 mT/m
that the same image brightness for a given coil element will be In Expert Mode, the Receive Path Calibration (only for the head
achieved independent of the receive path used. The factors that coil) operates similar except that the results are not written into
will influence the MR signal from a coil, in amplitude or phase, are the database. For all other coils the standard procedure Image
highlighted above in bold letters. brightness is available.
This procedure replaces the former Coil Tune-Up procedure (aka,
image brightness adjustment) that had to be performed for EVERY
installed Local Coil (AdR: which was very time consuming).
Measurement 12.4.01
325
Tune-Up / QA - Receive Path Calibration
12
326
Main
Menu
LCCS SGA
A RxChanCorr
1
Factor
Switch D 1. Rx
A Mod RxChanCorr
Matrix 2
D Factor
1
2 A RxChanCorr
Image Reconstruction
3
D 2. Rx Factor
A Mod RxChanCorr
4
D Factor
A RxChanCorr
3 5
D 3. Rx Factor
4
A Mod RxChanCorr
6
D Factor
A RxChanCorr
7
D 4. Rx Factor
A Mod RxChanCorr
8
D Factor
Cable attenuation
(8.5 - 20 m)
Im High gain
Low gain
Re
Quality Assurance 12.5
Main
Menu
This procedure replaces the former SN DIP used for the coil-QA and
determines:
• Signal to noise ratio S/N
• Image brightness
• Image uniformity (inhomogeneity)
for the Body coil and all LC-coils except the Head-coil.
One or more protocols have been defined for each coil. After each
protocol is measured, the routine will analyze the resulting image
or images for S/N and in some cases the image intensity profile
and image size. For transmit-capable coils the specific absorption
ratio (SAR) is checked as well.
In standard mode and for coils where only one phantom position is
necessary, the SN_DIP procedure performs all required SN_DIP
protocols without user intervention. If more than one protocol is
required, the procedure measures and evaluates each image from
the protocol before continuing with the next protocol. For coils that
require more than one phantom position to perform all the required
SN_DIP protocols, the user will be guided on screen through the
various phantom positions.
327
Tune-Up / QA - Quality Assurance
12
328
interchanging of gradient axes, an exchange of gradient axes (i.e. The only difference in Expert Mode is that no data are written into
wrong cable connections) can be detected.
the database.
Incorrect gradient polarity can be detected by identifying the QA Results
unsymmetrical cap of the spherical phantom.
The two images measured can be loaded and displayed in the
In case of incorrect gradient axis orientation, polarity or positioning HTML/XML output page.
of the phantom, the procedure is finished with "error".
Image windowing is done by clicking and dragging the mouse or by
direct input of image window and center values.
Evaluation 12.5.2
The program searches for the outer edges of the loader phantom
Figure 238 Image Orientation
Main
Axis Swap Examples: Menu
GPA Coil ART COR ROC SAG GAS
X
X Filter X
L
P
x swap y swap z swap
Correct image results:
Image Orientation check failed!
The location of the phantom filling opening was identified in the wrong direction.
329
Tune-Up / QA - Quality Assurance
12
330
Measurement 12.5.32
Results 12.5.3
Expert Mode lets the user select the slice shift 0, 50 mm, and the
three slice orientations separately.
The Evaluate option allows to evaluate any image in the actual
segment for artifacts.
Spike Check 12.54
EPI or BOLD-Imaging generate spikes, which cannot be verified by
the normal "Spike Check". In these cases use the procedure
The Spike Check is a quick test to check the MR imaging system for "Advanced Spike" for spike trouble shooting. The "Advanced Spike"
the occurrence of "spikes" and RF interference. The raw data is should be repeated at least three times - than the system has to be
evaluated by a program that detects and identifies spikes. The free of spikes.
image data is evaluated for RF interference.
Results
Physical Background
12.5.43
12.5.41
331
Tune-Up / QA - Quality Assurance
12
332
Expert Mode lets the user modify the default parameters. The
following selections are possible: The phase shift of a spin echo is determined by the integral over
• Spin echo or Flash sequence measurement. The Spin echo the magnetic field from 90° to 180° pulse minus the integral from
sequence is selected by default. This setting is exclusive, i.e. 180° pulse to echo:
for each Start performed in Expert mode, only one sequence
can be selected.
For a constant field or a slowly varying field, both integrals cancel
• Slice shift of 0 and +50 mm. Both are selected as defaults. If
no selection is made, a Start is not possible. each other. However, for an oscillating field with a period of TE (20
ms = 1/50 Hz) this expression becomes maximum.
• Sagittal, coronal and transverse slice selection. All
orientations are selected as defaults, but any one, two or all
three can be selected. If none is selected, Start is not For the gradient echo sequence, the phase stability is evaluated by
possible. fitting a straight line to the phase data. Subtracting the value of the
In addition, the user can modify the TR and TE values from their linear fit from the phase data results in the phase stability changes.
default settings. If the user selects a TR or TE value that is not The slope of the straight line indicates the linear phase drift.
valid for the selected sequence, an error message is generated.
When selecting Start, the valid input ranges will be displayed.
The Evaluate option allows the user to evaluate the stability of the
last measurement.
The Evaluate File option allows the user to evaluate the stability of Main
Menu
a existing raw data file.
Results 12.5.52
Fat saturation is used during MR imaging to suppress the fat signal The user can select the three orientations (TRA, SAG and COR)
while leaving the water signal unchanged. Since fat has an MR using this mode.
frequency 3.5ppm lower than water, this is achieved by applying a
low bandwidth RF-pulse to the fat frequency followed by spoiling Results 12.5.64
First, the normal image which shows the contours of the phantom
is analyzed. Position and diameters are calculated. Then, a region
of interest which is a circle of for example 80% (defined by status
file variable) of the phantom diameter is taken.
This region is now scanned into the normal image and into the
water saturated image, and the ratio of both signals is calculated
point by point. To reduce noise at every point, a 3x3 average over
neighbor points is done. Point by point saturation ratios are
calculated, resulting in a mean and a maximum value. These two
values are compared to specification.
333
Tune-Up / QA - Quality Assurance
12
334
Principle of Synthesizer Test 12.5.71 The only difference of Expert Mode is that no data is written into
the database.
The Avanto system contains a maximum of 32 receiver channels.
Four receiver channels are connected to 1 double (Numeric
Controlled Oscillator) NCO so that we have in sum 16 RX-NCO's.
Double NCO means that we have two groups of NCO's, so that it is
possible to switch the group of 4 receiver channels either to NCO- Main
Menu
group 1 or to NCO-group 2.
For transmit we have one double NCO. As well the transmit path
can be switched to NCO-group 1 or NCO-group 2.
During simultaneous sending and receiving, the phase and
frequency of the TX-NCO and RX-NCO within one group is the
same. In the following QA-procedure asynchronous behavior of the
TX- and RX-NCO is needed, that means one NCO is stepping phase
and frequency while the other is fix. For that reason we always are
using different groups of NCO's when sending and receiving
simultaneously, i.e. TX NCO is fix and RX-NCO is stepping.
In a first step the verification of the frequency and phase operation
of the RF reference signal is performed by using the MR signal itself
(NCO-sequence). After the demodulation the received MR signal,
the reference signal is compared to the MR signal in terms of
frequency and phase. In one test, the reference signal is varied in
frequency over the whole range of the MR system. A second test
modifies the phase in fixed intervals. In this way the whole
operating range of the oscillator can be tested. The test is
performed for one RX-NCO from group 1 and one RX-NCO from
group 2. So the two RX-NCO's are validated and can be used for
further tests of the other NCO's.
In a second step we perform loop-measurements (nco_loop-
sequence) between the just tested RX-NCO's and the TX-NCO's. By
Main
Menu
environment must be below a specified level. The following graphical and numerical evaluations will be
performed:
The Stabil ity_LongTerm Ch eck det ermi nes the su m of al l
instabilities while doing a phantom measurement. Typical causes of • Mean values of a 15x15 ROI related to the mean value of all
instabilities are: measurements as function of image number
• Local B0 field variation caused by temperature variation in • Standard Deviation of a 15x15 ROI mean values (linear and
the shim-unit generate frequency instabilities. The result is a logarithmic plot)
virtual movement of the measured object during the scans. • Center position in x and y direction of phantom, dependent of
• B1 field variations by instable RF produce image intensity image number (Expert mode only)
variations. • Measurement protocol values
• Gradient fields generate frequency and phase variations, • Statistics of Mean values (for ROI size 15x15 and 25x25):
causing also virtual movement of the object. - Mean Image Intensity
• Mechanical vibrations, e.g. by cold head, produce signal - Variation peak-peak
intensity variation by the movement of the measured object - relative Variation peak-peak
relatively to the magnetic iso-center. - Standard Deviation
• Movement of phantom fluid cause phase errors. - total relative linear Drift
- Standard Deviation from linear Fit
Measurement 12.5.81
• Image quality parameters such as SNR and Ghosting
• Statistics of Phantom Movement (Expert mode only)
NOTE Between phantom positioning and measurement start Normally these evaluations will not be displayed.
wait at least 15 min, since even small movements of
phantom liquid will affect measurement results. Results 12.5.83
335
Tune-Up / QA - Quality Assurance
12
336
κ ( t ) = γ ∫ B ( t ) dt ≈ γBt
Main
0 Menu
13 Changes 13
337
Changes -
13
338
2 System
3 Software
4 Host / Imager
5 Control
6 RF System
7 Patient Handling
8 Gradient
9 Magnet
10 Cooling
11 Power Distribution
12 Tune-Up
13 Changes