Hội nghị Cơ học toàn quốc lần thứ IX

Hà Nội, 8-9/12/2012
ISBN: .

Thermal - Mechanical Analysis of Functionally Graded

Beams subjected to a Vehicle Load
Nguyen The Truong Phonga, Nguyen Trong Phuocb
a
Faculty of Civil Eng. and Applied Mechanics, Univ. of Technical Education HCM City
Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
E-mail: nttrphong@gmail.com
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
E-mail: ntphuoc@hcmut.edu.vn

Abstract.
Dynamic analysis of functionally graded beams under vehicle load in thermal environment
is presented in this paper. The effective material properties of the beam are assumed to follow
simple power law form and change in high temperature environment. By using Timoshenko
beam theory and Hamilton principle expressed as Lagrange’s equations with specific boundary
conditions satisfied with Lagrange’s multipliers, the governing equation of motion of the beam
is derived. The Newmark -  family is used for integrating of the equation of motion. The
numerical results of free and forced vibration analysis of FG beams are presented and, whenever
possible, compared to the available results in the literature in order to verify the accuracy of the
present method. Plus, the effects of a wide range of velocities and mass, frequency and damping
ratios of system components as well as material distribution and temperature on dynamic
responses of the beam have been examined thoroughly to draw some useful conclusions.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, thermal - mechanical, functionally graded beam, moving oscillator.

1. Introduction
FGMs are special composite materials in which material properties vary smoothly and
continuously from one surface to the other to achieve the desirable requirements. This is
achieved by gradually varying the volume fraction of the constituent materials. Since introduced
in the 1980s, FGMs have been used in many technical areas such as aviation, aerospace, defense
industry, power and biotechnology. Because of the widespread applications, difference between
the making temperatures and working temperature of structures, for more efficient design, it is
necessary to study their thermo-mechanical behavior, which is effectively nonlinear and
therefore, is governed by nonlinear equations.
There are also some researches on dynamic analysis, instability and free vibration analysis
of the FG beams of several authors in recent years. Xiang and Yang (2008) used Timoshenko
beam theory to study the free and forced vibration of laminated FG beams under heat
conduction using the differential quadrature method (DQM). Simsek (2010) analyzed the
nonlinear behavior of FG Timoshenko beam under a moving harmonic load with effect of Von -
2 Nguyen The Truong Phong, Nguyen Trong Phuoc

Karman nonlinear strain - displacement relationships based on Lagrange equations. An

improved third order shear deformation theory is employed to investigate thermal buckling and
vibration of the functionally graded beams is presented in (Nuttawit Wattanasakulpong et al,
2011). In this study, the Ritz method is adopted to solve the eigenvalue problems that are
associated with thermal buckling and vibration in various types of immovable boundary
conditions.
However, studies related to the thermo-mechanical analysis of FG beams under dynamic
load are very limited. Pradhan SC et al (2009) use the modified differential quadrature method
(MDQM) to investigate the thermo-mechanical vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG)
beams and functionally graded sandwich (FGSW). Buckling analysis of functionally graded
material (FGM) beams with or without surface-bonded piezoelectric layers subjected to both
thermal loading and constant voltage is studied in Kiani Y et al (2009). Alibeigloo (2010)
studied FG beams integrated with piezoelectric actuator and sensor subjected to an applied
electric field and thermo-mechanical load using analytical solution. Ma and Lee (2011)
investigated the nonlinear mechanical behavior for thick FGM beams under inplane thermal
loading using shooting method. Fallah et al (2012) presented a simple analytical expression to
study thermo-mechanical buckling and nonlinear free vibration of FG beams. The thermo-
mechanical nonlinear dynamics of a buckled axially moving beam is numerically investigated in
research of Siavash Kazemirad et al (2012), with special consideration to the case with a three-
to-one internal resonance between the first two modes. The equation of motion of the system
traveling at a constant axial speed is obtained using Hamilton’s principle. A closed form
solution is developed for the post-buckling configuration for the system with an axial speed
beyond the first instability. The equation of motion over the buckled state is obtained for the
forced system.
From these literatures, thermo-mechanical analyses of FG beams under a vehicle load have
not been presented. In present paper, Lagrange’s equations with specific boundary conditions
satisfied with Lagrange’s multipliers are used to formulate the governing motion equation of
beams. The analytical model of the beam is described by using Timoshenko beam theory and
Von-Karman relationships for material behavior and vehicle load is simulated as a moving
sprung mass. The material properties of the beam are assumed to follow simple power law form.
Some numerical examples are carried out to study the influences of some parameters of beams
and loads on free and forced vibration behaviors.

2. Formulation
2.1. Beam model
In this paper, a FG beam of length L , thickness h and width b has been investigated, with
co-ordinate system Oxz having the Origin O shown in Fig.(1).

Ec Gc c 
c ceramic) b
O x
h
Em Gm m 
m metal)

L
z
Figure 1: A hinged – hinged FG beam
Thermal - Mechanical Analysis of functionally graded Beams subjected to a Moving Oscillator 3

It is assumed that the top surface ( z  h / 2 ) is pure – ceramic and another one is pure –
metal. The effective material properties of FG beam, (i.e., Young’s modulus E , Poisson’s ratio
 , shear modulus G and mass density  , thermal expansion coefficient  , ) grade continuously
in the thickness direction according to power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions
of the compositions (Wakashima K et al, 1990) as follows:
k
 z 1
P   Pm  Pc      Pc (1)
h 2

where, P is the effective material properties of FG beam; Pc and Pm are the effective material
properties of the ceramic and metal constituents, respectively; k is the volume fraction exponent
that is the positive real value.
The constituent material properties are considered temperature – dependent followed as


P  P0 P1T 1  1  PT
1  P2T  P3T
2 3
 (2)

where P1 , P1 , P2 and P3 are the coefficients of temperature T (K) and are unique to each
constituent.
Base on Timoshenko beam theory, the displacement fields are shown as:

u  x,t   u0  x,t   z0  x,t  w  x,t   w0  x,t  (3)

where u  x,t  ,w  x,t  are axial and transverse displacements of any point of beam,
respectively; u0  x,t  ,w0  x,t  are axial and transverse displacement in the middle line,
respectively; and 0 is the rotation of cross-section, t denotes time. The displacement field
defined in the above expression enables to resume the Euler - Bernoulli theory by replacing
0  x,t   w0 x . The first order shear deformation theory is, hence, an extension of the
kinematics of Euler - Bernoulli theory by a transverse shear deformation in their kinematic
hypothesis.
The nonlinear strain-displacement relationships according to Von-Karman’s large displacement
assumptions are:
2
u 1  w   w0 0
 xx  0   0   z 0  xz   0 x  (4)
x 2  x  x x x

where  xx , xz , x are the normal strain, the shear strain, and the curvature of the beam,
respectively. From Eq. (4), we can see that the relationship between strain and displacement is
nonlinear due to the effect of large displacement, in this paper, caused by dynamic load. In the
case of the displacement is very small,  w0 x   0 so the behavior is linear.
2

The normal and shear stresses are given by:

xx  E  z  xx xz  ksG  z   xz (5)

4 Nguyen The Truong Phong, Nguyen Trong Phuoc

and internal axial force N x , shear force Qz , bending moment M y are presented by:

 u 1  w 2    u 1  w 2    w 
N x  Axx  0   0    Bxx 0 M y  Bxx  0   0    Dxx 0 Qz  ks Axz  0  0  (6)
 x 2  x   x  x 2  x   x  x 

where ks is the shear correction factor and is taken as 5/6 for rectangular cross - section;
Axx ,Bxx ,Dxx ,Axz are extensional, coupling, bending and shear rigidities, respectively and taken
as the following forms:

 Axx Bxx 
Dxx    E  z  1 z 
z 2 dA Axz   G  z  dA (7)
A A

2.2. Moving sprung mass model

In this paper, vehicle load is simulated as a moving sprung mass. It is regarded as a two –
node system with one node associated with each of concentrated masses (see Fig. 2). The
stiffness and damping coefficients of the suspension unit are denoted by kv and cv (vehicle),
respectively, the mass of the bottom part by mw (wheel) and the mass of the upper part by M v .
Also, z v and zw denote the vertical displacements of the two nodes measured from the static
equilibrium position. zv V
M
Mvv

kv cv
zw
mw

Figure 2: Moving Sprung Mass

In studying the dynamic interaction between a beam and the oscillator, the concept of
contact load was introduced. The equations of motion for the shown model can be written as
follows:

 Mv 0   z v   cv cv   zv   kv kv   zv   0 
 0       
mw   zw   cv cv   z w   kv  (8)
 kv   z w   f c   M v  mw  g 

where f c is the contact force. In above equation, the first row relates to the behavior of the
upper part of the oscillator and the second row of the contact part. Assuming that all information
of the system at time t is known and t is a small time increment, the first row of Eq. (8) can
be expanded in an incremental form at time t  t as
M v zv,t t  cv zv,t t  kv zv,t t  qvc ,t t ;
(9)
qvc ,t t  cv zw,t t  kv zw,t t
Thermal - Mechanical Analysis of functionally graded Beams subjected to a Moving Oscillator 5

Using the Newmark direct integration method (average acceleration method) to integrate the
obtained equation for zv , the displacement z v,t t and its derivatives can be obtained as


2 
qvc ,t t  qv.t  
4 4
 zv,t t  zv,t  zv,t
  v t t


 zv,t t 

2
 qvc,t t  qv.t   zv,t (10)
 v t

 zv,t t  zv,t 

1
 qvc,t t  qv.t 

 v

where,
 4 2
 v  t 2 M v  t cv  kv

 (11)
q  M  2 z  z   c z  k z
v v ,t 
 v,t  t
v ,t

v v ,t v v ,t

Substituting Eq. (10) into the incremental form of the second row of Eq. (8) one obtains the
contact force fc in time t  t (Mohebpour et al, 2011) with the assumption that mass does not
jump out the surface of beam as follows
fc ,t t  mc zc ,t t  cc zc ,t t  kc zc ,t t  pc ,t t  qc ,t (12)

where,
   vw    vw 
 mc  mw ; cc  cv  1   ; kc  kv  1  
  v   v 
 (13)
p 1
 c ,t t  v
 M  mw  g; qc ,t   vw  qv,t  qw ,t
 v
and
 2
 vw   t cv  kv
 (14)
q  c z  k z
 w,t v v ,t v v ,t

2.3. Equation of motion systems

The Lagrangian functional of problem (Chopra A.K, 1995) is given by

  K  U  W   m fm  x,t  (15)

where  m are the Lagrange multipliers which are also support reactions; fm  x,t  are the
equations of constrain for general boundary condition cases; K is kinetic energy; U is strain
energy and W is work done of beam in thermal environment subjected a moving sprung mass.
They are presented by:
6 Nguyen The Truong Phong, Nguyen Trong Phuoc

1    u0   w0    0  

2 2 2
u0 0 
K   A 
I    
2 L   t   t  
  2 I B
t t
 I D


t  
dx
 
2
1  w0 
 
W  fc w0 x p ,t c t  t1   c t  t 2     z  E  z  TA  
2 L  x 
dx

 2
2
(16)
1   u0 1  w0   0  u0 1  w0  
2 2 2
 w0   0  
U1    A11      B     k A    D  dx
2 L   x 2  x   x  x 2  x  
2 s 13  0 11 
 x  x  
11

 
1, 0  t1 

 I A I B I D      z  1 z z 2 dA c t    
0  t1 

A 0,
In this paper, the displacement functions can be approximated by using space - dependent
N
polynomial terms x ,x ,x ,...,x
0 1 2
and time - dependent generalized coordinates an ,bn ,cn in
order to apply Lagrange equations (Chopra A.K, 1995) and let as
N N N
w0  x ,t    an  t  x N 1 ; u0  x ,t    bn t  x N 1 ; 0  x ,t    cn  t  x N 1 (17)
1 1 1

The governing equations will be derived by using Lagrange equations (Chopra A.K, 1995) are
given as follows
 d  n  1, 2,...,3N  4
 0, (18)
qn dt  q.
n

where qn are defined as:

qn  an , n  1, 2,..., N
qn  bn N , n  N ,..., 2 N
(19)
qn  cn 2 N , n  2 N ,...,3N
q3N  m  m
After substituting Eq. (16, 17) into Eq. (15) and then using Lagrange’s equations given by Eq.
(18), the coupled systems of equations of motion of a hinged – hinged beam as follows Eq. (21).
where  K ijL  are linear stiffness matrices,  K ijNL  are nonlinear stiffness matrices which are

dependent on generalized coordinate an  t  ,  M ij  are mass matrices,  K ijR  exist due to

Lagrange multipliers;  K T  are geometric stiffness matrices owing to the effect of thermal.
The terms of matrices F t  ,  K ijT  are given by:

 
Fn  fc xci 1 , i, j  1, 2,..., N
(20)
'
 x   x  dx ,
L /2 '
K    z  E  z  TA 
T
ij
i 1 j 1
i, j  1, 2,..., N
 L /2

And the terms of other matrices in Eq. (21) can be referred to N.T.T Phong et al (2012).
Thermal - Mechanical Analysis of functionally graded Beams subjected to a Moving Oscillator 7

  K11L
   K T   0NxN  K13
L
  K14R
 
 NxN NxN NxN Nx 4  a
n t 


 0NxN  K 22
L

NxN
 K 23
L

NxN
 K 24R
  
Nx 4   n  t  
b
 


 K 31L
  K 32
L
  K 33
L
  0Nx 4   cn  t  
 t  
NxN NxN NxN

  K 41 
R
4 xN
 K 42
R

4 xN
 04 xN  04 x 4   i 
  K11

NL
 an  t   NxN  K 21

NL
 an t   NxN  K 31

NL
 an t   NxN  0Nx 4  a t 
n  
  K NL  a  t     0NxN  0NxN  0Nx 4  bn  t  
   NxN
21 n
 
  NL
  K 31  an  t    NxN
  0NxN  0NxN  0Nx 4   cn  t   (21)
  t  
  04 xN  04 xN  04 xN  04 x 4   i 
.. 
 M11  NxN  0NxN  0NxN  0Nx 4  a n  t    F  t  
  
 
  0 NxN  M 22 NxN  M 23 NxN  0Nx 4  ..   0 
 b n t 
  
  0 NxN  M 32 NxN  M 33 NxN  0Nx 4  ..   0 
  0
 4 xN
 04 xN  04 xN  04 x 4   c n  t    0 
 

 0 


It is also clear from Eq. (21) that geometrically nonlinear effects have been shown in the
nonlinear stiffness matrix; it is a function of beam deflection and has a great deal of effects on
motion equations in large deformations.
2.4. Solution algorithm
For linear analysis, the matrices K NL (q(t )) is set to zero and the shortened form of the governing
equation Eq. (21) is written as follows

 M  q t    K L  K T  q t   F t   0
..
(22)
 
Base on Newmark’s method, the incremental equation of motion can be written as

 M   qi    K L  K NL  qi  qi   Fi 

..
(23)
 

  ..
where  q i , qi  and  Fi  are the vectors of incremental acceleration, displacement and

external load, respectively. With the adoption of the average acceleration method of the
Newmark family (   1 2;   1 4 ), the incremental acceleration and velocity are

 ..   ..   ..  4 4 .   .. 
2 
 q   q i 1   q i   qi   q i   2 q i 
      t t    
      (24)
qi   2 q i 
. . . .
2
  q   q i 1   q i  
      t  

Substituting Eq. (24) into Eq. (23) the incremental displacement can be calculated from
8 Nguyen The Truong Phong, Nguyen Trong Phuoc

i

 Keff  qi   Feff 
i
(25)

with

F   F   4t q   M 

.
 M    K L  K NL  qi 
4
 K eff   eff i i (26)
i t 2 i

After solving Eq. (25), the displacement, velocity, and acceleration at the time t  t are
updated based on the incremental displacement vector qi  as

qi 1  qi   qi  .  .  2

q i 1    q i   qi 
    t (27)
 ..   ..  4 4 . 
2 
q i 1    q i   qi   q i 
    t t  

3. Numerical Examples
In this paper, two numerical examples are presented and discussed to verify the
convergence, accuracy together with the efficiency of the proposed program. Especially, the
free vibration and buckling analysis of FG Timoshenko beam acted on elastic foundation are
thoroughly investigated through some examples with the dimension of beam are followed as:
L  20m, h  0.5m, b  0.5m and assuming that beam made of metal ( Al : Em  70GPa, m  0.3
,  m  2707kg/m 3 ) and ceramic ( ZrO2 : Ec  200GPa, c  5700kg/m3 , c  0.3 ).Some non –
dimensional parameters have been used in this paper as follow: the non – dimensional Winkler’s
modulus   k z L4 Em I , the non - dimensional fundamental frequency i  i L2 m A / Em I and
non – dimensional buckling load   N cr L2  2 Em I  .

3.1. Verifying the convergence

Table II shows the non - dimensional frequencies of FG beam for various numbers of terms
in displacement functions N in various boundary conditions and L / h ratio as well as different
material distribution when b  0.5m,   100, k  1 , whereas Table III present the non -
dimensional buckling load at the same conditions in order to study the convergence. From these
tables, we can see that in terms of N  8 the numerical results are convergent, so N  8 is used
for the following examples. It is also noted that the hinged – hinged (H-H) beam has the lowest
frequency and critical load while a beam with clamped – clamped (C-C) end condition has the
highest ones. Moreover, for all different kind of beam, there are a relative growth in both Non -
dimensional frequencies and buckling loads owing to the increase in L / h ratio.
3.2. Validating the accuracy of present program
The two following examples aim at verifying the accuracy of present formulation and
computer program by calculating the first three non - dimensional frequencies for different
dimensionless axial loads and Winkler’s elastic factors together with by determining the
fundamental buckling loads of FG beam under various boundary conditions, and then compared
with the results presented in studies (Cheng F.Y. et al ,1988 and Yokoyamat T.,1996),
respectively. These comparisons are provided in both Table IV and Table V. As seen from these
Thermal - Mechanical Analysis of functionally graded Beams subjected to a Moving Oscillator 9

tables, the present study is very close to the results given in those papers, and the differences
can be negligible.
3.3. Buckling and free vibration analysis
Fig.3 shows the variation of non - dimensionals buckling loads  of three different beams
(C-C, H-C, H-H) with various values of k . FG beams, with   0, L / h  30 , made of ceramic
and metal devided to two material distribution cases: top layer is ceramic – rich and top layer is
metal – rich are chosen into this investigation. From this figure it is concluded that for all
boundary conditions, the dimentionless critical loads of the beams with top layer is ceramic –
rich are much greater than that of the beams with top layer is metal – rich, except for k  1
which both beams have the same values of non - dimensionals critical loads. Plus, the highest
differences belong to C-C beam. Interestingly,  rise when k increase for the former and vice
versa for the latter. As mentioned before, C-C beams have the greatest buckling loads and H-H
beams have the smallest ones.

4. Conclusion
Free vibration and stability analysis of functionally graded beams on Winkler’s elastic
foundation with general boundary conditions have been investigated. Comparisons between the
results obtained by in this study with available results in the literature show a good agreement.
The analysis has also been performed to investigate the effects of boundary conditions and axial
load as well as Winkler foundation factor and slenderness ratio on buckling load and natural
frequency of FG beams.

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PHÂN TÍCH NHIỆT – CƠ CỦA DẦM PHÂN LỚP CHỨC NĂNG

CHỊU TẢI TRỌNG DAO ĐỘNG DI ĐỘNG

Tóm tắt.
Bài báo này trình bày những ứng xử động của dầm phân lớp chức năng chịu tải trọng dao động
di động trong môi trường nhiệt. Các đặc trưng hữu hiệu của vật liệu được giả thiết tuân theo quy luật lũy
thừa và thay đổi trong môi trường nhiệt độ cao. Bằng cách dựa vào lý thuyết dầm Timoshenko và phương
trình Lagrange với các điều kiện biên thõa mãn hệ số nhân Lagrange, phương trình động lực học được
thiết lập. Sau đó, phương pháp Newmark -  được sử dụng để giải phương trình động lực học đó. Các kết
quả số của bài toán động lực học được thể hiện và được so sánh với các kết quả trước đó để kiểm tra sự
chính xác của phương pháp trong nghiên của này. Sự ảnh hưởng của vận tốc di chuyển, các thành phần
của tải trọng cũng như hệ số phân bố vật liệu, nhiệt độ đến ứng xử của dầm sẽ được phân tích chi tiết
nhằm rút ra những kết luận hữu ích.

Từ khóa: phân tích động lực học, phân tích nhiệt – cơ, dầm phân lớp chức năng, tải trọng dao động di
động.