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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT ON-
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

NAME – SHREYA SINGH


STD - XII SCI
SUBJECT – BIOLOGY
ROLL NO – 23
BOARD ROLL .NO –
Certificate
This is to certify that the investigatory
project report entitled “Menstrual Cycle”
submitted by Shreya Singh ,
Student of class XII is original and has
been completed under my supervision
and is completed in all due respect for CBSE
2019-2020.

______________ ______________
Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

________________
External Examiner’s Signature
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

The female of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the


activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the
reproductive phase known as reproductive cycle.

There are two types which are as follows;

1. OESTRUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle is that recurring physiological
changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most
mammalian therein females. Estrous cycle start after sexual
maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by
pregnancies.

2. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual is the regular natural change that occurs in the
female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
Menstruation is the technical term for getting your periods .If
pregnancy does not occur, this thickened lining is shed,
accompanied by bleeding usually last for 3-8 day.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by


many different glands and the hormones that these
glands produce. The four phases of the menstrual
cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase,
ovulation and the luteal phase.

 In human female, Menstruation is repeated at an


average interval of about 28-29 day.

 The cycle of the event from one menstruation till


the next one is known as menstrual cycle.
HORMONES

 Anterior Pituitary Hormone


I. Luteinizing Hormone(LH)

It is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior


pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and
development of corpus luteum.

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)


It is a ganadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is
synthesized and secreted by the gandotrophic cell of the anterior
pituitary gland and regulates the development, and reproductive
processes of body.

 Ovarian Hormone

I. Estrogen
It is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the
development and regulation of female reproductive and
secondary sex characteristics.

II. Progesterone
It is an endogenous steroid and progesterone sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
embryogenesis of humans and other species.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 A change in the level of anterior pituitary hormone and


Overlain hormone induces changes in ovary and uterus
in the different phases.

 Menstrual Cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phases
2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal Phase
DURATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

 The duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days


 Cycle can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults.
 The range for the early teens range between 21 to 45
days.
MENSTRUAL PHASE

 Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

 Menstruation
i. Menstrual bleeding, menses, periods.

ii. Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells,


glandular secretions and blood cells.

iii. Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its


blood vessels.

iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

v. Due to strong vasoconstriction and photolytic activity,


functional stratum of endometrial tissue dies and is
discharged during menstrual bleeding.

vi. It last for 3-5 days


CHANGING HORMONE LEVEL DURING MENSTRUATION
CYCLE
SIGN OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 A Woman May Experience:

 Fluid Retention

 Cramping

 Constipation

 Mood Swings

 Weight Gain

 Breast Tenderness

 Diarrhea
MENARCHE AND MENOPHASE

 Menarche

 A woman’s first menstruation.

 Typically occurs around age 12.

 Occurrence depends on the overall health and diet.

 Menopause:

 End of woman’s reproductive phase.

 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55,

 Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.


FOLLICULAR PHASE

 Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormones


during the first day of the cycle, several ovarian
follicles are stimulated.
 Follicle competes with each other for
development.
 Follicle matures into graffian follicle.
 As they mature, the follicles secret increasing
amount of estrogen which thickness the new
functional layer of endometrial in the uterus.
 At the end of this phase, ovulation occurs
LUTEAL PHASE

 Graffian follicle transform as corpus luteum


 The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual
cycle.
 It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum
and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis.
 Corpus luteam secrets significant amount of
progesterone, which plays a vital role.
 The two opposite of the luteal phase, the rest of the
two weeks is called the follicular phase
MENSTRUATION TABOO

1. A menstrual taboo is any taboo concerned with


menstruation.

2. In some societies it involves menstruation being


perceived as unclean or

 In public
 In private
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.ncert.com
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.wikipedia.com
OVULATION

 During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses


production of luteinizing hormones [LH] from the pituitary
gland.
 When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen
reach a threshold above which they stimulate producing of
LH surge.
 After being released from ovary it is kept into fallopian
tube.
INDEX

1. Reproductive cycle
2. Menstrual cycle
3. Hormones
4. Phases of menstrual cycle
5. Duration of different phases
6. Menstruation
7. Follicular phase
8. Ovulation phase
9. Luteal phase
10. Events of menstruation cycle
11. Hormonal levels during different
phases
12. Signs of menstruation
13. Menarche and menopause
14. Menstrual cycle disorder
15. Menstrual taboos
16. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of


gratitude to my principal Mrs.MINAL DESAI and
my Biology Teacher Mrs. ASHA GOYAL who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic MENSTRUAL CYCLE, which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to her.

I would also like to thanks my parents for the


continues support and showing interest towards
my project and at last but not the least I would
like to thank my friends who all appreciated me
for my hard work .

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