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(A) The pressures and temperatures at the end of isentropic T2s 1391R
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat P 41.84
P2s p1 r 2 15 467.8 psia
addition process Pr 1 S 1.3416
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejectionR (B) u T3 u T2 q23 245.20 176 421.2
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb T h pr u vr
State 3
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 2253 575.53 283.0 421.09 29.49
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second. T3 2253R
T 2253
P3 = P2 3 467.80 757.7 psia
P1 = 15 psia 5 1 13.2 ft 3 / lb 2
T 1391
T1 75F 1/2 = 12.0 P4 = P3 = 757.7psia
Heat Added: h T4 h T3 q34 575.53 176 751.53
176 Btu/lb at constant volume State T h pr u vr
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure 4 2866 751.54 774.9 555.08 1.3700
See Figure: T4 2866R
k T4 13.2 2866
4 3 1.40 ft 3 /lb
(A) P2 P1 1 15(12)1.4 = 15(32.4) = 486 psia T3 12 2253
2
k 1 13.2
(C ) r 5 r 4 5 1.3700 12.92
T2 T1 1 535 12 1.4
0.40
1446R 4
2 T h pr u vr
q 176 State 5
1367 334.31 39.16 240.60 12.931
(B ) T3 T2 23 1446 2475R
Cv 0.171 T5 1367R
T 2475 P 39.16
P3 = P2 3 =486 =832 psia P5 P4 r 5 757.7 38.3 psia
T2 1446 P
r4 774.9
P4 = P3 832 psia (D) qR u T5 u T1
q 176 240.60 91.19 149.41Btu / lb
T4 T2 34 2475 3208R
Cp 0.24 w k (net )
(E) qs qR 352 149.41 202.59 Btu/lb
T 13.2 3208 J
(C) 4 3 4 1.426 ft 3 / lb q qR 202.59
T3 12 2475 (F) et s = 57.6%
qs 352
k 1
0.40
1.426 202.59(0.50)(60)
T5 T4 4 3208 1317R (G) w k ' 143 hp
5 13.2 42.42
(D ) qR Cv T5 T1 0.1711317 535 = 134 Btu/lb 3. A boiler produces 250,000 pounds of steam per hour at 1200 psia
w(net) and 1050 F from feed water entering the boiler at 1500 psia and
(E) qs qR 352 134 218 Btu/lb 300F. Fuel oil having a higher heating value of 18,000 Btu/lb is
J
q qR 218 supplied to the burners at a rate of 20,500 lb/hr. Furnace volume is
(F) e t s 61.9% 1500 cubic feet. Calculate:
qs 352
'
218(0.5)(60) (A) Boiler capacity, MB/hr
(G ) w k 154.2 hp
42.42 (B) Factor of Evaporation
(C) Equivalent Evaporation, lb/hr
2. At the beginning of compression an ideal dual combustion cycle (D) Furnace heat-release rate, Btu/hr.ft3
using air has a pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75F and a (E) Boiler efficiency, %
specific volume of 13.2 ft3 per pound. For a compression ratio of
12 and a heat addition of 176 Btu/lb at constant volume and 176
from: Steam Tables
Btu/lb at constant pressure. Calculate the following (using air
table): hsteam = 1528.9 Btu/lb
h for water = hf 300 Fand 1500 psi = 272.39 Btu/lb
(A) The pressure and temperature at the end of isentropic
(A) Capacity = 250,000(1528.9 - 272.4) = 314.1mB/hr
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat h - h 1528.9 - 272.4
(B) FE = out in = = 1.295
addition process hfg 970.3
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejection process
(D) Equivalent Evaporation =1.295(250,000)
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb 323,750 lb/hr
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 250,000(18,000)
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on (D) Furnace heat release rate =
1500
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second.
= 246,000 Btu/hr.ft 2
20,500(1528.9-272.4)
Note: This solution is based on table attached with (E) eboiler 85%
interpolation to the nearest degree. 20,500 18,000
P1 = 15 psia 1 13.2 ft 3 / lb
T1 75F 1 / 2 12.0
Heat Added: 176 Btu/lb at constant volume
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure
State T h pr u vr
1 535 126.78 1.3416 91.19 147.72
4. A Rankine steam power cycle operates with steam at 600 psia and (A) NA = 240 rpm
850 F from the boiler and a condenser pressure of one inch of (SHP)A = 35,000hp
mercury absolute. Sketch the cycle on h-s and T-s coordinates and
em = 0.95
determine for the cycle:
SHP 35,000
IHP A = = =36,840hp
(A) Enthalpies for the steam leaving the boiler, leaving the em 0.95
turbine, leaving the condenser and leaving the pump, Btu/lb (MLHP)A =IHP-SHP=36,840-35,000=1840hp
(B) The pump work, Btu/lb 2
N
2
(C) Heat supplied , Btu/lb 122
(MLHP)B =(MLHP)A B =1840 =475hp
(D) Heat Rejected, Btu/lb NA 240
(E) Net work, Btu/lb
(F) The turbine work, Btu/lb (B) SHP=4750, MLHP=475,
(G) The thermal efficiency, % IHP=4750+475=5225
(H) The average temperature of heat receipt as determined by the SHP 4750
heat added divided by the change of entropy during addition em = = = 0.909 = 90.9%
IHP 5225
of heat, F
(C) Refer to figure 9-10: P1 = 1250 psia ; t1 940F ; Pa=0.70psi
h1 = 1462.6 ; s1 = sa = 1.5994
ha = 876.0
(A.E.)t = h1 - ha = 1462.6 - 876 = 586.6 Btu/min
wk shaft 2545 xSHP 2545 x 4750
= = 376 Btu/lb
J m' 32150
ees
Wshaft 376 0.641 64.1%
J(A.E.)t 586.6
(wk )t 2545 xIHP 2545 x 5225
(D ) = 413.6 Btu/lb
J m' 32150
wk t 413.6
eei 0.705 70.5%
J ( AE )t 586.6
ees 64.1
eei 0.705 70.5%
em 90.9
from: Steam Tables and Mollier Chart;
6. In a simple impulse stage, steam leaves the nozzles with a velocity
h1 = 49.4 (from table 4)
of 1200 ft/s. The nozzle angle is 15 deg. Assume the bucket
h2 = 1435.4 ; s2 =1.6559 entrance and exit angles are to be the same and that the bucket
h3 = 890 velocity coefficient is 0.88. The wheel speed is 580 ft/s, and steam
h4 = 47.1 ; s 4 = 0.09146 = s1 is supplied to the turbine at the rate of 6000 lb/hr. Find
w k (pump)
(B) = h1 - h4 = 49.4 - 47.1 = 2.3 Btu/lb (A) The required bucket entrance angle for the given conditions
J (B) The bucket work, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(C) qs = h2 - h1 = 1435.4 - 49.4 = 1386.0 Btu/lb (C) The power developed in the buckets, hp
(D) qR = h3 - h4 = 890 - 47.1 = 842.9 Btu/lb (D) The available energy to the buckets, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(E) The diagram efficiency.
(E) Net Work = qs - qR 1386.0 842.9 = 543.1 Btu/lb
(F) Turbine Work = h2 h1 1435.4 890.00 = 545.4 Btu/lb
q qR 1386.0 842.9 Refer to Fig. 12-2:
(G ) e t s 39.2%
qs 1386.0 V1 = 1200 ft/s = 15
output Wturbine Wpump 545.4 - 2.3 Vb = 580 ft/s Cb 0.88
et = = = 39.2%
input qs 1386.0 1 2
q
s 460
1386.0
460 426F V1 sin 1200 sin15
(H) t AV (A) tan 1
s 1.5644 V1 cos Vb 1200 cos15 580
1 = 2 28.2
5. A geared turbine propulsion unit delivers 35,000 shaft horsepower
at full power with a shaft speed of 240 rpm. The mechanical V cos Vb 1200 cos15 580
Vr1 1 = 657.1 ft/s
efficiency of the unit under this conditions is 95%. At 122 rpm the cos 1 cos 28.2
unit delivers 4750 shp, receiving steam at the throttle at 1250 psia Vr2 Cb Vr1 = 0.88(657.1) = 578.2 ft/s
and 940F at the rate of 32,150 lb/hr and exhausting to a condenser
580 657.1cos 28.2 578.2cos 28.2
(B) wk b
at 0.7 psia. Assuming the mechanical losses vary as the square of
the rotative speed, find the 122-rpm condition: 32.2
A. The estimated mechanical loss, hp Btu
B. The mechanical efficiency,% wk b 19,610 ft-lb = 25.2 Btu/lb
C. The shaft engine efficiency,% 778
D. The internal engine efficiency, % (C) Wk ' =m'(w k ) where : m '= 6000 lb/hr = 100 lb/min
100(19,610)
Wk ' = 100(19,610) = = 59.4 hp
33,000
or:Alternate Solution:
6000 x 25.3
Wk ' = 6000 x 25.2 Btu/hr = 59.4 hp
2545
V12 (1200)2
(D) (A.E.)b = = 22,360 ft-lb/lb
2g c 2(32.2)
22,360
or: ( A.E )b = = 28.74 Btu/lb
778
(w k )b 19,610
(E) eb 0.877 87.7%
A.E.b 22,360
7. Steam enters a simple impulse bucket wheel with an absolute V22
velocity of 450 m/s and a relative velocity of 270 m/s. It leaves the D) h2' = h2
2g c J
blades with relative velocity of 230 m/s and an absolute velocity of
350
2
105 m/s. Find: = 1184.7 = 1187.1 Btu/lb
2 32.2 778
(A) The bucket velocity coefficient (E) P2 ' = 140 psia
(B) The available energy, kJ/kg
h g - h 2' 1193.8 1187.1
(C) The bucket loss, kJ/kg m2 ' = 0.77%
(D) The unused kinetic energy at exit, kJ/kg hfg 868.7
(E) The diagram efficiency.
9. The first stage of a 50% reaction groups receives steam with a
V1 = 450 m/s Vr2 = 230 m/s negligible approach velocity at a pressure of 300 psia with a
Vr1 = 270 m/s V2 = 105 m/s temperature of 520F. The available energy to the stage is 10
1 2 Btu/lb, the fixed blade efficiency is 96%, the velocity coefficient for
the moving row is 0.88, the reactive effectiveness is 90%, and the
Vr2 230
(A) Cb 0.85 relative inlet and absolute exit velocities are 146 ft/s and 160 ft/s,
Vr1 270
respectively. Assume the stage efficiency is the same as the
combined blade efficiency and calculate the following:
V12 (450)2 x10 3
(B) (A.E.)b = = 101.25 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (A) The steam velocity leaving the fixed blades, ft/s
(B) The relative exit velocity from the moving blades, ft/s
Vr12 Vr22 270 230
2 2
(C) The stage work, Btu/lb
(C) bucket loss x10 3 10 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (D) The combined blade efficiency, %
(E) The enthalpy of the steam entering the succeeding stage,
V2 2 105 x10
3 2
(D) KE 2
Btu/lb for complete velocity carryover
= 5.51 kJ/kg
2g c 2
(E) eb
V1
2
V2 2 Vr 12 Vr 2 2 P0 = 300 psia t o = 520°F (AE)st 10 Btu/lb
V 2 en = 0.96 ; Cm = 0.88 ; eR = 0.90
1
Vr1 146 ft/s
450 270 0.847 84.7%
V2 = 160 ft/s
105 230
2 2 2 2
eb
450 AE st
2
10
(A) AE n AE R 5 Btu/lb
w k b AE b losses 101.25 10 5.51 2 2
or : eb 84.7% V1 2gc J en AE n
AE b ( AE )b 101.25
2 32.2 778 0.96 5 = 490 ft/s
Vr2 Cm Vr2
2 2
8. The impulse stage of a turbine receives steam at 220 psia with a (B) = = eR AE R
temperature of 420F when the stage pressure is 140 psia. Under 2gc J 2gc J
these conditions the available energy to the stage is 38.5 Btu/lb, Cm Vr1 2g c J eR AE R
2
Vr2
the nozzle-bucket efficiency is 85% and the absolute blade
0.88 146 2 32.2 778 0.90 5
2
entrance and exit velocities are 1350 f/s and 350 ft/s respectively.
Assume the stage efficiency is equal to the nozzle-bucket
492 ft/s
efficiency and calculate: