 The bed has been slept in by Napoleon.

= Napoleon slept in this bed.

Genitive case opisuje imenicu umjesto da joj određuje pripadnost.

Future uvijek ima modalnost.

Middle Verbs (fit, suite, have,etc.) ne dozvoljavaju pasivizaciju.

 You must abide by the contract.

 As a result, he applied himself even less in the second half of the course, so by
the time he caught the flue, all was lost.
 The answer (S) lies (V) in solving the problem of how they can live their own
culture and interact with ours.
 Despite their apparent intransitivity, the last pair of verbs we considered also
occured in the passive voice.

Pro – form is any word or phrase that refers to another expression without repeating
it.

 the beautiful flower in the vase

NP = determiner + premodifier + noun head + postmodifier
 OBRAZAC ZA PREDSTAVLJANJE SINTAGME

X (Y) = noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition

Spec = specifier

XP

Spec X'

YP
X'
(adjunct)

X' ZP
(head) (complement)

Adjunct je dodatni opis, informacija o head-u. Nije vezan za upravnu riječ na način da
head ne može da funkcioniše bez nje. Oni su optional.

Complement je obavezan dodatak head – a. Komplementacija u engleskom je s desna.

Srednji bar nivo je recursive, može da se ponavlja onoliko puta koliko je potrebno.
 16.10.2012.

Phrase is a group of words which has a meaning when standing on its own.

Syntax deals with the inner structure of a sentence. Sentence is a complete thought
usually starting with a capital letter and ending with punctuation sign – fulstop,
exclamation mark or question mark. Sentence is a string of words in linear order.
Constituents are parts of a sentence. Predicate contains a verb phrase. We can divide
sentence into meaningful units called constituents which consist of specific string of
words and must be arranged in specific order (SPO).

Engleski se gradi iz sintakse i stoga je taj red riječi. U engleskom se moramo pouzdati
u red riječi u rečenici da bismo odredili sintaksičke funkcije. SVO je uvijek obligatory
čak i kada je neki od konstituenata izostavljen, on je zero jer postoji nešto što se zove
trace. Adverbijal nije uvijek obligatory.

Prelazni glagoli mogu da vrše prelaz u pasiv tj. kada zahtijevaju objekat. Postoji malo
veća grupa prelaznih glagola koji ipak ne mogu u pasiv poput have.

 Mary is beautiful (SC).

This type of predicate is copular because of the verb 'to be' which is copular.

Tree diagram

TP (S)

NP VP
 SUBJECT

Semantic Roles of Subject

Subjects play a number of different semantic roles in English and doer of the action is
one of them. Subject can also be an agent. It is the classic doer of the action. An
agent subject is an animate being that acts deliberately, with intent.

 My sister washed the car.

An agent subject can occur with or without a direct object. A causer subject is either
an animate being who acts without volition or an inanimate entity. We distinguish
causer from agent because the semantic of the two roles are quite different. A
sentence like:

 Rob tripped Joy.

is potentially ambiguous. If Rob tripped Joy just to see Rob fall Rob is an agent, but if
Rob tripped Joy accidentally then Rob is a causer. It is not always easy to tell whether
an animate subject is an agent or a causer. Out of context we don't know whether the
following subject is acting deliberately or not.

 The child amused the adult.

Inanimate entities lack intention or volition by their very nature. Causers can be
things like rocks, forces like tornadoes or abstract qualities like love.

 Love hurts.

Instrument Subject

An instrument subject as the label implies an inanimate entity which acts on someone
or something because it is being used as an instrument. In a sentece like:

 The key opened the safe.

we can assume that some unnamed agent is wielding the key because keys don't
operate by themselves. Sometimes an instrument subject allows a speaker to avoid
taking responsibility. Instrument subjects are fairly unusual in English. We most often
find instruments in adverbial prepositional phrases:
 Mary opened the safe with the key.