Lecture – 2_10/01/2018

Chemical Process Technology

(CHE F419)
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
To start with…..

• Structure of Chemical Industry

• Raw materials & energy are related

• Flow sheets….

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Structure of chemical industry

• Any chemical industry,

• there are no. of principles of science & engineering which

are applied

• Take for one sector:

• Methods of production
• Separation/ Various separation techniques
• Energy & environmental constraints
• Market & sales

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Structure of chemical industry

• In chemical industry; raw materials are converted

into products

• Basic raw materials are divided into two parts

1. Inorganic raw materials: air, water, minerals

2. Organic raw materials: fossil fuels, biomass

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Structure of chemical industry

• Covers a broad range

• Mainly focus on chemicals derived from

hydrocarbons i.e organic chemicals

• About 85% of chemicals is derived from limited no.

of simple chemicals called as base chemicals

• Which in turn are produced from 10 raw materials

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Structure of chemical industry

• Crude oil, natural gas, coal, Sulphur, rock, air, water

are the primary raw materials for the production of
most bulk organic chemicals

• First stage in the petrochemical industry is

conversion of these raw materials into base
chemicals:
• lower alkenes: ethene, propene, butadiene;
• aromatics: benzene, toluene, xylenes (“BTX”);
• synthesis gas (mixture of mainly hydrogen and carbon
monoxide), ammonia, methanol, sulphuric acid,
chlorine
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Structure of chemical industry

• Conversion of base chemicals can produce about

300 different intermediates which are simple
molecules

• Both base chemicals & intermediates can be

classified as bulk chemicals

• wide variety of consumer products are obtained by

further reaction steps

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Structure of chemical industry

• Basic chemical industry has segments:

• Basic chemicals
• Specialty chemicals

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Structure of chemical industry

• Basic chemicals
 Inorganic chemicals, petrochemicals, fertilizers,
other industrial chemicals

• Specialty chemicals
 Paints & varnishes
 Textile chemicals
 Dyestuffs & intermediates
 Catalysts
 Plastic additions
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Raw materials & energy are
closely related
• Main raw materials for chemical industry include
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Coal

• Consumption of these resources have increased over

the years
• Major source of energy is oil followed by coal & NG
• But in India it is coal, oil & NG

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Energy & chemical industry

• Chemical industry uses a lot of energy

• Amount of hydrocarbons used to provide the required

energy is of the same order as the quantity of
hydrocarbons used as feedstock

• Fuel is used in direct heaters and furnaces for

heating process streams, and for the generation of
steam and electricity, the most important utilities

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Energy & chemical industry
1. Fuels for Direct Heaters and Furnaces
– fuel used in process furnaces is often the same as the
feedstock used for the process

– For instance, in steam reforming of natural gas, natural

gas is used both as feedstock and as fuel in the
reformer furnace

– Fuel oil, a product of crude oil distillation, which is

less valuable than crude oil itself, is often used in
refineries; for example, to preheat the feed to the crude
oil fractionator

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Energy & chemical industry
2. Steam
– steam system is the most important utility system
in most chemical plants

– Steam has various applications; for example, for

heating process streams, as a reaction medium,
and as a distillation aid.

– Steam is generated and used saturated, wet, or

superheated.
– Saturated steam contains no moisture, wet
steam contains moisture, and superheated
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Energy & chemical industry
2. Steam
– Steam is generated and used saturated, wet, or
superheated.
– Saturated steam contains no moisture, wet
steam contains moisture, and superheated
steam contains no moisture and is above its
saturation temperature

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Energy & chemical industry

3. Electricity

– Electricity can either be generated on site in steam turbines or be purchased

from the local supply company

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Which reactions are needed?

• Before going to processes, one must know which

reactions
• Most of the reactions include:
Oxidation Ammoniation
Reduction Condensation
Hydrogenation Esterification
Dehydrogenation Hydrolysis
Sulfonation Dehydration
Nitrification Alkylation
Dealkylation Polymerization

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Flow sheets

• Main symbols used in flow sheet

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Moving ahead…

• Spoke about chemicals

• Processes (Flow sheets)

• What is this technology????

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Technology providers

• Exxon
• BASF
• Dow Chemicals
• Honeywell UOP
• ABB Lummus
• Jacobs Engg Group
• Petrofac
• GE
• Tesco
• Larsen & Toubro

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