At the other extreme, the homomorphism f: G S Gr defined in Example 2 by f(x) 5 er

for all x [ G has ker f 5 G. ■

Exercises 3.6
Exercises 3.6
True or False
Label each of the following statements as either true or false.
1. Every homomorphism is an isomorphism.
2. Every isomorphism is a homomorphism.
3. Every endomorphism is an epimorphism.
4. Every epimorphism is an endomorphism.
5. Every monomorphism is an isomorphism.
6. Every isomorphism is an epimorphism and a monomorphism.
7. The relation of being a homomorphic image is an equivalence relation on a collection
of groups.
8. The kernel of a homomorphism is never empty.
9. It is possible to find at least one homomorphism from any group G to any group Gr.
3.6 Homomorphisms
10. If there exists a homomorphism from group G to group 187
, then Gr is said to 187
be a
3.6 Gr
Homomorphisms
homomorphic image of G.
Exercises
Exercises
1.1. Each
Eachof of the
the following
following rules
rules determines
determines aa mapping
mapping f:
f: GGS SG, whereGGisisthe
G,where thegroup
group
ofofall nonzero real numbers under multiplication. Decide in each case
all nonzero real numbers under multiplication. Decide in each case whether or notwhether or not
ffisisananendomorphism.
endomorphism. For For those
those that are endomorphisms,
that are endomorphisms,state statethe
thekernel
kerneland
anddecide
decide
whether f is an epimorphism or a monomorphism.
whether f is an epimorphism or a monomorphism.
a.a. f(x)
f(x) 55 0 x0 x0 0 b. f(x)
b. f(x) 5 1>x
5 1>x
c.c. f(x)
f(x) 55 2x2x d. f(x)
d. 5 xx22
f(x) 5
|x|
|x|
e.e. f(x) 5
f(x) 5 x f.f. f(x) 5 xx22 1
f(x) 5 1 11
x
x
5x
33
g.g. f(x)
f(x)5 5" "xx h. f(x)
h. f(x) 5
22
2.2. Each
Each of of the
the following
following rules
rules determines a mapping
mapping ff from
from the
theadditive groupZZ
additivegroup 4 4toto
the
theadditive groups Z
additive groups Z22.. In
In each case prove or
or disprove
disprove that
thatffisisaahomomorphism.
homomorphism.IfIf
ff isis aa homomorphism,
homomorphism, find ker f and decide decide whether
whether ff isis an
an epimorphism
epimorphismorora a
monomorphism.
monomorphism.
304
304 ifif xx is
is even
a.a. f(3x4) 5 bb
f(3x4) 5 b. f(3x4)
b. f(3x4)553x3x112424
314
314 ifif xx is
is odd
3.3. Consider
Considerthe
theadditive
additive groups numbers R
groups of real numbers R and
andcomplex numbersCCand
complexnumbers anddefine
definef:f:
RRSSCCby
byf(x) 5 xx 1
f(x) 5 1 0i0i.. Prove that f is a homomorphism
homomorphismand
andfind
findker
kerf.f.IsIsffananepi-
epi-
morphism?IsIsff aa monomorphism?
morphism? monomorphism?
4.4. Consider
Consider the
the additive
additive group
group Z and the multiplicative group GG5551,
multiplicative group 51,i,i,21, 2i6and
21,2i6 and
n
define f:ZZS
definef: SG by f(n)
G by f(n) 5 i . Prove that f
n
f is
is aa homomorphism
homomorphismand
andfind
findker
kerf.f.IsIsff
an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism?
an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism?
5.5. Consider
Considerthethe additive
additive group
group ZZ12 and define
12 and f: Z
define f: Z12 S Z 12by
12 S Z12 f(3x4)5533x4
byf(3x4) 33x4. .Prove
Provethat
that
ffisisaahomomorphism
homomorphism and and find
find ker
ker f.
f. Is f an
Is f an epimorphism?
epimorphism?IsIsffaamonomorphism?
monomorphism?
6.6. Consider
Consider the
the additive
additive groups
groups ZZ12 and Z
12 and Z66 and
and define f: ZZ1212S
define f: SZZ66by f(3x41212) )553x43x46.6.
byf(3x4
Prove that
Prove that ff isis aa homomorphism
homomorphism and and find
find ker f. IsIs ff an
ker f. an epimorphism?
epimorphism?IsIsffa a
monomorphism?
monomorphism?
7. Consider the additive groups Z8 and Z4 and define f: Z8 S Z4 by f(3x4 ) 5 3x4 . Prove
 an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism?
5. Consider the additive group Z12 and define f: Z12 S Z12 by f(3x4) 5 33x4 . Prove that
f is a homomorphism and find ker f. Is f an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism?
6. Consider the additive groups Z12 and Z6 and define f: Z12 S Z6 by f(3x4 12) 5 3x4 6.
Prove that f is a homomorphism and find ker f. Is f an epimorphism? Is f a
monomorphism?
7. Consider the additive groups Z8 and Z4 and define f: Z8 S Z4 by f(3x4 8) 5 3x4 4. Prove
that f is a homomorphism and find ker f. Is f an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism?
a b
8. Consider the additive groups M2 (Z) and Z and define f: M2 (Z) S Z by fa c db 5
c d
a. Prove that f is a homomorphism and find ker f. Is f an epimorphism? Is f a
monomorphism?
28, 29 @ 9. Let G be the multiplicative group of invertible matrices in M2(R), and let Gr be the
group of nonzero real numbers under multiplication. Prove that the mapping f:
G S Gr defined by
a b
fa c d b 5 ad 2 bc
c d
6, Chapter
#14 ! 3 is a homomorphism. Is f an epimorphism? Is f a monomorphism? (The value of this
Groups
, #15a ! mapping is called the determinant of the matrix.)
10. Find an example of G, Gr, and f such that G is a nonabelian group, Gr is an abelian
group, and f is an epimorphism from G to Gr.
11. Let f be a homomorphism from the group G to the group Gr.
a. Prove part a of Theorem 3.28: If e denotes the identity in G and er denotes the
identity in Gr, then f(e) 5 er.
b. Prove part b of Theorem 3.28: f(x21) 5 3f(x)4 21 for all x in G.
12. Prove that on a given collection G of groups, the relation of being a homomorphic
image has the reflexive property.
13. Suppose that G, Gr, and Gs are groups. If Gr is a homomorphic image of G, and Gs is
a homomorphic image of Gr, prove that Gs is a homomorphic image of G. (Thus the
relation in Exercise 12 has the transitive property.)
14. Find two groups G and Gr such that Gr is a homomorphic image of G but G is not a
homomorphic image of Gr. (Thus the relation in Exercise 12 does not have the symmet-
ric property.)
15. Suppose that f is an epimorphism from the group G to the group Gr. Prove that f is an
isomorphism if and only if ker f 5 {e}, where e denotes the identity in G.
16. If G is an abelian group and the group Gr is a homomorphic image of G, prove that Gr
is abelian.
17. Let a be a fixed element of the multiplicative group G. Define f from the additive
group Z to G by f(n) 5 a n for all n [ Z. Prove that f is a homomorphism.
18. With f as in Exercise 17, show that f(Z) 5 HaI, and describe the kernel of f.
19. Assume that f is a homomorphism from the group G to the group Gr.
a. Prove that if H is any subgroup of G, then f(H) is a subgroup of Gr.
4.6, #28 ! b. Prove that if K is any subgroup of Gr, then f21(K) is a subgroup of G.
20. Assume that the group Gr is a homomorphic image of the group G.
a. Prove that Gr is cyclic if G is cyclic.
 homomorphic image of Gr. (Thus the relation in Exercise 12 does not have
homomorphic have the
the symmet-
symmet-
ric property.)
ric property.)
15. Suppose
15. Suppose that
that f is an epimorphism from the group G to the group Gr. Prove
Prove that f is
that f is an
an
isomorphism if and only if ker f 5 {e}, where e denotes the identity in
isomorphism in G.
G.
16. If
16. If G is an
G is an abelian
abelian group and the group Gr is a homomorphic image of G, G, prove
prove that
that Gr
Gr
is abelian.
is abelian.
17. Let
17. Let aa bebe aa fixed
fixed element
element of
of the
the multiplicative
multiplicative group G. Define
group G. Define f f from
from the
the additive
additive
n
group Z to G by f(n) 5 a n for all n [ Z. Prove that f is a homomorphism.
group Z to G by f(n) 5 a for all n [ Z. Prove that f is a homomorphism.
18. With
18. With ff asas in
in Exercise
Exercise 17,
17, show
show that
that f(Z)
f(Z) 55 HaI,
HaI, and
and describe
describe the
the kernel
kernel of
of f.
f.
19. Assume
19. Assume that
that f
f isis aa homomorphism
homomorphism from
from the
the group
group GG toto the
the group
group Gr.
Gr.
a. Prove
a. Prove that
that if
if HH isis any
any subgroup
subgroup of
of G,
G, then f(H) is
then f(H) is aa subgroup
subgroup ofof Gr.
Gr.
4.6,#28
4.6, #28 !
! b. Prove
b. Prove that
that if
if KK isis any
any subgroup
subgroup of
of Gr,
Gr, then
then f
21
f (K)
21
(K) is
is aa subgroup
subgroup of
of G.
G.
20. Assume
20. Assume that
that the
the group
group Gr is aa homomorphic
Gr is homomorphic image
image of
of the
the group
group G.
G.
a. Prove
a. Prove that
that Gr is cyclic
Gr is cyclic if
if G
G isis cyclic.
cyclic.
b. Prove
b. Prove that
that o(Gr) divides o(G),
o(Gr) divides whether G
o(G), whether G is
is cyclic
cyclic or
or not.
not.
21. Let
21. Let f be aa homomorphism
f be homomorphism from
from the
the group
group G
G to
to the
the group Gr,, where
group Gr where G
G5 5 8a9,
8a9, the
the cyclic
cyclic
group generated by a. Show that f is completely determined by the image of the gen-
group generated by a. Show that f is completely determined by the image of the gen-
erator a of
erator a of G.G.

Words and
Words and Phrases
Phrases
nn group,
group, 138
138 finite group,
finite group, 141
141 homomorphism,
homomorphism, 183 183
orphism, 177
orphism, 177 generalized associative
generalized associative law,
law, 148
148 idempotent
idempotent element,
element, 150
150
group, 159
group, 159 generator of a group, 163
generator of a group, 163 identity element, 138
identity element, 138
orphism, 183
orphism, 183 group, 137
group, 137 infinite
infinite group,
group, 141
141
rphism, 183
phism, 183 group of
group of units,
units, 167
167 integral
integral exponents, 155
exponents, 155
phi-function, 170
hi-function, 170 homomorphic image,
homomorphic image, 185
185 integral multiples, 156
integral multiples, 156
 A
■ Figure 3.20 ■ Figure 3.21 ■
■ Figure 3.20 ■ Figure 3.21 ■

Exercises 3.5
Exercises
Exercises 3.5
True or False
3.5
True
Labeloreach
False
of the following statements as either true or false.
Label eachtwo
1. Any of the following
cyclic groups statements
of the sameasorder
eitherare
true or false.
isomorphic.
1.
2. Any
Any two
twocyclic groups
abelian groups ofof
thethe
same order
same areare
order isomorphic.
isomorphic.
2.
3. Any
Any two abelian groups
isomorphism is an of the same order are isomorphic.
automorphism.
3.
4. Any
Any isomorphism
automorphism is is
anan
automorphism.
isomorphism.
4. Any automorphism is an isomorphism.
5. If two groups G and Gr have order 3, then G and Gr are isomorphic.
5.
6. If
Anytwotwo
groups G and
groups Gr have
of the sameorder
finite3,order
then are
G and Gr are isomorphic.
isomorphic.
6.
7. Any
Twotwo groups
groups can of
bethe same finite
isomorphic order
even are isomorphic.
though their group operations are different.
7.
8. Two groups can be isomorphic even though their
The relation of being isomorphic is an equivalence group operations
relation are different.
on a collection of groups.
8. The relation of being isomorphic is an equivalence relation on a collection of groups.

Exercises
Exercises
1. Prove that if f is an isomorphism from the group G to the group Gr, then f21 is an
1. Prove that if ffrom
isomorphism is anGrisomorphism
to G. from the group G to the group Gr, then f21 is an
isomorphism from Gr to G.
2. Let G1, G2, and G3 be groups.
2. Let G1, G2, and G3 be groups.
a. Prove that if f 1 is an isomorphism from G1 to G2 and f 2 is an isomorphism from G2
a. Prove
to G3,thatthenifff21fis1 an isomorphism
is an isomorphism from from to1Gto2 and
G1 G G3. f 2 is an isomorphism from G2
to G , then f 2 f 1 is an isomorphism from G1 to G3.
b. If f31 is an isomorphism from G1 to G3 and f 2 is an isomorphism from G2 to G3, find
b. Ifanfisomorphism
1 is an isomorphism
from G1 to GG21. to G3 and f 2 is an isomorphism from G2 to G3, find
from
an isomorphism from G1 to G2.
3.4, #16 @ 3. Find an isomorphism from the additive group† † Z4 5 5 304 4 ,3.5 314 4 , Isomorphisms
3.5 Isomorphisms 181
181
324 4 , 334 4 6 to the mul-
3.4, #16 @ 3. Find an isomorphism from the additive group Z
tiplicative group of units U5 5 5 314 5 , 324 5 , 334 5 , 344 5 6 8 Z5.
4 5 5 304 4 , 314 4 , 324 4 , 334 4 6 to the mul-
tiplicative group of units U5 5 5 314 5 , 324 5 , 334 5 , 344 5 6 8 Z5.
4.
4. LetLet G G5 5 {1,{1, i,i, 21, 2i} under
21, 2i} multiplication, and let Gr 5 Z44 5 5 304, 314, 324, 334 6
under multiplication,
†
Forunder
clarity, addition.
under addition.
we Find
Find an
are temporarily an isomorphism
3a4 n for 3a4 [from
isomorphism
writing Z n. G to Gr that is different from the one given
†
For in
in Example
Example 33 of
clarity, we are of this
this section.
temporarily writing
section.n3a4 for 3a4 [ Z n.

3, #16
.3, #16 @
@ 5.
5. Let H be
Let H be the
the group
group given
given in Exercise 16 of Section 3.3, and let S(A) be as given in
in Exercise
Example
Example 44 of
of this
this section.
section. Find an isomorphism from H to S(A).
Find an
4, #16
.4, #16 @
@ 6.
6. Find
Find an
an isomorphism
isomorphism fromfrom the additive group Z66 5 5 3a4 666 to the multiplicative group
the additive
of units U77 5 5 3a477 [ Z77 0 3a477 2
of units U 5 5 3a4 [ Z 0 3a4 2 304 776 .
4, #14
.4, #14 @
@ 7.
7. Find
Find an
an isomorphism f from
isomorphism f the additive group Z to the multiplicative group
from the
1 n
H
H55 bB R 2 n [ Zr
0 1
and
and prove
prove that
that f(x 1 y)
f(x 1 y) 5
5 f(x)f(y).
f(x)f(y).
3,, #15b
#15b @
@ 8.
8. Find
Find an
an isomorphism
isomorphism from
from the
the group
group G 5 {1, i, 21, 2i} in Example 3 of this section
to
to the
the multiplicative
multiplicative group
group
11 00 ii 0 2i 0 21 0
H
H55 bb BB RR,, BB R, B R, B R r.
00 11 00 2i 0 i 0 21

3,
3, #14c
#14c @
@ 9.
9. Find
Find an
an isomorphism
isomorphism f f from
from the
the multiplicative
multiplicative group G of nonzero complex numbers
to
to the
the multiplicative
multiplicative group
group
aa 2b
2b
H
H55 bb BB R 2 a, b [ R and a22 1 b22 2 0 r
 to the multiplicative group
Sec. 3.3, #15b @ 8. Find an isomorphism from the group G 5 {1, i, 21, 2i} in Example 3 of this section
1 0
to the multiplicative igroup 0 2i 0 21 0
H 5 bB R, B R, B R, B R r.
0 1 01 2i
0 i 00 i 2i 0 0 21
21 0
H 5 bB R, B R, B R, B R r.
0 1 0 2i 0 i 0 21
3, #14c @ 9. Find an isomorphism f from the multiplicative group G of nonzero complex numbers
Sec.to
3.3,the 9. Find angroup
#14cmultiplicative
@ isomorphism f from the multiplicative group G of nonzero complex numbers
to the multiplicative group
a 2b
H 5 bB H
RB a2 a,2b
b
b[ R
Ra,and
2 b
aR2 and
1 ba22 1
2 b02 r2 0r
b 5a b a
[

and prove that and

f(xy) 5 that
prove f(x)f(y).
f(xy) 5 f(x)f(y).

3, #15a @ 10.Sec.Find 10. Find an isomorphism

an@isomorphism
3.3, #15a from the multiplicative
from the multiplicative group group
1 0 1 0 21 0 21 0
1 0 5 b B1
H 0 B 21 R, 0B
R, 21R, B 0 Rr
H 5 bB R, B 0 1 R ,0 B 21 R, B
0 1 0 Rr
21
Sec. 4.2, #3 ! 0 1 0 21 0 1 0 21
4.2, #3 ! Sec. 4.4, #11 ! to the group G 5 5e, a, b, ab6 with multiplication table in Figure 3.22. This group is
†
.4, #11 ! to4.6,the
Sec. #16group
! 5 5e,asa,the
Gknown b, Klein fourmultiplication
ab6 with group. table in Figure 3.22. This group is
.6, #16 ! known as the Klein† four group.
? e a b ab

? e ae be aab b ab
a a e ab b
e e a b ab
b b ab e a
a a e ab b
ab ab b a e
Chapter 3 ■
Groups
Figure 3.22
b b ab e a
ab The ab
11. † b
following
Felixset ofa matrices e
ure#28
3.1, 3.22
@ Christian Klein (1849–1925) was a German mathematician known for his work on the connections
between geometry and group theory. Klein successfully worked toward the admission of women to the
University of Göttingen in Germany in 1893, and supervised the first Ph.D. thesis by a woman at Göttingen.
1 0 21 0 0 1 0 21
B R, B R, B R, B R,
† 0 1
Felix Christian Klein (1849–1925) was a 0German
21mathematician 0 for his
21 known 1 work0on the connections
between geometry and group theory. Klein successfully worked toward the admission of women to the
University of Göttingen iin Germany
0 in 1893,
2i and0supervised0 thei first Ph.D.0thesis2iby a woman at Göttingen.
B R, B R, B R, B R
0 2i 0 i i 0 2i 0
forms a group H with respect to matrix multiplication. Find an isomorphism from H to
the quaternion group.
12. Let G be the additive group of all real numbers, and let Gr be the group of all positive
real numbers under multiplication. Verify that the mapping f: G S Gr defined by
f(x) 5 10x is an isomorphism from G to Gr.
13. Let G and Gr be as given in Exercise 12. Verify that the mapping u: Gr S G defined by
u(x) 5 log x is an isomorphism from Gr to G.
14. Assume that the nonzero complex numbers form a group G with respect to multipli-
cation. If a and b are real numbers and i 5 ! 21 , the conjugate of the complex
number a 1 bi is defined to be a 2 bi. With this notation, let f: G S G be defined
by f(a 1 bi) 5 a 2 bi for all a 1 bi in G. Prove that f is an automorphism of G.
15. Let G be a group. Prove that G is abelian if and only if the mapping f: G S G defined
by f(x) 5 x!1 for all x in G is an automorphism.
16. Suppose (m, n) 5 1 and let f: Zn S Zn be defined by f 1 3a42 5 m3a4. Prove or dis-
prove that f is an automorphism of the additive group Zn.
1, #27a @ 17. According to Exercise 27a of Section 3.1, Un, the set of nonzero elements of Zn, forms
a group with respect to multiplication if n is prime. Prove or disprove that the mapping
f: Un S Un defined by the rule in Exercise 16 is an automorphism of Un.
18. For each a in the group G, define a mapping ta : G S G by ta (x) 5 axa21. Prove that
4.6, #32 " ta is an automorphism of G.
 14.
14. Assume
Assumethat thatthe
thenonzero
nonzero complex
complex numbers
numbers form
form aa group
group G G with
with respect
respect to
to multipli-
multipli-
cation. If a and b are real numbers and i 5 ! 21 , the conjugate
cation. If a and b are real numbers and i 5 ! 21 , the conjugate of the complex of the complex
number
numberaa 1 1 bibi isis defined
defined toto be
be aa 2 bi. With
2 bi. With this
this notation,
notation, let f: G
let f: GSSG G be
be defined
defined
by
by f(a 1 bi) 5 a 2 bi for all a 1 bi in G. Prove that f is an automorphism of
f(a 1 bi) 5 a 2 bi for all a 1 bi in G. Prove that f is an automorphism of G.
G.
15.
15. Let
LetGGbebeaagroup.
group. Prove
Provethat
thatGGisisabelian
abelianifif and
and only
only ifif the
the mapping
mapping f: GS
f: G SG G defined
defined
!1
by f(x) 5 x !1 for all x in G is an automorphism.
by f(x) 5 x for all x in G is an automorphism.
16.
16. Suppose
Suppose(m,(m,n)
n) 55 11 and
and let f:ZZnn S
let f: SZZnn be
be defined
defined by by ff113a42 m3a4. Prove
5 m3a4.
3a42 5 Prove or or dis-
dis-
prove that f is an automorphism of the additive
prove that f is an automorphism of the additive group Zn.group Z n.
1, #27a @
3.1, #27a @
17.
17. Accordingto
According toExercise
Exercise27a
27aof ofSection 3.1,U
Section3.1, Unn,, the
the set
set of
of nonzero
nonzero elements
elements ofof Z
Znn,, forms
forms
aagroup
groupwith
withrespect
respecttotomultiplication
multiplicationififnnisisprime.
prime. Prove
Prove or or disprove
disprove that
that the
the mapping
mapping
f:UUn S
f: SUUn defined
n definedby
n bythe
the rule
rule in
in Exercise
Exercise 16
16 isis an
an automorphism
automorphism of of U
Un.. n
18.
18. For
Foreacheachaainin the
the group
group G,G, define
define aa mapping
mapping ttaa:: G
GSSGG by
by ttaa(x)
21
axa21.. Prove
5 axa
(x) 5 Prove that
that
4.6,
4.6,#32
#32"" tta isisan automorphism of
an automorphism of G. G.
a
19.
19. For
Foraafixed
fixedgroup
group G, G, prove
prove that
that the
the set
set of
of all
all automorphisms
automorphisms of G forms
of G forms aa group
group with
with
4.6,
4.6,#32
#32"" respect to mapping composition.
respect to mapping composition.
20.
20. Assume
Assume GG isis aa (not(not necessarily
necessarily finite)finite) cyclic
cyclic groupgroup generated
generated byby aa in G, and
in G, and let f be
let f be
an automorphism of G. Prove that each element of G is equal
an automorphism of G. Prove that each element of G is equal to a power of f(a); that to a power of f(a); that
is,
is,prove
provethat f(a)isisaagenerator
thatf(a) generator of of G.
G.
21. Let G be as in Exercise
21. Let G ber as ini Exercise 20.
20. Suppose
Suppose also
also that
that aarr isis aa generator
generator of G. Define
of G. Define ff on
on GG by
by
r i ri
f(a)
f(a) 55 aa r,,f(a
f(a)i) 55 (a
(a r))i 5
5 aa ri.. Prove
Prove that
that ff isis an
an automorphism
automorphism of of G.
G.
22.
22. Let
Let GG bebe the
the multiplicative
multiplicative group
group of units U
of units Unn.. For
For each
each value
value of n, use
of n, use the
the results
results of
of
Exercises 20 and 21 to list all the automorphisms of G. For each
Exercises 20 and 21 to list all the automorphisms of G. For each automorphism f, automorphism f,
write
writeoutoutthe
theimages
imagesf(x)f(x)forfor all
all xx in
in G.
G.
a.a. nn 55 55 b.
b. nn 5 5 77
23.
23. Use
Use thethe results
results of
of Exercises
Exercises 20 20 and
and 2121 to
to find
find the number of
the number of automorphisms
automorphisms of of the
the
additive group Z for the given value
additive group Zn for the given value of n.
n of n.
a.a. nn 55 33 b.
b. nn 55 44 c. 5 88Homomorphisms
c. nn3.6
5 d.
d. nn 55183
66

24. Prove that any cyclic group of finite order n is isomorphic to Zn under addition.
25. For an arbitrary positive integer n, prove that any two cyclic groups of order n are
isomorphic.
26. Prove that any infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to Z under addition.
27. Let H be the group Z6 under addition. Find all isomorphisms from the multiplicative
group U7 of units in Z7 to H.
28. Suppose that G and H are isomorphic groups. Prove that G is abelian if and only if H
is abelian.
29. Prove that if G and H are two groups that contain exactly two elements each, then G
and H are isomorphic.
30. Prove that any two groups of order 3 are isomorphic.
31. Exhibit two groups of the same finite order that are not isomorphic.
32. Let f be an isomorphism from group G to group H. Let x be in G. Prove that f(xn) !
(f(x))n for every integer n.
33. If G and H are groups and f: G S H is an isomorphism, prove that a and f(a) have the
same order, for any a [ G.
34. Suppose that f is an isomorphism from the group G to the group Gr.
a. Prove that if H is any subgroup of G, then f(H) is a subgroup of Gr.
b. Prove that if K is any subgroup of Gr, then f21(K) is a subgroup of G.

3.6 Homomorphisms