Site Coatings PP

BGAS SITE COATING INSPECTION
WELCOME
COURSE TUTOR
TREVOR MYERS
Copyright © 2003, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining Technology
COURSE DETAILS
COURSE TIMES
BREAK TIMES
SMOKING POLICY
HOMEWORK
QUESTIONS
PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION DETAILS
2 WRITTEN PAPERS, EACH ONE CONSISTING OF
NARRATIVE AND MULTI-CHOICE QUESTIONS.
PRACTICAL, USE OF GAUGES ETC.
ORAL EXAM, 1 TO 1 DISCUSSION
CLOSED BOOK EXAM
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
IDENTIFICATION AND USES OF ABRASIVES
IDENTIFICATION OF RUST GRADES
IDENTIFICATION OF PREPARATION GRADES
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE PROFILE
MEASUREMENT OF DFT’S, USING BANANA GAUGES
IDENTIFICATION OF COATING FAULTS
IDENTIFICATION OF RANDOM TEST EQUIPMENT
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS MATERIALS
USE OF DEWPOINT CALCULATOR, AND APPLICATION
CORROSION THEORY
CORROSION THEORY
CORROSION THEORY
THE CORROSION TRIANGLE

ELECTROLYTE
ANODE CATHODE
Shows electron circuit
CORROSION THEORY
ANODES CORRODE. THE COMBINATION OF

ELEMENTS ( OXIDATION) TAKES PLACE AT THE
ANODE.
CATHODES ARE PROTECTED, HYDROGEN IS

EVOLVED AT THE CATHODE AS THE ELECTROLYTE
DISSOCIATES INTO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
IONS
HYGROSCOPIC (OSMOTIC) BLISTERS
TINY, PIN HEAD
SIZE, WATER
FILLED BLISTERS.
CAUSED BY
HYGROSCOPIC
SALTS
CORROSION THEORY
3 FACTORS NEEDED FOR CORROSION TO OCCUR
1. ANODE, a positively charged area.
2. CATHODE, a negatively charged area.
3. ELECTROLYTE, a substance which will conduct a

current and be broken down by it.
IE. WILL DISSOCIATE INTO POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE IONS
BI-METALLIC CORROSION
WHEN 2 DIFFERENT METALS ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT

OR, JOINED BY A CONDUCTIVE WIRE IN AN
ENVIRONMENT WHERE AN ELECTROLYTE IS PRESENT,
ONE OF THE METALS WILL CORRODE.
THIS IS DEPENDANT ON THE POSITION IN THE

GALVANIC LIST
THE POSITION IN THE LIST DETERMINES WHICH
METAL BECOMES THE ANODE, THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THEM DETERMINES THE POTENTIAL
BI-METALLIC CORROSION
ZINC ANODE
MILD STEEL
CATHODE
SURFACE PREPARATION
WHY ?
TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A
SURFACE TO WHICH THE PAINT WILL READILY
ADHERE
TO PROVIDE A LONGER SERVICE LIFE FROM THE

COATING
2 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION
DEGREE OF CLEANLINESS
DEGREE OF ROUGHNESS
OR SURFACE PROFILE
SURFACE PREPARATION METHODS
• DRY ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING

• WET BLASTING
• HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING
• FLAME CLEANING
• PICKLING (CHEMICAL CLEANING)
• VAPOUR DEGREASING
• WEATHERING
SURFACE PREPARATION BY DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING
ABRASIVES
PROFILE AND ADHESION
PROFILE MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT
RUST GRADES AND DEGREE OF CLEANLINESS
EQUIPMENT
SURFACE PREPARATION
DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING ABRASIVES
COPPER SLAG.
EXPENDABLE. USE
ONCE ONLY, IT
SHATTERS ON
IMPACT. IT IS
NON METALLIC
SURFACE PREPARATION
DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING, ABRASIVES
CONTAMINATED
COPPER SLAG.
MUST NOT BE RE-
USED.
SURFACE PREPARATION
DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING, ABRASIVES
GARNET. MINERAL,
CAN BE EXPENDABLE
OR CAN BE RE-
CYCLED , AS
DESIRED. MUST BE
CLEANSED BEFORE
RE-USE
SURFACE PREPARATION
METALLIC GRIT.
MUST BE RECYCLED
FOR ECONOMIC
REASONS. NOT
USED FOR SITE
WORK MUST BE
CLEANSED BEFORE
RE-USE
METALLIC SHOT
USED IN
ENCLOSED
SYSTEMS, NEEDS
TO BE CLEANSED
BEFORE RE-USE.
GRADUALLY
WEARS DOWN
CYCLE BY CYCLE.
METALLIC GRIT AND
SHOT MIXED. RATIO
DEPENDS ON SPEC. AS
DOES THE PARTICLE
SIZES. USED IN
ENCLOSED SYSTEMS.
GRIT CUTS THE
PROFILE, SHOT
CONTROLS THE PEAKS
WALNUT SHELL.
AGRICULTURAL
BY-PRODUCT, NOT
USED ON STEEL.
AS WITH OTHER
ABRASIVES, IT IS
AVAILABLE IN
VARIOUS
PARTICLE SIZES
B.G.A.S. PAINTING INSPECTION
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SIEVES TO BS 410
PROFILE MEASUREMENT SURFACE PROFILE NEEDLE
GAUGE
SET THE GAUGE AT ZERO

BY APPLYING PRESSURE
ON THE FOOT ON A FLAT
SMOOTH GLASS PLATE
SURFACE PROFILE MEASUREMENT, DIAL
MICROMETER AND SURFACE REPLICA TAPE
SURFACE PROFILE MEASUREMENT, DIAL MICROMETER
AND SURFACE REPLICA TAPE
SURFACE PROFILE ASSESSMENT
SURFACE COMPARATOR TO BS 7079 Pt C, ISO 8503
SHOT BLAST
COMPARATOR. NOT TO
BE USED FOR SURFACE
CLEANLINESS. ONLY
FOR ASSESSMENT OF
SHOT BLASTED
SUBSTRATES. GRIT
BLAST COMPARATOR
CAN ALSO BE USED ON
SUBSTRATES BLASTED
WITH GRIT/SHOT MIX
RUST GRADES
RUST GRADES
BLASTING GRADES A Sa 2.5 and Sa 3
BLASTING GRADES B Sa 1 and Sa 2
BLASTING GRADES B Sa 2.5 and Sa 3
BLASTING GRADES, COMPARISONS
BLASTING GRADES C Sa 1 and Sa 2
BLASTING GRADES C Sa 2.5 and Sa 3
BLASTING GRADES D Sa 1 and Sa 2
BLASTING GRADES D Sa 2.5 and Sa 3
DRY ABRASIVE BLASTING
MEASURING PRESSURE AT THE NOZZLE
HYPODERMIC NEEDLE
GAUGE
INSERT THE NEEDLE

THROUGH THE HOSE
WITH THE NEEDLE
TOWARDS THE NOZZLE,
AT AN ANGLE OF APP.
45 DEGREES
SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING B St 2 and St 3
SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING C St 2 and St 3
SURFACE PREPARATION
HAND AND POWER TOOL CLEANING D St 2 and St 3
SURFACE PREPARATION FLAME CLEANING
SURFACE PREPARATION, CHEMICAL CLEANING
pH INDICATOR
PAPERS, USED TO
MEASURE ACIDITY
OR ALKALINITY OF
THE SUBSTRATE
AFTER FINAL WASH.
FOR B Gas THE
FIGURE SHOULD BE
BETWEEN 4.5 and 7
TESTS FOR SURFACE CONTAMINANTS
HYGROSCOPIC SALTS :- POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE,
NOW CALLED POTASSIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE
SOLUBLE CHLORIDES :- SILVER NITRATE TEST
MILLSCALE :- COPPER SULPHATE
OIL OR GREASE :- SOLVENT OTHER THAN ALIPHATIC
MOISTURE :- TALCUM OR CHALK
QUANTITITIVE TESTS FOR HYGROSCOPIC SALTS
MERKOQUANT TEST BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH
BGAS PAINTING INSPECTION
SALTS DETECTION, BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH KIT
SOLUTIONS AND DISPERSIONS
SOLVENT:- Will dissolve another material.
SOLUTE:- Is dissolved in the solvent
SOLUTION:- The end product from dissolving a

solute in a solvent
SOLUTIONS AND DISPERSIONS
DISPERSION:- A SOLID OR A LIQUID DISPERSED
WITHIN ANOTHER LIQUID, WHERE
THERE IS NO SOLUBILITY
A SUSPENSION:- FINE PARTICULATE SOLIDS

DISPERSED WITHIN A LIQUID, NO
SOLUBILITY
AN EMULSION:- A LIQUID DISPERSED WITHIN

ANOTHER LIQUID WHERE THERE IS
NO SOLUBILITY
PAINT TECHNOLOGY
3 MAIN GROUPS OF PAINT.
1. PAINTS CONTAINING SOLVENTS
2. SOLVENT FREE MULTI-PACK, MCL’s
3. POWDER PAINTS
ALL HAVE THE SAME BASIC INGREDIENTS
BINDER
SOLVENT
PIGMENTS AND OTHER ADDITIVES
BINDERS
PROPERTIES REQUIRED
EASE OF APPLICATION
TO GIVE ADHESION TO THE SUBSTRATE
TO PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
TO PROVIDE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
TO PROVIDE COHESIVE STRENGTH
TO PROVIDE DIALECTRIC STRENGTH
TO RESIST THE PASSAGE OF WATER
TO CHANGE FROM A LIQUID INTO A SOLID
SOLVENTS
COMPATIBILITY
CORRECT SOLVENT GROUP FOR BINDER
COMPATABILITY FOR OVERCOATING
FLASHPOINT AND TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS
POLYMERS
A STRING OR STRUCTURE OF REPEATED UNITS
LINEAR POLYMER. PRE FORMED, REVERSIBLE, VERY
SENSITIVE TO SOME HC SOLVENTS
BRANCHED POLYMER. OXIDATION DRYING,

NATURAL OILS AND RESINS , BECOME VERY BRITTLE.
CROSSLINKED POLYMER. CHEMICALLY CURING, VERY

STRONG, EPOXIES, URETHANES AND POLYURETHANES
PIGMENTS
ANTI-CORROSIVE :- RUST INHIBITIVE PROPERTIES
METALLIC :- WORK SACRIFICIALLY
OPAQUE :- INERT, PROVIDE OPACITY AND COLOUR
EXTENDERS :- ADD BULK, REDUCE COST
LAMINAR :- PROVIDE IMPERMEABILITY
DRYING AND CURING OF PAINT FILMS
SOLVENT EVAPORATION
NO CHEMICAL REACTION
POLYMERS ARE PREFORMED AND SATURATED
LINEAR POLYMERS CLOSED AT THE ENDS BY
HYDROGEN AND HAVE NO DOUBLE BONDS
ALSO CALLED REVERSIBLE OR NON-
CONVERTIBLE
OXIDATION
USES ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN
OXYGEN CHEMICALLY COMBINES WITH
UNSATURATED DOUBLE BONDS
PROCESS CAN BE ACCELERATED BY ADDITION OF
DRIERS
ALSO CALLED CONVERTIBLE OR NON-REVERSIBLE
CHEMICAL CURING
MUST BE MIXED IN THE CORRECT RATIO

POT LIFE AND INDUCTION PERIOD MUST BE
OBSERVED
CONVERTIBLE OR NON-REVERSIBLE
CHEMICALLY CROSS LINK
PIPE BENDING, GEOGRAPHICAL NECESSITY
TYPICAL SITUATION FOR PIPE BENDING
PIPE BENDING
PIPE LINE DITCHING
BITUMEN AND COAL TAR ENAMELS
FACTORY APPLICATION
BITUMEN AND COAL TAR ENAMELS
FACTORY APPLICATION
BITUMEN AND COAL TAR ENAMEL RE-INFORCEMENTS
FIBRE GLASS BANDAGES WITH LONGTITUDINAL
MONOFILAMENT RE-INFORCEMENT
ENAMEL SAMPLES
HOT APPLIED TAPES
HEAT THE TAPE BY

HOT AIR OR BLOW
TORCH. APPLY IN A
SPIRAL FASHION.
START AND FINISH
IN A DOWNWARDS
FACING DIRECTION.
DANGER AREAS FOR
FAULTS, 6-O-CLOCK
AND 12-O-CLOCK.
SOIL STRESSING
CAUSED BY
TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
TYPICAL AREA WOULD BE

OUTLET SIDE OF A
COMPRESSOR STATION
REPAIR PROCEDURES TO BE
EXPLAINED LATER
COLD APPLIED LAMINATE TAPE
GREASE BASED TAPES
COLD APPLIED SELF ADHESIVE OVERWRAP TAPES
ANY WIDTH , ANY
COLOUR , STICKS
BETTER TO SMOOTH
SURFACES. IDEAL
FOR PLASTICS AND
FBE’S.
NOT A SYSTEM IN
IT’S OWN RIGHT
POLYETHYLENE CLADDING
APPLIED BY CROSSHEAD EXTRUSION DIE

MEDIUM TO HIGH DENSITY ( POLYMER LENGTH)
MASTIC THICKNESS 0.15MM
CLADDING THICKNESS 1.3MM
BOTH DIMENSIONS HAVE - 12.5 % TOLERANCE
‘PUCKERS’ WHEN HEAT IS APPLIED
DAMAGES TEND TO SPLIT LONGTITUDINALLY
HEAT SHRINKABLE PLASTICS
POLYETHYLENE CLADDING, PREMOULDED SHAPES
HEAT SHRINKABLE PLASTICS
ONLY APPLIED TO POLYETHYLENE CLADDING
SUPPLIED IN WRAPAROUNDS, SLEEVES ,TAPES AND

PREFORMED MOULDS
USE A YELLOW FLAME, APPLY HEAT FROM CENTRE

AND WORK UNIFORMLY CIRCUMFERENTIALY
DIRECTION OF SHRINK WILL BE SHOWN BY ARROWS

OR BY LOGO LINE
BGAS SITE COATING INSPECTOR
FUSION BONDED EPOXY, FBE OR RPC
APPLICATION SEQUENCE
BLAST CLEAN TO SA 2.5 EXPENDIBLE ABRASIVES
HEAT BY INDUCTION COIL TO SPECIFIED TEMP.
APPLY POWDER BY AUTOMATIC OR SEMI

AUTO MATIC SPRAY
PAINT APPLICATION ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING
NEGATIVELY CHARGED
POSITIVELY
CHARGED
PARTICLES
IONISED AIR VOLUME

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, FBE APPLICATION
PIPELINE INDUCTION
HEAT
WELDING SET,
GENERATOR, BLAST POT
AND COMPRESSOR, ALL
ON ONE FLATBACK,
WITH LIFTING GEAR
INDUCTION COIL
SITE VOLTAGE 110V AC
COIL DOES NOT HEAT THE

PIPE BY RADIATION.
THE AC CURRENT SETS UP

A FIELD CAUSING THE
STEEL ATOMS TO EXCITE,
THE RESULTING FRICTION
HEATS THE BUTT.
POWDER APPLICATION
MANUAL SYSTEM.
AS FEW PASSES AS
POSSIBLE. TYPICALLY
6, TO REDUCE THE
OCCURRENCE OF
DIFFERENTIAL
CURING
POWDER APPLICATION
MANUAL SYSTEM
HEATING COIL
ADJASCENT
MAIN CONTROL PANEL

VISIBLE IN TOP R/H
CORNER
BGAS SITE COATING INSPECTOR
Base resin. Activator resin
Own Tg. own Tg
Uncured powder
different Tg.
As determined at the factory
Uncured powder Cured powder

Tg (90) Tg app. 105.
As the powder progressively cures, forming different

compounds, the Tg will progressively increase
D.S.C. GRAPHS
D.S.C. GRAPHS
RUN 1 OF CURED
MICRONISED
POWDER SHOWING
RESIDUAL
EXOTHERM.
WOULD BE REJECTED
BECAUSE THE CURE
IS INCOMPLETE.
D.S.C. GRAPHS
PERFECT TRACES.
NO RESIDUAL
EXOTHERM.
ACCEPTABLE.
REPAIRS TO FBE COATINGS
INTERPON QUICKSET INTERPON REPAIR
REPAIR COMPOUND COMPOUND.
REPAIRS TO FBE COATINGS
BLISTER PACKS MELT STICK
HOLIDAY/PINHOLE DETECTION
TYPICAL H/V SET

FOR PINHOLE
DETECTION.
OPERATES UP TO
5 Kv. TOO HIGH
FOR NORMAL
PAINT SYSTEMS
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF COATED PIPE
CONCRETE COATINGS
RE-INFORCING HELD
IN POSITION BY
NON- METALLIC
SPACERS.
CONCRETE COATINGS
NON CONDUCTIVE
PLASTIC SPACERS
CLIPPED ONTO RE-
BARS. MUST BE
NON-CONDUCTIVE
BECAUSE OF CP.
CRACK TOLERANCES
BACKFILLING
ROCK GUARD, PLASTIC MESH TO PROTECT
AGAINST IMPACT DAMAGE DURING BACKFILL
BACKFILLING
ROCKGUARD
TYPICAL USE,
PLASTIC MESH
STRAPPED INTO
POSITION
PAINT TESTING, VISCOSITY
ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER
WITH ROTOTHINNER
MEASURES DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY. UNITS, POISES
PAINT TESTING. VISCOSITY
KREBS STORMER VISCOMETER
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
DRIVEN BY A FALLING
WEIGHT, THE HEAVIER
THE WEIGHT THE
FASTER IT ROTATES.
CRITERIA 200 RPM
UNITS STOKE OR POISE
PAINT TESTING FORD FLOW CUP IN ITS
RETORT AND SHOWING
FLOW VISCOSITY THE 4mm DIA HOLE
A FORD FLOW CUP
PAINT TESTING VISCOSITY. FORD FLOW CUP
PAINT FILM MEASUREMENT, WET FILM
ECCENTRIC WHEEL
WET FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
COMB GAUGES
FORMULAE
V.S% ( DFT) WFT

% OF WFT
SOLVENT PIGMENT
BINDER AND
EXTENDERS
DFT MEASUREMENTS ELECTRONIC GAUGES
ELECTROPHYSIC ELCOMETER
MINI TEST THE EXACTO 456
DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC.
THE TINSLEY PENCIL
DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC,
HORSESHOE GAUGE
DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT, MAGNETIC,
THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 111
DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, MAGNETIC
THE BANANA GAUGE MODEL 211
SCALE MOVES
TO THE
CURSER
DRY FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
COLOUR CODED CALIBRATION SHIMS
PURPLE 25um
BLUE 50um
BROWN 125um
WHITE 250um
YELLOW 500um
nominal values
PAINT TESTING . ADHESION
PRIMER TO SUBSTRATE FAILURE
INTERCOAT ADHESION FAILURE
COHESIVE FAILURE
ADHESION ‘V’ CUT TEST
CUT ‘V’ 30 INC INSERT BLADE TIP
15mm~ LEG APPLY LEVERAGE
A A A
CROSS SECTION ON A A
ADHESION TESTS, CROSS CUT ( CROSS HATCH) TEST
Cut 6 lines vertical and

6 horizontal, 25 x 2mm
squares. Apply tape,
pull off and compare for
% area of detachment .
BS 3900 Pt E6
ADHESION TESTS CROSS CUT ( CROSS HATCH ) TEST
SPECIAL CUTTER TOOL
ADHESION TESTS THE DOLLY TEST
ADHESION TESTS THE HYDRAULIC ADHESION TESTER
WEATHER CONDITIONS
CONSIDERATIONS
1. RELATIVE HUMIDITY EXPRESSED AS %
2. AIR TEMPERATURE
3. STEEL TEMPERATURE
4. CALCULATED DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
WEATHER CONDITIONS WHIRLING HYGROMETER
WEATHER CONDITIONS DEW POINT CALCULATOR
WEATHER CONDITIONS . DEW POINT CALCULATIONS
DRY BULB = 15
WET BULB = 10
ALIGN 10 WET (RED)
WITH 15 DRY (BLACK)
READ OFF DP TEMP
INSIDE THE ELIPTICAL
WINDOW OPPOSITE
THE WET BULB
TEMPERATURE OF 10
WEATHER CONDITIONS DEW POINT CALCULATOR
DRY BULB TEMP

15, OPPOSITE
DEW POINT TEMP
5.5, READ OFF RH
FROM TIP OF
BLACK ARROW, IN
THE SMALL
ELIPTICAL
WINDOW
WEATHER CONDITIONS STEEL TEMPERATURES
MAGNETIC, CONTACT THERMOCOUPLE
CATHODIC PROTECTION SACRIFICIAL SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT WITH ELECTROLYTE
CONNECTING
CABLE
STEEL PIPE ZINC ANODE
CATHODIC PROTECTION IMPRESSED CURRENT
TR POSITIVE
TO
NEGATIVE GROUND
TO PIPE BED
CATHODIC PROTECTION MONITORING POTENTIALS
COPPER /COPPER
SULPHATE HALF CELL
REFERENCE ELECTRODE
CATHODIC DISBONDMENT TEST
HEALTH AND SAFETY, COSHH REGULATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
EH 40, GUIDANCE NOTES, HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE
MEL , MAXIMUM EXPOSURE LIMIT
OEL, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
OES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD
LEL, LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
UEL, UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
RAQ, REQUIRED AIR QUANTITY
HEALTH AND SAFETY DRAGER TUBE AND BELLOWS

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BGAS SITE COATING INSPECTION

PRACTICAL, USE OF GAUGES ETC.

ORAL EXAM, 1 TO 1 DISCUSSION

CLOSED BOOK EXAM

THE CORROSION TRIANGLE

ANODES CORRODE. THE COMBINATION OF

CATHODES ARE PROTECTED, HYDROGEN IS

1. ANODE, a positively charged area.

2. CATHODE, a negatively charged area.

3. ELECTROLYTE, a substance which will conduct a

WHEN 2 DIFFERENT METALS ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT

THIS IS DEPENDANT ON THE POSITION IN THE

TO PROVIDE A LONGER SERVICE LIFE FROM THE

• DRY ABRASIVE BLAST CLEANING

SET THE GAUGE AT ZERO

INSERT THE NEEDLE

SOLUBLE CHLORIDES :- SILVER NITRATE TEST

MILLSCALE :- COPPER SULPHATE

OIL OR GREASE :- SOLVENT OTHER THAN ALIPHATIC

MOISTURE :- TALCUM OR CHALK

MERKOQUANT TEST BRESLE SAMPLE PATCH

SOLUTE:- Is dissolved in the solvent

SOLUTION:- The end product from dissolving a

A SUSPENSION:- FINE PARTICULATE SOLIDS

AN EMULSION:- A LIQUID DISPERSED WITHIN

CORRECT SOLVENT GROUP FOR BINDER

COMPATABILITY FOR OVERCOATING

FLASHPOINT AND TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS

BRANCHED POLYMER. OXIDATION DRYING,

CROSSLINKED POLYMER. CHEMICALLY CURING, VERY

MUST BE MIXED IN THE CORRECT RATIO

HEAT THE TAPE BY

TYPICAL AREA WOULD BE

APPLIED BY CROSSHEAD EXTRUSION DIE

SUPPLIED IN WRAPAROUNDS, SLEEVES ,TAPES AND

USE A YELLOW FLAME, APPLY HEAT FROM CENTRE

DIRECTION OF SHRINK WILL BE SHOWN BY ARROWS

BLAST CLEAN TO SA 2.5 EXPENDIBLE ABRASIVES

HEAT BY INDUCTION COIL TO SPECIFIED TEMP.

APPLY POWDER BY AUTOMATIC OR SEMI

IONISED AIR VOLUME

COIL DOES NOT HEAT THE

THE AC CURRENT SETS UP

MAIN CONTROL PANEL

Uncured powder Cured powder

As the powder progressively cures, forming different

BLISTER PACKS MELT STICK

TYPICAL H/V SET

V.S% ( DFT) WFT

INTERCOAT ADHESION FAILURE

Cut 6 lines vertical and

1. RELATIVE HUMIDITY EXPRESSED AS %

DRY BULB TEMP

ENVIRONMENT WITH ELECTROLYTE

STEEL PIPE ZINC ANODE

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