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Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet

Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science


Lab Report
On

Modes of Heat Transfer


Course code: CEP 272

Lab Group: 04
Submitted to:
Mohammad Rakib Uddin
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CEP, SUST
Md. Shahadat Hossain
Lecturer
Dept. of CEP, SUST
Submitted by:
Name Registration number
Fariha Khan 2016332004
Sourav Sutradhar 2016332005
Tamara Ferdous 2016332008
Arjan Saha 2016332039
Kashfia Nehrin 2016332014
Mahazabin Mim 2016332010
Shubahsish Paul Niloy 2016332046
Abu Saleh Al Mahmud 2016332034
Shreya Roy 2016332023
Taslima Islam Nadi 2016332002
Nakib Uddin 2016332056
Mohammad Farhan 2015332049
Razaulss Karim 2015332057

Date of submission: 18-08-2018


Contents
Conduction .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Equipment:................................................................................................................................................ 3
Procedure:................................................................................................................................................. 3
Observation:.............................................................................................................................................. 3
Result and calculation: .............................................................................................................................. 4
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Convection .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Equipment:................................................................................................................................................ 6
Procedure:................................................................................................................................................. 6
Observation:.............................................................................................................................................. 6
Result and calculation: .............................................................................................................................. 7
Discussion: ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Radiation ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Experiment 01: ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Experiment 02: ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Result and calculation: ........................................................................................................................... 10
Discussion: .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Estimated cost:............................................................................................................................................ 11
Conduction

Abstract:
The objective of this experiment is to study the conduction of heat along a metal rod and to evaluate
the heat transfer rate. This experiment focus on the heat conduction for the cylindrical metal rod
arrangement. The temperature difference across two different positions was calculated to find the
temperature gradient. Finally, the heat transfer rate was calculated using Fourier’s law.

Introduction:
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat energy in a material due to the temperature gradient
within it. It always takes place from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature. A solid is chosen for the experiment of pure conduction because both liquids and
gasses exhibit excessive convective heat transfer. For practical situation, heat conduction occurs
in three dimensions, a complexity which often requires extensive computation to analyze. For
experiment, a single dimensional approach is required to demonstrate the basic law that relates
rate of heat flow to temperature gradient and area.1

Equipment:
1. Metal Rod (stainless steel)
2. Heat Source (Burner)
3. Thermometer

Procedure:
Step-1:

First the metal rod was heated at one end. A thermometer was placed at the point-1, to determine
the temperature of that point. Again a thermometer was placed at the point-2. By the temperature
difference could be measured.

Step-2:

Then the distance between two points can be calculated and using Fourier’s law, determine the
heat transfer rate.

Observation:
 Heat transfers from the heat source to heat sink.
 The metal rod is the conduction medium.

1
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By using thermometer, we observe that the temperature varies point to point.

Fourier’s law states that,

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴(𝑑𝑥 )

Where,

 Q=Heat flow rate [W]

 K=Thermal conductivity of the material [Wk-1m-1]

 A= Cross sectional Area of the conduction [m2]

 dT= Change of temperature between 2 points[K]

 dx=Change of displacement between 2 points[m]

Result and calculation:


Table: Determination of 𝑄

K(Thermal T1 T2 Temperature Displacement A Q=-


conductivity) difference change(dx) KA(dT/dx)
(Cross
(dT) (m) sectional
area)

Heat transferred, Q=………. [W]

Discussion:

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the heat transfer rate through Conduction in one
dimensional steady flow of heat. In this experiment, we investigated Fourier’s law by finding the
heat transfer (Q) for Stainless Steel. In this experiment, temperature difference between 2 points
was measured. The distance between those 2 points was measured to find out the temperature
gradient (dT/dx). Finally, Fourier’s law was applied to determine the heat transfer rate (Q) for
Conduction mode.

Convection

Abstract:
The experiment was conducted to determine the heat transfer rate using an apparatus involving a
beaker which was heated slowly by burner. Potassium permanganate crystals were used to show
the risings of hot water surrounding normal cold water. Temperatures at different 4 positions were
measured by using four thermometers. Total heat transfer rate was then determined using
Newton’s Law of cooling; where convection coefficient (h) for boiling water was considered to be
2500 W/m. °C.

Introduction:
Heat transfer can be defined as the process by which there is a transfer of energy from one location
to other, provided a proper temperature gradient exists. This transfer can be caused by the various
mechanisms like conduction, convection and radiation. Convection is of two types-
1. Forced or Assisted convection
2. Free or natural convection
Natural convection is the principal mode of heat transfer from pipes, refrigerating coils, hot
radiators etc. The movement of fluid in free convection is due to the fact that the fluid particles in
the immediate vicinity of the hot object become warmer than the surrounding fluid resulting in a
local change of density. The warmer fluid would be replaced by the colder fluid creating
convection currents. These currents originate when a body force (gravitational, centrifugal,
electrostatic etc.) acts on a fluid in which there are density gradients. The force which induces
these convection currents is called a buoyancy force which is due
tothe presence of a density gradient within the fluid and a body force. Natural convection is
caused by buoyancy forces due to density differences caused by temperature variations in the fluid.
At heating the density change in the boundary layer will cause the fluid to rise and be replaced by
cooler fluid that also will heat and rise. (1)Boiling or condensing processes are also referred to as
a convective heat transfer processes.
 The heat transfer per unit surface through convection was first described by Newton and
the relation is known as the Newton's Law of Cooling.

The equation for convection can be expressed as:


q = hc A dT (1) Where
q = heat transferred per unit time (W, Btu/hr)
A = heat transfer area of the surface (m2, ft2)
hc = convective heat transfer coefficient of the process (W/(m2oC, Btu/(ft2 h oF))
dT = temperature difference between the surface and the bulk fluid (oC, F)
Heat Transfer Coefficients - Units
 1 W/(m2K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 0.1761 Btu/(ft2 h oF)

 1 Btu/(ft2 h oF) = 5.678 W/(m2 K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m2 oC)

 1 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 1.163 W/(m2K) = 0.205 Btu/(ft2 h oF)

Equipment:
1. A large beaker
2. Potassium permanganate crystals Burner
3. Three padded stand
4. Spatula
5. Thermometer
6. Water

Procedure:

1. Firstly, the large beaker was filled with tap water.


2. Then the beaker was placed upon a three padded stand.
3. Some potassium permanganate crystals were added to the beaker and were allowed to be
settled down.
4. The burner was then lightened up and the beaker was heated slowly.
5. Four thermometers were placed at different positions into the beaker to measure the varying
temperature with varying positions. The apparatus was then set for further observation.
6. Temperatures were measured after each two minutes for each position above the bottom
level of the beaker simultaneously. Data were noted down carefully.

Observation:
Water molecules went up from the level of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) reached the surface
of the water and then came down touching the sides of the beaker. After a few minutes the crystals
of KMnO4 dissolved in the water making its’ color violet. The water at the bottom got heated and
expanded. The density of the water became less because of the expansion. Therefore, the water
there (at bottom) became light and went off to the top of the flask. The molecules at the bottom
absorbed heat and went up and the cool molecules of the top came down towards the bottom and
absorbed heat causing them to go up in a similar way. In this way, the heat got transferred from
one place to another. This was our desired so called process convection of heat. The difference in
densities of the different parts of a substance was responsible for the phenomena of convection.

Result and calculation:

Time(1)= 2 min Time(2)= 4 min Time(3)=6 min


Temperature, T1
Temperature, T2
Temperature, T3
Position, x1
Position, x2
Position, x3

The equation for convection can be expressed as:


q = hc A dT

Discussion:
The mechanism of convection heat transfer was introduced in this experiment. But during the
experiment, a few drawbacks were also present there.
No experimental instrument is present in the laboratory and therefore, at first we could not get the
practical idea of convection heat transfer. Moreover, the experiment that was conducted was a
lengthy process. The temperature of every point could not be determined precisely because it was
not possible to place thermometers at every point in the beaker. Instrumental error and observation
error were also present and so the taken data was not perfectly accurate. Again, except this
experiment, a lot more effective experiments could also be done and the possibilities of getting
more accurate data could be increased by conducting those.

Radiation

Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment is to study details of radiation heat transfer mechanism and test
parameters of radiation heat transfer experiment.
To describe the radiation heat transfer mechanism two experiments are done. In the first
experiment, radioactive heat transfer can be analyzed through the temperature change. Here three
different colored cans (black, white and uncolored) are used to measure the temperature difference
due to radiation heat transfer. Three thermometer are also used to note down the temperature
reading in the first one. From the second one, the paths of the radioactive particles (alpha, beta or
gamma particles) can be observed in a vacuum system. The paths of this particles are different
from each other. Here a black paper and a light source are used to see the radiation clearly. At last,
the total heat transfer rate will be calculated from the first experiment using Stefan-Boltzmann law
of thermal radiation which is valid only for thermal radiation.

Introduction:
Heat maybe also transferred through regions where a perfect vacuum exists. The mechanism in
this case is electromagnetic radiation, while conduction and convection both require the presence
of a medium for the transfer of energy; thermal radiation on the other hand is transferred by
electromagnetic waves or photons which may travel over a long distance without interacting with
a medium. (Holman, Heat Transfer, 1990) Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in
the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. All bodies constantly
emit energy by a process of electromagnetic radiation and the intensity of such energy flux depends
upon the temperature of the body and the nature of its surface. Objects that are cooler than the fire,
the toaster or the sun emit much less energy because the energy emission varies as the fourth power
of absolute temperature. Very often the emission of energy or radiant heat transfer, from cooler
bodies that can be neglected in comparison with conduction and convection. But heat transfer
processes that occur at high temperature, or with conduction or convection suppressed by
evacuated insulations, usually involve a significant fraction of radiation.
Thermal radiation occurs in a range of the electromagnetic spectrum of energy emission;
accordingly, it exhibits the same wavelike properties as light or radio waves. Each quantum of
radiant energy has a wavelength, λ and a frequency, υ associated with it. The full electromagnetic
spectrum includes an enormous range of energy-bearing waves, of which heat is only a small
part(Lienhard & Lienhard, 1930). Thermodynamic consideration show that an ideal thermal
radiator or blackbody will emit energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of the absolute
temperature of the body and directly proportional to its surface area. Thus
q Emitted=σAT4
This equation is called Stefan-Boltzmann equation.(Modest, 1993)

Experiment 01:
Equipment:
1. A beaker.

2. A hot water bath.

3. Same materials of 3 can: one painted white, one painted black and another remained as
same.
4. Three thermometers.

5. A flask.

6. Hot water.

Procedure:
 First, 250 ml hot water was poured in a flask and then poured it in the cans. Each can
contain 250 ml hot water.

 These 3 cans are then put into the hot water bath and made sure then that did not go too
much.

 Then, three thermometers are added to three cans to maintain same temperature in the cans
and to check temperature.

 When the temperature was same in these cans, then the cans were taken out from the water
bath and were taken for measurements.

Then the temperature was measured for every 2 minutes thereabouts to see good results and then
the cans were separated with each other just to make sure that there did not happen any heat transfer
between them.

Observation:
 It was observed that the temperature of each can was fallen down.

 The heat from the black can seemed to fallen down bit faster than other cans.

 The heat from the white one was fallen down slowly than the black one.

 The heat from the uncolored can was fallen down too much slowly than the other cans.

So the black one was able to allow the radiation to escape whereas the white one and the uncolored
one was kind of reflect it a bit more so the heat that tried to get out just got back reflected back in
by radiation.

Experiment 02:
Equipment:
1. Rubbing alcohol (99% isopropyl alcohol).

2. Dry ice.

3. Aluminum foil paper.

4. Black paper.
5. A sponge.

6. A cup.

7. Some sticky tack rubber

8. A flashlight

Procedure:
 First, sponge was put in the cup and soaked in the alcohol (99% isopropyl alcohol) which
is almost pure.

 Then, the black paper was taped in the bottom of the foil paper for watching the radiation
better.

 The sticky rubber was put around the edge of the cup which will act as the seal. Then the
black paper that was tapped with the foil paper was added with the cup with the help of
sticky rubber and got a good seal.

 Then the setup was put in the dry ice.

 A flashlight was used for shining and was got a different angle with the help of the light.

Observation:
 There was seen some little path going through there. The particles that were seen could be
alpha particles or beta particles or gamma particles.
 Gamma particles are photons which are light, beta particles are electrons or positrons and
alpha particles are groups of two photons and two neutrons Here alpha particles were
making a straight thick line and beta particles were kind of making a curved wispy line.
 So radiation is seen and observed.

Result and calculation:


For experiment 01:
Time(min.) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Temperature(black)
(°C)
Temperature(white)
(°C)
Temperature(metal)
(°C)
So heat transfer, q=σAT4

Here,
A= Area
T= Temperature difference.

Discussion:
During the Heat transfer sessional, we’ve performed “the modes of heat transfer”. As we didn’t
get all our required equipment we faced too many problems.
In our first experiment, we used three cans of same shape, size and materials so that any effect by
conduction be the same. But for some technical issues it may vary and it may cause in results. The
thermometer we’re using may have some errors and it can cause huge in calculation. There could
be error in measuring hot water each time. As the process is very lengthy, we may have some
difficulties in measuring time intervals for each can and it may effect in the graph.

Estimated cost:
1. A large beaker
2. Potassium permanganate crystals
3. Burner
4. Three padded stand
5. Spatula
6. Thermometer
7. Water
8. Metal Rod (stainless steel)

9. Heat Source (Burner)


10. Thermometer
11. Rubbing alcohol (99% isopropyl alcohol).

12. Dry ice

13. Aluminum foil paper.

14. Black paper.

15. A sponge.
16. A cup.

17. Some sticky tack rubber.

18. A flashlight.

19. A beaker.

20. A hot water bath.

21. Same materials of 3 can: one painted white, one painted black and another remained as
same.

22. Three thermometers

23. A flask.

24. Hot water

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