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Comminution

Comminution is the reduction of solid


materials from one average particle size to
a smaller average particle size, by
crushing, grinding, cutting, vibrating, or
other processes.[1][2] In geology, it occurs
naturally during faulting in the upper part
of the Earth's crust.[3] In industry, it is an
important unit operation in mineral
processing, ceramics, electronics, and
other fields, accomplished with many
types of mill. In dentistry, it is the result of
mastication of food. In general medicine, it
is one of the most traumatic forms of
bone fracture.

Within industrial uses, the purpose of


comminution is to reduce the size and to
increase the surface area of solids. It is
also used to free useful materials from
matrix materials in which they are
embedded, and to concentrate minerals.[2]

Energy requirements
The comminution of solid materials
consumes energy, which is being used to
break up the solid into smaller pieces. The
comminution energy can be estimated by:

Rittinger's law, which assumes that the


energy consumed is proportional to the
newly generated surface area;[4]
Kick's law, which related the energy to
the sizes of the feed particles and the
product particles;[5]
Bond's law, which assumes that the
total work useful in breakage is inversely
proportional to the square root of the
diameter of the product particles,
[implying] theoretically that the work
input varies as the length of the new
cracks made in breakage.[6][7]
Holmes's law, which modifies Bond's
law by substituting the square root with
an exponent that depends on the
material.[2]

Forces
There are three forces which typically are
used to effect the comminution of
particles: impact, shear, and compression.

Methods
There are several methods of
comminution. Comminution of solid
materials requires different types of
crushers and mills depending on the feed
properties such as hardness at various
size ranges and application requirements
such as throughput and maintenance. The
most common machines for the
comminution of coarse feed material
(primary crushers) are the jaw crusher (1m
> P80 > 100 mm), cone crusher (P80 >
20 mm) and hammer crusher. Primary
crusher product in intermediate feed
particle size ranges (100mm > P80 >
20mm) can be ground in autogenous (AG)
or semi-autogenous (SAG) mills
depending on feed properties and
application requirements. For
comminution of finer particle size ranges
(20mm > P80 > 30 μm) machines like the
ball mill, vertical roller mill, hammer mill,
roller press or high compression roller mill,
vibration mill, jet mill and others are used.
For yet finer grind sizes (sometimes
referred to as "ultrafine grinding"),
specialist mills such as the IsaMill are
used.
Trituration, for instance, is comminution
(or substance breakdown) by rubbing.
Trituration can further be described as
levigation (trituration of a powder with a
non-solvent liquid), or pulverization by
intervention, which is trituration with a
solvent that can be easily removed after
the substance has been broken down.

See also
Mill (grinding)
Particle size distribution
Crusher

References
1. Gupty, Chiranjib Kumar (2003).
Chemical Metallurgy . Wiley-VCH
Verlag. p. 130. Retrieved August 22,
2010.
2. Kanda, Yoshiteru; Kotake, Naoya
(2007). "Chapter 12: Comminution
Energy and Evaluation in Fine
Grinding". In Salman, Agba D.;
Hounslow, Michael J. (eds.).
Handbook of Powder Technology,
Volume 12: Particle breakage .
Elsevier. pp. 529–551. Retrieved
August 20, 2010.
3. Sibson, R.H. (1986). "Earthquakes and
rock deformation in crustal fault
zones" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences. 14: 156.
Bibcode:1986AREPS..14..149S .
doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.0
01053 . Retrieved 2 July 2011.
4. Jankovic, A.; Dundar, H.; Mehta, R.
(March 2010), "Relationships between
comminution energy and product size
for a magnetite ore" (PDF), Journal of
the Southern African Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy, 110: 141–146.
5. Kick, F.M. Das Gesetz der
proportionalen Widerstände und seine
anwendung felix. Leipzig, Germany.
1885.
6. Bond, Fred C. (1975) It Happened to
Me, Ch. 130. Amazon.com. Retrieved
May 29, 2011.
7. Bond, F.C. The third theory of
comminution.Trans. AIME, vol. 193,
1952. pp. 484–494.

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