1.

What is a three stage network and derive the expression to find number of cross point
in three stage network when it has a)N incoming and N outgoing trunks b)M incoming
trunks and N outgoing trunks(M>N
2. Define and find the switching capacity and blocking probability for a two stage
switching network with x-inlets and y-outlets.

The maximum number of simultaneous switching paths that can be established in a

switch is called its switching capacity. The probability that a user may get blocked is called
blocking probability. Whether a switch is blocking or non-blocking. It must provide full
connectivity or full availability.
Draw the switching system diagram

3. Draw the trunking diagram of 5005 cross has system.

Crossbar switching is a very old technique. The term arises from early manual
switchboards that used a set of overlapping brass bars at right angles to each other forming a
set of rows and columns. By placing a brass plug through a hole at an intersection of the bars,
a connection could be made from any inlet to any outlet. This cross point switching principle
is used not only in crossbar switching systems, but all matrix switching systems, including
the reed-electronic systems, such as TXE2 and TXE4.

One way to create a matrix switch would be to employ a relay at every cross point, but this
would be expensive and the number of relays goes up as a square law. Nevertheless, as we
shall see, all-relay systems were built. Indeed, the reed-electronic systems TXE2 and TXE4
used one reed relay per crosspoint, though the switch matrices were kept fairly small. A
crossbar switch is an electromechanical switch that aims to create a matrix switch without
needing a relay at each crosspoint. Instead, while having a set of relay contacts at each
crosspoint, they are operated by an electromagnetic coil associated with each column and
each row.

The first principle to understand is how to make a set of contacts operate conditionally; that
is, they will operate when the right combination of coils are energised. The principle is best
understood by considering how this principle might work with a single relay.
4.Draw and explain different network topologies.
Network topology is the description of the arrangement of nodes (e.g. switches and routers)
and connections in a network, often represented as a graph.

No matter how identical two organizations are, no two networks are exactly alike. However,
many organizations are relying on well-established network topology models. Network
topologies outline how devices are connected together and how data is transmitted from one
node to another.

A logical network topology is a conceptual representation of how devices operate at

particular layers of abstraction. A physical topology details how devices are physically
connected. Logical and physical topologies can both be represented as visual diagrams.

A network topology map is a map that allows an administrator to see the physical layout
of connected devices. Having the map of a network’s topology on hand is very useful for
understanding how devices connect to each other and the best techniques for troubleshooting.

There are many different types of topologies that modern enterprise networks are built on.
Established network topologies include bus topology, ring topology, star topology, mesh
topology, and hybrid topology. In this article, we’re going to look at each of these
topologies to tell you which is best for you.

Bus Topology

Bus topology is a type of network where every device is connected to a single cable which
runs from one end of the network to the other. This type of type of topology is often referred
to as line topology. In a bus topology, data is transmitted in one direction only. If the bus
topology has two endpoints then it is referred to as a linear bus topology. Smaller networks
with this type of topology will generally use an RJ45 cable to link devices together.

Advantages

There are a number of reasons why bus topologies are used in smaller networks. One of the
main reasons is that they keep the layout simple. All devices are connected to a single cable
so you don’t need to manage a complex topological setup.
The layout also helps make bus topologies cost effective because they can be run with a
single cable. In the event that more devices need to be added then you can simply join your
cable to another cable.

Disadvantages

However, relying on one cable does mean that bus topologies have a single point of failure.
If the cable fails then the entire network will go down. A cable failure can cost organizations
a lot of time while they attempt to resume service. Further to this, if you have lots of
network traffic then the performance of your network will decrease significantly as all
the data will be travelling through one cable.

This limitation makes bus topologies suitable only for smaller networks. The primary reason
is that the more nodes you have, the slower your transmission speeds are going to be. It is
also worth noting that bus topologies are limited in the sense that they are half-duplex, which
means that data can’t be transmitted in two opposite directions simultaneously.

Ring Topology

In networks with a ring topology, computers are connected to each other in a circular
format. Every device in the network will have two neighbors and no more or no less. The
first node is connected to the last node to link the loop together. As a consequence of being
laid out in this format packets need to travel through all nodes on the way to their
destination.Within this topology, one node is chosen to configure the network and monitor
other devices. Ring topologies are half-duplex but can also be made full-duplex. To make
ring topologies full-duplex you would need to have two connections between network nodes
to form a Dual Ring Topology. Ring topologies can sustain large networks much more
effectively than bus topologies.
Star Topology

A star topology is a topology where every node in the network is connected to one central
node. Every device in the network is directly connected to the central node and indirectly
connected to every other node. The relationship between these elements is that the central
network device is a server and other devices are treated as clients. The central node has the
responsibility of managing data transmissions across the network. The central node or hub
also acts as a repeater. In star topologies, computers are connected with a coaxial cable,
twisted pair, or optical fiber cable.

Tree Topology

As the name suggests, a tree topology is a network structure that is shaped like a tree with its
many branches. Tree topologies have a root node which is connected to other node
hierarchy. The hierarchy is parent-child where there is only one mutual connection between
two connected nodes. As a general rule, a tree topology needs to have three levels to the
hierarchy in order to be classified this way. This form of topology is used within Wide Area
Networks to sustain lots of spread-out devices.
5.Explain fiber optic in detail.
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with
the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. Fiber
optics is used long-distance and high-performance data networking. Fiber optics are also
commonly used in telecommunication services such as internet, television and telephones. As
an example, companies such as Verizon and Google use fiber optics in their
Verizon FIOS and Google Fiber services, providing gigabit internet speeds to usersFiber
optic cables are used since they hold a number of advantages over copper cables, such as
higher bandwidth and transmit speed.

A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of these glass fibers -- from a few up to a
couple hundred. Surrounding the glass fiber core is another glass layer called cladding. A
layer known as a buffer tube protects the cladding, and a jacket layer acts as the final
protective layer for the individual strand.

Types of fiber optic cables

Multimode fiber and single-mode fiber are the two primary types of fiber optic cable. Single-
mode fiber is used for longer distances due to the smaller diameter of the glass fiber core,
which lessens the possibility for attenuation -- the reduction in signal strength. The smaller
opening isolates the light into a single beam, which offers a more direct route and allows the
signal to travel a longer distance. Single-mode fiber also has a considerably
higher bandwidth than multimode fiber. The light source used for single-mode fiber is
typically a laser. Single-mode fiber is usually more expensive since it requires precise
calculations to produce the laser light in a smaller opening.
6.What is the necessary for framing?
A frame is a digital data transmission unit in computer networking and telecommunication.
In packet switched systems, a frame is a simple container for a single network packet. In
other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division
multiplexing.
A frame typically includes frame synchronization features consisting of a sequence of bits or
symbols that indicate to the receiver the beginning and end of the payload data within the
stream of symbols or bits it receives. If a receiver is connected to the system during frame
transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame synchronization sequence.