Introduction

to
Political
Science
 Political Science

 Is the field of the social sciences concerning

the theory and practice of politics and the
description and analysis of political systems
and political behaviour.
 Is a social science discipline that deals with
systems of government and the analysis
of political activity and political behavior.

 Also study of politics and power from

domestic, international, and comparative
perspectives. It entails understanding political
ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies,
processes, and behavior, as well as groups,
classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy,
and war. 
Understanding
Politics
 Politics
 Activities that relate to influencing the
actions and policies of a government or
getting and keeping power in a
government
 The opinions that someone has about
what should be done by governments; a
person's political thoughts and opinions

 The work or job of people (such as

elected officials) who are part of a
government
 Politics as an Art

“Politics is the art of

looking for trouble,
finding it whether it exists or not,
diagnosing it incorrectly
and applying the wrong remedy.”
- Ernest Benn

“Politics is more
difficult than physics.”
-Albert Einstein
Politics as an Art Defined . . . .

“Politics is the
art of the
possible.”
- Otto von Bismarck

“The good of man

must be the end of the
science of Politics.”
- Aristotle
Politics as an Art Defined . . . .

“Politics is a
fascinating game,
because politics is
government. It is the
art of government.”
- Harry Truman

“I have never regarded

politics as the arena
of morals. It is the
arena of interest.”
- Aneurin Bevan
 Approaches to the Study of Politics

Historical Approach
 The historical approach to the study of
politics is one of the traditional approaches.

 Records of past incidents and facts.

 Records consists of documentary and other

primary evidences which occurred in the
past.
Approaches to the Study of Politics . . . . .

Philosophical Approach
 Attempts to find the truth of political incidents or
 events.
Analyse the consequences of incidents in a
logical and scientific manner.

Economical Approach
 Nature and determination of the principles of
planning.
 Class struggle, increasing impoverishment and
capitalism’s exploitation.
 Politics is controlled by the persons who own
sources of production and manage the
process of distribution.
Approaches to the Study of Politics . . . . .

Sociological Approach
 Investigates the relationship between
behaviour pattern and social conditions.
 Give attention to the kinds of questions and the
kinds of data.

Psychological Approach
 Political behaviour of individuals and factors
leading to such behaviour
 Every individuals wants security and for that he
desires to accumulate power. Because he
thinks that power only can provide security.
Approaches to the study of politics . . . . .

Institutional Approach
 The institutional approach is also called
structural approach.
 Institution relates the structure and machinery
through which human society organises,
directs and executes multifarious activates
required to satisfy human needs.
 The emphasis of institutional or structural
approach is that the institutions their rules
and procedures are important for the analysis
of political phenomena and not the
individuals constituting the institutions.
 10 Images of Politics
1. Boardroom Politics
Involves decision-making by business elites
and professionals, but with important public
consequences.
10 Images of politics . . . . .

2. Bureaucratic Politics
Potentially significant
force affecting the
course and outcomes
of governmental
policymaking
(e.g. Senator,
processes.
Congressman,
Government Officials
etc., are power and
authority holders and as
such can make
decisions favouring
private businesses and
favored political
10 Images of politics . . . . .

3. Congress Politics
Involves policy making by legislatures,
constrained by various constituencies. Laws
affect private and public interests.
10 Images of politics . . . . .

4. Chief Executive Politics

Chief executives are
given full power and
authority to lead, to
govern and administer
laws. They possess
and exercise
discretionary powers
that are beneficial to
majority but
detrimental to some
few. When they talk
everybody listens.
10 Images of politics . . . . .

5. Court-Room Politics
Refers to court orders
and decisions of
judges, justices, and
prosecutors in
response to interest
groups and aggrieved
individuals.
(e.g. When judicial decisions are sold or influenced
based not on merits and evidences, and then the court
would have served no purpose as balancer and
equalizer of justice and settlement of disputes
between and among litigants)
10 Images of politics . . . . .

6. Multimedia Politics
The galvanization of
public opinion, usually
through the newspapers,
radio, television and other
forms of mass media. All
of this mass media
promote the political
interests and choices of
those who own them, who
pay them and who use
them. Media can make
and unmake a president or
10 Images of politics . . . . .

7. Religious Politics
Is one where decisions
are made by leaders and
members of religious
groups and have
political implications like
Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), El
Shaddai, JIL, CBCP, NCCP
are some of the most
prominent religious
groups which take
political positions on
public issues.
10 Images of politics . . . . .

8. Military Politics (Games of the Generals)

Involves the calculated
decisions of the military
and police generals and
their subordinates to
affect preferences in the
political arena. The
decisions and
machinations of military
generals were the
key factors that changed
government and
government leaders.
10 Images of politics . . . . .

9. Civil Society Politics

The high profile socio
political engagement
and proactive lobbying
of voluntary groups such
as NGO’s, PO’s, Socio-
Civic Societies, Cause-
oriented Groups,
Professional
Associations,
Cooperatives, Sectoral
or Social Class
groupings and
foundations that
10 Images of politics . . . . .

10. X-men Politics (Gambling Lords)

Includes factors and
players that are less
prominently mentioned,
less openly named, less
publicly involved but
actively engaged in
fixing and managing
self-serving political
decisions.
(e.g. Drug lords, Gambling lords, Vice Lords, who supports
the career of politicians and bureaucrats who in return
provide protection to syndicated crimes)
 Essentials of Politics

 Politics is the art, or indeed science, of

governance. This is the most essential strand
of politics, and one which can include the
governance of a nation-state, institutions or
interest groups.
 Governance can also be applied to people's
everyday lives, rather than just to the top level
of government. For example, your work's
management or the supervisor running the
company or directing you, is also political.
Essentials of Politics . . . . .

 Power is another essential aspect of politics.

In fact, it could be argued that power is the
most essential and important part of politics.
Politics can be defined as the application,
exercising and acquisition of power.

 When politics is applied to governance, it

has other essential parts, such as the rule of
law, the balance of power, democracy and
sovereignty.
 Politics does - and always will - affect every
aspect of a citizen's life.
Men and Politics
Men and Politics . . . . .

 The most basic human partnership is that

between a male and female;

 Aristotle believes that women are fully human

that is, they are not natural slaves and have the
full use of reason;
 The husband's rule over the woman in a marriage is
akin to political rule, which is rule over free and
equal persons, in which both the ruler and the ruled
are free and equal;
 Currently more women serving in Congress than at
any other time in history;
Men and Politics . . . . .

 The change has had immediate, major impact.

Aside from the issue of equal representation,
there's a deeper reason why women are good for
governance.
 Women, on a psychological level, are better at
engaging in political discussion with those they
disagree with. They are less susceptible to the
partisan biases that often blind politicians.
 Power, Rule, Authority and
Influence in Politics

Power
 Capacity of a person or
a group to influence
other people or groups.
(e.g. Executives may
decide to recognise the
way tasks are allocated
within an organization,
which will affect on how
the people work)
Power, rule, authority and influence in politics . . . . .

Rule
 Principle governing
action or procedure.  

 Exercise of authority
or control. 

 A statement that tells

you what is or is not
allowed in a particular
system.
Power, rule, authority and influence in politics . . . . .

Authority
 Power to influence or
command thought,
opinion, or behaviour.

 Power which is formally

given to an individual or
group because of the
position or rule they
occupy within an
organization.
Power, rule, authority and influence in politics . . . . .

Influence
 Occurs when a person
or a group affect what
another person or group
does and/or thinks.

(e.g. Administrators
adopted new dress code
which had led to all
employees starts to do so.)
Sources of Power
Sources of power . . . . .

Legitimate power is also known as positional

power. It's derived from the position a person
holds in an organization's hierarchy

Example
s:
 Require junior workers to report to managers
and give managers the power to assign duties
to their juniors.
 Legitimate power is that held by a company's
CEO
Sources of power . . . . .

 Possessing knowledge or expertise in a

particular area.
 People who have expert power perform
critical tasks and with high problem solving
skills.
 The opinions, ideas and decisions of people
with expert power are held in high regard by
other employees and hence greatly influence
their actions. 
 A person who holds expert power can be
promoted to senior management, thereby
giving him legitimate power.
Sources of power . . . . .

 Derived from the interpersonal relationships

that a person cultivates with other people in
the organization. 
 Arises from charisma, as the charismatic
person influences others via the admiration,
respect and trust.
 Derived from personal connections that a
person has with key people in the
organization's hierarchy, such as the CEO.
Sources of power . . . . .

 Derived from a person's ability to influence

others via threats, punishments or sanctions.

 Person's ability to punish, fire or reprimand

another employee.

 Helps control the behaviour of employees by

ensuring that they adhere to the
organization's policies and norms.
Sources of power . . . . .

 Ability of a person to influence the allocation of

incentives in an organization.  These incentives
include salary increments, positive appraisals
and promotions.
 In an organization, people who wield reward
power tend to influence the actions of other
employees. 
 Reward power, if used well, greatly motivates
employees. But if it's applied through
favouritism, reward power can greatly
demoralize employees and diminish their
output.
 The Isms of Politics

Fascism
A form of government
in which a dictator rules,
opposition is
suppressed, the
economy is centrally
controlled, and extreme
nationalistic policies are
pursued.
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Conservatism
 A political or theological orientation
advocating the preservation of the best in
society and opposing radical changes.
 Conservatism stands in opposition to
contemporary political and social liberalism.

 Government's primary responsibilities are to

defend the country against foreign enemies
and protect individual liberties (e.g. freedom
of speech, freedom of religion, privacy, etc.).
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Progressivism
 Focus on the three areas of reform: easing the
suffering of the poor, improving unfair and
dangerous working conditions, and reforming
government at the national, state and local
levels.
 Believed that the problems of society (poverty,
violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could
best be addressed by providing good
education, a safe environment, and an efficient
workplace.
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Liberalism
 Priority is the rights of the individual.

 Liberalism places the individual at the heart

of society and argues that the highest value
social order is one that is built around the
individual.
 The purpose of society is to allow individuals
to reach their full potential if they want to,
and that the best way to do this is to give the
individual as much liberty as possible.
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Socialism
 A social-economic system based on the
common ownership of property.
 All individuals should have access to
basic articles of consumption and
public goods to allow for self-
actualization. Large-scale industries
are collective efforts and thus the
returns from these industries must
benefit society as a whole.
The Isms of Politics . . . . . (Socialism)

 Abolition of human self-alienation, the

return of man as a real human being.

 The people are considered equal;

laws are made when necessary to
protect people from discrimination.
Immigration is often tightly
controlled.
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Communism
 Classless society in which private ownership
has been abolished and the means of
production and subsistence belong to the
community.
 Property is owned
publicly
 Each person is paid
based on their abilities
 Ownership is ascribed
to the community as a
whole
The Isms of Politics . . . . .

Capitalism
Economic system
characterized by private
or corporate ownership
of capital goods, by
investments that are
determined by private
decision, and by prices,
production, and the
distribution of goods that
are determined mainly by
competition in a free
market.
The Isms of Politics . . . . . (Capitalism)

 The means for producing and distributing

goods (the land, factories, technology,
transport system etc.) are owned by a
small minority of people.
 The majority of people must sell their
ability to work in return for a wage or
salary.
The Laws and Logic of Power
The Laws and Logic of Politics. . . . .

 Law, accurately speaking, is organized

principle, and from a political point of view,
is the chart by which human action, in
terms of fact is regulated.
 Logic is a science of principles and
conditions of correct thinking; or, in other
words, the science which directs our mental
operations in the discovery and proof of
truth.
 The function of logical reasoning and the
connection with the law is to secure the
efficient application of legal principles.
The Laws and Logic of Politics. . . . .

 The art and power of arranging evidence, and of

applying to the points at issue what the law has
settled, is the ability to do this in a logical manner.
In other words, it is the efficient application of
legal principles.
 One of the most important forms is argument by
deduction. Deductive logic is a mental operation
the lawyer must employ many times a day.

 Deduction is a movement of the mind from an

object as a whole to some point therein; a
movement from the general to the particular an
inference from the all to anyone included within
the all.
Is Politics All Dirty?
Is Politics All Dirty . . . . .

 Politics is not dirty by itself. It is the

people who make it dirty! If people with
the wrong mindset get into it, then they
make it dirty. However, if youth with the
right attitude get into it, they can make it
better.
 We need to have a goal for the nation or
the world. This world belongs to us.
Before it comes to us in a bad shape, we
should start owning it right away. Then,
we can do a lot of damage control, or
prevent a lot of damage from happening.
 Politics
and
Globalization
 Globalization
Is a process of interaction and
integration among the people,
companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment
and aided by information technology.
Types of Globalization . . . . .

1. Economic
Increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of international capital
and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
Types of Globalization . . . . .

2. Politics
Increasing trend toward multilateralism (in which
the United Nations plays a key role), toward an
emerging ‘transnational state apparatus,’ and toward
the emergence of national and international
nongovernmental organizations that act as
watchdogs over governments and have increased
their activities and influence.
3. Social
Pertains to human interaction within cultural
communities, encompassing topics like family,
religion, work and education.
Types of Globalization . . . . .

4. Education
Increasing interdependence of world economies as
a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade
of commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
 The Cold War World
 Started in 1947 at the end of the Second
World War and lasted until the
dissolution of the Soviet Union on
December 26, 1991.
 The Cold War was the geopolitical,
ideological, and economic struggle
between two world superpowers.
 The main tensions were between the
Soviet Union (“Russia”) and the United
States. It was a fight between political
system for power.
The Cold War World . . . . .

 Conflict between the Western nations and

the Communist Eastern bloc began almost
as soon as the guns fell silent at the end of
World War II (1939-45).
 Many people believed at that time the
nuclear war would start. Both sides and
their allies were building their weapons.

 The world split into two large organizations

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
and the Warsaw pact.
The Cold War World . . . . .

Formation of NATO

The North Atlantic

Treaty Organization
(NATO) include twelve
nations that have an
alliance, the United
States and the United
Kingdom they all
signed the treaty.
The Cold War World . . . . . (Formation of NATO)

 NATO was officially formed on April 4,

1949. After the fall of communism
NATO has become a political force
rather than a military force.
 NATO continued its existence beyond
the Cold War era and gained new
member nations in Eastern Europe
during the late 1990s
The Cold War World . . . . .

Formation of Warsaw Pact

 The Soviet Union and seven of its European
satellites sign a treaty establishing the Warsaw
Pact, a mutual defense organization that put the
Soviets in command of the armed forces of the
member states.
 The treaty called on the member states to come
to the defense of any member attacked by an
outside force and it set up a unified military
command under Marshal Ivan S. Konev of the
Soviet Union.
The Cold War World . . . . . (Formation of Warsaw Pact)

 Warsaw Pact focused on the objective of

creating a coordinated defense among its
member nations in order to deter an enemy
attack.
The Cold War World . . . . .

Cold War: How it Started?

 Capitalist and Communist had been clashing
since the Russian Revolution but the
disagreements got worse after World War II.

 Germany had been slip up into may parts when

World War II ended.

 The Soviet Union had the east bit which also had
Berlin. The United States, France, Britain, and the
Soviet Union all had a part of Berlin.
 The Soviet Union wanted the rest of Berlin and
that’s how the Berlin Blockade got started.
The Cold War World . . . . .

Berlin Blockade
The first heightening of Cold War tensions
occurred in 1948 when the Soviets imposed a
partial blockade of Berlin in April, and then a full
blockade in June.
The Cold War World . . . . . (Berlin Blockade)

On June 24, 1948 the Soviet Union blocked off all

roads and rail roads entering and leaving East
Germany. The other countries were not able to
access their part of Berlin.
The Cold War World . . . . . (Berlin Blockade)

The people in Berlin were starving, so the United

States and Britain started sending airlifts of food.
A plane took off every three minutes to bring the
food and medicine.
The Cold War World . . . . . (Berlin Blockade)

They ultimately
lasted 321
days. The
blockade
ended May 11,
1949.
The Globalization System
 The Globalization
System
 The System Globalization contains classes that
define culture-related information, including
language, country/region, calendars in use,
format patterns for dates, currency, and numbers,
and sort order for strings.
 These classes are useful for writing globalized
(internationalized) applications. Classes such
as StringInfo and TextInfo provide advanced
globalization functionalities, including surrogate
support and text element processing.
The Globalization System . . . . .

StringInfo Class. Provides functionality to split a

string into text elements and to iterate through
those text elements.
The Globalization System . . . . .

TextInfo Class. Defines text properties and

behaviors, such as casing, that are specific to
a writing system.
The Balances in Globalization
 Globalization and the Shifting Balance
in the World Economy

Global Trade Trends

 As trade flows have generally grown faster than
income since the Second World War, countries’
openness and their exposure to external developments
have increased;
 Global trade collapsed in the global crisis of 2008-2009,
recovery remains unfinished and uneven; the global
crisis appears to have left a marked impact on the
dynamism of global trade;
 The global crisis and uneven trade recovery have
reinforced the ongoing shift in balance in the world
economy, featuring the relative decline of developed
countries;
Global Trade Trends . . . . .

 The shifting global balance is also visible in the

changing distribution of exports by destination,
featuring the rising importance of trade among
developing countries;
 Related to commodity price developments; many
countries have experienced sizeable terms-of-
trade changes since 2002, with both winners
(especially oil and metal exporters) and losers
(especially food-deficit countries) among
developing countries including (Least Developed
Countries) LDCs;
 Global governance reform needs to make further
progress.
Global Capital Flow Trends
 Global capital flows have grown much faster
than (Gross Domestic Product) GDP and trade;
 Capital flows towards developing countries are highly
cyclical;
 Despite the relative rise in role of FDI, capital flows are
fickle;
 Financial integration and openness of developing
countries are on the rise, both in terms of capital
flows and cross-border holdings;
 Despite widely improved external positions,
developing countries proved vulnerable in the global
crisis because of greater integration and
interconnectedness in unfettered global finance.
Migration and Migrants’ Remittances

 Cross-border migration has been on the rise in many

countries and regions, though generally lagging
other globalization trends;

 Remittances can be an important source of foreign

exchange earnings;

 Remittances may serve to support various

developmental ends, ranging from poverty
alleviation to the funding of small enterprises.
 Global Imbalances, Crisis and the
Lack of Global Governance

Gross Domestic Product

 The global crisis severely affected economies
around the globe. Its impact has proved more
lasting in the case of key developed countries;

 Large scope for catching up still exists as vast

disparities in per capita income levels persist
around the world;
 The global crisis has accentuated the shifting
balance in the world economy.
Employment and Unemployment
 There is a strong link between GDP growth and
employment creation;
 The relative role of social safety nets and informal
employment varies in developed vs. developing
economies, and stark differences in employment
status of the labour force persist;
 The employment impact of the global crisis has
proved temporary in many developing economies,
but lasting in major developed economies;
 The underlying problem of insufficient effective
demand and possible ill-guided policies pursued in
developed economies cause spillover effects in the
developing world.
 Global Rebalancing
and Recovery Contributions

 Global imbalances in trade and financial flows have

made a comeback during the recovery and remain
large as of today;
 While the balances of the main surplus and deficit
countries or regions are below their pre-crisis peak,
there has been no fundamental change in the global
constellation;
 Developing countries at large, and China in
particular, have experienced a significant
rebalancing of their growth towards domestic
demand;
Global Rebalancing and Recovery Contributions . . . . .

 Strong domestic demand growth in developing

countries has made outsized contributions to
world gross product growth;

 Developments highlight the shifting balance in

the world economy that was accelerated by
the global crisis;

 In a globally integrated economy, international

coordination of economic policies is essential.
Monetary Policy and Interest Rates

 When the rate of interest is below the rate of

growth of an economy, the amount of debt
accumulated can normally be paid, and the
economy is on a sustainable path;
 The reduction of interest rates after the crisis has
been an essential instrument to preclude an even
bigger crisis, but insufficient to promote a fully
fledged recovery;
Monetary Policy and Interest Rate . . . . . .

 Quantitative easing, and other unconventional

monetary policy measures used to maintain
interest rates relatively low and expand credit,
should be used to support the recovery;

 Additional fiscal stimulus and income policies

are also needed in order to promote a fully
fledged recovery.
Fiscal Policy
 Before the crisis, most governments had fiscal
surpluses or small deficits, and debt-to-GDP ratios
were relatively low and in several cases declining;
 The fiscal problems have been the result, not the cause,
of the financial crisis, which was fundamentally
associated with the expansion and collapse of private
debt, and consumption;
 Only in developed economies did public debt soar after
the crisis;
 Fiscal responses to the crisis, in terms of the size and
composition of the economic stimulus, varied
considerably across regions and countries;
 Recovering growth is essential for curbing high public
debt-to-GDP ratios; fiscal austerity may well be a self-
defeating strategy.
Income Policy

 There is little scope for monetary policy to provide

additional stimulus, and higher public-debt-to-GDP
ratios have convinced many governments that they
should shift to fiscal tightening;
 Other policy tools, such as incomes policy, could play
a strategic role in dealing with the present challenges;

 Incomes policy could also be used to complement

more expansionary fiscal policy in order to control
prices, allowing for a more robust recovery with
relatively stable prices.
 Re-regulation of the Financial System

 The fatal flaw in the functioning of financial markets

lies in the fact that many profitable activities are
often derived from herd behaviour;

 Prices in financial and financialized markets

sometimes overshoot, which gives rise to the
possibility of bubbles;
 The development of a largely unregulated shadow
financial system and the rise of the systemically
important financial institutions has created systemic
risk within financial markets in the sense that the
failure of one institution could trigger a global
financial crisis;
Re-regulation of the Financial System . . . . . .

 Efforts to achieve financial re-regulation, which

have stalled, should be pursued at the national
level and at the appropriate international forums in
order to avoid regulatory arbitrage;

 Developing countries should promote alternative

sources of finance and develop instruments to
reduce the effects of external shocks.
 Special Challenges Facing Emerging
Market Economies and Least Developed Countries
Owing the Volatility in Commodity Prices

 Commodity exports have a positive effect on

economic growth in many developing and
emerging markets;
 High commodity prices, particularly of food and
energy, may be a significant problem for less
developed countries, creating food and energy
shortages;
 Recent commodity price movements have been
influenced by the growing participation of financial
investors in commodity trading;
 Curbing financial speculation in commodity
markets is central to guarantee economic
prosperity in developing countries.
 Millennium Development Goals (MDG), Where
We Are?
 The percentage of countries on target to achieve the
MDGs is uneven by region;
 The proportion of developing countries on target to all
the goals varies significantly by goal;
 There is significant controversy on the best
development strategy in order to achieve the MDGs;

 In order to achieve the MDGs, an emphasis on growth

is relevant but it is essential to tackle the issue of
income distribution.
 Poverty and Food Crisis
 Around one billion people in the world are hungry,
people suffer from hunger as a result of the
combined impacts of rising food prices and the
global economic recession;
 The crisis has had a different impact on developed
and developing countries, with the least developed
countries being affected the most;
 Small farmers and poor consumers in developing
countries are more vulnerable to undernourishment
as a result of the instability of commodity prices;

 Investment in agriculture remains the most decisive

instrument to promote sustainable long-term food
security.
 Official Development Assistance and Debt
Relief
 Debt relief and Official Development Assistance
(ODA) are central to the achievement of the
MDGs;
 The global economic crisis had a negative effect
on absolute levels of ODA;

 Debt relief is also an important tool to promote

growth in developing countries, since it frees
resources, creating additional fiscal space for
social spending.
 Climate change and the Need for
Environmentally Friendly Development

 Global warming and higher levels of population will

put a severe strain on non-renewable and
agricultural resources, leading to increases in the
prices of food and energy;
 Higher food and energy prices will hurt people in
those importing countries whose governments are
unable to guarantee affordable prices;

 Climate change induces changes in rainfall and

temperature patterns, potentially increasing the
likelihood of short-term crop failures and
increasing the likelihood of undernourishment and
persistent poverty;
Climate Change . . . . . . .

 Changes in the incentive structure through

market mechanisms and direct government
intervention by introducing emission
performance standards are essential to reduce
GHG emissions;
 Climate change mitigation is an imperative that
also requires faster creation and application of
new technologies;

 A green New Deal to provide funds for the

development of new technologies is necessary,
and austerity policies may have a negative
impact on green investment.
Understanding
Governance
 Governance
 The exercise of economic, political and
administrative authority to manage a country’s
affairs at all levels and the means by which
states promote social cohesion and integration,
and ensure the well-being of their populations.
 Governance portrays the methodology by which
decisions are proposed, adopted and
implemented.
 In corporations, governance describes the rights
and remedies of the shareholders to decide
upon selection of directors and on major
corporate changes that affect their interests,
and on the rights and duties of directors.
 Social Environment of Governance

 Political Environment
Is the state, government and its institutions and
legislations and the public and private
stakeholders who operate and interact with or
influence that system.
 Economic Environment
The condition of a country's economy and the
way that it influences, how effectively
businesses can work, how much profit they can
make, etc.
Social Environment of Governance . . . . .

 Socio-cultural Environment
Consists of society's beliefs, customs,
practices and behaviors. It is, to a large extent,
an artificial construct that can be contrasted
with the natural environment in which we live.
Every society constructs its own social
environment.
 Demographics Environment
Is a set of demographic factors such as
gender or ethnicity. Companies
use demographic environments to identify
target markets for specific products or
services. This practice has both advantages
and disadvantages.
Social Environment of Governance . . . . .

 Institutional Environment
Refers to two essential dimensions of school
life: the physical surroundings (e.g.
cleanliness, order, and appeal of facilities and
adequate resources and materials) and
school connectedness or how positively
engaged and involved students are in school
Ecological Environment
 life.
Refers to all living and non living thing around
us within which we live and work. People have
a two way relationship with the ecological
environment. An individual lives and work is
affected by the ecological environment he or
she lives in.
Social Environment of Governance . . . . .

 Civilizational Environment
An advanced state of human society, in which a
high level of culture, science, industry, and
government has been reached.

 Technological Environment
The development in the field
of technology which affects business by new
inventions of productions and other
improvements in techniques to perform the
business.
 in

Governance
 Best Practices in Governance
1. Inclusiveness and Equity
A society’s well being on ensuring that all
its members feel that they have a stake in
it and do not feel excluded from the
mainstream of society.

2. Participation
Refers to enhancing the people’s access
to and involvement in all levels and
facets of policy and decision making.
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

3. Transparency
Means that decision taken and their
endorsements are done in a manner that
follows rules and regulations

4. Efficiency and Effectiveness

Means that processes and institutions
produce results that meet the needs of
society while making the best use of
resources at their disposal.
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

5. Responsiveness
Good governance requires that
institutions and processes try to serve
all stakeholders within a reasonable
timeframe.
6. Rule of Law
Good governance requires fair legal
frameworks that are enforced
impartially. The principle that every
member of society, even a ruler must
follow the law.
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

7. Consensus Oriented
Good governance requires mediation of the
of the different interests in society to reach
a broad consensus in society on what is in
the best interest of the whole community
and how this can be achieved.

8. Accountability
The responsibility of a decision maker to
explain and justify the decisions it made
and implemented, and the results these
produced.
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

9. Sustainability
The likelihood that the positive effects of
an intervention will persist for an
extended period after the intervention as
such ends
10. Predictability
A government must be able to regulate
itself via law, regulations and policies,
which encompass well defined right and
duties, mechanisms for their
enforcement and impartial settlement of
disputed
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

11. Subsidiarity
The principle that decision making
takes at the level most appropriate for
the issue (usually the lowest level).
Best Practices in Governance . . . . .

 Top 5 Corporate Governance Best

Practices
1. Build a strong, qualified board of directors and
evaluate performance.

2. Define roles and responsibilities.

3. Emphasize integrity and ethical dealing. 

4. Evaluate performance and make principled

compensation decisions.
5. Engage in effective risk management.
Mind-Setting Governance
 Mind-Setting Governance

 Governance Leader must think big.

 Must know the language of excellence and

extraordinariness.
 Governance requires sensitivity to the needs and
expectations of governance constituents.

 Governance must consult the calendar and make

sure that bottom-lines are met in schedule.

 Governance needs the presence and drive of a

team.
Mind-setting Governance . . . . .

Example:
Think Big and Beautiful
Speak Excellence and Extraordinary

Act Sense and Service

Be Time-conscious and Team-

inspired
 a n c e
vern
f G o
es o
o rc
o c i al F
S
 Social Forces of Governance

 Government
• A group of people that governs a community or unit.
It sets and administers public policy and exercise
executive, political and sovereign
power through customs, institutions, and laws
within a state. A government can be classified into
many types-democracy, republic, monarchy,
aristocracy, and dictatorship are just a few.
• Creates a conducive political and legal environment
Social Forces of Governance . . . . .

 Business
• Also known as an enterprise, agency or a firm, is
an entity involved in the provision of goods and/
or services to consumers. 
• Generates jobs, opportunities and incomes.

 Civil Society
• Civil society is the “third sector” of society, along
with government and business. It comprises civil
society organizations and non-governmental
organizations.
• Facilitates political and social interaction.
Social Forces of Governance . . . . .

 Citizen Consumers
• Identified as a broad-based constituency for
political reform involving issues such as fair
taxation, labour and consumer protections
from exploitation, public ownership of utilities
and ethical consumption.
• It centred on the philosophy of the free
market: competition among relatively
unfettered businesses would ensure quality
goods at cheap prices to customer
consumers.
• Demands quality and excellent products and
services.
Relationships In Governance
 Relationships in Governance
 “Relationship Governance” defines the set of
rules and procedures for empowering the
parties to move forward in their relationship.
Without an effective means of “relationship
governance,” the communications fail, and the
relationship fails.
 Relationship management principles may be set
forth in the main text of the agreement or in an
exhibit. Wherever located, the rules should
reflect alliance-type relationship building as if in
a joint venture or other long-term strategic
alliance.
Prescriptions for Good Governance
Prescriptions for good governance

 Transparency of
government
 Simplicity of procedures

 Responsibility

 Fight against corruption

 Individual freedom and collective

expression
 Independence of the legal
system
10 Notes On Good Governance
Implementation
 10 Notes on Good Governance
Implementation

1. Policy and Institutional analysis must be

combined.
2. The statement that politicians formulated
strategic policies while civil servants implement
them is a gross over simplification.
a. Civil servants are usually deeply involved in
policy formulation.
b. Politician who are not involved in policy
implementation do so at their own risk.
10 Notes on Good Governance Implementation . . . . .

3. We will have to deal with the characteristics of

both (bureaucracy and network) for some time to
come.
4. At macro-level, to identify where good
governance reform advocates and activities
already exist, network them, and promote
positive synergies between then is one of the
most effective ways to support good governance
5. reform.
At macro-level, the non-official network work
best when they are accompanied by political will
and commitment at the highest decision-making
level.
10 Notes on Good Governance Implementation . . . . .

6. The opportunities and problems emerging in the

globalized knowledge age tend to be inter-
sectoral, requiring holistic attention.

7. Both the market economy and democracy can

be optimized by open access and the free floe
of information. Rights, however, are highly
relevant to getting the right mix in these policies.

8. The combination of democratic values, humane

governance objectives, a networked policy
approach, and a customer service orientation
requires citizen voice and participation in policy
iterations.
10 Notes on Good Governance Implementation . . . . .

9. Learning experience is a term preferred to best

practices and it should take place with regards
to negative and positive experience.

10. Governance in conflict situations requires a

holistic approach.
 Good Governance

 Refers to a high quality of processes by

which decisions affecting public affairs are
reached and implemented.

 Ensures that all, including the poor and other

disadvantaged groups are, included and
have the means to:
a) Influence the direction of development
in particular as far as it affects their
lives.
Good Governance . . . . .

b) Make contributions to development

and to have these recognized.

c) Share in the benefits of development

and improve their lives and
livelihoods.
 Helps to ensure that all people have
adequate access to basic services.
Thank You
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