Baliyans IAS-Mains 2019-Test 1

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INDIAN & WOLD HISTORY AND INDIAN SOCIETY

ADVANCE LEVEL TEST
1. While a certain exclusiveness of religious and sectarian outlook and association has always existed inIndian
history, its transformation into communalism is a phenomenon of modern origins. Comment.
Theme of the question

Sectarianism in the ancient times transformed into communalism owing to the polices of British
Introduction
Introduce blaming the British policies that lead to the rise and flourishing of communalism.
Body
Discuss the sectarian outlook that was existing in the ancient times between Buddhist’s and Hindus, between
Hindu’s in terms of caste and philosophical differences. Point out the peaceful relations across communities in
spite of difference. An example can be quoted of Ashoka’sDhamma policy. On similar lines mention the
peaceful coexistence of Indian society in medieval India despite some aberrations such as Aurangzeb rule.
Elaborate on the British policies that lead to Communalization of the Indian society. Point of communal view of
History that British perpetuated, Economic and Education backwardness that was exploited by British to create
communal tensions. Discuss the divide and rule policies that pitted one community against the other. Also
highlight Nationalist movement that bordered on communalism and majoritarianism such as that Ganesh
Festivals organized by Tilak. Discuss revivalist movements such as Shuddhi movement and Farzai Movement
that promoted communalism and lastly appeasement politics of those time such khilafat movement can be
mentioned.
Conclusion
Conclude the answer by reminding our failures to curtail communal feelings since Independence and advocate
ways to mitigate such communal tensions.
Introduction
The Communalism in the modern times is a product of British divide and rule policies, the fault lines of between
various sections of the society were exploited by the British to perpetuate their rule.
Body
Sectarian outlook in ancient and Medieval times
Though there was a religious divide in ancient India between Buddhist’s and Hindus, between Hindhu’s in terms of
caste and philosophical differences , yet communalism was not explicit. In ancient Indian society, people of different
faith coexisted peacefully.Buddha was perhaps the first Indian prophet who gave the concept of secularism.
Meanwhile, Kings like Ashoka followed a policy of Dhamma which advocated peace and religious tolerance.
In medivieal times to communalism was not prominent factor we have examples such as- Akbar, who was the
epitome of secular practices and believed in propagating such values by abolishing Jaziya tax and starting of Din-I-
ilahi and Ibadat Khana. Same acceptance for different cultures and tradition was practised in several kingdoms
throughout India, because of which there was peace and harmony, barring few sectarian rulers like Aurangzeb.
Dawn of Communalism under British
Communalism in India is result of the emergence of modern politics, which has its roots in, diviide and rule policies
post 1857 revolt, partition of Bengal in 1905 and feature of separate electorate under Government of India Act,
1909. Along with these factors several other reasons contributed to communalism in modern times.
 Communal view of Indian history: British Historians introduced a communal and distorted view of ancient and
medieval history and were responsible for the growth of communalism. For example, James Mill in the early 19th
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century labelled the ancient period of Indian history as Hindu period and the medieval period as the Muslim
period. This distorted history created blind glorification of the mythical past.
 Economic and Educational Backwardness: As a by-product of colonialism, colonial India was characterised by
the lack of modern institutions of education and health. This resulted in competition and nepotism. From the
beginning, Hindus dominated the colonial services as they easily adapted to the colonial structure. On the other
hand, the British colonial government viewed the Muslims with suspicion because of the 1857 revolt and hence
generously patronised the Hindus. These benefits fuelled communalism and began to give validity to communal
politics.
 Stagnant Economy: The stagnant economy of India devoid of any development was also an important factor in
the growth of communalism in India. As agriculture became stagnant and later on with the spread of education
among peasants, a new middle class emerged in the society. The spread of industries altered the occupational
pattern making both the communities to compete against each other.
 Hindu Tinge in Nationalist Propaganda :During the national movement, strong Hindu religious elements started
to introduce Hindu religious elements in to the nationalist propagandas. For instance, Bal Gangadha Tilak used
the Ganesh pooja and Shivaji Mahaotsav to propagate nationalismThis was also a reason behind non-
participation of Muslims in large numbers in Indian National Congress till 1919. Also, prominent personalities like
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee often cited Muslims as foreigners in their writings. All these incidents played with
the emotions of the Muslims and alienated them from the Hindus.
 Social stagnation: Historically and culturally, Hindus and Muslims are heterogeneous groups. The pattern of
interaction and relation between the two communities underwent change before and during the British rule.
The relative backwardness of the Muslims and their failure to benefit from the socio-cultural reforms of 19th
century made them to view Hindus as competitors and aspire for political dominance.
 Revivalist movements: Roots of communalism were found in the in later part of 19th century with Hindu
revivalist movement like Shuddhi movement of Arya Samaj and Cow protection riots of 1892.On the other hand
movements like Faraizi movement started Haji Shariatullah in Bengal to bring the Bengali Muslims back on the
true path of Islam, had bearing on communalism in 19th century.
 Organized communalism : In the past organized communalism was non existent. However organisations like
Hindu Mahasabha, Muslim League and personalities like M.A. Jinnah, M M Malviya, Lala Lajpat Rai after 1920s
gave an organized outlook to communal politics.
 Appeasment politics: The policy of minority appeasement practised by the Indian National Congress and other
political parties for decades. The best example can Khilafat Movement.
Conclusion
Though British policies can be cited as the dawn of communalism in India, Yet Independent India’s policies failed to
curtail communalism. Incidents like 1984 Sikh riots, 2002 Gujarat riots are a reminder to us about the dangers of
communalism. Root causes such as economic and social inequalities have to addressed with renewed vigour in order
to mitigate spread of communalism in the society.
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2. Simon commission could neither pacify nationalists nor appease the communalists due to its explicit and
implicit objectives. Examine.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing the genesis of this commission and the mandate of the commission.
Body
Mention the explicit objectives such as delay the process of transfer of power and governance reforms.
Elaborate on implicit objectives like creating communal feelings, portraying Indians as unworthy to govern
themselves and perpetuating regionalism. Highlight the objections of Nationalist no mention of universal
franchise, position of Governor General and lack of financial devolution. Elaborate on the divisions among
communalists such as Muslim league (Jinnah vs Shafi faction).
Also point some of the positive gains owing to the commission such as Ambedkar’s, awakening of moribund
congress, uniting various sections and most importantly mobilizing youth.
Conclusion
Conclude by pointing out challenge made by Lord Birkenhead to Indian politicians to produce an agreed
constitution.
Introduction
Government of India Act 1919 had introduced the system of diarchy to govern the provinces of British India. This act
had a provision that a commission would be appointed after 10 years to investigate the progress of the governance
scheme and suggest new steps for reform.
Body
Objectives of the Commission
Explicit objectives
 To delay the process of transfer of power from the British to the people.
 To focus on Governance and reforms and gradual transfer of power
Implicit objectives
 To further widen the communal feelings which could be diametrically opposed to the interests of the two
communities
 To show the people that British were sincere in the efforts in giving people the self rule but it was Indians who
could not decide for a consensus on power-sharing.
 To give impression of a federal constitution so that week centre and a powerful province can be created. It
would create feelings of regionalism which is an antidote to nationalism.
Nationalist’s complaints
 It had 7 members which were lifted from the three political parties of the British Parliament under the
chairmanship of Sir John Simon. None of the Indians was appointed in the commission and the promise of
appeasing the Indian opinion seemed to be a bubble. When no Indian was included in the commission, it was like
depriving of their right to participate in the determination of the constitution of their own country.
 No universal franchise was proposed. This was most important grouse against the commission.
 The position of governor-general remained unaffected
 No provision to abolish separate electorate but rather extended to other communities as well. This policy was
well understood as British were to divide Indians on communal lines.
 No financial devolution was proposed.
Communalist complaints
 Divisions within: One was led by Jinnah at Calcutta where he opposed the Commission. Another was held at
Lahore that was led by Muhammad Shafi, where he supported the Government. So, all parties except the Shafi
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group of Muslim league and a Justice Party at Madras were against the Simon Commission. Even the executive
Board of the All-India Muslim Conference called the Report 'unacceptable'.
 Justice Party of Madras and Unionists of Punjab Supported Simon Commission in order to Please Colonial
Government in passing their Grants.
Simon Commission and positive gains
 Reforms a ray of Hope: Ambedkar made the controversial decision to co-operate with the all-British Simon
Commission which was to look into setting up a responsible Indian Government in India. And also paved way for
further reforms.
 Awakened Congress: The Congress was almost agenda less and no active programme was there except the
Khadi. The Swarajists were in the Legislative Council and had lost cohesiveness with the Congress. So, for the
agenda-less Congress, Simon Commission came as a blessing in disguise and they got an issue to take up
effectively.The Justice Party of Madras and Unionists of Punjab Supported Simon Commission in order to Please
Colonial Government in passing their Grants. This turned the tide against such parties.
 Uniting various sections: Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha decided to support the Congress decision. In
fact, the Simon Commission united, at least temporarily, different groups and parties in the country. More over
Liberals of the Hindu Mahasabha and the majority faction of the Muslim League under Jinnah.
 Towards Constitution: The end result was the Nehru Report named after its chief architect, Motilal Nehru, and
finalised in August 1928.
 Youth mobilization: A significant feature of this upsurge was that a new generation of youth got their first taste
of political action. They played the most active part in the protest, giving it a militant flavour. The youth leagues
and conferences got a real fillip. Nehru and Subhash Bose emerged as leaders of this new wave of youth and
students.
 Galvanized opinion: The British government had seen the opposition the Simon Commission faced in India.
While the report was still to be published, the British government tried to calm down people by saying that the
opinion of Indians will be taken into account in any such future exercise and that the natural outcome of
constitutional reforms will be dominion status for India.
Conclusion
Simon Commission gave a stimulus to radical forces demanding not just complete independence but major socio-
economic reforms on socialist lines. The challenge of Lord Birkenhead to Indian politicians to produce an agreed
constitution was accepted by various political sections, and thus prospects for Indian unity seemed bright at that
point of time.
3. “Instead of creating a single global village, the forces of globalization are encouraging the proliferation of
cultural diversity”. Do you agree with the statement? Comment.

Globalization promoting homogenization and also aiding in promotion of cultural diversity
Body
Elaborate various ways in which globalization is promoting homogenization especially focus on linguistic
diversity, racial diversity, cultural stereotyping,Homogenization of tastes and most importantly growth of
individualism which is largely associated with western countries. Discuss contrasting ways in which globalization
is promoting diversity. Mention the examples of Indian food, festivals and yoga traditions going global, mainly
with the assistance of media, internet, civil society and elaborate on people realising the importance of their
culture in the era globalization.
Conclusion
Conclude on the myriad ways in which globalization is transforming world into a global village yet promoting
diversity.
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Introduction
Globalization is a significant factor in competitive world that integrate and mobilize cultural values of people at
global level. In the age of rapid technical progression, many countries are unified and transformed due to the
process of globalization. The discourse regarding the effects of globalization on cultural diversity is a challenging
debate. There is paradoxical trend where globalization is promoting homogenization yet it is also promoting cultural
diversity to prosper.
Body
Globalization and Homogenization
 Linguistic diversity: The influence of transnational corporations has resulted in centralist language, which
dominates regional dialects, and minority languages. Eg: In urban areas, most of the families these days talk in
English even at homes.
 Racial diversity: Globalization to an extent has changed the racial demography to an extent with decreasing
numbers of Mongoloid race. Migration from North East side of India has to an extent changed the demography
of Indian races. The economic inequalities and slow movement towards mono-culture has led to increased
attacks on racial minorities, Eg: NE students attacked in New Delhi.
 Stereotyping: Unmonitored access to Western culture has led to increasing misrepresentation, stereotyping and
the risk of loss of cultural and intellectual property rights.
 Cultural Traits: Increased consumerism and availability of media has led to erosion of local cultural traits. For
example promotion of western food cultures and dressing lead to loss indigenous tastes.
 Growth of Individualism: Under the influence of Western idea of individualism there has been more
homogenization of values and beliefs. Eg: Loss of local artefacts, promotion of western dressing, shift from local
culinary habits etc.
 Homogenizing tastes: Promotion of western culture in the media is leading to the loss of Indian Artistic
traditions such and has adverse impact on local traditions such as puppetry.
Globalization and Promotion of Cultural Diversity
The advancement of technology dissolves international boundaries and opens cultures to a whole new arena
enabling globalization to occur.
 Indian Films going abroad: More people coming into Indian Culture this is captured by proliferation of Indian
movies in unchartered territories like China and Japan
 Indian tradition going Global: International Day of Yoga is being celebrated world is a sign of this dimension.
Moreover Indian spirituality is being recognized world over as an antidote to fast paced urban life.
 Festivals and Culinary:Celebration of Hindu Festivals in various countries and increasing acceptance of Indian
food by other countries is a sign of Promotion of diversity.
Factors Safeguarding Cultural Diversity
 Media and Local Cultures:Global media centres allow cultures a distinctive voice to promote awareness and
provide public knowledge and understanding of their stories and identities. It also allows for the communication
of their relevant accounts and commentaries on issues that are important in preserving the culture and
knowledge acquisition of cultural ways - allowing them to retain their diversity
 Role of Civil society: Empowerment of local identities through active civil society, various NGOs and media.
 Technology:The technological can be empowering for various cultures as it allows self-representation
and information sharing on a whole new level. Technology provides a medium where depiction of images and
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portrayals of self-identity can promote culture. Technology allows for self-representation and preservation of
personal and collective identity by providing autonomy and empowerment.
 Recognizing their culture: In the new era of globalization, people become much more concerned about the
uniqueness and particularity of their own culture. Cultural identity provides the global significance of local
knowledge and the sense of self, community and nation.
Conclusion
There is a paradoxical dichotomy when it comes to globalization and cultural diversity. On one hand, globalization
has the potential to mobilize and empower people, provide a means for self-representation, support a collective
identity . On the other hand, it has the ability to dis-empower people by misrepresentation, provide a process for
further colonization, and propel the loss of individualism and self and group identity. However with the development
of science and technology and internet, people are closer than before. They become much more concerned about
their cultural identity. They are constantly searching for their cultural roots and defending them. If we can respect
the diversity of peoples and their cultures in this new era, it can lead to global community marked by unity in
pluralism. The cultures may no longer be local in the traditional sense, but still different and plural. This will lead to a
new kind of globalization that will not be homogenizing.
4. Vijayanagar Temple architecture represented the climax of Dravidian style. Comment.
Introduction
Capture the evolution of Dravidian style which began under Pallava’s and reached glory under Viajayanagar
dynasty.
Body
List out the salient features of Dravidian temples such as High boundary walls, vimana, gopuram etc. Point out
unique features under Vijayanagara tenure such ascloistered enclosures and lofty towers. List out examples
such as KalyanaMandap, rayagopurams. Comment on stagnation post Vijayanagar Empire and also absorption
of Islamic style architecture which has diluted some of the features of Dravidian style. Later add a note on the
temple loosing political prestige.
Conclusion
Appraise Vijayanagar Temple architecture.
Introduction
The temple architecture in South India which began under the Pallava’sevolved into a complete Dravidian style
characterised by vimana, high boundary walls, gopuramsetc under the Chola rulers which found a grandeur form
under the Vijayanagara Kingdom where new structure were added and old structures got elaborate and more artistic
as visible in the temple structures at Hampi.
Dravidian style at the dawn of Vijaynagara Kingdom
• High boundary wall surrounding the temple.
• Stepped pyramid shaped main temple tower called ‘vimana’.
• The high entrance gateway called ‘gopuram’.
• The crowning element in the shape of stupika or octagonal cupala called ‘shikhara’.
• The sculpture of dwarapala at the entrance of garbhagriha, guarding the temple.
• A temple tank enclosed within the temple complex.
These structures could be seen in the Brihdeshwara and Gangaikondacholapuram temple built by the Chola rulers.
Vijayanagara Temples full Glory of Dravidian Style
Dravidian architecture flourished under the Vijayanagara Empire and its ultimate form is characterised by their
massive dimensions, cloistered enclosures, and lofty towers over the entrances encased by decorated pillars as
visible in the Vitthalaswami temple, Pattabhirama temple, Lotus Mahal complex etc which makes it a world heritage
site. Some of the unique aspects of this style are
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 The ‘Amman shrine’ resembling the main temple and dedicated to the consort of male deity of the temple as
visible in Vitthalaswami temple at Hampi.
 The ‘KalyanaMandap’ where the deity and his consort were brought from their adobes for worship and
exhibition. The carved pillars surrounding the Kalyanamandapa is one of the highlights of Vijayanagara
architecture.
 Another unique feature of temples at Hampi is the wide ‘Chariot streets’ flanked by the rows of Pillared
Mandapas, introduced when chariot festivals became an integral part of the rituals. The stone chariot in front of
the temple is also testimony to its religious ritual.
 Tall rayagopurams (carved monumental towers at the entrance of the temple) built of wood, brick, and stucco in
the Chola style; and adorned with life-sized figures of gods and goddesses.
 Ornamentation became rich and heavy. The temple walls and pillars in mandapas were heavily decorated with
carvings and geometrical patterns and the stories of mythologies engraved on the walls such as those found at
Hazara Rama Temple at Hampi. The Hall of Dance at Lepakshi where Shiva is surrounded by huge musical figures
also shows the elaborate ornamentation and engraving style.
 Size of the temple increased.
Climax of Dravidian Style
The status of Temple architecture in South India after Decline of VijayanagaraEmpire due to the following reasons
 Stagnation: More ornate more grandeur more sophistication and no further developments could be seen post
Vijaynagara. With the destruction of the Vijayanagara kingdom at the Battle of Talikota (1565 CE) the temple
architecture saw its decline. Although the Nayakas who succeeded the Vijayanagara rulers tried to give some
impetus to art and architecture but they could not match the grandeur of temple architecture attained during
the Vijayanagara Empire.
 Assimilation: Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesises the centuries-old Dravida temple architecture with
Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring sultanates. Their sculpture too, although fundamentally derived
from, and consciously seeking to recreate Chola ideals. However this assimilation diluted the uniqueness of
Dravidian temples.
 Temple losing political prestige: Due to the increased role of temples in politico-administrative domain, temple
acquired great importance during Vijayanagara kingdom, which provided the impetus to add new dimensions to
temple architecture also. Thus by synthesis of old forms of Dravidian style following changes took place in
temple architecture in Vijayanagara era. This was lost post dilution of VijayanagarEmpire.
Conclusion
Vijayanagara represents the richest, surviving monument to South Indian architecture. Every temple represents the
confluence of the finest influences in India at their time of creation. The glory of Dravidian temple architecture
achieved new heights during Vijayanagara Empire.
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5. Liberal assimilatory outlook was the most remarkable feature of Indo-Islamic Culture that emerged inIndia
during 13thand 14thcenturies. Analyse.

Cultural assimilation during sultanate period in all aspects of life.
Body
Highlight the direct interaction between the Indigenous population and Socio-religious movements which lead
to this cultural assimilation. Discuss various aspects of this assimilation such as Religious Assimilation,
Assimilation in Art Architecture, Language and Literature and lastly Customs and Lifestyle. Also briefly highlight
the tensions especially between various conservative elements in those times which also lead to friction and
affected the cultural cohesion among various sections of the population.
Conclusion
Appraise the composite culture trend that has roots in 13thand 14thcenturies.
Introduction
India during the Sultanate period witnessed the emergence of a culture which combined elements of both
indigenous and Islamic traditions which is evident in the field of art, architecture, language, rituals and practices,
mores and customs, and even the lifestyle and daily activities of the commoners.
Body
Causes of this Cultural Assimilation
 Interaction among sections: This cultural assimilation was natural as a result of direct interaction between the
Indigenous population and the Islamic rulers and the Central Asian emigrants, who came to India and became
the permanent resident and lived side by side along their Indian counterpart and gradually become indianized.
 Socio-religious movements: The regular interaction between the socio religious movements like Bhakti and
Sufism resulted in a cultural synthesis not only on their religious thoughts but also in the areas of art, music and
literature.
Field of Cultural Assimilation
 Religious Assimilation: The similarities, like emphasis on monotheism, brotherhood of men, on the role of the
spiritual guide (pir or guru), and emphasis on devotion to God as a means of salvation, between the Sufi and
Bhakti movement shows their interaction and influence on each other. Even the Rishi order of the Sufis in
Kashmir shows the influence of Bhakti movement. The interaction between the Chishti sufis and the Nathpanthi
yogis influenced each other as visible in the meditative practices of Sufis and critic on caste rigidities by the
Nathpantis. These interactions also resulted in cultural synthesis in the field of art and literature.
 Assimilation in Art: The fine arts such as music also saw the coming together of the Indian and Persian
influences. The Chishti practice of ‘Sama’ provided the basis for synthesis of Indian and Islamic musical tradition
as visible in the Qawwali introduced by Amir Khusaro. He also developed several of our modem rags like Zilaph,
Sazgiri and Sarparda, etc., produced by combining Persian and Indian tunes and also created a new musical
instrument called sitar by combining the old Indian ‘Vina’ and the Iranian ‘tambura’.
 Assimilation in ArchitectureIn the field of architecture, the period saw the evolution of a new and composite
style which has rightly been designated as Indo-Islamic since it drew upon the best traditions of both Indian and
Islamic architecture as evident in the Iltutmish’s tomb and various provincial architecture of this period. The
Indo-Islamic architecture inculcates the elements of Saracenic, Turkish and Arab architecture.
 Language and Literature: literary synthesis is visible in the origin and growth of a synthetic language like Urdu,
which grew out of a fusion between Arabic, Persian and Turkish on the one hand and Indian languages such as
Hariyani, Khari Boli, Awadhi and Braj-bhasha on the other, and in the interchange between Persian and
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Sanskrit.The Hindi works of Muslim writers like Amir Khusrau and Jayasi as well as the Bengali Vaishnavite poems
composed by Bengali muslims also highlight the process of cultural synthesis operative during this period.
 Customs and Lifestyle: In their day to day living also the two communities developed a common pattern. Many
Hindus were converted to Islam but they retained their traditional customs and way of life. Moreover the
settlement of Muslims in a predominantly Hindu neighbourhood made social intercourse between the two an
inevitable necessity. Thus, there developed common customs, ceremonies, sports and amusements,
entertainments, food and dress-habits, etc.
Tensions in Medieval Times
Although Cultural assimilation was a prominent feature of Delhi Sultanate but the elements of conflicts between the
orthodox Hindus and bigoted Ulemas did not disappeared completely. Even few sects of Sufism like Suhrawardis
were opposed to some practices of Hindu religion adopted by Chishti’s and some Sufi saints of this order also
resorted to forcible conversions and destruction of temples. Even the synthesis in religious ideas of Bhakti and
Sufism is minimal in case of Sarguna Bhakti, which practiced idol worship and believed in different Gods.
Conclusion
Culturally medieval period marks the beginning of new stage in the growth of India's composite culture. It saw the
introduction of new features in art and architecture of India and their diffusion to all parts of the country. Socially
too this period is very important for evolution of composite culture and evolution of Indian identity.
6. Do you agree with the opinion that railways expansion transformed the Indian economy into an ‘agricultural
colony’ of England? Comment.

Theme of the question is about railways transforming Indian agriculture.
Introduction
Introduce by mentioning railways role in pushing Indian towards becoming agricultural colony of the British.
Body
Elaborate on the role played by railways in destroying Indian agriculture to promote British interests. Point out
the commercialization which leads to the altering of cropping patterns (cash crops) and the railways serving
export needs rather than domestic needs. Also comment on the contrasting ways in which railways promoted
agriculture such as increasing demand for agricultural land, promoting markets especially wheat, promoting
internal trade and lastly ending self sufficient isolation nature of villages
Conclusion
Conclude by pointing out role of railways in decimating agriculture and relegating Indian economy to an
agriculture colony.
Introduction
A large number of factors encouraged and facilitated commercialization of Indian agriculture which transformed
rural economy into agricultural colony of the British. The political unity and resultant rise of the unified national
market, Land tax policies, spread of money economy. Yet the most impost factor was railways.
Body
Railways and transformation into agriculture colony
The massive predatory and exploitative nature of the imperial railway project under the façade of Britain’s
benevolence to the people of India could not have been further from the reality of the material condition of the
masses under colonial hegemony. Railway expansion, instead of providing vertical take-off of the Indian economy,
had gradually transformed into an “agricultural colony” of England. Bal GangadharTilak commented that building up
or railways and other allied infrastructural facilities like roads, telegraphs, etc. was just like ‘decorating another’s
wife’.
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 Commercialization:The major reason of commercialization of agriculture was that India was now reduced to the
supplier of raw materials and food grains to Britain and importer of British manufactured goods. s. This era saw
the introduction and proliferation of many crops as cash crops such as indigo, cotton, jute, tea, tobacco. Railways
aided this commercialization by providing cheap source of mobility. Further infrastructure is built keeping this
export in mind.
 Railways promoting inequality: Railways did open up employment opportunities, especially for agricultural
labourers. All these brought in prosperity of the rural people, of course at the expense of the poor cultivators.
 Exports and agriculture colony: Before the advent of the railways in India, only a very small proportion of
agricultural output was exported as agriculture was carried on only for subsistence. But railways transformed its
very nature by commercializing it. Railways made India’s agriculture internationally competitive and, as a result,
a floodgate of exports of agricultural products such as wheat (23 % of imports from india), rice, jute oilseeds, and
cotton was opened up. By the 1880s Britain had become both ‘India’s largest customer and the source of fully
three-quarters of the sub-continent’s imports. Railways, therefore, not only reshaped the pattern of India’s
foreign trade but helped tie India to the British economy.
 Railways and furthering Colonialism:The railways pushed India into an era of classical colonialism. This was
characterised by Indian exports of agricultural raw materials and imports of British manufactured products.
India’s economy was twisted to fit this classical colonial pattern. Throughout the 19th century, Britain enjoyed a
trade surplus with India. But it had a growing deficit in its overall international trade with other nations, which
were offset by substantial Indian export surpluses. These exports primarily constituted agricultural raw materials
such as cotton, jute, tea, coffee, wheat, oil seeds, opium, sugarcane, tobacco, etc, while imports were made up
of mostly clothes from English mills, railway and military hardware. Thus Indian economy exclusively serviced
British economic interest.
Railways aiding in Agriculture
 Rising demand for land: Railway inducedcommercialisation of agriculture brought far-reaching changes in the
countryside. As preference for cash crops on the part of the cultivators rose, demands for land also rose greatly
which in turn created land market and brought about higher land prices, rents and taxes .
 All these brought in prosperity of the rural people, of course at the expense of the poor cultivators. It did also
open up employment opportunities, especially for agricultural labourers.
 Finally, commercialisation of agriculture caused mainly by an elaborate transport network broke the self-
sufficient age-old isolation of the village economy.
 Levelling of prices across various regions: Before railways came into being, price differences were pronounced
between regions as prices of agricultural products fluctuated randomly with the change in local supply
conditions. Every expansion in railways brought down interregional differences in prices dramatically.
 Agriculture linked to the market:Railways led to increased agricultural output, export of food-grains, widening
of markets, commercialization of agriculture, and, hence, cropping pattern. As railways widened the markets for
the agricultural sectors, Indian agriculture became linked to the world trade cycles.
Conclusion
Indian nationalists often complained about the constant drainage of wealth through the payment of guaranteed
interests and demanded to invest in irrigation instead. In the context of the 19th century, we can say that expansion
of the railway had transformed Indian Economy into ‘Agrarian Colony’ of India. But, unintentionally it has also
benefitted the Indian economy and accelerated the freedom struggle of the country.Had the foreign government
been more benevolent some of the injurious effects of rail-roadisation could have been minimised. Problem lay not
in the railway construction, but the manner in which it was brought about.
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7. Active support of India to the cause of struggle of Bengalis in East Pakistan reflected India’sunflinching
commitment to democracy and basic human values. Substantiate.

Theme of the question is about India’s commitment to democracy and basic human values that compelled India
to intervene during Bangladesh liberation.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing briefly formation of Bangladesh and the circumstances that lead to the revolt against
West Pakistan.
Body
Elaborate on India’s democratic commitment to liberation of Bangladesh especially realising political aspirations
and India’s unflinching commitment despite International pressure. Also bring out the humanitarian causes
espoused by India during this struggle especially with regards refugee crisis despite economic hardships.
Highlight the role played by India in preserving human rights of Bengali’s.
Conclusion
Conclude by highlighting India commitment towards humanitarian cause as it did not barter for concessions
during repatriating POW’s.
Introduction
The borders of Bangladesh had shaped during partition of Bengal and British India in 1947, when the region came to
be known as 'east Pakistan'. But from the year 1947, East Pakistan faced several problems ranging from political
exclusion, ethnic and linguistic discrimination and economic neglect by the politically dominant western Pakistan.
India was compelled to intervene in the Bangladesh War of 1971 due to various strategic, domestic, economic and
humanitarian factors.
Body
Liberation War and Commitment to Democracy
 India extended full support to the Bangladeshi freedom fighters in their just cause of Liberation and Political
freedom by providing arms and training facilities. India also sent its troops to fight against the Pakistan forces
under a joint command with Bangladesh.
 Inspite of the drain of resources due to war and rehabilitation efforts various sanctions were imposed on India
by nations such as USA, India still supported the cause of liberation of Bangladesh.
Liberation war and Humanitarian cause
 Due to atrocities on East Pakistani people by Pakistani army including arson, rape and murder it was
a humanitarian crisis due which India had to intervene.
 Despite tremendous strain on their resources Indiaprovided food, shelter, clothing and medical aid to refugees,
moreover, growing refugee crisis due to migration of people to escape from persecution was proving to be
unmanageable, Indian government allowed Awami league leaders to form government in exile (Calcutta).
 Singularity of purpose between Indian and Bengalis - to restore political and social rights to the Bengalis within
Pakistan. The level of human rights abuses was at a scale of I 0: I and should have motivated the United Nations
to declare it is a case of supreme humanitarian emergency, which threatened international peace and security,
covered under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Yet its inaction did not deter India to intervene.
Conclusion
It needs to be remembered that India never took undue advantage of over 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war
including civilians who were repatriated unilaterally after the Shimla Agreement of 1972.This demonstrates our
commitment to humanitarian and democratic virtues. According to the Indian tradition, the war can be truly labelled
as dharmavijay.
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8. Throw light on the inter-relationship between feminist movement in India and India’s struggle againstBritish
rule.

Draw parallels between feminist movement and freedom struggle.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing the origins of feminist movement.
Body
Discuss the role of social reform movements that has ensured that questions around gender coming into public
discourse. Elaborate on the role of modern education and ideas that created awareness among women. Discuss
the how the independence movement transformed into liberation of women from prevailing patriarchy. Focus
on women centric movements and the demands of such movements. Enumerate on women who acted as law
makers and their role in raising gender related questions. Add a note on Radical and revolutionary movements
where women participated in large numbers.
Conclusion
Conclude on the nature of feminist movement which ensured that demand for independence merged with
theresisting patriarchy.
Introduction
The women’s movement in India took off in the 1920s, building on the 19th century social reform movement. The
women’s movement progressed during the period of high nationalism and the freedom struggle.
Body
Feminist Movement and Freedom Movement
Gender has been a central ‘issue’ in India since the colonial encounter. An overwhelming preoccupation with the
“woman’s question” arose from the 19th century social reform movement, crucially informed anti-colonial
nationalism, and remains a point of crisis in India’s cultural, social, and political space. The recognition of gender as
an issue forms the basis for India’s women’s movement.
Modernity and new ideas
The colonial venture into modernity brought concepts of democracy, equality and individual rights. The rise of the
concept of nationalism and introspection of discriminatory practices brought about social reform movements related
to caste and gender relations. However it was largely men who took up women causes. Women question was
aligned with social renaissance there by Claiming Indian superiority became the tool of cultural revivalism resulting
in an essentialising model of Indian womanhood similar to that of Victorian womanhood.
Independence Movement Phase
 Liberation of women equated to Anti British sentiment:Nationalism became the pre-eminent cause. Women
started coming out in large numbers at the dawn of freedom struggle. Coming out of comfort zones also
liberated them socially. They picketed shops selling foreign goods, participated in political protests, organised
PrabhatPheri (singing of patriotic songs) and provided food and shelter for underground political activists and
performed the role of messengers.
 Home rule: Women played leadership first time this has showed women can lead mass struggles.
 Political empowerment key to social empowerment: Demand for women’s suffrage was raised for the first
time in 1917. A memorandum signed by 23 women was presented to Montague and Chelmsford demanding
votes on the same terms as men. Other demands like education, training in skills, local self government, and
social welfare were also presented. The Indian National Congress at its Calcutta session in 1917 presided over by
Annie Besant supported the demand for female franchise.
 Women as law makers:In 1927, Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy was the first woman to become legislator councillor in
Madras. The demand for female franchise was later changed as demand for adult franchise within the national
movement.
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 Social reforms: British were indifferent to social reforms especially post 1857 , so women felt only independent
India could address these still they pushed British for more reforms . The All India Women’s conference (AIWC)
at the initiative of Margaret Cousins took up the problem of women’s education. AIWC also demanded to reform
Hindu laws to prohibit bigamy and to provide women with the rights to divorce and inherit property.
 Women and Radical movements:Women alsofought in labour and radical movements on equal terms with men
these radical movements showed maturing women’s movement. In 1917, Ahmadabad textile workers’ strike was
led by Anasuya Sarabhai and the Ahmedabad textile mill workers union was established. Several prominent
women unionists and women workers were working for the welfare of the labourers. Maniben Kara emerged as
the socialist leader of railway workers. Similarly, UshabaiDange and ParvatiBhore emerged as the Communist
leaders of textile workers.
 Revolutionary Movements: Some prominent Indian women who worked with revolutionaries include
BhikajiCama, Perm D S Captian, SraladeviChoudhurani in Bengal, Sushila Devi and Durga Devi in Punjab,
Roopavati Jain in Delhi KalpanaDutt and Kamal Dasguptain Calcutta, Lakshmi Sahgal, in-charge of the Rani Jhansi
Women’s regiment which was a part of the Indian National Army founded bySubhas Chandra Bose.
Conclusion
Feminism also evolved with changing nature of freedom struggle. Participation of women in freedom struggle
changed the way men looked at women causes. From recipient of reforms to assertive women who can fight for
their own fate was a remarkable feature of feminist movements during Independence movements.
9. To what extent Neo-colonialism played an important role in enhancing the mass appeal of Socialismand
Communism in the countries of Third World during the later half of 20th century?

Theme of the question is the role played by Neo-colonialism in furthering Socialism and Communism.
Introduction
Introduce by elaborating the nature of Neo-colonialism. Highlight the characteristics of Neo-colonialism.
Body
Discuss the perils of Neo-colonialism and how it has pushed the world towards misery. Highlight the economic
subjugation of the countries. Discuss the reasons that lead to ideological appeal of socialism and communism.
Firstly highlight the role of USSR which has turned anti capitalist sentiment to socialism and communism. Bring
out the nature of Neo-colonialism that created aversion and pushed people towards Socialism. Also highlight
other factors that promoted ideological appeal such as NAM, Failure of Capitalism and Success of USSR
economy
Conclusion
Conclude by highlighting the appeal of socialism and communism in the 3rdworld countries.
Introduction
Neo-colonialism involves a continued relationship of dominance between former colonial powers and their former
colonies through economic dependency. Even though many former colonies gained their legal independence, they
remain under the de facto control of the Western powers of Europe and the United States. Additionally, the former
colonies tend to be less technologically advanced and have inferior military power, which helps keep them
subservient to the former colonial powers. Thus, Neo-colonialism is the continued relationship of dominance of the
former colonies by the former colonial powers based primarily upon economic dependence.
Body
Neo-colonialism: socialism and communism
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Neo-Colonization is the last stage of Imperialism and taken as the most dangerous stage too. It is abolished from
every corner of the world, although it is practiced in African countries. Firstly the loan was seen as the major option
for development but instead, it was just a way of increasing the gap between rich and the poor thus increasing class
system. This class system invigorated ideas of communism.
 Influence of USSR: Under threat from US policies countries saw USSR and its policies as a shield from such
aggressive policies Examples Vietnam and Cuba.
 Interference in the internalissues: Socialism through its world solidarity resisted these internal meddling of US
polices. Hugo Chavez and Castro felt that being socialist camps gave protection against USA.
 Disgust with neo-colonial attitude: Bodies like IMF and World Bank promoted Neo-colonialism, so naturally
USSR aided such countries these with their own set of institutions like Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
 Resource exploitations: An example like IRAN destabilization pushed these countries towards socialist camps.
Other factors that promoted Neo-colonialism
 NAM: Third world Solidarity among former colonies pushed such countries towards ideas of equality which was
naturally espoused by Communism and Socialism.
 Failure of Capitalism: Countries like Cuba and Iran experience with capitalism waned and gave way to newer
ideologies.
 Success of USSR economy: Motivated rest of third world countries to adopt USSR model of economy unlike the
capitalistic model of USA.
Conclusion
Neo-Colonialism promoted social and economic inequality. This inequality finally paved for Socialism and
Communism.
10. Gender inequality is not only a pressing moral and social issue but also a critical economic challenge.Examine
the above statement in Indian context.
Introduction
Introduce by explaining the meaning of gender inequality.
Body
Discuss the human rights perspective of gender rights that gives credence to morality. Elaborate on the social
dimension of gender equality- discuss inheritance laws, son-meta preference dowry harassment, and denial of
bodily autonomy. Elaborate on the economic challenge by firstly highlighting Global Gender Gap Report.
Enumerate on the reasons behind this trend such as non-economic, social and cultural factors that prevent
women from fully integrating into the labour market. Enumerate on various strategies to promote female
participation in labour force such a making safe work environments, supply side reforms and new gender-based
quotas from corporate boards.
Conclusion
Advocate affirmative action and attitudinal shift about women participation.
Introduction
Recently the Global Gender Gap Report has been published by the World Economic Forum (WEF). India has been
ranked 108thout of 149 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index 2018, the same as 2017. Moreover the Economic
Survey 2017-18 revealed that women comprise only 24% of the Indian workforce.
Body
Gender Inequality and Moral Issue
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Human rights and gender rights: Gender inequality negates any forms of equality proposed by Constitution. Denying
rights to women and LGBT community shows the lack of moral commitment of the society towards equality.
The cultural baggage about women working outside the home is so strong that in most traditional Indian families,
quitting work is a necessary precondition to the wedding itself.
Gender inequality as a social issue
 Cultural institutions in India, particularly those of patrilineality (inheritance through male descendants) and
patrilocality (married couples living with or near the husband’s parents), play a crucial role in perpetuating
gender inequality.
 A culturally ingrained parental preference for sons - emanating from their importance as caregivers for parents
in old age - is linked to poorer consequences for daughters.
 Some of the manifestations of Gender inequality are dowry system, dwindling labour force participation among
women.
 Denial of agency – son meta preference , bodily autonomy
Gender inequality as an Economic issue
According to the Global Gender Gap Report released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2011, India was ranked
113 on the Gender Gap Index (GGI) among 135 countries polled. The Economic Survey 2017-18 revealed that women
comprise only 24% of the Indian workforce.
Reasons behind this trend
 It appears that there are some non-economic, social and cultural factors. When increase in family incomes is
there, due to the cultural factors, women leave the work to take care of the family.One big factor is
maternity. Many women who join the workforce are unable to re-join after having a child.
 Concerns about safety and Harassment at work site which reflect the gender disparities in the society.
 Structural transformation of Indian agriculture due to farm mechanization results in a lower demand for female
agricultural labourers.
 When income increases, men allow Indian women to withdraw from the labour force, thereby avoiding
the stigma of working (cultural factors).Insufficient availability of the type of jobs that women say they would
like to do, such as regular part-time jobs that provide steady income and allow women to reconcile household
duties with work.
 Social norms about household work are against women’s mobility and participation in paid work. Childbirth and
taking care of elderly parents or in-laws account for the subsequent points where women drop
off the employment pipeline.
 Societal perceptions of females and their role are often the biggest barriers to change, because they shape
women’s perception of themselves. Across all strata of Indian society, people still believe that women are
capable of performing only certain types of jobs and that marriage must take precedence over career.
Promoting economic empowerment among women
 Need for policy initiatives to empower women as gender disparities in India persist even against the backdrop of
economic growth.
 Improvements in labour market prospects also have the potential to empower women. This will also lead to
increase in marriage age and school enrolment of younger girls. Local bodies, with aid from state governments,
should open more crèches in towns and cities so that women with children can step out and work. The creches
will open employment opportunities for women.
 Initiatives such as Skill India, Make in India, and new gender-based quotas from corporate boards to the police
force can spur a positive change.
 Supply side reforms to improve infrastructure and address other constraints to job creation could enable more
women to enter the labour force.
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 Drive the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) agenda, collectively as a region, to ensure
that girls have access to a broad range of life skills and vocational training – and programmes to engage
individuals and communities in dialogue, where gender issues are openly discussed
Conclusion
For India to maintain its position as a global growth leader, more concerted efforts at local and national levels and by
the private sector are needed to bring women to parity with men. Increasing the representation of women in the
public spheres is important and can potentially be attained through some form of affirmative action, an attitudinal
shift is essential for women to be considered as equal within their homes and in broader society.
11. Mainstreaming of tribal communities albeit coercively had a negative impact on tribal culture and itseconomy.
Analyze the statement. To what extent, legislations like PESA and FRA can address thealienation caused by
forceful integration of tribal society?

Theme of the question is safeguarding tribal culture and economy.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing British role in coercion of tribal’s into the mainstream. Also bring Nehruvian model
which advocated non coercive mainstreaming.
Body
Capture the contours of integration. Highlight the economic impact of forceful integration – mining and dam
displacement, repressive forest law such as forest acts and prevailing poverty. Highlight the economic impact of
forceful integration. Highlight the cultural impact- enforcing religion, language and culture on tribals. Elaborate
and PESA and list out the provisions that promote economic and cultural rights. Bring out the shortcomings in
implementation. Similarly asses the functioning of FRA.
Conclusion
Reiterate on the importance of safeguarding tribal rights.
Introduction
During the British rule most of the tribal communities in India remained isolated from the mainstream of national
life. Tribal areas were kept secluded and cut off from the rest of the society. The policy of the British government
was solely directed and dominated by the colonial interests and based on isolation and exploitation of
the tribals.Post Independence, India adopted the policy of integrating the tribal’s with respect to their personal
development such as education, sanitation, health, women’s upliftment. The Nehruvian policy of Panchsheel
dictated a policy gradual and non-coerce assimilation.
Body
Mainstreaming of Tribal Communities
The issues of integration relate to bringing the fruit of modern development to the tribal populations, or at least
containing the effects of such components of their traditions as are considered archaic and harmful. It is also
important to ensure that nutrition, health and education standards of tribal people show consistent and continuous
improvement.
Integration also means encouraging men and women from tribal communities to learn the requisite skills and
acquire qualifications and participate in the modern economy on a footing of equality with the rest of the people
and ensuring that the natural resources available in the tribal land are put to productive use for the benefit of the
nation as a whole.
However,tribals are expressing their displeasure due to coercive polices
Economic impact of Coercion
A conflict is often posited between the goals of conservation of identity of tribal people and those of their
integration in the mainstream.
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 Mining issue: The economic activities connected with mineral resources also bring in droves people from the
mainland, reducing the tribal people to marginal position in their own land. This for instance has happened in
Jharkhand. Niyamgari hills, Mining.
 Primitive Practices: Coercive forest laws denial of dwelling rights examples. Tendu collection restrictions
 Poverty: Panagariya and More computed the estimates of the poverty rates as the percentages of population
below the Tendulkar poverty line in rural and urban regions and in the combined areas (Rural + Urban), for
Scheduled Tribes. As per 2011-12 census, 45.3% of tribal population is still below poverty line.
Coercion and Cultural Impact
 Religion enforcing: Christian missionaries,enforcing of Hindu norms is diluting their unique diversity
 Primitive Practices: The tribes are hunter-gathers and still practice Palaeolithic lifestyle. Restrictive forest laws
are affecting their traditional norms.
 Imposition language –Imposition of languages are affecting languages such as Gondi, Santhali.
 Education as a Site of Discrimination: For the tribal children, teaching-learning is not always friendly. The
classrooms are not free from the traditional social prejudice against the tribal children. Moreover there is not
much effort in developing curricula and devising instructional materials, keeping in mind socio-cultural milieu of
the tribal’s.
Government Legislations
PESA
On the basis of Dileep Singh Bhuria, PESA came into being Panchayati Extension to Scheduled Areas was envisioned
to enable local self-governance in various tribal scheduled areas. PESA is a most powerful legislation which can play
an instrumental role in recognizing the rights of the tribal population in Scheduled areas over natural resources thus
transforming their quality of life
PESA safeguarding Culture and Economic rights
 In the Schedule areas, every village will have a Gram Sabha chairpersons at all levels of the Panchayats in
Schedule areas shall be reserved for STs.
 Legislation on the Panchayats in scheduled area shall be in conformity with the customary law, social and
religious practices and traditional management practice of the community resources.
 Gram Sabha has the power to safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of people, their cultural
identity, community resources and customary mode of dispute resolution.
 It also has power to approve plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development, to identify
persons as beneficiaries under the poverty alleviation and other programmes, to give certificate of utilisation of
funds for various plans and programmes.
 The recommendation of the Gram Sabha or the Gram Panchayats is mandatory for grant of prospecting licence
or mining lease for minor minerals in that area.
 Gram Sabha has the right to enforce prohibition or to regulate or restrict the sale and consumption of any
intoxicant.
Issues with PESA
 Dilution of role of Tribal Advisory Councils: PESA comes under the Fifth Schedule, which mandates Tribal
Advisory Councils to oversee tribal affairs and also gives extrajudicial, extra constitutional powers to the
Governors of each State to intervene in matters where they see tribal autonomy being compromised.
 However, the councils, with the Chief Minister as their chairperson, have evolved into a non-assertive institution
amid the machinations of upper-class politics, and its representatives hardly speak against the State
governments’ policies.
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 The Governors, in order to have friendly relations with the Chief Ministers, have desisted from getting involved
in tribal matters. Tribal activists have constantly complained that there is not even a single instance where the
Governors have responded to their petitions for interventions in threatening crises, such as deepening clashes
over land, mining or police excesses.
 Lack of coordination at Centre: Even if one were to expect proactive intervention from the Centre, PESA would
get entangled in bureaucratic shackles. Two different ministries, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and the Ministry
of Tribal Affairs, have an overlapping influence on the implementation of PESA and they function almost without
any coordination.
 Lack of operationalization: In most of the state the enabling rules are not in place more than eight years after
the adoption of the Act suggests that the state governments are reluctant to operationalize the PESA mandate.
 Ignoring the spirit of PESA: The state legislations have omitted some of the fundamental principles without
which the spirit of PESA can never be realised. For instance, the premise in PESA that state legislations on
Panchayats shall be in consonance with customary laws and among other things traditional management
practices of community resources is ignored by most of the state laws.
 Ambiguous definitions: No legal definition of the terms like minor water bodies, minor minerals etc. exist in the
statute books. The states in their conformity legislations have also not defined the term leading to ambiguity and
scope of interpretation by the bureaucracy.
 State’s Reluctance to Implement and Adopt PESA: While all 9 states have notified the act, there are ambiguities
in their own rules framed about it. This is hindering its quick adoption in their scheduled areas.
 Financial autonomy is merely on paper and Governor’s mandatory reports are not prepared.
 If there is an acquisition of land in these areas, Gram Sabha must be consulted. However, actual planning and
implementation of the projects shall be co-ordinated at the state level. So, in land acquisition, the role of
Panchayats in these areas is advisory only
Forest Rights Act
Indigenous tribes constitute about 8% of India’s population and Forest Rights Act and PESA both go a long way in
ensuring constitutional protection and empowering these people.
Rights under the Act
 Title rights: Ownership to land that is being framed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of 4
hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family, meaning that no
new lands are granted.
 Use rights: to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc.
 Relief and development rights: to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement; and to basic
amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.
 Forest management rights: to protect forests and wildlife.
The problems in implementation of the provisions of the Act are as follows:
 Ministry of Environment and Forests had changed the law to throw open up to 40% of the country’s forests to
private sector management. Allowing the private sector to use these lands for monoculture could have a ruinous
impact on the ecosystem. In these areas the tribal communities have control over only 10-15% of the forest land
 In Maharashtra, the control over forest resources has been appropriated by the forest department granting
them control over lucrative trade running in crores of rupees over tendu leaves and bamboo.
 Absence of land record, low literacy, corruption and collusion between elite and officer derail the process
 Slow implementation ( MP only 23% land yet distributed after 10 years) cumbersome process adds to woes
 State override FRA clause under development pretext without adequate compensation and rehabilitation
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Conclusion
As India is aspiring to become a developed country, it needs to rethink and redefine its definition of development to
incorporate the discourse of inclusive development. This necessarily includes the welfare of marginalised tribal
society as well.
12. Peasant movements in independent India were no different when compared with the peasant movementsin
India during 19thcentury. Critically Comment.
Introduction
Introduce by highlighting the current farmers movements.
Body
Briefly mention peasant movements under British such as Punjab Peasants Discontent, The Indigo revolt, Pabna
revolt (1870s) occurred due to the oppressive practices of the Zamindars ,Deccan revolt (1875) was against
the higher taxation under the ryotwari system. Highlight the characteristics of then peasant movements such
namely lack of understanding of the colonial economy, localized movements, unorganized and semi- feudal.
Draw parallels with current movements such as grievances surrounding land issues, landlessness, better
markets, oppressive merchants etc.
Highlight the differences such as almost negligible demands pertaining to land revenue, Ideological tilt
organized movements Rich farmers and Protest, Politicization and Women Participation.
Conclusion
Conclude by highlighting the need to address demands of farmers.
Conclusion
Reiterate the need to regulate this mining and also emphasize on relooking provisions of Schedule-VI.
Introduction
The current mobilization of farmers around issues such as farm distress, lack support prices, lack of basic
infrastructureand accusations of indifference from the government indicate parallels can be drawn from the peasant
movements under British rule.
Body
Peasant Movements and their Causes under British Rule
 Land Revenue system: The permanent settlement, Ryotwari, Mahalwari was the major cause of the
exploitation.
 Transferability of land deprived peasants of their traditional occupancy rights. Punjab Peasants Discontent
(1890-1900)
 The Indigo revolt (1859) occurred due to the fraudulent contracts of cultivators and forcing peasants to grow
indigo.
 Pabna revolt (1870s) occurred due to the oppressive practices of the Zamindars such as the higher rents and
forced evictions.
 Deccan revolt (1875) was against the higher taxation under the ryotwari system.
Character of Peasant movements
 The peasant movements were the result of local grievances only. Movements hardly touched other territories
and therefore they were highly localised and isolated.
 They often fought against the moneylenders, zamindars, cultivators but they did not fight against the
colonialism.
 Due to lack of awareness about the colonial policies, the movements were not motivated for a common cause
and therefore, they were small, fragmented and disappeared after fulfilment of objectives.
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 These movements were not well organised politically and this was the reason that they did not become the
national issue.
 The leadership was semi-feudal, traditional and their resistance represented no societal alternative
 The 19th-century peasants did not possess a new ideology and a new social, economic and political programme.
 These struggles, however militant, occurred within the framework of the old societal order lacking a positive
conception of an alternative society.
Independent Peasant movements
Similarities
 Some of the issues and characteristics remain the same such as grievances surrounding land issues, landlessness,
bettermarkets, oppressive merchants etc.
 Mobilization of masses was sporadic and limited in territorial scope.
 Though Governments became much more receptive to demands of farmers yet there are accusations in terms of
indifference to farmer’s issues.
Movements cannot be compared to British times
 Land tax as issue:The grouse of revenue extraction from land was never an issues post Independence as
agricultural income and agricultural land tax become almostminiscule unlike under British were oppressive
revenue systems enabled farmers to rise up in protest.
 Ideological tilt:Pre Independence movements lacked strong ideological view of farmers struggle. However
movements like Naxalbari aided by thephilosophical and ideological understanding has created a class binary
which became fulcrum of farmers struggle.
 Organized movements : Organized character of the movements is the sigh of Post Independence India farmers
Struggle. Farmers received wide support beyond state boundaries. Oppressive colonists were the enemy and
rallying was much easier but post independence rallying all sections is difficult.
 Rich farmers and Protest: In Post independent eraLand reforms were carried this changed character of
movements farmers started protesting for better price of product rather than land related issues, Fight for
irrigations, provisions of seeds etc .The movements catering to big farmers had more political weight. Their
demands catered to increasing agricultural credit, subsidized fertilizers, electricity, pesticides, irrigation etc. The
union such as BKUhas pressurized through agitation and at many instances secured some benefits gaining their
credibility to influence government policies.
 Politicization:Affiliation of peasant organisations with political parties had eroded their autonomy to articulate
their demands truly based on their economic situations. (Unlike pre independent movements).
 No unifying farmer’s cause: Pre independence congress ensured farmers causes were merged with
independence movement. In the aftermath of the green revolution, the disparity among farmers belonging to
different regions has been on the rise. The farmers of one region no longer identify with the causes of the
farmers from other regions. This has resulted in the splintering of the peasant movements along regional lines.
 Women Participation: It is the hall mark of Post independent farmers’ movements.
 Newer issues : Issues such as protesting against land displacement , against big dams , against big MNC’s, against
 GM crops are novel to modern farmers’ movements.
Conclusion
Though similarities and dissimilarities existed between two eras of farmer’s movements yet the drastic difference
could be addressing such issues by the Government of the day. Government response has been much more
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receptive and accommodative rather than indifferent attitude of the British. Present but still independent India
addressed better.
13. Assess the institutional lapses in the preservation of ancient monuments in India. How far is it correctto say
that by allowing corporate to maintain monuments indicate the abdication of responsibility ofthe State?
Justify your answer.

Theme is role of government and private sector when it comes to preservation of monuments.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing current debate preservation of monuments and role of private sector.
Body
Mentions the institutions involved in conservations namely Archaeological Survey of India, The Institute of
Archaeology, National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities and The Monuments Authority of India.
Point out Institutional lapses in Preservation of Monument Inadequate human resource, Lack of reliable
database, Issue with governance, issues with policy, funds and illegal occupation. Also highlight other issues
such as Lack of Master Plan and pollution.
Highlight the reasons for involving private sector such as ASI poor record, funds issues and point successful
global monuments that’s were preserved by private sector. Mention the perils involving Private sector such as
sentiments associated with monuments, Corporate PR tactic, shifting focus from preservation to maintenance.
Discuss the reasons why this can be labelled as abdications. Highlight the limitations of private companies when
it comes rights over such monuments.
Conclude
Need to find innovative ways to preserve the monuments along with building up Institutional capacity.
Conclusion
Introduction
The debate surrounding privatization of Upkeep of monuments has brought into focus the failure of ASI and the
government and also the role of Private companies aiding in monuments maintenance.
Jurisdiction
 Union: ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains, declared by Parliament by law to
be of national importance;
 State: ancient and historical monuments other than those declared by Parliament to be of national importance.
 Besides these, both the Union and the States would have concurrent jurisdiction over archaeological sites and
remains other than those declared by Parliament by law to be of national importance.
Institutions involved
 Archaeological Survey of India
ASI is the successor of The Asiatic Society of India.The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an attached office in
the Ministry of Culture. ASI’s function is to “explore, excavate, conserve, preserve and protect the monuments
and sites of National & International Importance.”
 The Institute of Archaeology
The Institute of Archaeology, New Delhi, was established in 1985, by upgrading the School of Archaeology which
was established in 1959. The institute aims to impart advanced training in multidisciplinary field of Archaeology,
Epigraphy, Numismatics, Museology, Conservation, Antiquarian law, etc.
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 National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities
The National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities was launched in 2007. It aims for preparation of a National
Register for Built Heritage, Sites and Antiques and setting up of a State level database on Built Heritage, Sites and
Antiquarian wealth for information and dissemination to planners, researchers etc. and better management of
such cultural resources.
 The Monuments Authority of India
Institutional lapses in Preservation of Monument
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India, in its audit report on preservation of monuments and
antiquities (2013), notes "irregularities in carrying out conservation works" and lays out the shortcomings in a
descriptive manner.
 Inadequate human resource: Lack of basic manpower in the form of monument attendants. In 2010, the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) stated that its staff strength did not permit the deployment of even a single
person on full-time basis at more than 2,500 of its monuments..
 Lack of reliable database: As observed by the CAG report, the ASI does not have a reliable database of the exact
number of protected monuments under its jurisdiction.
 Improper Conservation Policy: The ASI does not have an updated and approved Conservation Policy to address
the conservation and preservation requirements. There is an absence of any prescribed criteria for prioritization
of monuments which required conservation works. As a result, monuments are selected arbitrarily for carrying
out conservation works.
 Issue with governance: Governance from the Ministry of Culture is lax and deficient on aspects of adequacy of
policy and legislation, financial management, monitoring of conservation projects and provision of human
resources to concerned agencies
 Funds: There is lack of funds for conservation projects and maintenance. Further, faulty budgeting of
conservation works aggravates the problem
 Illegal occupation:Illegal occupation in the prohibited zone around monuments and nexus between them and
politicians.Penal provisions in the AMASR Act for endangering ancient monuments are not stringent enough to
provide effective deterrence.
 The Monuments Authority of India, as it stands today, has severe constraints and limitations. This was brought
out clearly when the Government at the centre planned to modify the key condition of the “no development”
zone of 100 metres around all national monuments. By recommending that the area of 100 meters could be
relaxed for Government projects of “public importance” the Government was in effect allowing the no
development zone to be further shrink. Although some experts and NGOs filed their written objections against
the proposal, the National Monuments Authority itself as a body did nothing to lodge a strong protest against
the Government’s proposal.
Other Major Issues
 Lack of Master Plan: Except the world heritage sites e.g. Taj, Humayun’s Tomb, Ajanta, Ellora, Bodh Gaya etc.
other monuments of national importanceface negligence of local or state administrations. The lack of proper
master plan foster haphazard growth around the sites and as a result sites lose their charm.
 Encroachments/illegal occupation: Encroachments around ancient monuments has been a major concern.
These encroachments are done by local shopkeepers, souvenir sellers or local residents. These temporary or
permanent structures are not fit with architecture of monument or environment. For example: CAG Report,
2013 noticed encroachment within the premises of the Taj Mahal near Khan-i-Alam’sBagh.
 Pollution: There are several types of environmental pollutions which hamper the heritage properties. e.g. Taj
Mahal was badly affected by Sulphur dioxide etc. emitted by oil refinery at Mathura and more than 200 furnaces
used in Taj ganj area. The environmentalist groups with the help of Supreme Court banned emission of these
polluting agents
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 Tourism and irresponsible Behavior of Visitors: Increasing tourism and lack of civic sense among majority of
tourists have caused large damages to monuments degrading their aesthetic value. Criminal damage such as
graffiti and defacement directed towards the monuments has been a major concern.
 Degradation and lack of conservation: Biological agencies such as mosses, fungus, algae, and insects affect
construction materials like timber, bricks, stucco etc. Further, temperature and moisture which is a prime agent
of degradation of monuments pose a serious concern. However, the conservation practices have been primarily
directed towards World Heritage sites, while other monuments have been largely neglected and thus degraded
over time.
Involving Private sector
Through ‘Adopt a Heritage’ Scheme; (ApniDharoharApniPehchan Project) heritage sites/monuments and other
tourist sites would be entrusted to private sector companies, public sector companies and individuals for the
development of tourist amenities. The goal is to make these often poorly-maintained monuments and historic sites
more tourist-friendly by getting firms to invest in much-needed infrastructure as part of their corporate social
responsibility (CSR) programmes.
Importance of Private sector
 ASI poor track record: With a dire lack of funding and trained and visionary manpower, the ASI has a fairly
dreadful track record when it comes to maintaining monuments. In fact, many of them have even gone
missing under its watch. As a result, heritage sites across the country have for long been in bad shape.
 Lack of amenities: The fact (is) that after so many years we still have monuments where these basic facilities are
actually not provided.
 Worldwide examples: And there is a precedent of private companies with no conservation experience
successfully reviving heritage sites. A few years ago, Italy was embroiled in a very similar national debate after its
cash-strapped government allowed corporates to step in to rescue iconic monuments such Rome’s Trevi
Fountain and the Colosseum, which were facing damage and discolouration. The designer brands Fendi, Tod’s,
and Bulgari actually went on to spend millions of euros on months-long restoration projects.
 Benefiting companies too: For corporates, it would be high-visibility CSR that could do wonders for its branding.
But far more importantly, it could bring in the much-needed wherewithal and professionalism not to mention
funds required to make glorious stones and structures of India’s past speak to us again
Abdication of Government
 Corporate PR exercise: This move which will turn almost a 100 historic monuments and heritage sites with
architectural significance into a vehicle for corporate public relations.
 Heritage has sentimental value: The heritage of a country is national. It should be available to everybody and
should not represent the agenda or interests of a private company. Moreover, the heritage sites are being
partially maintained from taxpayers’ money (but also by income from tickets). If the government is unable to
maintain the sites properly and gives this responsibility to a private company, questions will arise on the
competency of Government.
 Government role is that of secular and non partisan: Many of the sites advertised for adoption is religious or of
religious importance. Pushing them further into the consumption ruled private market is questionable when
compared to the moral values claimed by these religions. The conclusion that Buddha focused so much on
struggling with human desire, and yet the Buddhist caves in Ajanta, a place when the pious had once lived a very
modest life, will now be managed by a private company which built its wealth on the consumers’ desire leaves
one with an awkward feeling.
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 Shifting focus from preservation to maintenance: Government relegating to corporate house indicate
abdication and inability to preserve the heritage.
Private sector involvement cannot be called abdication of State
 It aims to involve public sector companies, private sector companies and corporate citizens/individuals to take
up the responsibility for making our heritage and tourism more sustainable through development, operation and
maintenance of world-class tourist infrastructure and amenities at ASI/ State heritage sites and other important
tourist sites in India.
 The project primarily focuses on providing basic amenities that includes cleanliness, public conveniences,
drinking water, ease of access for differently abled and senior citizens, standardized signage..
 ‘The Adopt a Heritage’ is essentially a non-revenue generating project
 It is part of responsible tourism where the ‘Monument Mitra’ essentially spends his CSR funds for upkeep and
maintenance etc., and gets limited visibility.
 The private companies will not be able to administer the heritage sites on their own; they will have to do this
jointly with government institutions.
 The Adopt a Heritage program outlines concrete responsibilities for the private companies, such as creating new
infrastructure, new amenities and new levels of cleanliness, maintaining the existing operations, making the
monument more popular, and taking better care of tourists.
Conclusion
The country probably gains is better maintenance, upkeep and overall management of the national heritage.
However, the move reflects the deficiencies of the ministry of culture and ASI, whose responsibility it should be to
ensure that these cultural treasures are well maintained. Now that the scheme is conceived, it is important to use
this as a starting point to reorder ways to address the colossal capital of heritage resources of India by developing a
sound cultural policy which feeds the goals of sustainable development of local communities and preservation of
environments and to establish academic facilities of cultural management
14. Subhash Chandra Bose brought nearer the day of Indian Swaraj by a decade though he adopted means and
methods which, in many ways, were contradictory to Gandhiji's. In this context, present a criticaland
comparative account of means adopted by both these personalities.
Introduction
Highlight the opinion shared by eminent personalities regarding the role of Bose in hastening the independence.
Body
Point out the uprisings within the military ranks that shook the foundations of the Empire. Elaborate on
simulates such as both these personalities such as belief in equality, idea of freedom and liberty, belief in
masses.
Enumerate difference with regards to means and ends like Bose choosing to side with fascist, non violence,
Industrialisation, Ideas of Self rule, ideas regarding participation in world wars and religion. Cortically evaluate
both of these personalities’ methods.
Conclusion
Appraise the contribution of both leaders.
Introduction
Declassified records, testimonies of those who had a ringside view of events coupled with sheer commonsense make
it quite evident that Netaji dealt a body blow to the British Raj. For myriad reasons Netaji role in forcing the colonial
British to transfer power in 1947 remains not fully appreciated.
Role in hastening the Independence
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The role of Subhash Chandra Bose well acknowledged by likes of former British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and
Ambedkhar. When the stories of their remarkable courage and sacrifice came to the knowledge of the Indian
people at the end of the war, the nation came under a wave of revolutionary upsurge.His military exploits lead to
tremendous upsurge in Indian freedom struggle especially among armed forced who were loyal to British till then.
However this loyalty was doubted by British. The streak of rebellion inside the army was perceived inevitable by the
British. The uprisings such naval ratings revolt further solidified this trend.
Similarities in Means and Methods between Gandhiji and Bose
 Gandhi and Bose did not differ on their choices between communism and capitalism. Both were socialists, as per
their stated positions, and disassociated themselves from Communism (Bose certainly did).
 Again, unlike what is commonly believed, Gandhi was not opposed to violence per se as he did not totally
oppose violence during Quit India movement.Ofcos violence was seen inevitable by Bose.
 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose had the same objective of liberating the country
from the yoke of British imperialism. Both believed that it is the British are responsible for the social and
economic decay.
 Gandhiji’s struggle i.e., averse mindset in the beginning of the Second World War and his
uncompromising stance during the Quit India Movement, was in a way a victory of Netaji’s strategy.
 Gandhi’s tone and temper clearly smacked of a revolutionary strategy quite akin to the soul and spirit of Bose.
Ideologically they appeared to come nearer.
Differences in Means and Methods
 Violence vs Non-violence: Subhash Chandra Bose adopted violent means for liberation of India and thus led
Indian National Army. Gandhi on the other hand was a firm believer of non-violence and led peaceful mass
protests
 Ideology:Ideologically Gandhi subscribed to socialist pattern of society where fruits of labour were evenly
distributed and favoured trusteeship pattern of relation between Capitalist and labourers.Subhash Chandra was
a keen follower of radical leftist ideology and organized trade unions
 Means and Ends:Bose wanted to grab the opportunity provided by Second World War for India’s freedom, thus
approached Germany, Japan while Gandhi saw fascism and Nazism a greater danger to Indian polity and
society thus co-operated with British. Thus they had a different understanding of same event.
 Religion:Religious teachings had great importance in the life of Gandhi while Subhash Chandra Bose was a leftist
and rationalist. Gandhi never hesitated to use religion in galvanizing public opinion example Khilafat movement
and invocation of Vedas. But Bose strictly averse to religious utterances.
 Ideas of Self rule: Gandhi’s idea of freedom was based on self rule and rule over self. Bose viewed freedom not
only in terms of political self rule but also freedom from socio-economic inequalities, casteism, intolerance etc.
Bose sought complete severance from the British Empire, while Gandhi’s goal posts vacillated between Spiritual
Swaraj, Dominion Status and complete severance.
 India’s participation in World War II: When the Second World War began and Britain got involved in it, Subhash
insisted persistently that England’s difficulty is India’s opportunity and it is the time opportune to launch struggle
for freedom.Gandhi at the time was not prepared to oblige Subhash and immediately launch any struggle to
achieve India’s freedom.
 Vision: Stated visions of Gandhi and Bose differed substantially with respect to their desired evolution of India
and her politics.Gandhi advocated a vision comprising of spinning, khadi and local self-sufficiency at village level
while Bose held steadfast to a vision of large scale industrialisation and a politics devoid of irrationality and
religiosity.
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 Industrialisation:Bose had launched the National Planning Committee for drawing up a comprehensive plan of
industrialisation and of development. Bose believed that his launching of the National Planning Committee as
the Congress President, in 1938, for drawing up a comprehensive plan of industrialisation and of
development caused further annoyance to Mahatma Gandhi who was opposed to industrialization. More Bose
believed that industrialization is at most priority in order to emerge fully independent yet Gandhiji was opposed
to such single minded focus of Industrialization.
 Military:Bose was acutely conscious of the role the armed forces play in the political growth of a nation. But
Gandhi had an adverse view of military might.
Criticism of Bose Methods
 It is interesting to note that Netaji was not interested in pursuing a democratic republic upon India’s
Independence. He did not believe India was ready for a democracy yet. He wanted to run it as a dictatorship.
 He adopted questionable means especially his alliance with the Nazis was not one of mere convenience. He
made no indications of his unease of the Nazi tactics and the genocide they were conducting in various countries
in Europe. His dream was of a German army marching through a neutral USSR and liberating India from the
clutches of the British.
 Bose approach towards Japan was also questionable as he did not object to Homfreyganj Massacre.
Criticism of GandhijiMethods
 Most potentate criticism against Gandhi method is using religion to mobilize sections which at times bordered
on appeasement. For example Khilafat movement.
 His methods such as Satyagraha were seen by the masses as delaying tactics as against Bose’s muscular
approach.
 His methods such as Charka portrayed anti Industry and anti modernity.
Conclusion
Bose has certainly fired up the imagination of youth and his most important legacy was furthering the cause of anti
British sentiment albeit through questionable means. Despite the differences both leaders had immense respect for
each other and contributed significantly to the national movement and the nation. Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas
Chandra Bose were two legendary personalities, gigantic in their political moral and ethical stature. Both of them
were two worthy sons of Mother India.
15. In terms of exemplary character and untiring activities towards making of new India, there are very
fewpersonalities in Indian history that could close to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. Do you agree? Give you
views.

Theme of the question is about contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar towards making new India.
Introduction
Introduce by briefly highlighting his contributions across all areas.
Body
Discuss contribution in education namely setting up of schools, abolition of Widow Remarriage , awareness of
Child marriage, awareness, Vocational education, Literature, Bengali grammar, Sanskrit and welfare of tribal’s.
Point out his exemplary contribution that enriched west Bengal and India.
Conclusion
Appraise Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in the conclusion.
Introduction
Great people are born to make an impact on society. One such personality, who was so humble but lived his
complete life with determination and purpose to fulfil certain objectives, was Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. He was
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the great social reformer, writer, educator, entrepreneur and worked endlessly to transform society. His
contribution towards education and changing the status of women in India was remarkable. His efforts towards
upliftment of all sections of the society has certainly placed him in higher pedestal along with personalities such as
Raja Rammohanroy, Ambedkar who laid the foundations of modern India.
Body
Major Contribution
 Education: He realized that the society could not develop if women denied the values of education. He
personally met the parents of girls and requesting them to send their daughter to school for education. He
donated his large portion of salary to educational reforms.
 Schools: In 1855 he was made special inspector of schools, he opened a number of new schools, including girls’
schools, in the districts under his charge. He started the first school for girl’s education in Calcutta in 1849. To
support women education Vidyasagar organized a fund called NariSikshaBhandar. He supported John Elliot
Drinkwater Bethune to establish the first permanent girls’ school in India, the Bethune School.
 Widow Remarriage: He played a great role in the passing of the law which made the marriage of widows legal,
The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856. He argued, on the basis of scriptures and old commentaries, in favour
of the remarriage of widows in the same way as Roy did for the abolition of Sati. He showed that there was no
prohibition on widows remarrying in the entire body of ‘Smriti’ literature (the Sutras and the Shastras).
 Child marriage: He launched a powerful attack on the practice of marrying off girls aged 10 or even younger,
pointing to social, ethical, and hygiene issues, and rejecting the validity of the Dharma Shastras that advocated
it.
 Awareness: He wrote many articles for newspapers and associated with journalistic publications like
TattwabadhiniPatrika, samprakash, sarbashubhankarrPatrika and Hindu patriot to bring social and educational
reforms with regards to the women.
 Vocational education: He lobbied hard for opening of school for girls and even outlined suitable curriculum that
not only did educate them, but also enabled them to be self-reliant through vocations like needlework.
 Social status: He campaigned against polygamy.
 Tribal women: Vidyasagar spent the last 18 years of his life living among Santhaltribals in present day Jharkhand,
where he started what is possibly India’s first school for Santhal girls
 Literature: His Bengali primer, BornoPorichoy, remains, more than 125 years after his death in 1891, the
introduction to the alphabet for nearly all Bengali children.
 He was a polymath who reconstructed the modern Bengali alphabet and initiated path breaking reform in
traditional upper caste Hindu society. He is credited with reconstructing the Bengali Alphabet. He simplified
Bengali typography into an alphabet of 12 vowels and 40 consonants eliminating the sanskrit phonemes. He
made a great contribution to the Bengali language, and is considered the originator of modern Bengali language.
He was closely associated with many journals and newspapers and wrote powerful articles advocating social
reforms
 Sanskrit : He studied Sanskrit grammar, literature, Vedanta philosophy, logic, astronomy, and Hindu law for
more than 12 years at Sanskrit College in Calcutta, and received the title of Vidyasagar — Ocean of Learning —
at the age of just 21.. He introduced the study of modern western thought in the Sanskrit College and admitted
students belonging to the so-called lower castes to study Sanskrit. Earlier, studies in Sanskrit College were
confined to traditional subjects. The study of Sanskrit itself was a monopoly of Brahmins and the so-called lower
castes were not allowed to study it. He was appointed principal of Sanskrit. His wrote two books which
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interpreted complex notions of Sanskrit Grammar in easy legible Bengal they include Upakramonika and
ByakaranKoumudi.
 He was also a key figure in Bengal Renaissance - a cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement in Bengal
from the 19th century to the early 20th century.
 The renaissance period saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar being
the pioneer. Vidyasagar wrote nearly ten books on Bengal’s history and literature, all of them being considered
classics in today’s times
A Maker of Modern India
 It was the result of his untiring struggle that the then Government of India passed the Widow Remarriage Act in
1856.
 With the purpose of gathering people’s support for the implementation of the provision of remarriage of
widows, he encouraged his own son Narayan Chandra Bandyopadhyaya to marry a widow.
 Unlike other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, Vidyasagar sought to transform
society from within.
 Standing tall against the conservative power centres of the Hindu society, Vidyasagar was the man who was way
ahead of his times.
 His work for the upliftment of women, their self-sufficiency, prosperity and empowerment along with his
untiring efforts for ‘narishiksha’ remains unique.
Conclusion
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was indeed a great personality and a reformer. Today, India needs such dedicated,
humble and determined personalities who can bring all sorts of required reforms by working solely for the
betterment of the society than their own interest. His works and zeal has rightfully earned him the place makers of
modern Indian. Along with other great personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Phule, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar certainly deserves the praise for making new India more equal and inclusive.
16. Discuss the major factors which have brought about the collapse of imperialism after the Second WorldWar.
How important was the role of nationalism in bringing about the downfall of colonial empires?

Factors contributing towards collapse of imperialism and assessing the role of Nationalism in doing so.
Introduction
Introduce by mentioning creation of new states post world war-II and relate this trend to falling of imperialism.
Body
Discuss the major factors that contributed to the downfall of imperialism- Anti war sentiment and role of
Atlantic charter that pressurised USA and France to give up colonies, economic troubles, new wave of equality ,
education, creation of bodies such as NAM , USSR backing colonies in their independence. Assess the role of
Nationalism – how war effort created national consciousness among colonies, western education, ideology of
equality , weakening hold of imperialist that fuelled Nationalism. Highlight other factors that contributed to
Nationalism.
Introduction
Conclusion
Conclude
Between by highlighting
1945 factors
and 1960, three that lead
dozen new to downfall
states of and
in Asia imperialism.
Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence
from their European colonial rulers. This trend of decolonization has ended the centuries old imperialistic trend yet it
also paved way for the new form of imperialism “Neo-Colonialism”.
Conclusion
Body
Major factors led to the collapse of imperialism after the WWII
 War effect and awareness:European policies and propaganda during WW II encouraged colonial people to
expect freedom post-war. US were somewhat empathetic to the cause of freedom struggle because of its own
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colonial past. US opposed Churchill when he argued that “self government” of Atlantic Charter was only for
European people. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 that contained the Declaration of United Nations- discussed how
the world should be organized after the war. The two important points wereNo territorial expansion- Nations
should not expand by occupying other’s territory and Self-rule- All people should have right to form their own
government.
 War and Economy:War weakened Europe economically and militarily. British could no longer hold onto the
priced colonies. This led to a change in Britain’s policy. Britishers delayed independence but gave it once the
nationalist struggles reached a threshold.
 Ideology of Freedom and Equality: The allied forces fought against the fascists for the sake of freedom. Yet the
same freedom cannot be denied to their colonies. Homeland politics in imperial powers like Britain and France
honoured such ideas as liberty, equality and fraternity, also endorsed in the United Nations Organization.
 World Opinion: World opinion firmly shifted against any colonialism this has put pressure on imperialistic
countries.
 Education: During the war the ideals of American Revolution and French revolution were espoused by the allied
forces. Moreover people of colonies carried out a motivational struggle for educating the masses and also
educating the imperial countries population about the perils of imperialism. Example Dada Bhai Naoroji played a
key role in galvanizing public opinion against British both in India and abroad.
 Socialism ideals: The new ideals of Socialism and communism motivated the people to struggle for their
freedom.
 Growth of 3rd world solidarity: Groups like NAM, Pan-African Congress resisted imperialism.
 Global Criticism: UN and USSR consistently criticized imperialism. Communist philosophy had always been
opposed to imperialism and colonialism and USSR found it natural to do so. Moreover International rules that
were laid down post war firmly went against any country occupying any other country.
 Soviet tactics: Soviet Union deployed similar tactics in an effort to encourage new nations to join the communist
bloc, and attempted to convince newly decolonized countries that communism was an intrinsically non-
imperialist economic and political ideology
Role of Nationalism in De-colonisation
 War effort boosting Nationalism: Nationalism was boosted by WW II because soldiers from colonies saw
contrast between west and the colonial world. They were exposed to the ideas of being against aggression of
Axis powers which made them to oppose aggression of colonial power at home. Through participation in WW II,
they developed the desire for freedom of homeland rather than just fighting for the liberation of occupied
Europe.
 Western Education: African nationalism spread rapidly after 1945 because the spread of western education
which instilled ideas of liberty, equality and freedom. Education raised their awareness against racial
discrimination. Especially the working class in towns were much more receptive to the ideas of nationalism and
formed the major force of resistance against colonialism. For example Pan African Nationalism, Kenyatta was a
well-educated intellectual who authored several books, and is remembered as a Pan-Africanist. Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah formed the Convention People’s Party (CPP) with the motto “self-government now”.
 Ideological assimilations: Socialism and Nationalism made a common ground that is oppose colonialism in all
forms. In this regard Socialism to promoted national pride and Patriotism. Example Nehru and Subhash Chandra
Bose.
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 Post-war realignment fuelling nationalism: After World War II, European countries lacked the wealth and
political support necessary to suppress far-away revolts. They could not oppose the new superpowers the U.S.
and the Soviet Union‘s stands against colonialism. Strong independence movements in colonies.
 Weakening Imperial powers appetitive to war: Colonies saw the opportunity to rebel against the imperial
power. The spread of Nationalism could not be quelled by imperialism any more. Repeated major wars in Europe
among the nations who were the main colonial powers in the ‘developing world’ sharply reduced both the
appetite and the capability for launching repetitive military expeditions to suppress independence movements in
the colonies.
Other Factors are also responsible apart from nationalism
Even though nationalism played an utmost important role in ending the menace of imperialism, there were also
other factors such as education, ideas of liberty, USA advocacy of freedom to the colonies, International solidarity ,
growth of communism, Soviet support etc lead to the downfall of communism.
Conclusion
In the ten years following the end of the Second World War, with successive waves of decolonisation in Asia and
Africa, the Third World took its place as a new player in the international arena. The demise of imperialism was due
to several factors out of which certainly the most important was Nationalism.
17. With the emerging prevalence of nuclear family set-ups in recent years made the elderly vulnerable to
emotional, physical and financial insecurity. Examine. Also, elaborate on various social security measures
undertaken for the welfare of elderly population in India.

Theme of the question is old people facing issues due to the emergence of nuclear family.
Introduction
Capture the growing elderly population and factors responsible for this trend.
Body
Capture the growing trend of Nuclear families and the reasons for this phenomenon. Elaborate on the issues
faced by elderly due to such trend.
Highlight emotional insecurity such as isolation, facing neglect, fear and loss of control and decision making.
Discuss physical insecurity such as facing abuse, health issues especially Non communicable diseases, growing
economic burden due to such diseases and mental health issues. Elaborate on financial challenges such as lack
of institutional support, dwindling savings and lack of access to resources.
Introduction
Highlight several measures such as legislations and policies such as Senior Citizens Act, 2007 and National Policy
for in
Ageing Older
India Persons and discuss
is exponentially schemes
increasing as impressive
due to the Indira Gandhi National
gains that society Old Age inPension
has made terms ofScheme,
increased
RashtriyaVayoshriYojana and Varishtha Pension BimaYojana.
life expectancy. With the rise in elderly population, the demand for holistic care tends to growAlthough India will be
theConclusion
youngest country in the world by 2020 with a median age of 29 years, the number of elderly people is likely to
Conclude by highlighting on the collective responsibility to safeguard the elderly.
increase significantly after that, according to the 2014 State of Elderly in India report released by the non-profit
organization. By 2021, the elderly in the country will number 143 million. Moreover the increase in life expectancy
over the years has resulted in an increase in the population of the elderly. While the overall population of India will
grow by 40% between 2006 and 2050, the population of those aged 60 and above will increase by 270%.
Growing trend of Nuclear family
During the last quarter of the century there has been a radical change in the social fabric of our country. There has
been a gradual disintegration of the joint family system and emergence of ‘nuclear family’. Reflecting the rise of the
nuclear families in urban India, these households are small in size 88 percent have three to four memberswith no
senior citizens and just 11 percent have more than two children. This is mainly to build more financial stability,
making children less dependent and inclining them towards personal and academic development.
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ADMIN1: ADMIN2:
Nuclear Family and Elderly
The traditional Indian society with an age-old joint family system has been instrumental in safeguarding the social
and economic security of the elderly people. The traditional norms and values of Indian society also laid stress on
showing respect and providing care for the elderly. However with the emerging prevalence of nuclear family set-ups
in recent years, the elderly are likely to be exposed to emotional, physical and financial insecurity in the years to
come.
Emotional Insecurity
 Isolation:In today’s globalized world, people are always on the move in search of jobs. Younger people often
move to cities leaving behind their elderly parents. This makes them isolated. Isolation, or a deep sense of
loneliness, is a common complaint of many elderly is the feeling of being isolated. While there are a few who
impose it on themselves, isolation is most often imposed purposefully or inadvertently by the families and/or
communities where the elderly live. Isolation is a terrible feeling that, if not addressed, leads to tragic
deterioration of the quality of life.
 Neglect: The elderly, especially those who are weak and dependent, require physical, mental and emotional care
and support. When this is not provided, they suffer from neglect, a problem that occurs when a person is left
uncared for and that is often linked with isolation. Changing lifestyles and values, demanding jobs, distractions
such as television, a shift to nuclear family structures and redefined priorities have led to increased neglect of
the elderly by families and communities. This is worsened as the elderly are less likely to demand attention than
those of other age groups.
 Fear:Many older persons live in fear. Whether rational or irrational, this is a relevant problem face by the elderly
that needs to be carefully and effectively addressed.
 Loss of Control:This problem of older persons has many facets. While self-realization and the reality of the
situation is acceptable to some, there are others for whom life becomes insecure when they begin to lose
control of their resources – physical strength, body systems, finances (income), social or designated status and
decision making powers.
Physical Vulnerability
 Elder abuse: Elderly women face abuse from the care givers.
 Failing Health: The aging process is synonymous with failing health. While death in young people in countries
such as India is mainly due to infectious diseases, older people are mostly vulnerable to non-communicable
diseases. Failing health due to advancing age is complicated by non-availability to good quality, age-sensitive,
health care for a large proportion of older persons in the country. In addition, poor accessibility and reach, lack
of information and knowledge and/or high costs of disease management make reasonable elder care beyond the
reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged.
 Non communicable diseases: There is a rapid rise in the share of the old i.e. 60 years or more and associated
morbidities, especially sharply rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and disabilities.Though life expectancy
is increasing, but also the rate of chronic disease is increasing in older community.The findings of Indian Human
Development Survey (IHDS) pointed out the following figures: The prevalence of high blood pressure among the
old almost doubled over the period 2005-12; that of heart disease rose 1.7 times; the prevalence of cancer rose
1.2 times; that of diabetes more than doubled, as also that of asthma; other NCDs rose more rapidly (i.e. by two
and a half times).
 Cost escalation of Health care: Due to the ever increasing trend of nuclear families, elder care management is
getting more difficult, especially for working adult children who find themselves responsible for their parents’
well-being. Managing home care for the elderly is a massive challenge as multiple service providers – nursing
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agencies, physiotherapists and medical suppliers – are small, unorganized players who extend sub-optimal care.
In India, health insurance coverage is essentially limited to hospitalization. The concept of geriatric care has
remained a neglected area of medicine in the country. Despite an aging population, geriatric care is relatively
new in many developing countries like India with many practicing physicians having little knowledge of the
clinical and functional implications of aging.
 Feminization of ageing:Among the challenges which India faces, UNPF report says the feminisation of ageing
remained a key one. The sex ratio of the elderly has increased from 938 women to 1,000 men in 1971 to 1,033 in
2011 and is projected to increase to 1,060 by 2026.
 Mental issues: Isolation is precipitating mental illness among age old.
Economic Vulnerability
 Lack of institutional support: There is no institutional support for the elderly; the cost of both living and
Medicare is rising, eroding their savings, and the old-age pension.
 Erosion of savings:Due to steadily falling interest rates on bank deposits steadily most middle class elderly
actually depend on elderly pension to sustain themselves.
 Lack of access to resources: Many older persons either lack the opportunity and/or the capacity to be as
productive as they were. Increasing competition from younger people, individual, family and societal mind sets,
chronic malnutrition and slowing physical and mental faculties, limited access to resources and lack of
awareness of their rights and entitlements play significant roles in reducing the ability of the elderly to remain
financially productive, and thereby, independent.
 Lack of facilities: Supply shortfall in affordable senior care homes & elder friendly Infrastructure like elderly
recreation homes
 Operational issues: Data on elderly living in a region is not available thus hindering any disaster management
activities related to elderly. For eg. Chennai disaster
Measures for the Welfare of Elderly
 Constitutional Provisions:Under Directive Principles, the Article 41 says that State shall within the limits of its
economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right of public assistance in cases
of old age. This is an explicit provision for ageing population and to realise this DPSP, government of India has
launched the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP).Some other implicit measures include Right to
Equality {Part-III}, direction to state to improve the quality of life of its citizens {DPSP} etc. We note here that
subject of Social Security is a concurrent responsibility of the Central and State Governments.
 Legislations: Senior Citizens Act, 2007- Before 2007, the problems of aged people were covered under CrPC and
Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act. In 2007, the parliament enacted a dedicated law titled Maintenance and
Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 to deal with the concerns of Senior Citizens in India. This act
was mainly enacted to eliminate some of the procedural implications of the erstwhile provisions and legal
obligations. Under the CrPC and Hindu Adoption Law, parents can claim maintenance from their children but
there was a need to put in place some explicit, speedy, inexpensive process.
 National Policy for Older Persons: The Government launched National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) in 1999
with key features such as Old Age Pension Scheme; Tax Exemption for Senior Citizens; Make PDS to reach older
people; Subsidy in healthcare, geriatrics care, mental health services, counselling facilities; Grants, land grant at
concessional rates to NGOs and private hospitals to provide economical and specialized care for the older
person.
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 Dr V MohiniGiri Committee: When the NPOP completed 10 years in 2010, the Government constituted Dr. V
MohiniGiri committee to review it and make suggestions. This committee made some of the important
suggestions and a Draft of National Policy for Senior Citizens 2011. Key recommendations are:
o Lifelong healthcare facilities for Padma award winners, gallantry award winners
o Setting up of a department of senior citizens and national council for senior citizens.
o Increase in old age pension amount
 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): This scheme was introduced as a part of National
Social Assistance Programme (NSAP). Under this scheme, all BPL Indians above 60 years are covered. The
monthly pension amount for them is Rs. 300 for age 60-79 years and 500 above 80 years.
 National Council for Older Persons National Council for Senior Citizens}: National Council for Older Persons
(NCOP) was constituted in 1999 as per NPOP. This council, headed by Minister of Social Justice and
Empowerment, is the highest body to advise the government in the formulation and implementation of policy
and programmes for the aged. It has representation from central and state governments, NGOs, citizens’ groups,
retired persons’ associations, and experts. In 2012, it was renamed as National Council of Senior Citizens
(NCSrC). It advises Central and State Governments on the entire gamut of issues related to the welfare of senior
citizens and enhancement of their quality of life.
 National Programme for Health Care of Elderly: This scheme was launched in 11th five year plan to provide
dedicated healthcare facilities to the elderly people through State Public Health delivery system at primary,
secondary and tertiary levels, including outreach services. This Programme is presently being implemented in
104 district under National Health Mission.
 National Health Policy:The National Housing Bank will introduce a ‘reverse mortgage’ scheme under which a
senior citizen who owns a house can avail of a monthly stream of income against mortgage of the house. An
exclusive health insurance scheme for senior citizens is to be offered by the National Insurance Company.
 RashtriyaVayoshriYojana (RVY): This scheme is run by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. This is a
central sector scheme funded from the Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund. The fund was notified in the year 2016. All
unclaimed amounts from small savings accounts, PPF and EPF are to be transferred to this fund.
 Varishtha Pension BimaYojana (VPBY): This scheme is run by the Ministry of Finance. The Varishtha Pension
BimaYojana (VPBY) was first launched in 2003 and then relaunched in 2014. Both are social security schemes for
senior citizens intended to give an assured minimum pension on a guaranteed minimum return on the
subscription amount
Conclusion
Elderly people carry immense experience of their personal and professional life, society at large need to
channelizethose experiences for better tomorrow.Grandparents in joint families provide a crucial link for transferring
values and morals to the younger generation in their initial years, thereby contributing towards upbringing of better
human beings and responsible citizens. Acknowledging seniors’ contributions would help to make ours a more age-
inclusive society that does not pit one generation against the other. For the welfare and care for the older persons,
we must focus on the protection of already existing social support systems/traditional social institutions such as
family and kinship, neighbourhood bonding, community bonding and community participation must be revived and
kins should show sensitivity towards elderly citizens.
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18. Dalit mobilisation has been experienced in several cycles in India’s modern history not only in terms of
demonstrations but also in electoral terms. Illustrate the statement. To what extent the current resurgence of
Dalit assertiveness is distinctive from the previous Dalit movements?

The new wave of Dalit assertiveness and its difference with older Dalit movements.
Introduction
Introduce by discussing the issues faced by Dalits and the origins of discrimination, attribute it to religion. And
also mention the awareness spread by Dalit movements.
Body
Discuss the evolution of Dalit movements such as initial Sanskritization phase were dalits adopted high caste
symbols, Adi – Dalit movements which brought in binary of Aryan and non-Aryan, conversions phase, dalits
themselves founding religious sects such as Matua Sect. Most importantly highlight the political empowerment
movements such as Ambedkarite movements and most importantly Bahujan Samajwadi Party.
Discuss the the trends of new assertion- highlight the youth leadership, role of media and social media , disgust
Introduction
with old politics, dalit capitalism, pan India character of such movements.
TheConclusion
Dalit Movement is the result of the constant hatred being generated from centuries from the barbaric activities
of the upperthe
Highlight shift of
castes in India.
dalit politics and movements
Since Dalits which
were assigned theare very assertive
duties of servingand
thevocal.
other three Varnas, that is all the
non– Dalit, they were deprived of higher training of mind and were denied social-economic and political status. The
division of labour led to the division of the labourers, based on inequality and exploitation. The caste system
degenerated Dalit lives into pathogenic condition where occupations changed into castes. For centuries, Dalits were
excluded from the mainstream society and were only allowed to pursue menial occupations like cleaning dry
latrines, sweeping etc. However the reforms movements which can be traced to pre Independence times to the
current political assertive nature has transformed dalit society.
Body
Evolution of Dalit movements
The Dalit movement that gained momentum in the post independence period, have its roots in the Vedic period. It
was to the Shramanic -Brahmanic confrontation and then to the Bhakti Movement. With the introduction of western
language, and with the influence of the Christian missionaries, the Dalits began to come across the ideals of equality
and liberty and thus began the Dalit Movement in modern times. The frustrated Dalit minds when mixed with reason
began confrontation against the atrocities of Brahmanism. Dalit movement was fundamentally the movement to
achieve mobility on part of the groups which has logged behind. They were a reaction against the social, cultural and
economic preponderance and exclusiveness of other class over them. The dynamics of dalit movement had several
phases.
 Sanskritization: The strategies, ideologies, approaches of Dalit movement varied from leader to leader, place to
place and time to time. Thus, some Dalit leaders followed the process of ’Sanskritization’ to elevate themselves
to the higher position in caste hierarchy. They adopted Brahman manners, including vegetarianism, putting
sandalwood paste on forehead, wearing sacred thread, etc. Thus Dalit leaders like Swami Thykkad (Kerala), Pandi
Sunder Lai Sagar (UP), Muldas Vaishya (Gujarat), Moon VithobaRaojiPande (Maharashtra) and others tried to
adopt established cultural norms and practices of the higher castes. Imitation of the high caste manners by Dalits
was an assertion of their right to equality.
 Adi-Hindu movement: Treating Dalits as outside the fourfold Varna system, and describing them as ‘outcastes’
or ‘Panchama’ gave rise to a movement called Adi-Hindu movement. Thus, certain section of Dalit leadership
believed that Dalits were the original inhabitants of India and they were not Hindus. That Dalits began to call
themselves Adi-Andhras in Andhra, Adi- Karnataka in Karnataka, Adi-Dravidas in Tamil Nadu, Adi-Hindus in Uttar
Pradesh and Adi-Dharmis in Punjab.
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 Conversions Phase: A good number of Dalits were converted to Christianity, especially in Kerala. Some of the
Dalits, especially in Punjab were converted to Sikhism. They are known as Mazhabis, Namdharis, KabirPanthis
etc. Dalits also got converted to Buddhism. Dr. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with his millions of
followers at Nagpur in 1956.
 Founding Sects:As a protest against Hinduism some of the Dalit leaders founded their own sects or religions.
Guru Ghasi Das (MP) founded Satnami Sect. Gurtichand Thakur (Bengal) founded Matua Sect. Ayyan Kali (kerala)
founded SJPY (Sadha Jana ParipalanYogam) and Mangu Ram (Panjab) founded AdiDharam.
 Dalit Literary Movement: Dalit literature, the literature produced by the Dalit consciousness, emerged initially
during the Mukti movement. Later, with the formation of the Dalit Panthers, there began to flourish a series of
Dalit poetry and stories depicting the miseries of the Dalits the roots of which lies in the rules and laws of Vedas
and Smritis. All these literature argued that Dalit Movement fights not only against the Brahmins but all those
people whoever practices exploitation, and those can be the Brahmins or even the Dalits themselves.
Political Power as Means to Attain Dignity
Power can be cut by only power. Hence, to attain power, the first thing required is knowledge. It was thus, Phule and
Ambedkar gave the main emphasis on the education of the Dalits, which will not only bestow them with reason and
judgement capacity, but also political power, and thereby socio—economic status and a life of dignity.
 Ambedkar’s Phase of Organized political activity: Attempts were also made to organize Dalits politically in order
to fight against socio-economic problems. Dr. Ambedkar formed the Independent Labour Party in 1936. With the
growing process of democratization, Dr. Ambedkar demanded adequate representation for Dalits in the
legislatures and in the administration. Government of India Act, 1919, provided for one seat to the depressed
classes in the central Legislative Assembly.
 Notable Political movements in Ambedkhar fold: Others strands also emerged in different regions in Punjab the
AdiDharm, in U.P. the Adi Hindi and in Bengal the Namashvedsas. In Bihar, Jagjivan Ram who emerged as the
most important Congress leader formed Khetmajoor Sabha and Depressed Class League.In early 1970’s a new
trend identified as Dalit Panthers merged in Maharashtra as a part of country wide wave of radical politics. The
Dalit Panthers learned ideologically to Ambedkar’s thought.
 Real Politic Phase Phenomenon Bahujan Samajwadi Party:Educated Dalits, gradually begin to talk about the
problems of poor and about exploitation and humiliations from the upper castes. This trend gave us BSP.Kanshi
Ram with his colleagues established the BAMCEF: Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation
with the motto-“Educate Organize and Agitate“. This served as a base to spread the ideas of Ambedkar and his
beliefs. The movement of Kanshiram markedly reflected a different strategy, which coined the ‘Bahujan’ identity
encompassing all the SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs and religious minorities than ‘dalit’, which practically represented only
the scheduled castes.
 Other Parties: Apart from these broad political trends, there are many regional outfits like Dalit Mahasabha in
Andhra Pradesh, Mass Movement in Maharashtra, Dalit Sena in Bihar and elsewhere, etc., some of which dabble
directly into electoral politics and some of them do not.
Current Dalit Movements
Improved communication network made wider links and combination possible; new system of education provided
opportunity for socio-economic promotion, new administrative system, rule of law undermined certain privileges
enjoyed by few and certain economic forces like industrialization threw open equal opportunities for all dismantling
social barriers.
 Youth Leadership: Dalit youth are growing restive and looking up to a young, aggressive leadership. The recent
events at BhimaKoregaon presage a new trajectory in the struggle of Dalits to secure their place as equals in the
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Indian polity, a resurgent phase of Ambedkarite politics. These leaders have emerged in response to the newer
forms of oppression at the ground level.
 Education and Economic shift: The economic shift has also opened doors. A newer trend is emerging where with
the proliferation of English language, urbanisation and capitalism it is believed that salience of caste will be
diluted. A new generation of Dalit entrepreneurs has risen. Others in the movement see it as positive, but then
question the exclusionary and unrepresentative nature of the private sector. They also believe that this cannot
be a substitute for state welfare and social reform.
 Moving beyond Traditional political parties: The falling fortunes of Dalit identity parties indicate that there is
shift in the politics of Dalit mobilization. Moreover Left politics and its limitations are under scrutiny.
 Pan India movements: The recent movement are longer held in isolation and are no longer geographically
fragmented.Infrastructure development, TV, Internet penetration has bought them closer and they now jointly
assert their common demands.
 Anti- Assertion Reactionary Movements: Despite anti-discrimination laws, many Dalits still suffer from social
stigma and discrimination. Ethnic tensions and caste-related violence between Dalit and non-Dalits have been
witnessed. The cause of such tensions is claimed to be from economically rising Dalits and continued prejudices
against Dalits. In order to resist these dalit contemporary movements much more organized.
New Movements are similar to old movements
Though the means and Methods adopted by new movements remain the same yet the core issues such as
education, atrocities, employment etc remain the same. The current phase of assertion is result of frustration with
old School politics which were embedded with political power structures. The current movement seeks fresh
impetus to the dalit cause.
Conclusion
There has been a tectonic shift in Dalit politics. It has moved from being one that seeks to conform withmajoritarian
culture, and has been converted into one that is proud of 'dalit culture' so as to capitalise on the social capital of dalit
community; as witnessed in the rise of dalit entrepreneurs who have emphasised the same. The age of Internet and
the dawn of social movement gave widespread reach to neo dalit politics.
19. Imperial and colonial rivalries between the powers of 19 thcentury pushed them into First World War.Critically
analyse.
Introduction
Role of colonial rivalries that lead to the World War 1.
Body
Highlight the colonial rivalry of the 19th century – Britain and its colonies and other powers that were keen to
capture these assets, scramble for Africa rand rivalries between France, Britain and Belgium, rise of Germany as
a colonial power and rivalry with France over Alsace Lorraine, most serious conflict over Balkans, point out the
economic factors that further perpetuated these rivalries and creations of alliance to against such rivalries.
Also highlight other factors such as Industrial rivalry, Alliances, Ultra Nationalism and militarism.
Conclusion
Reiterate how colonialism and scramble for colonies lead to world war.
Introduction
The infamous First World War which overtook the millions of lives was unprecedented in character. It left behind it
the endless trials of miseries and misfortunes, suffering, devastation and destruction for the people of the world.
The mankind was shocked to the extreme. The War began on 28thJuly, 1914 and ended in November 1918. There are
many factors which caused the World War I, but the most important factor was the colonial rivalry in Europe.
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Body
Imperial and Colonial Rivalry
Imperialism and imperial rivalry provided both a cause and context for World War I. Imperialism is a system where a
powerful nation controls and exploits one or more colonies. In most cases the imperial nation, establishes control
over its colonies by coercion – for example, through infiltration and annexation, political pressure, war and military
conquest. Once conquered, this territory is claimed as a colony. Colonies are governed and administered either by
the imperial nation, or a puppet government or local collaborators.
 Britain and Its rivals: Prior to World War I the world’s largest, richest and most dominant imperial power was
Great Britain. The British Empire famously occupied one-quarter of the globe. British colonial possessions in the
late 1800s included Canada, India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, several Pacific
and Caribbean Islands, South Africa, Rhodesia, Egypt and other parts of Africa. By the time of 19th century many
more imperial power emerges like France, Germany, Russia, Austria Hungary, Spain, United States, Portugal,
Belgium etc.
 Scramble for Africa: The 19thcentury witnessed the rapid colonisation of the African continent. Great Britain
established colonies in the south and dominated over Egypt and the Sudan. France focussed her attention on
colonising the northern part of Africa, namely Morocco, Tunisia and the Sahara. The Belgians colonised the
Congo region and the Portugal colonised Mozambique and Angola. Spain took the north western coast of Africa
and Italy took Somalia and Eritrea. The last to enter into this race for colonies is Germany.
 Rise of Germany: After the unification of Germany had been achieved, it made tremendous economic progress.
 Both Britain and France were alarmed at the expansion of German manufactures as they considered it a serious
threat to their position. Germany could not grab many colonies, having arrived late on the scene. Most of Asia
and Africa had already been occupied by the older imperialist powers. The German imperialists, therefore,
dreamed of expanding in the east. Like Germany, all the major powers in Europe, and Japan also had their
imperialist ambitions.
 Conflicts over Balkans: There were six major powers in Europe at this time—Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Russia, France and Italy.One of the questions with which almost all these countries got involved, concerned the
countries comprising Balkan Peninsula in Europe.The Balkan countries had been under the rule of Ottoman
Turks.However, in 19th century, the Ottoman rule had begun to collapse.The Russian Czars hoped that these
areas would come under their control once the Ottomans were ousted from there.They encouraged a
movement called the Pan-Slav movement which was based on the theory that all the Slavs of Eastern Europe
were one people.Many areas in Austria-Hungary were inhabited by the Slavs .Other major European powers
were alarmed at the growth of Russian influence in the Balkans they wanted to check the Russian influence,
while Austria Hungary had plans of expansion in this area.
 France: hoped to recover not only Alsace Lorraine which she had lost to Germany in 1871 but also to wreak
vengeance on Germany for the humiliating defeat that she had suffered in the war with Germany in 1870-71.
 Economic Factors of Colonial rivalry: The establishment of different colonies all over the world is connected
with the greedy motive to get the unlimited profits through trade and commerce. All the European Powers
exploited the colonial people and took away enormous wealth. The world market brought immense fortunes
through the sale of their industrial product in the colonies. Economic imperialism led to international rivalries.
Every country tried to capture markets in every nook and corner of the world. When Germany tried to capture
markets which were already in the hands of the English that led to bitterness between the two countries. Britain
was not willing to give up her colonies to Germany. As Germany was bent upon getting them at all cost, war
followed.
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 Strained Relations among the Europe Powers: After 1870, the European nations began to acquire colonies in
Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Their imperialistic activities accelerated from 1880 onwards. Between 1895 and 1905
imperialistic expansion reached its climax. First of all, colonial rivalry led to strained relations among the
European powers. In Africa, all the European powers except Austria and Russia had colonies there. Thus there
were many clashes among France, Britain, Germany and Italy. For example, France rivalled with Italy over Tunis
and with Germany over Morocco.
 Alliances:Colonial rivalry led indirectly to the formation and strengthening of alliances and ententes. Italy turned
to Germany and Austria when she lost Tunis to France in 1881. Russia and Britain could patch up their
differences and form an entente in 1907 as a result of their mutual fear of Germany's expansionist activities in
the Balkans. Russia, Britain and France could become firm friends after 1907 partly because of aggressive
attitude of Germany in both the first and the second Moroccan crises.
Other Immediate Causes of WWI
However apart from colonial rivalries others factors also lead to world war such as:
 Industrial Rivalry: Due to the Industrial Revolution, there was a revolutionary change in European economy.
Different European nations established factories and tried for more production. There was competition among
the European nations for the selling of those products in cheap rate.
 Establishment of Alliances: Before the First World War the whole of Europe was divided into two rival alliances.
Due to German Occupation of Alsace and Lorraine, France was afraid of the war and concluded the ‘Dual
Alliance’ with Austria in 1867. In 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the ‘Triple Alliance’. In order
to dominate the power of Germany, France, Russia and England formed the ‘Triple Entente’ in 1907. In this way
the European Continent was divided into two rival camps which indicated political storm in future.
 Extreme Nationalism: Colonies became a source of pride and status. Writers and leaders of countries began to
raise slogans that more colonies should be brought under control to increase the nation's prestige. The colonies
were annexed and later more were acquired to protect the existing colonies e.g. England captured South Africa
to protect its trade routes to India.
 Cheap Labour and man power: Colonies also increased the man-power of imperialists as the people from
colonies could be recruited forcibly into the armies of the nations.
 Militarism: It is one of the main causes of the war.The World War 1 was an "arms race" of Britain, France and
Germany. The countries were competing die hard to build the largest armies and navies. The “arms race” was
taken so seriously that between the year 1870 and 1914, the size of the army was more than double in all of the
major powers, besides the United States of America and Great Britain.
Conclusion
The primary motive for colonialism was cultural or economic, but Europeans in the late 19th century increasingly
chose to safeguard their access to markets, raw materials, and returns on their investments by seizing outright
political and military control of the undeveloped world. Countries believed that they were superior thought it was
their right to conquer and rule others – particularly if they were inhabited by races they thought were inferior.
People across the world were very eager to let the rest of the world know how strong and important their country
was. This superior complex of the colonial powers as well as conflict of ambitions and interest among these colonial
powers, indirectly led to the outbreak of the devastating World War I which take the lives of millions of people and
the loss of huge property.
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20. Bring out the parallels as well as the divisions that are present in both the American Revolution and the French
Revolution.
Introduction
Introduce by briefly discussing the glaring similarities and subtle differences between both revolutions.
Body
Similarities such as –Economic grievances, fighting absolutism, fighting for equal rights and role of
enlightenment. Discuss the differences such as location differences, nature of revolt, events that marked the
beginning of revolution, philosophical differences, representation differences, class factors and lastly differences
over consequences of both revolutions.
Conclusion
Highlight the remarkable similarities and glaring differences of both revolutions.
Introduction
The American and French Revolutions were fought several years and an ocean apart. However, they feature enough
similarities that some people initially consider them “mirror struggles.” After all, there are some easy comparisons
like both revolutions occurred in the later eighteenth century. Both subverted an existing, monarchical
government. Finally, both created ripe conditions for constitutionalism and deep patriotism. But digging more
deeply, and we find that this “same revolution, different continent” concept is not as tidy as it initially appears.
Further similarities between the two revolutions are just different enough to produce profound distinctions between
the two revolutions.
Body
Similarities between French and American Revolution
 Economic struggles: Both the Americans and French dealt with a taxation system they found discriminating and
unfair. Additionally, France’s involvement in the American Revolution, along with extravagant spending practices
by King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette, left the country on the verge of bankruptcy.
 Royal absolutism: While colonists revolted against the British monarchy, the French aimed to reform the
absolute rule of Louis XVI.
 Unequal rights: Like the American colonists, the French felt that specific rights were only granted to certain
segments of society, namely the elite and aristocrats.
 Enlightenment’s Influence on the American and French Revolutions: The American Revolution was inspired by
the Enlightenment. The French Revolution, in turn, was inspired by the Enlightenment as well as the success of
the American Revolution. The Enlightenment presented new beliefs about authority and the role of the
individual in government.
Differences between French and American Revolution
 Colony vs. Country: Location is a key difference between the two wars. The American Revolution took place in a
colony an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Britain. The French Revolution took place within France itself,
an action that directly threatened the French monarchy.
 Freedom vs. Overthrow: The difference in location also affected the intent of each revolution. American
revolutionaries were not looking to change Britain’s monarchy; they simply desired to be free from its rule. On
the other hand, French fighters demanded fundamental changes be made to the way they were governed. In
essence, Americans intended to break away to form a new government and establish a new country, whereas in
France, the intent was to replace or change the existing government.
 Lexington vs. the Bastille:Both revolutions began with battles kindled by the needs of leaders opposed to the
established government; however, the battles themselves were dissimilar. In the American colonies, minutemen
gathered in Lexington on April 19, 1775, to prevent British troops from capturing Patriot leaders and arms. In
that brief skirmish only one British soldier was injured, while 18 Americans were killed or wounded. The French
Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, to rescue imprisoned revolutionary leaders.
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The all-day siege and capture of the royal fortress by a mob of revolutionaries resulted in more than 100 dead or
wounded rioters, as well as the murder of the fortress’ military governor, Bernard-Jordan de Launay.
 Locke vs. Rousseau: The members of the Continental Congress in the American colonies drafted the Declaration
of Independence to separate themselves from Britain and to express their belief that every individual has the
equal opportunity right to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The American ideology was based on the
works of British philosopher John Locke. France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was
founded on the teachings of French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, written with the aim to end the social
and political inequalities of the time.
 Representation vs. Repression:Taxation played a role in both wars, however, the people’s objections to the
taxes in each country were dissimilar. Americans objected to the fact that colonists had no say in how the
collected taxes were spent, or taxation without representation. However, American revolutionaries themselves
were financially successful and lived relatively comfortable lives. In contrast, the revolting French peasants were
starving and destitute as a result of over-taxation, and thus their fight was in part driven by survival instincts.
French revolutionists also objected to the inequality in the taxation -- French clergy and noblemen were taxed
less than commoners.
 Class Divisions vs. Ideology: A significant difference exists in the categories of people fighting in each revolution.
In France, the combatants were largely separated by economic classes – the rich from the poor. For Americans,
the separations were ideological, in that the warring parties divided over loyalty to the crown and the desire for
freedom. In some cases, differing political and philosophical views led to divisions within families and resulted in
some soldiers fighting brother against brother.
 Concise Victory vs. Inconclusive Ending: The Treaty of Paris outlined cessation conditions to end the American
War for Independence, and its signing on Sept. 3, 1783, marked the conflict’s end. Unrest and conflict continued
within France into the 19th century. This political instability and persistent violence make the conclusion of the
French Revolution of 1789 difficult to pinpoint. Although the notorious “Reign of Terror” ended in 1794 and a
new constitution was approved in 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’état on Nov. 9, 1799, is most often
considered to be the end of the French Revolution.
Conclusion
During the last quarter of the 18thcentury, two countries fought revolutionary wars that altered the course of history
by fracturing the traditional political systems of monarchy, colonies and feudalism .Rooted in the fight for freedom
and liberty for every individual, the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution of 1789 followed
vastly different paths toward obtaining similar goals. Often compared because of similarities in ideology, era and
impact, dissimilarities exist between the two wars in context, complexity and outcome.
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