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RESEARCH METHODS
An Introduction
Types of Research
One is to solve current problems in work setting, or any micro and macro
economics problems.
Next one can contribute knowledge in a particular area pf research e.g. if
you want to analysis the causes of inflation. Regarding this problem if
research improves your knowledge.
Basic research (Basic research deals with natural thing and explain it in
careful examination).
Applied research (when the theory is applied to attain the desired result it
is known as applied research).
Categories of Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
In nominal and ordinal scale qualitative research is used. It deals with the
qualitative phenomena of interest. In social research normally we use
qualitative research. In quantitative research we investigate numerical or
quantitative type of information.
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Classification of Research
a) Exploratory research
b) Conclusive research
c) Performance-monitoring research
Chose a topic
Design study
Gather the data
Analyze the data
Data interpretation
Research report
Importance of Research
a) For rural-development
b) For agricultural sector
c) For industrial sector
d) For financial problems
e) For unemployment problems
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f) For inflation problems
Research Techniques
Qualitative
Quantitative
In fact all research process is base on these two techniques. Further each
category uses several specific research techniques e.g.
1) Survey
2) Interview
3) Historical Analysis
4) Managing Research
5) Internet Research
Quantitative Data
1) Experiment Research
2) Surveys
3) Content Analysis
4) Existing Statistics
Qualitative Data
SCIENTIFIC THINKING
1) Static
2) Dynamic
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Hall Mark or Criteria for a Good Research Problem
1) Originality
2) Importance
3) Aim of research/ purposivness
4) Level of research
5) Availability of guidance
1) Survey method
2) Exploring study
3) Descriptive research design
4) Experimental research design
5) Time series design
Research Design
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Analysis of the Data
Interpretation of the Result
Suggestion for further Research
Summary of the Report
Preparation of the Research Report
Types of Variable
Independent Dependent
Types of Hypothesis
1) Null Hypothesis
2) Alternative Hypothesis
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Characteristics of Hypothesis or Good Hypothesis
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Scales are classified in four ways but there are basically two kinds of scales:
1) Quantitative
2) Qualitative
1) Nominal scales
2) Ordinal scales
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DATA COLLECTION AND SURVEY RESEARCH
For data collection there are several sources are available for data collection
like, face-to-face interview. Telephone interview, computer assisted
interviews.
Primary data
Secondary data
In primary data, it simply means to attain the material initially for research.
In other words we utilize this data for applying statistical techniques in order
to get result.
1) Government Publications
2) Researcher Compiling
3) Interviews
4) Questionnaire
5) Internet
6) Survey
7) Annual Report
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Closing the Interview
FIELD RESEARCH
SAMPLING DESIGN
Types of Sampling
1) Probability Sampling
2) Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
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Snowball Sampling
1) Relevant Population
2) Parameters of Interest
3) Sampling Frame
4) Type of Sample
5) Sample size
6) Cost Analysis
After the data editing and coding researcher has to focus on three core
objectives:
This technique is used for mixed scale problems by the dummy variable
techniques. This approach gives new equation, which is used in nominal and
internally scales variables.
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10) Reference
It normally seems unfair that poor final report can destroy whole study
analysis. Researcher can appreciate the results even with badly reported,
but non-researcher always influenced by quality of the reporting. The
researcher report contains the following contents:
Findings or Result
Analysis of Findings
Interpretation
Conclusion
Recommendations
Research Section
Introduction
Problem Statement
Research Objectives
Background
Methodology Section
Sampling Design
Research Design
Data Collection
Conclusion Section
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