Induction Motor Free Acceleration & Dynamics

Free Acceleration Characteristics of Induction Motor
Free Acceleration Characteristics viewed from various reference frames

Dynamic Performance during Sudden Change in Load Torque
Dynamic Performance during a 3-Phase Fault at the Machine Terminals
Free Acceleration and Dynamic Characteristics of

Induction Motor
Government College of Technology
December 11, 2019
GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Free Acceleration Characteristics of Induction Motor o
Free Acceleration Characteristics viewed from various reference frameso
Dynamic Performance during Sudden Change in Load Torque o
Dynamic Performance during a 3-Phase Fault at the Machine Terminals o
Introduction
Free Acceleration : Induction machine is started without any

load and the machine accelerates to its rated speed at no load.
To study the free acceleration characteristics of induction mo-
tor, the nonlinear differential equations that describe the induc-
tion machine were simulated on a computer and studies were
performed

Free Acceleration Characteristics-Torque-Speed Curves
The machine is initially stalled when rated balanced voltage is

applied.
Speed vs Electromagnetic Torque Characteristic curves are sim-
ulated and analysed for different rated Induction Machines.

Figure: 3HP-Speed Torque Characteristics

Inference
At starting the input impedance of induction machine is stator

resistance and leakage reactance in series with rotor resistance
and leakage reactance.
Hence with rated applied voltage, the starting current is large
on the order of 10 times the rated value.
Therefore in practice, Transformer is used to start large hp
induction machine with reduced voltage until the machine has
reached 60% to 80% of synchronous speed.

Inference


Inference


Inference(Contd.)
The 3- and 50-hp machines are relatively high-slip machines(i.e.)

rated torque is developed at a speed considerably less than the
synchronous speed.




Inference(Contd.)
The 3- and 50-hp machines are relatively high-slip machines(i.e.)

rated torque is developed at a speed considerably less than the
synchronous speed.





Inference(Contd.)
The instantaneous electromagnetic torque, immediately follow-

ing the application of the stator voltages, varies at 60 Hz about
an average positive value.
This decaying, 60Hz variation in the instantaneous torque is
due to the transient offset in the stator currents.
We also note from the current traces that the envelope of the
machine currents varies during the transient period. This is due
to the interaction of the stator and rotor electric transients.

Inference(Contd.)


Inference(Contd.)


Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics


Inference
Another noticeable difference between the dynamic and steady

state torque speed characteristics occurs in the case of the 500-
and 2250-hp machines.
In particular, the rotor speed overshoots synchronous speed and
the instantaneous torque and speed demonstrate decayed oscil-
lations about the final operating point.
This characteristic is especially evident in the larger horsepower
machines; however, in the case of the 3- and 50-hp machines,
the rotor speed is highly damped and the final operating con-
dition is attained without oscillations.

Inference


Inference


Inference(Contd.)
It is noted from Table that the ratio of rotor leakage reactance

to rotor resistance is much higher for the larger horsepower
machines than for the smaller.
In analysis, we find that the complex conjugate pair of eigenval-
ues, associated with the rotor circuits, are much less damped
in the case of the 500- and 2250-hp machines than in the case
of the 3- and 50-hp machines.

Inference(Contd.)
It is noted from Table that the ratio of rotor leakage reactance

to rotor resistance is much higher for the larger horsepower
machines than for the smaller.
In analysis, we find that the complex conjugate pair of eigenval-
ues, associated with the rotor circuits, are much less damped
in the case of the 500- and 2250-hp machines than in the case
of the 3- and 50-hp machines.


Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics of

2250-hp machine


Inference
For the 500- and 2250-hp machines where the steady-state

value of maximum torque is much larger than that observed
from the free acceleration characteristics.
This difference is shown to be due primarily to the electric
transients in the rotor circuits.

Figure: Simulation of Induction motor in Machine Variables

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Free Acceleration Characteristics viewed from various

reference frames

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Frame is stationary with speed w=0(Stationary Refernce Frame)

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Frame is rotating with speed w=synchronous speed (Synchronous

Refernce Frame)

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Frame is now simulated from Stationary reference frame initally to

Synchronous Reference Frame at t = 0.1seconds

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Inference
Waveform of the torque is the same regardless of the speed or the

change in the speed of the reference frame.

Dynamic performance during sudden change in load torque

The load torque is first stepped from zero to base torque

(slightly less than rated) and the machine allowed to establish
this new operating point.
Next, the load torque is stepped from base torque back to
zero where- upon the machine reestablishes its original
operating condition.








Inference
The variables of the 3-hp machine approach each new operating
condition in an overdamped manner.
We previously found that for these machines, the steady-state
torque speed characteristic nearly duplicates the free accelera-
tion characteristic once the electrical transient associated with
the stator circuits has subsided; therefore, we are not surprised
to find that the dynamics during load torque changes can be
predicted adequately by the steady-state torquespeed charac-
teristics.
Therefore, the dynamic behavior of most smaller induction ma-
chines during normal load torque changes can be predicted by
using the steady-state voltage and torque equations to calculate
the currents and torque.
Inference
teristics.
Inference
teristics.
The dynamic performance of the 2250-hp machine during load

torque changes is strongly influenced by the rotor electric
transients.
This influence of the rotor circuit transients, causes the
2250-hp machine to exhibit damped oscillations about the
new operating point.
At best, the steady-state torquespeed characteristics could
approximate the average of this dynamic response; it could
not predict the complete dynamics during normal load torque
changes for the larger machines.


transients.


transients.

Dynamic Performance during a 3-Phase Fault at the

Machine Terminals

The three-phase fault at the terminals is simulated by setting

vas, vbs, and vcs to zero at the instant vas passes through zero
going positive.
After six cycles, the source voltages are reapplied.



Inference
The stepping of the terminal voltages to zero at the time of the
fault gives rise to decaying offsets in both the stator and rotor
currents.
These transient offsets in the stator currents appear in the rotor
circuits as decaying oscillations of near 60Hz (since the rotor
speed is slightly less than synchronous) that are superimposed
upon the transients of the rotor circuits.
In the case of the 3-hp machine, both the stator and rotor
transients are highly damped and subside before the fault is
removed and the voltages reapplied.
With all machine currents equal to zero, the electromagnetic
torque is, of course, zero; therefore, full load torque decelerates
the machine.
Inference(Contd.)
In the case of the 2250-hp machine, which has a higher leak-

age reactance to resistance ratio in both the stator and rotor
than the 3-hp machine, the stator and rotor transients are still
present when the fault is removed and the voltages reapplied.
Hence, Te has an average value throughout the fault period
corresponding to the ohmic losses.

Induction Motor Free Acceleration & Dynamics

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Free Acceleration Characteristics of Induction Motor

Free Acceleration Characteristics viewed from various reference frames

Free Acceleration and Dynamic Characteristics of

Government College of Technology

December 11, 2019

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Free Acceleration : Induction machine is started without any

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Free Acceleration Characteristics-Torque-Speed Curves

The machine is initially stalled when rated balanced voltage is

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Figure: 3HP-Speed Torque Characteristics

At starting the input impedance of induction machine is stator

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

At starting the input impedance of induction machine is stator

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

At starting the input impedance of induction machine is stator

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

The 3- and 50-hp machines are relatively high-slip machines(i.e.)

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Figure: 50HP-Speed Torque Characteristics

Figure: 500HP-Speed Torque Characteristics

Figure: 2250HP-Speed Torque Characteristics

The 3- and 50-hp machines are relatively high-slip machines(i.e.)

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

The instantaneous electromagnetic torque, immediately follow-

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

The instantaneous electromagnetic torque, immediately follow-

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

The instantaneous electromagnetic torque, immediately follow-

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Another noticeable difference between the dynamic and steady

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Another noticeable difference between the dynamic and steady

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Another noticeable difference between the dynamic and steady

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

It is noted from Table that the ratio of rotor leakage reactance

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

It is noted from Table that the ratio of rotor leakage reactance

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics of

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Dynamic and Steady state Torque Speed Characteristics

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

For the 500- and 2250-hp machines where the steady-state

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

Figure: Simulation of Induction motor in Machine Variables

Free Acceleration Characteristics viewed from various

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM

GCT Free Acceleration and Dynamic char. of IM