Click for Nomination Form Click for Pamphlet

Training Program
on
DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF PREFABRICATED/LIGHT
WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Venue: YMCA Campus, New Delhi; Date: June 25-29, 2018

Organized by:

Resilient India: Disaster free India

National Institute of Disaster Management
(Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India)
NDCC-II, A-Wing, 4th Floor, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001
www.nidm.gov.in

Page 1 of 12
 DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF PREFABRICATED/LIGHT
WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

Factors like light weight properties, faster construction, Prefab construction, 3D printing, floatable
concrete, energy savings due to superior insulation properties, easy workability, bendable concrete,
transparent concrete, high fire resistance and eco-friendly nature propels AAC (Aerated
Autoclaved Concrete) blocks as the most superior walling material. Dimensional accuracy, strict
adherence to consistent quality parameters and superior service levels are hall marks of AAC
blocks. Today more and more stake holders are specifying AAC Blocks in their projects. Green
building rating agencies like IGBC and GRIHA are also actively involved in propagating such
products which are eco-friendly, cheaper and less labour intensive, to name a few.

3D printing will become a common or even standard feature in the fabrication process. The
timeline and details remain uncertain. For almost a decade now, researchers have been
investigating and refining techniques for 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, in construction.
Several specialist companies have emerged, and several large established companies—not just
construction firms but also manufacturers of building materials—have started investing in earnest.
There is a strong sense of anticipation. But several issues first need to be resolved: how ready the
market really is; how ready the industry is to embrace rather than resist the creative-disruptive
force that 3D printing represents; how ready the technology itself is; and how companies should
best leverage the technology and adapt to it.

Mission Housing for all by 2022

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), launched in June 2015, with two
components; Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan
Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G and also PMAY-R) for the rural poor. It is an initiative
in which affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor with a target of building 20 million
affordable houses by 31 March 2022, at the time that Nation complete 75yrs after freedom. This
Mission has four components viz., In-situ Slum Redevelopment with private sector participation
using land as resource, Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy, Affordable Housing in
Partnership with private and public sector and Beneficiary led house construction/enhancement.
As of 25 April 2016, the government has identified 2,508 cities and towns in 26 states for
beginning construction of houses for urban poor. A Technology Sub-mission under the Mission is
being set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green technologies and building
material for faster and quality construction of houses. The Technology Sub-Mission is to
facilitate preparation and adoption of layout designs and building plans suitable for various geo-
climatic zones. In addition this Tech mission is to assist States/Cities in deploying disaster
resistant and environment friendly technologies. The Technology Sub-Mission is to work on the
following aspects: i) Design & Planning ii) Innovative technologies & materials iii) Green
Page 2 of 12
buildings using natural resources and iv) Earthquake and other disaster resistant technologies and
designs.
Housing Mission Objectives
• All 4041 statutory towns as per Census 2011 with focus on 500 Class I cities would be covered
in three phases as follows:
• Phase I (April 2015 - March 2017) to cover 100 Cities selected from States/UTs as per their
willingness.
• Phase II (April 2017 - March 2019) to cover additional 200 Cities
• Phase III (April 2019 - March 2022) to cover all other remaining Cities
Ministry, however, will have flexibility regarding inclusion of additional cities in earlier phases
in case there is a resource backed demand from States/UTs.
• The mission will support construction of houses upto 30 square meter carpet area with basic
civic infrastructure. States/UTs will have flexibility in terms of determining the size of house
and other facilities at the state level in consultation with the Ministry but without any enhanced
financial assistance from Centre. Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing
projects in partnership should have basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage,
road, electricity etc. Urban Local Bodies (ULB) should ensure that individual houses under
credit linked interest subsidy and beneficiary led construction should have provision for these
basic civic services.
• The minimum size of houses constructed under the mission under each component should
conform to the standards provided in National Building Code (NBC). If available area of land,
however, does not permit building of such minimum size of houses as per NBC and if
beneficiary consent is available for reduced size of house, a suitable decision on area may be
taken by State/UTs with the approval of SLSMC. All houses built or expanded under the
Mission should essentially have toilet facility.
• The houses under the mission should be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of
structural safety against earthquake, flood, cyclone, landslides etc. conforming to the National
Building Code and other relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) codes.
• The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the
name of the female head of the household or in the joint name of the male head of the
household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female member in the family,
the house can be in the name of male member of the household.
• State/UT Government and Implementing Agencies should encourage formation of associations
of beneficiaries under the scheme like Resident Welfare Association etc. to take care of
maintenance of houses being built under the mission.
• The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the
name of the female head of the household or in the joint name of the male head of the
household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female member in the family,
the dwelling unit/house can be in the name of male member of the household.

Page 3 of 12
Implementation Methodology

The Mission will be implemented through four verticals giving option to beneficiaries, ULBs and
State Governments. These four verticals are as below.

What is Prefab Technology?

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or
other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to
the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this
process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the
construction site where all assembly is carried out. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or
electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and
compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the
machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body
of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.
What is 3D printing technology for housing
Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) refers to various
technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction
components. Alternative terms are also in use, such as Large scale Additive Manufacturing
(LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to
refer to concrete extrusion technologies.

The building-on-demand (BOD) by 3DPrinthuset, a small office hotel building, with a 3D printed
wall and foundation structure. The first building of its kind in Europe. There are a variety of 3D
printing methods used at construction scale, these include the following main methods: extrusion
Page 4 of 12
(concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering)
and additive welding. 3D printing at a construction scale will have a wide variety of applications
within the private, commercial, industrial and public sectors. Potential advantages of these
technologies include faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy,
greater integration of function and less waste produced.

What is Light Weight Housing Technology

Light material is most ideal and cost effective where time and financial budget is a constraint. This
material saves time of construction due to light weight, handling is easier, needs less labour and
sizes are large than conventional blocks and which needs less mortar as well. Cellular
Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is conventional concrete, where natural aggregate (gravel) is
exchanged for the best insulation medium available, namely air, embedded in organic and bio-
degradable foam that offers no chemical reaction but solely serves as wrapping material for the air.
Consequently CLC behaves, like conventional concrete, in particular concerning curing, hardening
and most important “ageing “. CLC infinitely increases its strength by hydration (forming of
crystals in cement) as long as exposed to humidity in the atmosphere.

Green Building
Page 5 of 12
Since independence, India has experienced enormous growth in the construction industry. Since
the last two decades, this growth has multiplied several times. Growing construction activity means
a growing requirement of land, energy and materials. Construction of buildings requires various
raw materials which leaves an additional burden on limited natural resources of earth. In addition,
constructed buildings also have energy and other resource requirements in its lifetime. To enable
the construction industry to be environmentally friendly, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has
established the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).
Green buildings are environmentally sustainable buildings that use minimum resources and
contribute in lesser waste generation. Whether Green buildings are really green is to be decided
against the predefined rating systems. There are three primary Rating systems in India- (1) GRIHA,
(2) IGBC and (3) BEE. IGBC rating system is the most dominant rating system in India. However,
IGBC rating systems are for new buildings and leaves existing building untouched for such ratings.
To address existing buildings to be rated for green building rating systems; IGBC has launched
exclusive ‘IGBC Green Existing Building O&M Rating in April 2013. By applying IGBC Green
Existing Building O&M criteria, existing buildings can be sustainable over the life cycle of the
building. By using these new criteria, the building owner and developer can apply green concepts
to reduce the environmental impacts and measure the outcome. As per IGBC, existing building can
reduce water & energy consumption by around 15 – 30 % and also reduce waste and contribute in
pollution reduction. This in turn provides better
health & higher satisfaction levels for occupants.
IGBC Green Existing Building O&M Rating will
be governed by Green Existing Buildings O&M
Committee. The committee includes facility
managers, corporate, government, builders,
developers, architects, consultants, manufacturers
and industry representatives. Every year, the rating
system will be reviewed by the committee. This
will ensure that it is updated and contemporary.
Key important points about IGBC Green Existing
Building O&M Rating;

IGBC Green Existing Buildings O&M Rating

System is voluntary.

1. The rating is designed to suit all building types in all climatic zones and is for both air-
conditioned and non-air conditioned buildings.
2. The pilot version of IGBC Existing Buildings O&M rating system is applicable for all types of
non-residential buildings e.g. office buildings, IT Parks, BPOs, shopping malls, hotels, hospitals,
airports, banks, etc.
3. Residential and Factory buildings will not be eligible. They can use other existing rating
systems. However, Buildings which are 80% occupied with respect to the carpet area and
operational for a minimum of one year are eligible for certification under IGBC Existing
Buildings O&M rating. In addition, Projects already certified and operational for more than 1
year are also eligible
4. Campus projects having multiple buildings can be considered as one single project for
registration and certification. However each building has to individually conform to the energy,
water and fresh air mandatory requirements.
5. Unlike other available rating system, this new rating systems will have very less documentation
requirement.

Page 6 of 12
6. Water management has maximum weightage in rating. For energy related aspects, following
standards are recommended to use – Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) or the
Energy Performance Index (EPI) by BEE.
7. Levels of certification are (1) Certified for Best Practices, (2) Silver rating for outstanding
performance (3) Gold rating for national excellence (4) Platinum rating for global leadership.
8. IGBC Existing Buildings O&M rating will be valid for a period of 3 years from the date of issue of
the certification.
National Building Code of India 2016
The National Building Code of India (NBC) provides guidelines for regulating the building
construction activities across the country. It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies
involved in building construction works. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations,
development control rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations
regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety); building and plumbing
services; approach to sustainability; and asset and facility management. The Code was first
published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission and then first revised in 1983. Thereafter
three major amendments were issued to the 1983 version, two in 1987 and the third in 1997. The
second revision of the Code was in 2005, to which two amendments were issued in 2015. The
revised Code has been brought out in 2016 as National Building Code of India 2016 reflecting the
state-of-the-art and contemporary applicable international practices.

The comprehensive NBC 2016 contains 12 Parts some of which are further divided into Sections
totaling 33 chapters. The salient features of the revised NBC include, apart from other changes
made, the changes specially in regard to further enhancing our response to meet the challenges
posed by natural calamities. The NBC 2016 contains chapters on development control rules and
general building requirements, fire and life safety, building materials, structural design,
construction management, practices and safety and building services besides others.

Page 7 of 12
Objectives
• Familiarize with Mission Housing for all by 2022 by Govt. of India
• To enhance professional capacity of engineers, architect and town planners the country on
the aspects of innovation in building materials and construction technologies
• To make aware of the fallacies in the ongoing construction practices in the country, pros
and cons of building permit process and familiarize with correctives measure against
impending hazards
• Familiarize with prefab construction, 3D printing, Building Information Management,
Digital surveillance in the project sites, etc.

Capacity building framework

• Awareness: Create awareness about disaster risk reduction and preparedness among
individuals and communities through electronic, print and folk media
• Education: Include disaster management education in curriculum of schools and
professional courses
• Training: Train disaster managers at all levels to equip them with necessary knowledge
and skills
• Retraining: Upgrade knowledge and skills through periodic training and exercises
• Sensitization: Sensitize policy and decision makers at national and provincial levels
• Building health & environics: To familiarize with geo-pathic stress and correcting
measures for Mobile/Wi-Fi induced health hazards
• Technology Improvisation: Upgrade with current trends and feasibility of adopting the
same for PM mission for housing by 2022
Target Group
This programme is primarily designed for people across the humanitarian to development spectrum,
who may in some capacity be involved in light-weight and Prefabricated construction activities at
different levels. The programme will be useful for architects, engineers, planners, administrators,
and teaching faculties involved in teaching and research in this area.

Classroom lectures by experts

• Mission Housing for all by 2022: scope and current update vis-à-vis with modern
technology
• Prefab technology – state of the art
• 3D printing in construction and scope for PMAY-U &R
• Introduction to Civic facilities, infrastructures developments, past disaster events and their
impact on national/state/local economy
• Familiarity with building bye-laws and National Building Code - 2016
• Sharing Lessons from Construction industries and demonstration/showcase of various
technique
Page 8 of 12
The programme will commence on Monday, June 25, 2018 and will conclude on Friday June 29,
2018 at NIDM, 4th Floor, NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001.
Registration
The participants of the programme will assemble at NIDM and register themselves on Monday,
June 25, 2018, at 9.00 a.m. onwards. NIDM Team will assist them in Registration.
Programme Details
The training programme schedule, list of participants, faculty involved and the Programme Staff
assisting this programme are included.
Faculty for the Programme
Besides NIDM, faculty from various leading organizations working in the area of building
construction will be invited for interaction with the participants of the programme.
Evaluation of the Programme
The final session of the programme will be devoted to panel discussion, evaluation of the course
content and valediction, practical demonstration of prefab house and light weight housing
technologies. The participants will be supplied with an evaluation proforma, which may be
completed and handed over to the Programme staff.
Certificate
A Certificate of participation will be awarded to each participant on successful completion of the
programme.

Page 9 of 12
Schedule (tentative)
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Hrs (June 25) (June 26) (June 27) (June 28) (June 29)
9:00 Registration
10:00 Inauguration Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation –
- 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day
10:15
10:15 Expectations, Engineering Making 10 Light weight Green
- Experience Approaches for storey building disaster resistant Building
11:30 Sharing & achieving in 48 hrs: Case construction in Rating system
Ground Rules Housing for all study Hilly terrain – case study
- CG, AAK by 2022
- Shailesh Kr – Mr Harpal - CG, NIDM - Prem C.
Agarwal, Singh Saggu, Jain, IGBC
BMTPC Chandigarh
11:30 Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break

11:45 Mission SOA of Prefab Healthy Living Earthquake 3D Printing

- Housing for all Technology in homes & proof housing – Technology in
13:00 by 2022 : industries a myth or reality Construction –
Overview - Mr N K - Ajay/Pranab (use of Base an overview
Sharma, Poddar, Isolation
Hindustan Environics technology)
-CG/AAK, Prefab, Delhi Ltd., Delhi - Ratish - CG, NIDM
NIDM Jain/CG
13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break
13:45 Innovations Prefab Tsunami Innovative Use of
- Building Construction & Reconstruction Building geosynthetics
15:15 Materials and Green Building – case studies materials – for disaster
Codal Materials/Exhibi current trends safe living
perspectives tion
- Chandan - Dr Pawan - Raheel Raza, - Raghav
Ghosh - N K Sharma Kumar, TCPO KeraKoll Vohra,
(CG), & team Terrain
NIDM Infratech
15:15 Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break
15:30 Use of Flyash & National Field Visit to e-Homes & Training
- AAC block in Building Code - Modcrete Blox prefab evaluation
17:00 light weight 2016 Factory, technology exercises
construction NOIDA
- Sanjay Pant/ Valedictory
- Sanjeev K. Arun Kumar, - CG, AAK - CG, AAK Function
Jindal, BIS
Modcrete Blox
17:00 Summary of 1st Summary of 2nd Summary of 3rd Summary of 4th Page 10 of 12
- day’s program day’s program day’s program day’s program
17:15
Faculty for the Programme
NIDM Faculty
Name Address
Shri B. H. Anil Kumar, IAS Executive Director, NIDM
Dr. Chandan Ghosh (CG), Course Director, NIDM,
Professor & Head, Geohazards Division cghosh24@gmail.com
Dr. Amir Ali Khan (AAK), Assistant Professor NIDM, alikhanamir@gmail.com
External Resource Persons
Name Address
1. Sanjeev Kumar Jindal, Modcrete Blox, Ashtech Buildpro India Pvt Ltd,
Managing Director NOIDA
2. Sanjay Pant, Director & Head Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan,
Civil Engg Divn. /Arun Kumar 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002,
(Sc. C) /Madhurima Madhav India
(Sc. C)
3. Mr Harpal Singh Saggu, Synergy Group, Chandigarh, India
Managing Director
4. Shri N K Sharma, Project
(A Govt. of India Enterprise)
Manager (C) Jangpura, New Delhi – 110014
India
5. Raghav Vohra, Director Terrain Infratech, #507, 5th Floor, Sohna Road,
Gurgaon, email: raghav@terrainonfratech.in
6. Dr Pawan Kumar, TCPO, Assistant Town Planner, TCPO, Ministry of Urban
Delhi Development, Govt. of India
7. Ajay/Pranab Poddar, Environics, 133-A,2nd Floor, Lane No.01,Westend
Managing Director Marg, Saidulajab, New Delhi-110030.
8. Raheel Reza, Manager KeraKoll India, Green Building Company, Jasola
120, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110076
9. Dr Prem C. Jain, Chairman, Chairman AECOM
CII- IGBC
Contact Address:
Dr Chandan GHOSH, Ph.D.(IIT-K), Dr.Engg.(Ibaraki Univ., Japan)
Professor & Head [GeoHazards]
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
4th Floor,, NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, INDIA
Tel: +91 11 2343 8297(direct), Cell +91 99686 68503
Web: www.nidm.gov.in

Location Map:
(https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Ministry+of+Home+Affairs+(MHA)/@28.6285649,77.21177
32,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x5bab46b0895abf9f!8m2!3d28.6276122!4d77.2144407?hl=en ) .
Page 11 of 12
 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NIDM)
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
Nomination Form

Name of the Program: National Level Training Course on “DISASTER RESILIENT

BUILDINGS: PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY”
Date & Venue: 25-29 June 2018 at NIDM, New Delhi

Name of the Nominee:

Designation: Age:

Name and Address of the Organisation:

Residential Address:

Telephone: STD Code:

Office: Residence:
Mobile: Fax:
Email:
Expectation from the Course:

Have you attended any NIDM course earlier: Yes/No, If yes may please mention the name & dates

In what way do you think that this training will be useful for you?

Accommodation requirement during training (Required/Not required)

Date: _________________
Name and Designation of the
Nominating Authority (with Seal)
(Please fill all the details in Nomination form for NIDM data base record)
Address: NIDM, A-Wing, 4th Floor, NDCC-II Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-
110001, Phone: 011 – 23438297, Fax: 011-23438290/8288 Email: cghosh24@gmail.com
Page 12 of 12
 Schedule (tentative)
Disaster Resilient Buildings: Use of Prefabricated/Light Weight/Green Technology
Venue: NIDM campus, New Delhi 110001, Date: June 25-29, 2018
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Hrs (June 25) (June 26) (June 27) (June 28) (June 29)
9:00 Registration
10:00 Inauguration Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation –
- 1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day
10:15
10:15 Expectations, Engineering Making 10 Light weight Green
- Experience Approaches for storey building disaster resistant Building
11:30 Sharing & achieving in 48 hrs: Case construction in Rating system
Ground Rules Housing for all study Hilly terrain – case study
by 2022
- CG, AAK - Shailesh Kr – Mr Harpal - CG, NIDM - Prem C.
Agarwal, Singh Saggu, Jain, IGBC
BMTPC Chandigarh
11:30 Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break

11:45 Mission 3D Printing Healthy Living Earthquake Green building

- Housing for all Technology in in homes & proof housing – materials and
13:00 by 2022 : Construction – industries a myth or reality technologies
Overview an overview (use of Base
- Ajay/Pranab Isolation
Poddar, technology)
-CG/AAK, Environics - Ratish
NIDM Ltd., Delhi Jain/CG
13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break
13:45 Innovations in Prefab Innovative Innovative Use of
- Building Construction & Building Building geosynthetics
15:15 Materials and Green Building materials & materials – for disaster
Codal Materials/Exhibi technologies current trendssafe living
perspectives tion - Raghav
- Chandan - Mr N K - A.K Mullick, - Raheel Raza, Vohra,
Ghosh (CG), Sharma, Former DG, KeraKoll Terrain
NIDM Hindustan NCCBM Infratech
Prefab, Delhi
15:15 Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break
15:30 Use of Flyash & National Field Visit to Prefabricated Training
- AAC block in Building Code - Modcrete Blox low cost Rural evaluation
17:00 light weight 2016 – Factory, house (PMAY- exercises
construction provision for NOIDA G) technology
Innovation Valedictory
Function
- Sanjeev K. - Sanjay Pant/ - SK Jindal - D. Datta,
Jindal, Arun Kumar, /CG, AAK INSDAG,
Modcrete Blox BIS Kolkata

17:00 Summary of 1st Summary of 2nd Summary of 3rd Summary of 4th

- day’s program day’s program day’s program day’s program
17:15
 Training Program
on
DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF
PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Venue: YMCA Campus, New Delhi 110001
Date: June 25-29, 2018
KEYWORDS: Prefab, light weight, 3D printing, SCC, Geo-
polymer concrete, EPS, Green building, AAC, Flyash bricks,
Nanotechnology & biomimicry, foamcrete, GRIHA, LEED,
BEE, IGBC, confined masonry, FRP, retrofitting, base
isolation, earthquake resistant, solar power, IoT, e-Homes,…
Organized by:
Resilient India: Disaster free India
National Institute of Disaster Management
(Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India)
NDCC-II, A-Wing, 4th Floor, Jai Singh Road,
New Delhi 110001
www.nidm.gov.in
Introduction
Factors like light weight properties, faster construction, Prefab
construction, 3D printing, floatable concrete, energy savings due
to superior insulation properties, easy workability, bendable
concrete, transparent concrete, high fire resistance and eco-
friendly nature propels AAC (Aerated Autoclaved Concrete)
blocks as the most superior walling material. Dimensional
accuracy, strict adherence to consistent quality parameters and
superior service levels are hall marks of AAC blocks. Today
more and more stake holders are specifying AAC Blocks in
their projects. Green building rating agencies like IGBC and
GRIHA are also actively involved in propagating such products
which are eco-friendly, cheaper and less labour intensive, to
name a few.
3D printing will become a common or even standard feature in
the fabrication process. The timeline and details remain
uncertain. For almost a decade now, researchers have been
investigating and refining techniques for 3D printing,
or additive manufacturing, in construction. Several specialist
companies have emerged, and several large established
companies—not just construction firms but also manufacturers
of building materials—have started investing in earnest. There
is a strong sense of anticipation. But several issues first need to
be resolved: how ready the market really is; how ready the
industry is to embrace rather than resist the creative-disruptive
force that 3D printing represents; how ready the technology
itself is; and how companies should best leverage the
technology and adapt to it.
Mission Housing for all by 2022
Since independence, India has experienced enormous growth in
the construction industry. Since the last two decades, this
growth has multiplied several times. Growing construction
activity means a growing requirement of land, energy and
materials. Construction of buildings requires various raw
materials which leaves an additional burden on limited natural
resources of earth. In addition, constructed buildings also have
energy and other resource requirements in its lifetime.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), launched in June 2015,
with two components; Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri
Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G and also PMAY-R) for the
rural poor. It is an initiative in which affordable housing will be
provided to the urban poor with a target of building 20 million
affordable houses by 31 March 2022, at the time that Nation
complete 75yrs after freedom. This Mission has four
components viz., In-situ Slum Redevelopment with private
sector participation using land as resource, Affordable Housing
through Credit Linked Subsidy, Affordable Housing in
Partnership with private and public sector and Beneficiary led
house construction/enhancement.
As of 25 April 2016, the government has identified 2,508 cities
and towns in 26 states for beginning construction of houses for
urban poor. A Technology Sub-mission under the Mission is
being set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and
green technologies and building material for faster and
quality construction of houses. The Technology Sub-Mission
is to facilitate preparation and adoption of layout designs and
building plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones. In
addition this Tech mission is to assist States/Cities in deploying
disaster resistant and environment friendly technologies.
The Technology Sub-Mission is to work on the following
aspects: i) Design & Planning ii) Innovative technologies &
materials iii) Green buildings using natural resources and iv)
Earthquake and other disaster resistant technologies and
designs.
Prefabricated Construction Technology?
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of
a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site,
and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to
the construction site where the structure is to be located. The
term is used to distinguish this process from the more
conventional construction practice of transporting the basic
materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried
out. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic
components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps,
gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as
separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which
in the past were fabricated with the whole machine.
Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called
'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.
3D printing technology for housing
Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing
(3DCP) refers to various technologies that use 3D printing as a
core method to fabricate buildings or construction components.
Alternative terms are also in use, such as Large scale Additive
Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to
refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to refer to
concrete extrusion technologies.
The building-on-demand (BOD) by 3D Printhuset, a small office
hotel building, with a 3D printed wall and foundation structure.
The first building of its kind is in Europe. There are a variety of
3D printing methods used at construction scale, these include the
following main methods: extrusion (concrete/
cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond,
reactive bond, sintering) and additive welding. 3D printing at a
construction scale will have a wide variety of applications within
the private, commercial, industrial and public sectors. Potential
advantages of these technologies include faster construction,
lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy, greater
integration of function and less waste produced.
What is Light Weight Housing Technology
Light material is most ideal and cost effective where time and
financial budget is a constraint. This material saves time of
construction due to light weight, handling is easier, needs less
labour and sizes are large than conventional blocks and which
needs less mortar as well. Cellular Lightweight Concrete
(CLC) is conventional concrete, where natural aggregate
gravel) is exchanged for the best insulation medium available,
namely air, embedded in organic and bio-degradable foam that
offers no chemical reaction but solely serves as wrapping
material for the air. Consequently CLC behaves, like
conventional concrete, in particular concerning curing,
hardening and most important “ageing“. CLC infinitely
increases its strength by hydration (forming of crystals in
cement) as long as exposed to humidity in the atmosphere.
Green Rating of buildings
Green Buildings as structures that ensure efficient use of
natural resources like building materials, water, energy and
other resources with minimal generation of non-degradable
waste. In rural India, conventional homes with baked red colour
roof tiles and clay made walls is a really good example of
energy efficient structures that are used to keep cool during
summers and warm during the winters. Today we have
advanced technologies that create smarter systems to control
inside temperature, lighting systems, power and water supply
and waste generation. Green buildings might be a bit heavy on
the purse but are good for the environment. In this rapidly
changing world, we should adopt the technology that helps us to
save precious natural resources. This would lead us to true
sustainable development. There are three primary Rating
systems in India GRIHA, IGBC, BEE.
Objectives
• Familiarize with Mission Housing for all by 2022 by Govt.
of India
• To enhance professional capacity of engineers, architect and
town planners the country on the aspects of innovation in
building materials and construction technologies
• To make aware of the fallacies in the ongoing construction
practices in the country, pros and cons of building permit
process and familiarize with correctives measure against
impending hazards
• Familiarize with prefab construction, 3D printing, Building
Information Management, Digital surveillance in the project
sites, etc.
Capacity building framework
• Awareness: Create awareness about disaster risk
reduction and preparedness among individuals and
communities through electronic, print and folk media
• Education: Include disaster management education in
curriculum of schools and professional courses
• Training: Train disaster managers at all levels to equip
them with necessary knowledge and skills
• Retraining: Upgrade knowledge and skills through
periodic training and exercises
• Sensitization: Sensitize policy and decision makers at
national and provincial levels
• Building health & environics: To familiarize with geo-
pathic stress and correcting measures for Mobile/Wi-Fi
induced health hazards
• Technology Improvisation: Upgrade with current trends
and feasibility of adopting the same for PM mission for
housing by 2022
Target Group
This programme is primarily designed for people across the
humanitarian to development spectrum, who may in some
capacity be involved in light-weight and Prefabricated
construction activities at different levels. The programme will
be useful for architects, engineers, planners, administrators, and
teaching faculties involved in teaching and research in this area.
Classroom lectures by experts
• Mission Housing for all by 2022: scope and current update
vis-à-vis with modern technology
• Prefab technology – state of the art
• 3D printing in construction and scope for PMAY-U &R
• Introduction to Civic facilities, infrastructures developments,
past disaster events and their impact on national/state/local
economy
• Familiarity with building bye-laws and National Building
Code - 2016
• Sharing Lessons from Construction industries and
demonstration/showcase of various technique
The programme will commence on Monday, June 25, 2018 and
will conclude on Friday June 29, 2018 at NIDM, 4th Floor,
NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001.
Registration
The participants of the programme will assemble at NIDM and
register themselves on Monday, June 25, 2018, at 9.00 a.m.
onwards. NIDM Team will assist them in Registration.
Programme Details
The training programme schedule, list of participants, faculty
involved and the Programme Staff assisting this programme are
included.
Faculty for the Programme
Besides NIDM, faculty from various leading organizations
working in the area of building construction will be invited for
interaction with the participants of the programme.
Evaluation of the Programme
The final session of the programme will be devoted to panel
discussion, evaluation of the course content and valediction,
practical demonstration of prefab house and light weight
housing technologies. The participants will be supplied with
an evaluation proforma, which may be completed and handed
over to the Programme staff.
Certificate
A Certificate of participation will be awarded to each participant
on successful completion of the programme.
For Contact:
Dr Chandan GHOSH, [Course Director]
Professor & Head [GeoHazards Division]
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, INDIA
Tel: +91 11 2343 8297(direct), Cell +91 99686 68503
Email: cghosh24@gmail.com, Web: www.nidm.gov.in
 Brochure

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NIDM)

Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
Nomination Form
Name of the Program: BUILDINGS: PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY”
Date & Venue: 25-29 June 2018 at NIDM, New Delhi 110001

Name of the Nominee: _________________________________

Designation: Age:
Name and Address of the Organisation:

Residential Address:

Telephone: STDCode:

Office: Residence:

Mobile: Fax:

Email:
Expectation from the Course:

Have you attended any NIDM training earlier? If yes please mention name of Trg & Date

In what way do you think that this training will be useful for you?

Accommodation requirement during training (Required/Not required)

Date: _________________

Name and Designation of the

Nominating Authority (with Seal)
(Please fill this Nomination form for NIDM data base record: Last date: June 18, 2018)
Address:NIDM,A-Wing,4thFloor,NDCC-IIBuilding,JaiSinghRoad,NewDelhi-110001,
Phone:011–23438297,Fax:011-23438290/8288Email:cghosh24@gmail.com

Page 1 of 1
Innovations in building materials
vs. Prefabricated construction
practices

Prof. Chandan Ghosh

NIDM, New Delhi
What has caused this train to derail?
EQ early warning system and auto-brake applied on 23rd Oct
2004, Mid-Nigata EQ., Japan

• Kyocera co. Japan has installed EQ. early warning system to all its branches
taking data from JMA
 Engineering approach…. To a
project undertaking
• Feasibility vs. importance (projected loss/damage/danger..)
• Cost/Affordability
• Viable Technology vs. Natural selection
• Sustainability and safety assurance
• Environmental impact
• Social impact…

3
Impact of Nepal (April 2015) earthquake on roads: Where to build upon
when ground is not strong enough! Road engineering has to Doctor the
ground and Earthquake effect in the conventional road-pavement design has
to be incorporated
How to store surplus water? On River Bed!! Our
Standards are ???
What we have known so far is the testing of piles…Delhi
Metro..and checking load carrying capacity..
How to Improve foundation – simple means!
No standards!
Long elevated passage NH-24
(Dasna road)….Improvisation!!

8
Speed of construction vs. labour
force vs. skills vs. automation

9
Making flyover vs. under pass

10
Speed vs. efficiency vs cost escalation
vs. skills

11
Slope protection works at Parwanoo, 35km from
Chandigarh
What makes this standing Vertical? New types
of Anchored earth Retaining wall
Nailed slope – No Dynamic methods fit but it’s
stable

14
Sikkim Microzonation – 2006
Site response and predominant frequencies (S.K. Nath et al., 2008)
 Damages due to Geotechnical Issues during Earthquake

18
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay
Mission re-construction..for
all..trenchless technique..

19
Frequency of usage of rail
track/day/population/cost
incurred…containers

20
Building stock – what to do!
• Vulnerability check
• Evaluation for retrofitting
• Assessment of expected loss if failed
• IMPORTANCE factor = decision making => budget
• DPR
• Cost – Tender-selection of agency
• Technology – transfer
• Quality assurance
• Implementation..

21
Safeguarding Building Health
• Feasibility vs.
• cost vs.
• availability of technology

22
Business continuity vs. time vs. affordability

26
Scope for Civil Engg. professional
Use of DAMPERS in GMR (T-3) office
building - retrofitting

28
Retrofitting – office work
undisturbed

29
Base isolators – cheapest in India! IIT-
Guwahati

30
Gated vs. non-gated => toll
collection system => Cost/feasibility

31
Walled vs. not walled slope

32
Poor constructions – Shimla, What are the ways to
handle buildings showing such TILT?
We have known the technique for modern
buildings BUT what about monuments?

34
What kind of decoration is enough on
building with no Frame?

35
Masonry failure at corners
Safety assessment is more of judgement based on
authentic records..than a simple ‘accounting”
exercise..
What amt. of extra steel is reqd.? Rein. At
Corners? Stirrup at 135 deg,bond length??

38
New approaches – new features –
faster => Instrumentation

39
Safety vs. input vs. skill vs. quality
assurance

40
 RVS – what’s not possible to screen
(later)
• Buildings that already constructed – without proper supervision;
mostly by local masons/contractors with little or no knowledge of EQ
resistant measures as per NBC-2005/IS codes
• Plans are passed – not structural details
• Municipalities not bothering quality monitoring ONSITE
• Compromise with quality and compounding fee after
conversions/alterations made

41
Building construction – as per sanctioned plan
[not structural dwg.]
What amount of reinforcement is enough (Zone
IV/V)? Who designs? Ers or STAADpro/SAP?

Srinagar, 3 storey Inst. Building – roof top

43
Delhi – such building could be the victim of
architectural overtures during EQ.
Re-Bar: tailor made into Brick size and
aligning them where-ever reqd.
Use of oversize bar is more apparent than
lapping them as per Code
Lapping of bar is extension – not
much of structural requirement
Owning extra space – basement => foundation
adjustment for a 5 storey …
Construction materials not upto the
mark – but expect that FE500 or 600
will take care of earthquake!
Constructions technologies are tailored such a way
that BEAMs are hidden….and so many others=> RVS
can bring nothing…
ENGINEERING APPROACHES FOR ACHIEVING
HOUSING FOR ALL

Chandan Ghosh, Ph.D., Dr. Engg.

Professor & Head [GeoHazards Divn.]
National Institute of Disaster Management
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
Cost of land vs. cost of unit
flat

2
The Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojna (Urban)
 launched on 25th day of June 2015,
set the target of delivering
approximately 20 million houses by
2022 and subsequently Pradhan
Mantri AwasYojna (Rural) launched
on 1st day of April 2016 envisages 10
million houses in next three years

3
Mission Housing by 2022

 Traditional building materials e.g. brick,

cement, steel, aggregates, sand etc., they are
either based on natural resources which are
finite in nature or energy intensive or emit
greenhouse during production.

4
 cast-in-situ RCC framed construction which is
primarily slow track construction
methodology and is subjected to time &
cost overruns.

5
BMTPC….

 have been identifying, evaluating and

certifying these systems and also in order to
showcase these technologies,
demonstration housing projects
 ..has been conducting capacity building
programmes across India, in partnering with
states, so as to educate practicing engineers
& architects, students, policy makers,
contractors and artisans about these
technologies.
6
CPWD has included New

 Technology Items in Delhi Schedule of Rates

(DSR) 2016 Volume-2 namely
 (a) Light Gauge Steel Framed System (Item No.
26.41 to 26.45),
 (b) Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel System
(Item No. 26.46 to 26.47), and
 (c) Aluminum Formwork for Monolithic
Construction (Item No. 26.48) and their detailed
analysis is given in Delhi Analysis of Rates(DAR)
2016 (Volume-2).

7
National Building Code 2016 by
BIS provisions have been
updated
 to ensure utilization of number of new/alternative
building materials and technologies to provide for
innovation in the field of building construction.
Updated provisions on new alternate technologies
for speedier construction have also been included in
Part-5 BUILDING MATERIALS;
 Part-6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Section 7
Prefabrication and Systems Building and
Mixed/Composite Construction, 7A Prefabricated
Concrete, 7B Systems Building and
Mixed/Composite Construction;
 and Part-7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT,
PRACTICES AND SAFETY
8
Formwork Systems

 1 Monolithic Concrete Construction System –

(a) using Plastic - Aluminium Formwork; and
 (b) using Aluminium Formwork
 2 Modular Tunnel form
 3 Sismo Building Technology

9
Precast Sandwich Panel
Systems
 4 Advanced Building System – EMMEDUE
 5 Rapid Panels
 6 Reinforced EPS Core Panel System
 7 QuickBuild 3D Panels
 8 Concrewall Panel System
 9 Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG)
Panel System

10
Light Gauge Steel Structural
Systems
 10 Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure
(LGSFS)
 11 Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with
Infill Concrete Panels (LGSFS-ICP)

11
Steel Structural Systems

 12 Factory Made Fast Track Building System

 13 Speed Floor System

12
Precast Concrete
Construction Systems
 14 Waffle-Crete Building System
 15 Precast Large Concrete Panel System
 16 Industrialized 3-S system using cellular
light weight concrete slabs & precast columns

13
Performance appraisal
certification system (PACS)
Structural performance against vertical &
lateral loads
 • Fire resistance
 • Protection against rain & moisture.
 • Thermal behaviour
 • Acoustic
 • Ease of fixing services
 • Quality assurance
 • Durability
14
15
Quickbuild 3D panel

16
 Structural Stability
 Durability
 Behavior in earthquake
 Water Tightness
 Thermal Performance
 Acoustic Performance

17
MAJOR WORKS COMPLETED
 • Christ College, Kilacherry (T N) in February 2012
 • Meridian Hotel, White Field, Bangalore in May 2013
 • Bethany School, Koramangalka, Bangalore in October 2013
 • Sure Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad (AP) in November
2013
 • VTRC Ponmeni, Madurai (TN) in December, 2013
 • Vineetha Industries, Adugodi, Bangalore in January 2014
 • SERC Taramani, Chennai (TN) in February 2014
 • VME Reality, Chembarabakkam (TN) in May 2014
 • KPCL Wood House, Kovalam (TN), August 2014
 • Champs Empowering Education, Hyderabad (AP) in August
2014
 Performance Appraisal Certificate No. 1019-S/2015 issued to
Beardsell Ltd, Chennai by BMTPC.
18
19
More than 7000 people are killed/yr
yet it’s not in our Disaster
counting list prepared in 1999..

20
Culture of questioning…

21
Indian PARLIAMENT starred Q. on 22nd
Nov 2012
 Whether our infrastructures are vulnerable to
impending hazards
 Economics of disaster – scientific or unscientific
 Mitigation measures – economically viable or
not

 ANY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT

DONE SO FAR?
 AS OF 2004 REPORT – WE LOSE 2% OF OUR
GDP EVERY YEAR
Culture of Risk-transfer

23
Insured vs. total economic losses in major natural
catastrophes (Source: Swiss Re CatNet database,
AXCO database)

24 June 29, 2018

Essence of Nat DM plan-2016
=> Reducing Risk, enhancing
resilience (DM plan for
state-2007)
http://ndma.gov.in/en/ndma-
Understanding Risk
guidelines.html
Inter-Agency Coordination
moreInvesting
in BMTPC, NIDM,
in DRR – Structural
BIS..IRC.. Measures
Investing in DRR – Non-
Structural Measures
Capacity Development
DM vs. development

 Country scenario – disaster statistics!

 Database – documentation deficiency!
 New technologies – adaptation in
Labs/models/equations!
 Microzonation – scientific Fantasy!
 Early warning (EQ), Weather – Instrumental!
 Landslides – more of warning than solving!
 Building construction – Ers vs.
contractor/architect /Authorities!
 Immediate needs
26
Product development vs.
warrantee – Input vs. output

27
LPG costing Rs 40/day to Gifting a 2W
Solar/Mobile/chargeable LED. Cost of
Shoe Rs400-1000 => 3-5yrs warranty…

28
Taking stock of facilities in
our cities
 Water supply
 Electricity
 Education
 Roads
 Sewerage
 Parks
 Toilets ....
Mapping of City
fascilty/utility – LiDAR
survey
SeeSuite thru’ 3D LiDAR
 SeeCITY | Municipal Administration in
Developmental Control and
Regularization
 SeeBOARD | Outdoor Media Planning and
Management
 SeeHAWK | Street Vendor Registration,
Monitoring, Management, and
Zoning
 SeeESTATE | Estate / Township Management
Solution
 SeeSLUM | Slum Mapping and
Improvement/Rehabilitation
Management Solution
 SeeCURE | Safety and Security Management
Solution in a Unified Interface
 URBAN DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATIONS
SeeCURE
Safety and Security management solution in a unified interface

• Digital reconnaissance of the city

• Assistance in understanding risks on critical facilities

and infrastructure

• Situation assessment (plan/reports)

• Assign and assist first responders with mission critical

information
Technology vs. Natural
selection

37
Vetiver applications in
mined area greening..
These can’t be saved from
earthquake ….threats !
Are these mkt place safe
from….earthquakes? Never…can’t
be…

42
Are these measures good
enough as retrofitting?

43
RC JACKETING OF COLUMNS
What effect – do they bring?

 Acts, Bye-laws, Rules and Regulations enforced

by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) or local Urban
Development Authorities.
 Techno-Legal Regime are not strictly complied
with
 The techno-legal regime implemented in the
jurisdiction of ULBs or local Urban Development
Authorities do not have any regulatory control
over building constructions in rural areas.
 Empanelled professional architects, civil
engineers, geo-technical engineers and
structural engineers – shortcoming!!.
45
Kobe Japan 1995 Northridge CA 1964

Totally collapsed & undamaged Builidings

TV Tower Ahmedabad Undamaged Transmission Tower
near Epicentre
WHAT MIGHT GO WRONG TO OUR EXISTING
BUILDING? COULD WE GIVE EARLY WARNING
FOR NEPAL EQ. TO DELHI-ITES?
 Will collapse like a Card House

Not stable in this direction

Frame without INFIL WALL will be broken easily

52
• Site specific concerns and other comments
• Maintenance concerns and other comments
• General environmental control – housekeeping and other
comments
• Fire & Electrical Hazard Prevention and Safety Concerns And
Other Related Comments
• General safety concerns and other comments
Name and designation of the field
inspector/Engineer:_______________Signature:________
Experience of Inspector/engineer:
Contact No.:
Name and Designation of the Evaluator:________________
Signature:___________
Email: Contact No.
________________
Q1. Does the building have an open storey
with just columns and no Unreinforced Masonry
Infill walls, either at the ground level or
at any intermediate storey level
Seismic actions (IS: 1893-
2002)
 If soft/flexible storeys exist in the building,
were the columns in that storey specially
designed for additional effects?
 Has the effect of unreinforced masonry infills
been accounted for in the structural stiffness
and strength design of building?
 Has analysis of the structure performed to
include effects of torsion?

55
 What is the Importance Factor used in estimating the
design base shear?
 What is the Response reduction Factor used in
estimating the design base shear?
 What is the natural period of the building for shaking
in translation mode along the two horizontal plan
directions?
 What is the Design Base Shear, as a fraction of the
weight of the building,
• Seismic Coefficient Method
• Response Spectrum Method
56
Soft storey – fails but can
be made safer too..

X-bracing takes care of shear

forces due to earthquakes

Soft storey at the ground

Portions where brick walls can
be provided to prevent soft
storey collapse
Crushed cars
Seismic response of building with soft
ground storey
Does the building have floating
columns or floating structural
walls (discontinued in the lower
levels)

62
Are the columns having transverse
reinforcement with 90o hook ends?
64
Structural System

(a) What is the Structural System employed:

• Regular frame,
• Regular frame with shear wall,
• Irregular frame,
• Irregular frame with shear wall,
• Shear wall building,
• Soft storey building, or
• Any other (please identify)?
65
 Levels of Analyses

 1. Rapid visual screening (RVS) procedure requiring only visual

evaluation and limited additional information (Level 1 procedure). This
procedure is recommended for all buildings.
 2. Simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA) procedure requiring
limited engineering analysis based on information from visual
observations and structural drawings or on-site measurements (Level
2 procedure). This procedure is recommended for all buildings with
high concentration of people.
 3. Detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA) procedure requiring
detailed computer analysis, similar to or more complex than that
required for design of a new building (Level 3 procedure). This
procedure is recommended for all important and lifeline buildings.
 Use of RVS
To identify if a particular building requires further evaluation for
assessment of its seismic vulnerability.
2. To rank a city’s or community’s (or organisation’s seismic
rehabilitation needs.
3. To design seismic risk management program for a city or a
community.
4. To plan post-earthquake building safety evaluation efforts.
5. To develop building-specific seismic vulnerability information for
purposes such as regional rating, prioritisation for redevelopment
etc.
6. To identify simplified retrofitting requirements for a particular
building (to collapse prevention level) where further evaluations
are not feasible.
7. To increase awareness among city residents regarding seismic
vulnerability of buildings.
DEVELOPMENT OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE

Dr. Dhirendra Singhal

Professor and Chairperson
Department of Civil Engineering
DCRUST, Murthal 131 039

25 June 2018
 Concrete can be defined as a construction
material which consists of water and
aggregates. These aggregates are bonded
together with some binding material. The
binding material is generally hydraulic
cement. Conventional concrete which is used
at present is most widely used construction
material. This is because
 Concrete is economical and its ingredients are
easily available in all parts of the world
 Structural elements of various shapes and
sizes can be formed as it is plastic in nature
during fresh state

Jubilee Church in Rome

DMRC-Delhi Metro
Lotus Temple New Delhi

Sydney Opera House

 It has excellent water resistance
The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921, when
excavations in what would become Pakistan revealed the cities of
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. This mysterious culture emerged nearly
4,500 years ago and thrived for a thousand years, profiting from the
highly fertile lands of the Indus River floodplain and trade with the
civilizations of nearby Mesopotamia.
Sanchi Stupa is India’s oldest stone structure, by Emperor Ashoka
and built over the remains of Buddha in a glorious endeavour to
honour them. Sanchi Stupa is a magnificent exemplar of not just
Buddhist and Mauryan art and architecture, but also of faith and
reverence. Its foundation was overlain by Emperor Ashoka in 3rd
century BC.
Pont du Gard, France

Nîmes was one of the greatest cities in Gaul when it became a colony under Roman
law in 45 B.C. The population grew rapidly to reach some 20,000 inhabitants under
the dynamic influence of the Roman civilization.

The city's water requirements had previously been met by the Nemausus spring but
construction of an aqueduct enabled Nîmes to flourish around a prestigious urban
development including fountains, spas, sewage networks, monuments and thus
acquire much sought after prestige.
Nîmes aqueduct was a major construction operation that took some 15 years to build
between 40 and 60 A.D.
 HISTORY OF CEMENT

 The origin of hydraulic cements goes back to

ancient Greece and Rome. The materials used
were lime and a volcanic ash that slowly reacted
with it in the presence of water to form a hard
mass. This formed the cementing material of the
Roman mortars and concretes of 2,000 years ago
and of subsequent construction work in western
Europe. Volcanic ash mined near what is now the
city of Pozzouli in Italy, was particularly rich in
essential aluminosilicate minerals, giving rise to
the classic pozzolana cement of the Roman era.
 The invention of Portland cement usually is
attributed to Joseph Aspidin of Leeds, Yorkshire
England, who in 1824 took out a patent for a
material that was produced from a synthetic mixture
of limestone and clay. He called the product
“Portland cement” because of a fancied resemblance
of the material, when set, to Portland stone, a
limestone used for building in England.
 China and India had become the world leaders in
cement production, followed by the United States,
Brazil, Turkey, and Iran.
The Pulpit Rock is on the southern end of the
Isle of Portland in Dorset. Portland stone is
quarried on the island and was used in many
famous buildings for example Buckingham
Palace, The White House, St Pauls Cathedral
.
 1.35 million tons of greenhouse gases are emitted through the
manufacture of OPC each year.

 CO2 is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, from

combustion of fuels in the kiln, as well as from power
generation.

 During the production of the 1 Tonne cement, 0.85 Tonne CO2

is emitted & consumes 120-130 electricity units.

 7% of the global CO2 is caused by cement industries.

 Hilly regions have been severely damaged for limestone, which

is the main raw material for the production of cement.
 Extent of energy required to produce OPC is
only next to steel and aluminum.

 Dumping of the waste materials into the ground is also a major

problem.

 Byproducts(fly ash, rice husk ash, GGBS etc.) of different natural

materials creates opportunity to utilize them.
 Geopolymer Concrete is without Cement.

 Siliceous material with Alkaline liquids are used as binding material

to replace cement.

 Constituents of Geopolymer Concrete :

(i) Source material with high Al and Si.
Fly ash, Rice husk ash, GGBS, Clays etc.
These are mainly waste materials and requires significant efforts
for removal.
(ii) Alkaline liquid.
NaOH(sodium hydroxide) and Na2SiO3(sodium silicate).
AUTHORS TARGET FLY SAND C.A TEMP. WATER Na2SiO3/ COMP. WORKABILIT
NAME STRENGT ASH (KG) (KG) (DEGREE KG NaOH STRENGT Y
H (KG) CELCIUS) (KG) H (MM)
(MPa) (MPa)
28 days

Malathy et. ----------- 383 503 1078 N.M 110 160/80 29.00 220
al

LLOYED & ----------- 408 554 1294 60 88 103/41 30.00 100

RANGAN

RAIJIWALA ----------- 425 505 1005 60 100 148/59.5 40.00 N.M

et. al

PRABIR ----------- 408 616 1232 70 NIL 103/55 66.00 N.M

KUMAR

• From the above given data it can be concluded that achieved strength is not
against the targeted strength.
• Less data is available regarding the workability of Geopolymer concrete.
• Data is not available about the GGBS & Rice husk ash based GPC.
 Localavailable material (C.A, F.A & Waste Materials)
was used for study in order to minimise the cost.

 Ratio
of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide was kept
2.5 as when this value increases , GPC becomes
uneconomical than OPC.

 Three different curing temperature (ambient(27), 60

and 90 degree) were considered to study the effect of
curing.

 Threewaste materials as a binder along with different

quantum were used to study the properties of GPC and
to develop design aids for mix design of GPC.

 Three different concentration of the NaOH were

considered in the study.
 Rest period of 24hour was given to the GPC samples before heat
curing.
 Alccofine was introduced into the GPC matrix to achieve the target
strength at room temperature.
 The testing was done after 3, 7 and 28 days using Indian standard
methods.
VARIABLES:
 Waste Material: - Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, GGBS.
 NaOH concentration: - 8M, 12M and 16M

 Temperature: 27O , 60O ,90O C

 Binder quantum :- 350, 375 and 400 kg/cum.

Constants:
 Na2SiO3/ NaOH = 2.5
 Rest Period = 1 Days

 W/GPB = 0.27

 AAL/binder ratio = 0.45

FLY ASH

Composition Processed Un- IS 3812

(%)
Fly Ash Processed requirement
Fly Ash

Silica + alumina + iron oxide 95.91 91.25 70.0 (Min)

(SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3): wt%
Silica ( SiO2) : wt% 62.55 56.90 35.0 (Min)

Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt% 0.87 0.85 Not specified

Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 0.39 1.21 5.0 (Max)

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 1.32 1.38 3.0 (Max)

Sodium oxide (Na2O) : wt% 0.46 0.52 1.5 (Max)

Total chlorides : wt% 0.05 0.025 0.05 (Max)

Loss on ignition : wt% 0.52 1.85 5.0 (Max)

Fineness-specific surface, 321.7 255.2 320 (Min)
m2/kg
 Composition Rice Husk Ash

(%)
Silica (SiO2) : wt% 92.96
Alumina (Al2O3) : wt% 0.14
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) : wt% 0.05
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) : 0.01
wt%
Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt% 0.45
Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 0.19

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 1.32

Sodium oxide (Na2O) : wt% 0.29
Potassium oxide K2O : wt% 2.38
P2O5 : wt% 0.29
Loss on ignition : wt% 3.24
Specific gravity 2.13
Specific surface area m2/kg 355

RHA
 Composition GGBS

(%)

Iron oxide (Fe2O3): wt% 2.0

Silica (SiO2) : wt% 37.50
Alumina (Al2O3)
Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt%
13.80
42.2
GGBS
Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 3.70
Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 0.20
Loss on ignition : wt% 0.60
Specific gravity 2.60
Specific surface area m2/kg 375
ALCCOFINE

Chemical Composition Physical Properties

Constituents Composition (%) Physical Property Results
Fe2O3 1.20 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 680
SO3 0.13 Specific Gravity 2.70
SiO2 35.30 Particle Size Distribution d10 1.8
MgO 8.20 (in micro metre) d50 4.4
Al2O3 21.40 d90 8.9
CaO 32.20 Specific Surface Area 12000
cm2/gm
SODIUM SILICATE

SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Item Specification

Color Color-less

Density, gm/cm3 1.45-1.55

Total solids content, by

45:52
mass%
MIXTURE PROPORTIONS, RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
MIX DETAIL FOR TRIAL PRILIMNARY LABORATORY
WORK
Mix No./ Designation Quantity of ingredients ( kg/m3)
Coarse aggregates Fine Fly Alccofin

Na2SiO3
NaOH

Water
14 mm 10 mm 7 Aggregates Ash e (%age
mm of fly
ash)
M1A0/M1A0P 614 460 269 575 350 0.0 38 95 36.02
M1A0UP 614 460 269 575 350 0.0 38 95 36.02
M1A5 614 460 269 575 350 5 38 95 36.02
M1A10 614 460 269 575 350 10 38 95 36.02
M2A0/M2A0P 600 450 260 565 370 0.0 44.4 111 31.58
M2A0UP 600 450 260 565 370 0.0 44.4 111 31.58
M2A5 600 450 260 565 370 5 44.4 111 31.58
M2A10 600 450 260 565 370 10 44.4 111 31.58
M3A0/M3A0P 565 445 255 540 400 0.0 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A0UP 565 445 255 540 400 0.0 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A5 565 445 255 540 400 5 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A10 565 445 255 540 400 10 52.58 131.45 27.07

Workability (slump) of fly ash
based geopolymer concrete
with different content of
alccofines from 0% to 10%. (
FA- Fly ash, AF-Alccofine)

Comparison of compressive
strength of processed and
unprocessed fly ash based
GPC.
 Effect of variation of fly ash content, alccofine, curing type and age of
casting on the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.
MIXTURE PROPORTIONS FOR DESIGN AIDS
Curing
Total
Fine Coarse Molarity: Temperature
Fly Ash Alkaline NaOH Extra water
Mixture Aggregate Aggregate NaOH Na2SiO3 (oC) / Rest
[Kg/Cum] Solution [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum]
[Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [M] Alccofine Plasticizer Period (hrs.)
[Kg/Cum]
[Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum]
M1FAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M2FAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 90 / 24
M3FAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 90 / 24
M4FAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M5FAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 90 / 24
M6FAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 90 / 24
M7FAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M8FAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 90 / 24
M9FAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 90 / 24
M10FAGC 533 1243 533 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M11FAGC 521 1215 521 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M12FAGC 508 1186 508 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M13FAGC 531 1239 531 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 60 / 24
M14FAGC 519 1210 519 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M15FAGC 506 1181 506 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M16FAGC 530 1236 530 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 60 / 24
M17FAGC 517 1207 517 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M18FAGC 505 1178 505 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M19FAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M20FAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M21FAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
M22FAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M23FAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M24FAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
M25FAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M26FAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M27FAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
 Total Curing
Fine Coarse Rice Husk Molarity:
Alkaline NaOH Extra water Temperature
Mixture Aggregate Aggregate Ash NaOH Na2SiO3
Solution [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] Alccofine Plasticizer (oC) / Rest
[Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [M]
[Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] Period (hrs.)
M1RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M2RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M3RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M4RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M5RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 90 / 24
M6RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 90 / 24
M7RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M8RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 90 / 24
M9RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 90 / 24
M10RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24
M11RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M12RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M13RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 60 / 24
M14RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M15RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M16RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 60 / 24
M17RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 60 / 24
M18RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 60 / 24
M19RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M20RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M21RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
M22RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M23RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M24RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
M25RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 27 / 24
M26RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 27 / 24
M27RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 27 / 24
 Coarse Molarity: Total Alkaline Curing
Fine Aggregate GGBS NaOH Extra water
Mixture Aggregate NaOH Solution Na2SiO3 Plasticizer Temperature (oC) /
[Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum]
[Kg/Cum] [M] [Kg/Cum] [Kg/Cum] Rest Period (hrs.)
M1GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 90 / 24

M2GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 90 / 24

M3GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 90 / 24

M4GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 90 / 24

M5GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 90 / 24

M6GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 90 / 24

M7GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 90 / 24

M8GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 90 / 24

M9GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 90 / 24

M10GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 90 / 24

M11GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 60 / 24

M12GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 60 / 24

M13GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 60 / 24

M14GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 60 / 24

M15GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 60 / 24

M16GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 60 / 24

M17GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 60 / 24

M18GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 60 / 24

M19GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 27 / 24

M20GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 27 / 24

M21GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 27 / 24

M22GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 27 / 24

M23GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 27 / 24

M24GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 27 / 24

M25GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 27 / 24

M26GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 27 / 24

M27GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 27. 24

 WORKABILITY
Mix Designation Fly ash / Slump Compacting
Molarity (mm) factor
M1FAGC 350 / 8M 60 0.79
M2FAGC 375 / 8M 110 0.87
M3FAGC 400 / 8M 160 0.95
M4FAGC 350 / 12M 55 0.76
M5FAGC 375 / 12M 105 0.85
M6FAGC 400 / 12M 155 0.93
M7FAGC 350 / 16M 50 0.75
M8FAGC 375 / 16M 100 0.82
M9FAGC 400 / 16M 140 0.90

FLY ASH BASED GPC

Mix Designation Rice husk ash / Slump Compacting
Molarity (mm) factor
M1RHAGC 350 / 8M 50 0.74
M2RHAGC 375 / 8M 95 0.80
M3RHAGC 400 / 8M 145 0.88
M4RHAGC 350 / 12M 45 0.71
M5RHAGC 375 / 12M 85 0.76
M6RHAGC 400 / 12M 135 0.85
M7RHAGC 350 / 16M 40 0.67
M8RHAGC 375 / 16M 75 0.70
M9RHAGC 400 / 16M 120 0.80

RHA BASED GPC

 Mix GGBS / Slump Compacting
Designation Molarity (mm) factor
M1GGBSGC 350 / 8M 50 0.82
M2GGBSGC 375 / 8M 85 0.89
M3GGBSGC 400 / 8M 140 0.96
M4GGBSGC 350 / 12M 45 0.81
M5GGBSGC 375 / 12M 75 0.87
M6GGBSGC 400 / 12M 125 0.95
M7GGBSGC 350 / 16M 40 0.77
M8GGBSGC 375 / 16M 70 0.86
M9GGBSGC 400 / 16M 110 0.93

GGBS BASED GPC

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLY ASH BASED GPC
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RHA BASED GPC
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GGBS BASED GPC
COMPARISON OF MICRO GRAPHICAL
BEHAVIOR OF GPC WITH CC

Plate 1 Conventional concrete SEM images

Plate 2 Geopolymer concrete SEM images

 Needle shaped crystals

Geopolymeric gel

Voids

Scanning Electron
Micrograph of fly ash
geopolymer concrete
with 5% Alccofine at
ambient temperature curing.
 Scanning Electron Micrograph of fly ash
geopolymer concrete with 0% Alccofine at
heat curing.

Scanning Electron
Micrograph of fly ash
geopolymer concrete with
5% Alccofine at heat curing.
THANKS
Built Environment and
Governance

Ranit Chatterjee, PhD

Contents

1. Presentation on built environment and governance

2. Peer learning exercise to identify current problems and

innovative solutions
 Contrasting skylines in Japan
Tokyo

Kyoto
Disasters and city planning of Kyoto
Disasters and Amend to Building Codes
 Revision of Building codes in 1981
There was a significant improvement in seismic design requirements in 1980.
Ministry of Construction organized an integrated technical development project,
entitled “Development of New Earthquake Resistant Design (1972-1977).”

The research findings were reflected in the revision of the building code; i.e., design
seismic forces were specified

•By storey shear (resistance in each storey) rather than horizontal forces at floor
levels

•In terms of fundamental period of the structure.

•Using traditional allowable stress design format for serviceability examination.
•Lateral resistance at failure for safety examination.
Revision of Building codes in 1981
Impact of Kobe Earthquake on Buildings
Impact of Kobe Earthquake on Buildings

No soft Storey

With soft Storey

School as safe shelter
Urban governance for Mitigating Disasters
 Demolition of unoccupied houses for reducing fire
• 6 months of no occupancy
• Non payment of electricity and gas bills
• Visit by city officials to check occupancy
Need for a Multi-stakeholder Approach
How to tackle issues of Built Environment
 Part -2

Peer Learning Exercise

What is current status of Building code
implementation?

What are possible reasons for this?

What are different urban/rural projects where
building codes can be integrated

What are present limitations

What could be done to manage these problems

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

PART 11 – APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

KALEIDOSCOPE INNOVATIONS
AMOR KOOL
SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABILITY
EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
ANALYTICAL RESPONSE
 SUSTAINABILITY GOALS
• Building designed and constructed to
function as elegantly and efficiently as a
living being
• Building informed by its bio-region’s
characteristics
• Building generates its all energy
• Building captures and treats all of its
water
• Building operates efficiently and for
maximum beauty
• The development is: Socially Just,
Culturally Rich, Economically Viable
and Ecologically Benign
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA
2016
• Approach to Sustainability
• Siting Form and Design
• External Development and Landscape
• Envelope Optimization
• Materials
• Water and Waste Management
• Building Services Optimization
• Constructional Practices
• Operations and Maintenance
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
Need for Sustainable Development

• With increasing urbanization and rapid rise in people’s economic level and
consumption pattern in many parts of the country, there is an increasing trend
to consume more natural resources per capita.

• Realizing this fact, there are efforts for a changing approach towards nature
from ‘humanization of nature’ to ‘naturization of human’ and more
recently towards sustainable development. The concept is to ensure that every
living being on earth will have equal opportunity to utilize the natural resources
for survival and mutual sustenance.
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
• Set the design parameters to be implemented to be equal to or higher than
benchmarking standards given in this Code.

• Make the basic performance requirements and set standards,

applicable/selectively adaptable to the climatic zone and geological
conditions.

• Have deep understanding of requirements of performance and human

comfort, considering building type and use, quality of building and plumbing
services desired.

• Question the need, identify their optimum levels in long term scenario, and
take the design provisions
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
• Ensure what is sustainable today, remains that way in decades to
come, and ensure the required performance levels of systems
designed.
• Ensure that sustainability is not only in parts, but also a holistic effort.
• Make efforts to maximize the use of traditional wisdom in design,
wherever applicable
• While having an open approach, assess new materials and technologies for
their long term impact in the context of the country and its development
priorities.
• Take decision making processes to measurable levels wherever feasible, in
order to make judicious choices.
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
• Encouraging and harnessing building materials out of agricultural, industrial and
bio-wastes, which have an enormous scope for regeneration.
• Encouraging indigenous environment friendly and acceptable cost-effective
technologies and practices in identifying and pursuing sustainable developments
amenable to local, cultural and resource diversity.
• Identifying and encouraging appropriate technologies for more research and
development applications.
• Making building construction more indigenous, more adaptable to local climatic
zone and executionable to achieve the basic provisions for sustainable
development
• Encouraging use of traditional materials, technologies, vernacular design
and construction practices, which have stood the test of time and which may
be blended with the modern technology applications.
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• Identify the geomorphology; river, coastal and cyclonic proximity; and climatic
zone related disasters risks.
• Identify population, business related disasters and vulnerabilities.
• Carry out risk assessment through hazard analysis and vulnerability analysis
including possible combining effects of multiple hazards.
• Identify the socio-economic, sociopolitical hazards and vulnerabilities attributed
to man-made disasters
• Prepare a disaster risk mitigation plan supported with sufficient budgetary
provisions.
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• The disaster resistant building construction and infrastructure development
features shall form part of the submittal to the Authority for statutory approvals
• Establish/nominate a responsible senior person/safety officer as controller for
regulating, planning and monitoring disaster preparedness plan for whole project
• Prepare and have mock drills at regular intervals for creating awareness and
response preparation amongst stakeholder involved.
• Prepare operation manual for post-construction operation and up keep of disaster
resistant features and equipment
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

The process flow from concept, design, construction,

commissioning, operation and maintenance, and also
decommissioning and disposal at the end of useful life of
structure, should be planned and important steps chalked
out for sustainable development.
APPLICABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

• This code is applicable to all buildings erected

• Owner can evaluate their existing building under this code
• May also be applicable for large development projects
• The code discusses options from sustainability point of view for guiding
• This part also prescribes provisions to be necessarily comply to achieve
objective of sustainability
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
Site Assessment Prior to Design
• Establish, if there are any protected areas such as floodplains; forest
department areas; water bodies such as sea, lakes, rivers, wetlands,
tributaries and/or streams; coastal regulation protected areas; defence
areas; public parks and recreation areas; natural contours /terrain
requiring protection and agricultural land and demonstrate that no critical
natural resource is impacted by the project and/or dredging operations.
• Establish the degree to which the existing soil at site and hydrology has
been disturbed prior to development and demonstrate various site erosion
protection measures.
• Identify and ensure diversion, avoidance of existing water, power,
communication, sewerage lines, saving/replanting of old trees, removal of
existing invasive vegetation
• Identify and ascertain the natural resources available onsite and
surrounding areas and ensure optimum utilization of the same
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
Building Form Orientation and Shading
• There is adequate provision for external shading of the facades during the
peak summer season;.
• There is adequate provision for vertical shading to prevent direct solar
radiation and glare due to low altitude sun angles, specifically on the
eastern and western facades
• The building is oriented optimally based on sun-path and engineering
analysis.
• There is adequate protection for the building envelope against thermal
losses, drafts and degradation by natural elements such as wind, dust,
sand, snow, rainwater, hail, etc
• Refer Part 8 Section 1 ‘Lighting and Natural Ventilation’ for more
information.
• Refer IS: 7662 (Part I) Recommendations for Orientation of Buildings
(Non-Industrial Buildings.)
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
Optimal Daylighting
• A day lighting analysis study based on the proposed form of the
building for the project shall be carried out and a report thereof
prepared. It shall be demonstrated that at least 25 percent of the
regularly occupied areas of the building achieve sufficient day lighting
with a minimum day lighting factor of 2 percent or as described in SP
41:1987 ‘Handbook on the Functional Requirements of Buildings
(other than industrial building)’

• Daylight Factor (Refer IS 2440: Guide for Daylighting of Building)

SITING FORM AND DESIGN
SITING FORM AND DESIGN
Natural Ventilation, Cooling and Wind Effect
• Respiration – Supply of fresh air to provide oxygen for the human
body for elimination of waste products and to maintain carbon-di oxide
concentration in the air within safe limits.
• Vitiation by Body Odour – The amount of fresh air required for dilution
of inside air to prevent vitiation of air by body odour.
• Heat Balance of Body – Heat exchange of the human body with
respect to the surroundings is determined by the temperature and
humidity gradient between the skin and the surroundings and other
factors and the latter depends on air temperature, relative humidity,
radiation from the solid surroundings and rate of air movement.
 SITING FORM AND DESIGN
Determining Rate of Ventilation

By Wind Action: By Stack Effect:

Qw = K.A.V QT = 7.0 A h (t r − to )
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
Landscape Design
• Microclimate conditions – Impacting irrigation requirements
• Barrier Free External Landscape - The external landscape shall be barrier
free to enable access in the permitted areas to all (see Part 3
‘Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements’).
• External Noise Reduction / Mitigation Practices Provisions of Part 8
‘Building Services, Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise
Control’, shall be followed.
• Building shadow considerations on landscape - External landscapes shall
be designed taking the shading pattern of the buildings into consideration.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
Hard Landscape Design
• Pervious Paving Design – Pervious paving helps in holding rain water,
reducing the rate of storm water flow, infiltrating storm water into the
ground for reuse and also helps in filtering the rain water.
• Heat Island Effect and Parking Design - The heat island effect raises the
localized temperature, impacting local climate/microclimate. Plants and
animals that are sensitive to large fluctuations in day time and night time
temperatures may not thrive in areas affected by heat island.
• Post Occupancy Maintenance - A site maintenance plan shall be
developed that outlines the long-term strategies and identifies short term
actions to achieve sustainable maintenance goals.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
Soft Landscape Design
• Preserving Top Soil - Healthy soils allow rainwater to penetrate, preventing
excess runoff, sedimentation, erosion, and flooding. Soils also help clean and
store water, and recharge groundwater.
• Ecological Design / Conserving Bio-Diversity - A diverse range of species,
especially native plants can provide habitat for native fauna, including
important pollinator species (for example, insects, birds and bats) that are
necessary for plant reproduction, including cultivation of crops. Also,
biodiversity in landscapes helps in retaining soil nutrients and is more resistant
to attacks by pests.
• Landscape Design for Controlling Solar Gain - Vegetation placed in strategic
locations around buildings provides an opportunity to reduce energy
consumption and costs associated with indoor climate control for cooling.
Refer IS: 7662 (Part I) Recommendations for Orientation of Buildings
(Non-Industrial Buildings.)
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
Soft Landscape Design
• Vertical Landscaping and Roof Garden - Roof garden and/or green walls
or vertical landscaping may be provided as it helps in conserving energy
by providing shading, reduces heat island.
• Urban Agricultural Practices / Social Forestry - Growth of cities puts a
significant pressure on natural resources resulting in drastic reduction of
green open spaces, depletion of trees, heat island effects, and floods and
other natural disasters, further aggravated by the effects of climate
change.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
External Access Design
• Reduced environmental impact from parking facilities - Open parking areas, if
largely made of concrete and asphalt, absorb heat and contribute substantially
to the heat island effect.
• Long term public and private transportation plan - Incorporating urban
transportation as an important parameter at the urban planning stage rather
than being a consequential requirement;
• Bicycle Lanes and pedestrian access, safety and comfort - Construction of
cycle tracks and pedestrian paths in cities enhances safety and thereby
enhances use of non-motorized modes. The safety concern of cyclists and
pedestrians should be addressed by encouraging the construction of
segregated rights of way for bicycles and pedestrians.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
External Access Design
• Off Street Parking - The off street parking shall be planned taking care of the following
objectives as per National Building Code of India: Part 3 ‘Development Control Rules
and General Building Requirements’.
• Discouraging Subsidized Parking in Public Realm - Subsidized parking in public roads
and spaces, specially in urban areas with high traffic density or having likely projected
high traffic density should be discouraged to reduce private vehicle usage and inducing a
modal shift towards public transport.
• Providing Neighborhood Connectivity, Walkability and Safety - At the site design and
block design level, several measures should be taken for reducing transportation demand
and promoting walkability, and ensuring that the neighbourhood is a safe walkable place.
• Ecology of Streets – As streets constitute about 20 to 25 percent of the impervious cover
of the city, they have a large detrimental effect on the heat island effect and ecological
character of a city,
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
External Lighting Design
• Landscape Lighting Design, Allowable Lighting Power Density - Light pollution can
disrupt circadian rhythms and melatonin production, which has been linked to
serious health concerns. Reasonable use of outdoor lighting restores dark night
skies and preserves the ambiance of the night.
• External Signage Design - The signage shall be classified as external lit and
internal lit and further classified based on functional requirements such as
emergency, way finding, etc. The requirements of each type of signage are different
and should be evaluated based on the same. The recommended lighting power
density is 130 W/m2, maximum for internally illuminated signage, and 25 W/m2,
maximum for externally illuminated signage.
• External Lighting - The facades may be lit with fixtures that are shielded, with less
than 10 percent lumens above 90° from the nadir and the lighting power density of
the facade lighting may be as given in Table 1.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LANDSCAPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
• Well designed building envelope maximizes daylight, natural ventilation
(access to fresh air) and views to the exterior, and enables to modulate solar
heat gain and control/reduce noise. The building envelope may also be
designed to integrate systems for renewable energy and rainwater harvesting.
In general, the design strategies drawn from long experience in the country in
its various climatic zones may be taken into account.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Sl No. Climatic Zone Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature Mean Monthly Relative Humidity
(°C) Percentage (%)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

i) Hot-Dry above 30 below 55

above 30 above 55
ii) Warm-Humid
above 25 above 75

iii) Temperate between 25-30 below 75

iv) Cold below 25 all values

see 3.2.2
v) Composite
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Walls
• Walls are a major part of the building envelope, which are exposed to external
environment conditions such as solar radiation, outside air temperature, wind
and precipitation. The construction of wall and thereby its heat storing capacity
and heat conduction property has a major impact on indoor thermal comfort in
naturally ventilated buildings and on cooling loads in air conditioned buildings.
 BUILDING ENVELOPE
Enhancement of thermal performance - walls
Thermal insulation – thermal insulation may be
made from a variety of materials and in several
forms.
1. Rigid or semi-rigid blocks and boards (glass
wool, expanded polystyrene boards etc.)
2. Boards with impact or weather resistant
surfaces suitable as exterior grade material.
3. Loose fill (such as, cellulose, fibre glass)
4. Foam and dry spray (such as, polyurethane or
polyisocyanurate)
5. Blankets, felts or sheets (such as, fibre glass,
mineral wool, closed cell elastomeric nitrile
foam sheet)
Enhancement of thermal performance - walls
Thermal mass – Thermal mass in walls enables time
delay in impact of external environment on internal
conditions. Thermally massive walls have high
thermal capacity, and thermal storage capacity
increases with increasing compactness, density and
specific heat capacity of the materials.
Air Cavities – Air cavities in wall reduces solar heat
gain factor. Performance is improved if the cavity is
ventilated. Heat is transmitted through air cavity by
convection and radiation.
Surface finishes (Applying light coloured paints on
walls) – Air cavities in wall reduces solar heat gain
factor. Performance is improved if the cavity is
ventilated. Heat is transmitted through air cavity by
convection and radiation.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Roof
• The roofs of buildings receive most of heat throughout the day. Predominantly
used construction practices in the country specially in urban areas, mainly
involve reinforced cement concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which has
high thermal conductivity. If the roof is exposed to solar heat, the temperature
inside will also rise as the day progresses. When buildings are air conditioned
the purpose of the system is to maintain inside the building, a lower
temperature than the ambient. If the roof slab is exposed to solar heat, it will
allow continuous heat inside the building which in turn will add to the air
conditioning load.
 BUILDING ENVELOPE
Overdeck Insulation - In this system a thermal Overdeck Insulation
barrier or insulation is provided over RCC roof, so
that the amount of heat of the sun reaching the b) In-situ application using spray applied
RCC slab of the roof is substantially reduced to polyurethane - This is applied directly over
prevent the slab from getting excessively heated
up. the roof by spraying. This insulation has
advantage of non-interference with internal
a) Use of preformed insulation materials
constructional / operational activities of a
1. Expanded polystyrene building, joint less adhesion to the roof
2. Extruded polystyrene surface due to seamless and monolithic
3. Polyurethane/polyisocynurate sheet. nature of spray, and speedy application
4. Perlite board
5. Blankets, felts or sheets (such as, fibre glass,
mineral wool, closed cell elastomeric nitrile
foam sheet)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Green Roof System – Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal
performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation, evapo-transpiration
and thermal mass, thus reducing energy demand of building for space
conditioning. The green roof moderates the heat flow through the roofing system
and helps in reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing outside
environment.
1. Intensive Green Roof - It is like a conventional garden or park with almost no
limit on the type of available plants including trees and shrubs.
2. Extensive green roof — It is designed for little maintenance or human
intervention once it is established.
3. Modular block green roof — It is designed in modular units which interlock and
each module contains drainage systems and plants.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Fenestration
Of all the elements of building envelope, windows and glazed areas are most
vulnerable to heat gains. Windows are required to bring inside natural daylight and
wind, however, with light it also bring in heat. Proper location, sizing and detailing
of windows and shading form is therefore a very important aspect in a solar
passive building design.
Window Size and Placement
• Height of the window head
• Sill height (height from the floor to the bottom of the window)
• Window to wall ratio
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Glazing
The most commonly used glazing material in openings is glass, though recently
polycarbonate sheets are being used for skylights. The primary properties of
glazing that impact energy use in buildings are,
• Visible transmittance (affecting daylight)
• Visible reflectance (affecting heat and light reflection)
• Thermal transmittance or u value (affecting conduction heat gains)
• Solar heat gain (affecting direct solar gain)
• Glazing color (affecting the thermal and visual properties)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Shading Devices
Direct sunlight can cause glare. Controls are therefore necessary to allow diffused
natural light. Windows shading devices may be employed which help in keeping
out the heat, block uncomfortable direct sun, and soften harsh daylight contrasts.
Shading devices are also critical for visual and thermal comfort and for minimizing
mechanical cooling loads.
• External shading and screen / jalis
• Internal shading
• Use of solar control glass
• Horizontal /vertical or angled louvers
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
Shading and Adjusted SHGC
• Exterior or interior shading devices such as awnings, louvered screens,
sunscreens, venetian blinds, roller shades, and drapes can complement and
enhance the performance of windows with low SHGC. Many shading devices
have an advantage that they can be adjusted to vary solar heat transmission
with the time of day and season.
• Exterior shading devices are more effective than interior devices in reducing
solar heat gain because they block radiation before it passes through a
window.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING ENVELOPE
BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING MATERIALS

Building Material - An ideal sustainable building material is not only environment

friendly, causes no adverse impact on health of occupants, is readily available,
can be reclaimed, can be recycled and is made from renewable raw material, but
also uses predominantly renewable energy in its extraction, production,
transportation, fixing and ultimate disposal. Practically, this kind of ideal
material may not be available, hence when selecting sustainable materials, it
may be best to choose materials which fulfill most of these criteria.
BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING MATERIALS

Environmental Concerns and Human Health and Safety Aspects to Building

Material - Increased demand for building materials creates a major and diversified
impact on the environment. Excessive extraction of raw material diminishes
nonrenewable natural resources very rapidly. Even during some extraction
process, waste is generated whose disposal may pose problems. Sometimes
extraction processes may also affect the wildlife. Transportation of building
materials from one place to another is also a major indirect factor leading to
harmful effects.
BUILDING MATERIALS

Minimizing Green House Gas (GHG) Emission - Construction sector in the

country is a major consumer of energy resulting in the largest share of CO2
emissions in the atmosphere. Cement, steel and bricks, the largest and bulk
consumption items in the construction industry, are contributors of large CO2
emissions. It is estimated that close to a tonne of CO2 is emitted during the
production of every tonne of cement, resulting in very high GHG emission.
BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING MATERIALS

• Materials and Recommended Sustainable Alternatives – For quality

requirements of building materials reference shall be made to National
Building Code of India: Part 5 ‘Building Materials’. General guidelines and
considerations for use of different structural and surface finishing materials
and with alternatives for helping in sustainable construction.
• Construction phase material storage and handling – It is essential for
construction industry to have proper material handling and storage to provide a
continuous flow of materials and components and ensure that materials are
available when needed and to avoid wastage. For guidance on proper stacking
and storage of building materials, a reference may be made to good practices
“IS 4082:1996 Recommendations on Stacking and Storage of Construction
materials and components at site.”
BUILDING MATERIALS
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Planning and Design of Water Supply System – Planning and design process
begins with use analysis for demand assessment, identification of project
constraints and water sourcing. While the systems may be designed efficiently, the
strategies for water efficiency and conservation need to be built into the system
design.
• Water Sourcing – Based on functional assessment of need, availability,
environmental concerns, and their optimization, the water sourcing is decided
1. Direct connection to existing water system
2. Indirect connection to existing water system (water hauling)
3. Development of ground water resources
4. Development of surface water resources
5. Revamping of traditional water resources
6. Rainwater harvesting
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Strategies for Water Efficiency – Use of low flow fixtures for faucets, water
closets, bath showers, hand held bidet sprays, dish washers, aerators, and
clothes washers should be considered. The important consideration to ensure
performance of low flow products is to design systems with correct
pressures.
• Strategies for Water Conservation – Rainwater harvesting and rainwater
recharge, and rainwater storage / use have a significant scope of conservation,
especially at the neighbourhood level of developments.
1. Storing rainwater for ready use, in container above or below ground.
2. Charging rainwater into the soil, to improve the underground water table. This
needs to be critically planned as recharge is governed by stratification, ground
water table level, and ground water quality.
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Planning and Design of Waste Water System – This involves, quantity and
quality assessment study, study of domestic water use-profile, and scope of
recycled water use, system conceptualization, and integration, with other water
systems; planning for collection, treatment systems (combined and
independent sewage and sullage treatment plant), treatment of on-site grey
water and reuse.
• Treated Waste Water Use for Landscape and Irrigation – Appropriate
systems to monitor the quality of treated waste water in accordance with
standard practices should be provided while designing and analyzing the
building use. Required safeguards should be provided and records of treated
waste water parameters should be monitored on regular basis.
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Water and Waste Management during Construction

• Water Use during Construction – It is suggested to consider use of treated
waste water from appropriate sources with quality of treated waste water
parameter confirming the quality required for us in construction activity. Water
quality for concreting work shall be in accordance to NBC 2016 Part 6
‘Structural Design, Section 5 Concrete’
• Control and Use of De-Watering Output – Dewatering is essential for
carrying out construction works below water table. Organizations should
explore to store and use water obtained as a result of de-water either at the
site of construction or at another location productively.
• Management of Waste Water – Waste water at construction sites may contain
residues of construction materials, oils and domestic waste. It should be
possible to treat water, and reuse the same in construction.
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Planning and Design of Solid Waste Management System

• Documentation of Nature of Waste and Quantification – The study should
include identification of solid waste that may be generated during use, their
characteristics and anticipated quantities.
• Identification of Strategies for Solid Waste Management – Considering the solid
waste characteristics, expected quantity, socio-cultural context of users and
possible technological solutions, strategic planning of solid waste management
shall be developed.
1. Solid waste minimization
2. Space requirement for collection sorting
3. Effectiveness of possible alternatives
4. Environmental sensitivity for solid waste processing
5. Organizational constraints of building occupants
6. Economic considerations of technology and their reliability
WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Planning and Design of Solid Waste Management System

• Solid Waste System Planning – Planning and design shall include appropriate
physical space requirements for
1. Provisions for collection at suitable locations for solid waste to facilitate the
occupancy function
2. Need for ventilation, washing, isolation and provision for person performing
duties
3. Provision of appropriate containers for waste
4. Circulation planning for solid waste from individual collection locations to central
facility
5. Segregation space with ventilation, illumination, washing and other provisions
6. Treatment facility within building or building complex for compacting for recycling
and disposal
7. Composting and manure generation systems in buildings, clusters, neighborhood,
districts and city levels
BUILDING SERVICES OPTIMIZATION

• Natural and Mechanical • HVAC System Design

Ventilation Strategies
• Passive Heating Techniques
• Passive Cooling Techniques
• Pre-Cooling of Ventilation Air
• Low Energy Mechanical Cooling
Techniques
• Electrical System
• Lighting Design and Controls
• Lifts Escalators and Moving
Walks
• Operation and Maintenance
• Renewable Energy Systems
CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
• Pre-Construction and Pre-
Requisite
• Planning for Construction
• Preparation of Construction
Management Plan
• Planning, Monitoring and
Control of Environmental
Descriptors
• Work Execution Procedure
• Construction Waste
Management
• Post Construction Closeout
• Heritage Building and New
Construction
• Alternate Use, Deconstruction,
Dismantling and Demolition
• Disaster Risk Mitigation during
Construction
 COMMISSIONING, OPERATION,
MAINTENANCE AND BUILDING
PERFORMANCE TRACKING

• Commissioning and Project Handover Processes

• Requisites of Operations and Maintenance Program
• Building Performance Tracking (Measurement and Verification)
• Function and Capabilities of Energy Management and Control
System
• Operator Skills and Training
TOO LATE TO BE A PESSIMIST

We cannot wait indefinitely to change our

designs and the way we perceive our
environment
 THANK YOU

Email ID: kaleidoscope.amor@gmail.com

Contact: +91-8826290805

AMOR KOOL
 Innovative Product
for Sustainability

AEREATED AUTOCLAVE CONCRETE BLOCK

(AAC BLOCK)
Ashtech Buildpro lndia Pvt. Ltd.
VILLAGE DEHRA, DISTRIC DHOULANA, OPPOSITE COCA COLA Factory, NEAR NTPC, District HAPUR
At ModCrete :-
AAC is Modern Concrete
Modified Concrete
And
Modulated Concrete
 Lets leave a better World for our next generation.
IS 2185: Part 3 :
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AT NBCC SMART HUB WITH Secretary Urban Development
 Competitive Edge of ModCrete:-
• Strategic Location Close to raw material.
• Long term contract (20 years ) for Fly Ash.
• A very high Capacity
• Managed by technically qualified people.
• Low overheads.
• Credit line to select builders and contractors.
• 100% Siemens Machinery.
• Most Advanced technology.
Lets leave a better World for our next
• Established Credentials of 25 years generation.
 Good Usage:-
• Individual houses.
• Group Housing
• Smart Cities
• Hospitals.
• Hotels.
• Schools, Institutes and Medical Colleges.
• Cinemas and Malls.
• Hilly area construction.
Lets• leave a better World
Redevelopment for our next generation.
like Nepal.
 Govt Departments frequently using ModCrete AAC Blocks:-
• IIT Roorkee, Mandi, Ropar.
• NIT , Hamirpur
• PWD, CPWD
• DDA in Rehabilitation at Kalka ji Extn
• NOIDA, Greater Noida, Muradabad Authority
• MDA, LDA, KDA, HIMUDA.
• Patna Metropolitan Development Authority
• SDMC, MCD, Delhi Irrigation Department
• Jammu Development Authority, Jaipur Dev Authority
• NBCC
• UP Bridge Corporation
Lets• leave
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 Build Fast, Build Safe and Build Green
Lets leave a better World for our next generation.
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Lets leave a better World for our next generation.
Light-weight disaster resistant
construction in hilly terrain

By
Prof. Chandan Ghosh
http://disasterresilientindia.blogspot.in/
https://www.facebook.com/chandan.ghosh.9887117
https://twitter.com/cghosh24
Email: cghosh24@gmail.com
2
3
Light weight materials

4
In Hills Lighter building
materials with stronger frame

6
Light weight- strength >5MPa

7
8
Cut slope protection by Gabion
wall – a costly yet unavoidable
problems
An (apparently) permanent
solution but High cost
Retaining wall vs. cost of the road by NHAI
Slope protection works at Parwanoo,
35km from Chandigarh
context

 Earthquake – a random process

 Ground facts and statistics, examples
 Characterising earthquake waves
 Earthquake effects on soil and Retaining walls
 Design criteria, codes, guidelines
 Shaking table Expt. On reinforced earth wall
 Unsolved domain – too little to achieve
BUT..miles to Go
13
M7.8, Gorkha Nepal EQ. Apr 25, 2015

15
Seismographs are recorded
across the Globe
 About 70000 are deployed and 20000 signals
are codified by under Global Earthquake Model
(GEM) group…
 https://www.globalquakemodel.org/

19
Retaining walls –> dynamic Mode
 Interaction between Wall and retained soil
 Classical vs. numerical vs. displacement methods
of analysis
 Seismic Zone (As per IS Code)?
 Dynamic soil tests – machine foundation design
(Cu, CΦ, Cψ…)
 Earthquake impact, soil type, terrain, shape, size,
contact conditions…
 Seismic microzonation..
20
Why buildings are vulnerable
during earthquakes?
What is an Earthquake ?

An earthquake is a sudden shaking of

the ground. It generates seismic
waves which can be recorded on a
sensitive instrument called a
seismograph.

The record of ground shaking

recorded by the seismograph is called
a seismogram.
 Action – A force, moment, strain, displacement,
or other deformation resulting from the
application of design load combinations =>
Shaking due to EQ.
 Deformation-controlled action – An action for
which reliable inelastic deformation capacity is
achievable without critical strength decay.
 Force-controlled action – An action for which
inelastic deformation capacity cannot be assured
23
 EQ. occurrence
 Return Period – The average time span between
shaking intensity that is equal to or greater than a
specified value, also known as the recurrence
interval; the annual frequency of exceeding a given
intensity is equal to the reciprocal of the return
period for that intensity.
 Service Level Earthquake Shaking – Ground shaking
represented by an elastic 2.5%damped acceleration
response spectrum that has a return period of 43
years, approximately equivalent to a 50%
exceedance probability in 30 years. 24
 Site-Response Analysis – Analysis of wave
propagation through a soil medium used to assess
the effect on spectral shape of local geology.
 Uniform Hazard Spectrum – A site-specific
acceleration response spectrum constructed such
that the ordinate at each period has the same
exceedance probability or return period

25
Waves

Rayleigh, R
Surface

Shear,S
Secondary

Compression, P
Primary
Earthquake Hazards: Material amplification
M- G-
disc disc
Locating Earthquakes
 How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?
Seismic wave behavior
– P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R
– Average speeds for all these waves is known
– After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a
seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance
from the seismograph to the epicenter.
Conventional earth pressure on
Walls vs. NO pressure => on
many modern constructions
 Our approaches are limited to
 Classical
 Displacement
 (pseudo static/dynamic)
 IS code (zonation – Terrain effect, basin effect, soil
type, amplification, distance, magnitude?..
 Microzonation and geo-logging of soils
 Effect of super/sub structure (combined)
32
 Seismic design of retaining
walls can offer a number of
advantages including:
 More reliable attainment of intended seismic
performance
 Reduced construction cost
 Accommodation of architectural features that
may not otherwise be attainable
 Use of innovative structural systems and
materials
33
Schematic diagram illustrating students performing wave simulations. Student holds
a poster board or cardboard circle in front of his or her body and walks forward (like
the seismic waves propagating in the Earth). While walking, the student moves their
circle forward and backward (“push and pull”, for the P wave), or up and down
(transverse motion for the shear wave), or in a retrograde ellipse (for the Rayleigh
wave), or side to side horizontally (for the Love wave), as shown above.
 …Indian and Tibetan tectonic plates, has gone
through the labour pains of the earthquakes of
1255, 1408, 1681,1810,1833,1866 and 1934.
36
Impact of earthquake shaking :

 On super structure – same type, diff. height

 On sub structure – unknown soil behaviour
 Near by and far away (beyond 300km)

39
Tindharia stabilisation, Darjeeling [due
to Sikkim EQ.-2011], has been more of
contractual “logjam” till date than
“technological challenge”

Ht. more than 100m – any

retaining wall possible!
Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining
Walls
 Seismic analysis/design of retaining walls mainly consists of

› Determining magnitude of additional destabilizing forces that act

during an earthquake
› Determining seismic active and passive earth pressures due to all
destabilizing forces (static + seismic)
› Design section based on above parameters using
1. Force based approach
2. Displacement based approach

42
What will be dynamic impact!
What mechanics justify the slope?
These walls – stable for yrs, no
dynamic design procedure followed =>
aren’t they seemingly stable?

44
Yet to solve this problem – Kalimpong, WB
(effect of Sikkim earthquake-2011)

45
46
Taking risk in Road making is Engineer’s job –
how much of it is ” calculated” ? How close is
“the God” to the traveler when “dangers” go
unnoticed? => we must reduce the GAP!!
Thank you

48
Reshaping the Hills

Ranit Chatterjee, PhD

Email: ranit13@gmail.com
Contents

• Risk in the hills

• Cases studies
Top 10 Global Risks
 What are the Risks to Built Forms in the Hills
Hazards

• Earthquake
• Landslide/subsidence
• Flash floods

Vulnerabilities

• Type of construction
• Material of construction
• Location
• Usage
• Maintenance
• Adherence to building codes
• Urbanization
• Change in rainfall pattern Seismic Zonation Map of India
How Does Our Hills Look Today
Darjeeling
How Does Our Hills Look Today
 How Does Our Hills Look Today
Rudraprayag
 How Does Our Hills Look Today
Shimla
 Where is the Problem
• Governance

• No control on development
• No linkage between land use and risk maps
• Stopping of natural drainage

• Change in community’s perception and construction techniques

Cases
Cases
Cases
 Cases

Kiyomizu Temple, Kyoto

 Cases
Main temple

It is a structure of 58 m x 27 m, standing on a creek and

supported by 139 wooden columns, which can reach up to 15
meters high.

The piles are placed on stone bases, without foundations.

Read:
Seismic assessment of Japanese traditional wooden structure
by dynamic interaction numerical analysis of surrounding ground
Cases
Leppcha Houses in North
eastern India
Cases
A three and a half story building in
central Srinagar, Kashmir, India, of taq
timber-laced construction partially
demolished for a street widening
 Cases

This is an example with only rectangular panels. There is often in the present a belief that
diagonals are necessary, just as they were in Lisbon in the Gaiola that was invented after the
1755 earthquake, but there is increasing evidence that they are not necessary, and may even
be counter-productive
Cases

Notice how thin the walls are in this

form of construction. Despite this, it
has proved to be remarkably resilient
in earthquakes.
Cases

Villager standing near his house in a

remote village between Batagram and
Besham, in NWFP, Pakistan with
bhatar construction which survived the
earthquake. This inspired the new
construction in bhatar.
 Cases

Hanuman Dhoka Palace, Kathmandu after the earthquake showing a section with timber bands –
visible as horizontal lines on the brick façades
 Cases

Earthquake building in Baixa, Lisbon with interior walls of gaiola exposed during a remodeling
 Are we Reinventing the Wheel ?
Indigenous buildings evolved based on years of field research
and practical experience.
1.Symmetric configuration: Most of the traditional buildings are
rectangular in shape. These simple configurations in plan make
the building more stable.

2. Small length to breadth ratio: In most of the buildings the

length to breadth ratio was found to be 1.5 or less. (BCDP).

3. Symmetrically located small openings: The small symmetrical

openings increase the length of the façade and substantially
increase the stiffness of the building.

4. A low floor-height and a limited number of stories: In all cases

the storey height was found less than 2.5 m and the number of
storey limited to 2 story (BCDP).
 Are we Reinventing the Wheel ?
5. Wooden bands: In temples wooden bands around the building
at sill level, lintel level and at the floor level can be found curved
as “Naga”. These bands protect the walls from out of plane
failures as well as provide integrity between different structural
elements by connecting orthogonal walls.

6. Vertical post at corners: These vertical posts at corners act as

vertical tensile reinforcement. These protect the building from
damage due to tensile cracks in the building. In some cases they
provide some redundancy in the system which is very useful to
withstand earthquake force.

7. Wooden corner stitch: In addition to wooden bands, corner

stitch can be found which connects orthogonal walls and protects
from separation at corner.
 Are we Reinventing the Wheel ?
8. Wooden pegs: Proper connection of all wooden elements by
wooden pegs can be seen in traditional buildings, which helps for
proper connection of roof and floor with wall as well as the
different elements of roof or floor.

9. Boxing of openings by wooden frames, either all around or

along both edges of the masonry wall provided strength around
the openings.

10. Use of wooden wedges, carpentry joints (dovetailing etc.)

provided passage for easier energy dissipation.
 Case of Nepal (NSET)
Always put a wooden (tie) band around the building at sill level,
lintel level and at the floor level. Carve it in "naga" (snake). It
will protect your house.

• Secure every third or fifth or seventh joist to the wall plate by

driving a lock wedge driven through the joist.

• Multistory high buildings, Arches, existence of numerous

windows, brick wall without good “teeth joints”, use of brick
pieces in the middle of wall width, masonry wall without bands,
buildings with heavy upper stories, building in mud mortar are
relatively weak.

• For larger buildings, the quality of materials is as important as

the quality of construction. Better to consider both.
 Case of Nepal (NSET)
• For smaller, low-cost dwellings,
1) do not make more than 1 story if constructed with a
combination of burnt and un-burnt bricks, 2) dress the stones for
construction of stone-masonry buildings in the hills, 3) make the
roof as light as possible, 4) use lime mortar for bricks, 5) limit
height of brick masonry
buildings to 34 hat (50 ft), 6) assure good connection between
walls at joints, the whole house should behalf like one structure
during an earthquake, 7) construct in one wyeth rather than using
pieces to increase the wall section in masonry construction, , 8)
avoid columns in brick masonry; better use a timber column

• Build at those places where the past earthquake did not have
much affect

• Dig the foundation right up to the rock

Thank You