Q1 a. Describe how were the Ahadith collected into six authentic compilations.

(10)
From the earliest times Muslims had realized the importance of Hadith in their life as they could not
understand Quran fully and act upon its teachings without the help of Hadith. The companions of the
prophet used to learn every word of the Prophet Mohammad and passed them on to others. The
companions famous for memorizing hadith were Hazrat Ayesha, Abu Huraira, Abdullah bin Umar etc.
In Makka the prophet discouraged the writing down Hadith, but in Madina he encouraged Muslims to
write them down. Most important contribution was of ashab al sufa, who had devoted them for this work
specially Abu Huraira who used to write down every Hadith in book form known as Sadiqa. Hazrat Ali
used to carry a booklet in which he wrote down sayings and judgments passed by the Propkhet. Abdullah
bin Umar compiled hadith in Prophet’s time known as Kitab-e-Fraiz.
Prophet said at the end of his farewell sermon, ”whoever is present here should pass on my words to
those who are not present”. Therefore the companions considered it their duty to pass on Hadith of the
Prophet especially after his death. The students of the companions
Continued their work and made collections of Ahadith from various angels and adopted different
methods in arrangements of the material. Hadith were traced to each companions was put together under
his name. Such a collection is called Musnad. The most famous of this kind is Musnad of Imam Ahmed
bin Hanbal. Second category of Hadith are grouped into chapters according to themes. The best known
work of this type is Al Muwatta by Malik bin Anas andw Al Musannaf of Imam Abd Al-Razaq.
The great period of Ahadith collection came in the third century of Islam, when the successors of the
students of the companions Tabe Tabieen, graded each hadith into categories like Sahih- authentic ,
Hasan- lesser authentic and da if-week. At that time six books of authentic Ahadith -sihah sitta were
compiled. Imam Mohammad bin Ismael Bukhari was the first scholar who compiled his book known as
Sahih bukhari. He travelled for sixteen years to collect 600,000 Ahadith, but only included 7397 in his
book which he ensured to be authentic. There are 97 books in his collection arranged according to their
themes.
Second sahih collection was made by Imam Muslim known as Sahih Muslim. It included 12000 authentic
ahadith. Like Bukhari he checked the isnad and matn of the text and included only the authentic Ahadith.
Other Hadith experts who followed their example were Abu Dawood, his book has 4300 Ahadith and is
known as Sunan Abu Dawood. Imam Tirmidhi compiled his book ‘Jame Tirmidhi ‘in which he divided
Ahadith into many categories. Imam Nasai compiled his Sunan after years of travelling in which he
included reliable hadith only. Imam Ibn Majah also compiled his Sunan including 4000 Ahadith.These six
books are known as ‘Sihah al sitta’ the six sound collections, and provide the second source of shariah to
the jurists.
In the later years many new collections of Hadith were made with the help of these books. The most
important one is Mishkat al masabih, which included hadith from the above six books and provide an
easy access to the authentic Ahadith.
B. Describe what are Musnad and Musanaf. (4)
The Hadith compilation which name its chapters under the name of the companion who came last in the
chain of transmitters, the isnad is known as Musnad. For example the name of chapters are like munad
of Ayesha, Musnad of Abu Huraira, munad of Abu Bakr …… This kind of Hadith collection help
Muslims to look for Ahadith narrated by a particular companion. The best example of this kind is Musnad
of imam Hanbal.
Musannaf means divided up, it is the kind of Hadith collection in which the Ahadith are grouped into
themes. Each chapter is divided into themes like prayer, zakat, tauheed…. The best known example of
this type of collection is Sahih al Bukhari , which is divided into 97chapters known as Book on zakat,
book on sale, book on divine unity ect, ect. This kind of collection help the legal experts to look for
Hadith on particular topic.

Q2 a. Describe the methods used by the major collectors to ensure that hadith they accepted
were genuine. How did legal experts use isnad and Matn to decide that the Hadith had come
from the Prophet. (10)
The third century of Islam is called the golden period of Hadith collection. The kingship had entered in
Islam they fear that people will make Hadith to please the rulers, therefore the Hadith experts decided to
sift out the authentic Hadith. They divided the Hadith into three types, Sahih, Hasan and Daif, one which
were proven false were declared Maudu. The famous Muslim scholar al Shafi gave a criteria to check how
Hadith could be divided into different categories to ensure the authenticity of hadith the compilers
established a special study known as Usool e Hadith. For this they checked two parts of Hadith the Hadith
into two, the isnad, chain of transmitters and Matn or text of the Hadith or the words of the Prophet.
Isnad include the names of all the people involved in handing down the Hadith over a period of time.
For example in the following hadith, “ Yahya narrated from Malik who narrated from Nafey who narrated
from Abdullah bin Umar that the Prophet said,’ He who misses the Asr prayer is as if he has lost his
family and property’”. In this hadith there are four people in the chain of transmitters.
To check that Hadith is from the Prophet the compilers examined the Isnad very closely to make sure
that these chains go back to the Prophet through reliable Muslims who met each other and passed on the
saying directly. Means that each person had met the person before him. The hadith compilers made sure
that the people in the chain were of firm faith, were known for their truthfulness, could understand what
they reported and had good memory, and they were at an age where they knew what they reported.They
collected so much information about them that a new science of critical biography called ‘Asma ar Rijal’,
developed and more than 100.000 books were written on the narrators. For this the compilers travelled
widely all over the Muslim world to collect hadith and information about the narrators. For example
Imam Bukhari took sixteen years to collect information to compile his Sahih.
The compilers also looked for Ahadith that had been reported by many different companions and come
down to them through chains of different narrators called matawatar Hadith. However the Hadith which
have come through only one chain and one companion, the Ahad Hadith were scrutinised ( checked)
thoroughly , to make sure whether they were authentic or not.
The compilers also checked the matn or text of Hadith to consider that Hadith was sound. That it should
not be contradictory to Quran or any other authentic Hadith. It should not be against common sense or
observational facts. It should not include words that were out of use of the Prophet. It should not give
details of the events that took place after the death of the Prophet. After using the strict criteria they
divided the Hadith into four categories. Sahih or authentic which has passed all the test mentioned above
and is not contradictory to Quran and any other authentic Hadith ,Hasan or good which raises some
doubt about one of the narrator who had been found defective in memory in comparison to the narrator
of Sahih Hadith . Daif or weak which raises many doubts about its narrators, who were known to be liar
or had bad memory. Maudu or fabricated, which was not from the prophet.
B. What is a Hadith Qudsi? (4)
There are some Ahadith that contain words from Allah, but such words are not part of Quran. These are
sayings of Hazrat Mohammad related from Allah himself. Saying of this kind is known as Hadith e Qudsi
or divine Hadith. For example, “when Allah completed creation, he wrote in his book which is with Him,
above the throne,’ Truly, My mercy overcomes, My wrath”. And, “From all the deeds of Adams sons
fasting is for Me and I shall compensate the reward for it”. All other Ahadith are Hadith nabvi.

Q 5 (a) Outline the muslin teaching about belief in the oneness of Allah. (10)

The basic doctrine of the Quran is Tauheed, oneness of Allah, which is the essence of the teaching of
Quran. The first declaration of Islam says, "There is no god but Allah". The surah that best explains the
concept is al-Ikhlas, it tells that Allah is unique in his Being and he is eternal and absolute in his authority;
that he is above all need for another source for his presence nor does he have an offspring and nor is
there any equal to him.“ He begets not nor is he begotten and there is none like him”. The verse of the
throne also explains the same concept by telling that Allah is eternal everlasting and his knowledge is all
encompassing, not limited by time and space. He watches all with his unsleeping and unfailing care. “No
slumber can seize him nor sleep.” He knows all the past and the future. Nothing can change the course
that he has set himself unless he allows.

Allah is the creator of everything in the heavens and the earth and he runs and regulates it, in verse of the
throne Allah says, "His throne extends over the heavens and the earth." Islam vigorously proclaims that
Allah is not bound to any limitation of a human being or of anything else. He has no body, no form, no
physical attributes nor any characteristics. Allah is beyond anything which the mind and senses of man
could grasp or imagine. All his creation exist to fulfill their functions by His command and will. No other
being can share His power, divinity, authority or any other unique attribute.

The vast universe with its flawless system clearly indicates that there is one Creator and Controller. We
cannot see Allah, but His existence is confirmed when we ponder over the organized systematic universe.
The Quran teaches to find existence of Allah in his creation, because he is the prime cause of everything.
The sun and moon, the night and day all follow their fixed schedule and everything is created with given
proportionality. The Quran says that, “his signs are the night and the day and the sun and the moon”.
Muslims believe that Allah is most merciful most beneficent. Verse 4-5 of surah Shurah tells that Allah’s
forgiveness and mercy far exceed man’s transgression and he forgives the sins of men if they repent and
ask forgiveness.” Verily Allah is He, the often-forgiving, the most merciful”. All the passages of the Quran
which teach about Divinity of God, directly or indirectly teach to worship and adore Allah alone and not
to associate partners with Him. "But adore Allah, who created them, if it is him you wish to serve”. In
Surah Fatiha Allah makes it clear that he should be praised and worshipped, because this is the purpose
of creation of mankind. He says in the Quran, " we created Jin and men but to worship". Muslims only
swear by his name, abide by his commands and stay away from everything that he has forbidden. A person
who truly and whole heartedly believes that Allah is the Master of the universe, the Sole Authority and
the law giver is a humble servant before Him and will not obey or give devotion to any other deity except
for the One and Only-Allah.

Muslims believe that Allah has unique attributes which no one possess. He is the omnipotent, the
omniscient nothing is hidden from him. He himself is unique in his existence. The Quran says, "He is the
first he is the last, he is the hidden he is the manifest ". All muslims must believe in divine attribute of
Allah and that these qualities are only inherent in Allah.

b: Explain how belief in Allah affects daily life of Muslims? (4)

Belief in Allah demands practical obedience to Him. When a person says," There is no God but Allah...",
he totally submits himself to His will and admits him as the creator and himself as his servant( abd ), If
he disobeys him he will be a rebel . A believer shows his faith in Allah through worship in form of prayer,
fasting, Haj and also by obeying all commands given in the Quran and Sunnah of Prophet Mohammad.
As the Quran says," I have set my face firmly and truly towards Him who has created the heavens and
the earth and never shall I give partners to him". The believers give charity to please Allah willingly, as he
loves him more than anything in the world. The Quran says, "you cannot attain piety unless you spend
out of what you love". This shows that material things have no importance for him.

Belief in Allah makes a person brave, because he trusts Allah as his protector and provider. He is not
afraid of death or any calamity. He would never go into depression because when ever he is worried he
will turn to Allah for his help, as the Quran says, " You do we worship and you do we seek for help".
The person who believes in Allah develops self respect and self confidence because he knows that he
does not depend on anyone but Allah, so he would not beg to any one. He would also become humble
and modest because whatever he has is the blessing from his lord so there is no reason to be proud of
his wealth beauty or fame. He would believe in the equality of mankind as all are his creation.

2. Angels (10)

Belief on angels is one of the articles of faith. The Quran says "It is righteousness to believe in God and
the Last Day and the angels and the books and the messengers." Angels are described as messengers in
the Quran, because of the noblest task of communicating between God and the prophets. The Quran
says, "He sends down his angels with inspiration of His commands to such of His servants..." In Islam,
they are real created beings who will eventually suffer death, but are generally hidden from our senses.
They are not divine or semi-divine, and they are not God’s associates running different districts of the
universe. Also, they are not objects to be worshipped or prayed to, as they do not deliver our prayers to
God. They all submit to God and carry out His commands.

Angels are made of light (noor) and are invisible to humans. They may appear before men by the will of
Allah. The Quran tells that angel Gibrael went to Mariam in human form to give her the news of Son.
They went to prophet Lut to tell him about Allah's punishment for his nation and to many other prophets.
Angels do not need to eat or drink, they do not get tired and are free of sins. They are made to obey.
Their obedience can be seen from the fact that they bowed down before Adam when told to do so. ".
And behold. We said to the angels: 'Bow down to Adam', and they bowed down". They have been created
for certain duties, which they perform unfailingly. They have been given certain powers and qualities to
carry out the tasks assigned to them. They helped the Prophet Mohammad in the battles. The Quran
refers to their help in battle of Badr,"I will assist you with a thousand of angels, ranks on ranks". They
are busy in worship of Allah all the time and also pray for the forgiveness of people, "and the angels
celebrate the praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness for beings on earth ". Angels are free from
such inferior urges and material deficits, such as anger and lust.
There are countless angels, some of them are mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah of the prophet with
the special duties given to them. Angel Mikail is, responsible for the distribution of sustenance-rizq and
to control the universe, angel Israfil will blow the trumpet on the day of judgement and angel Izrael is the
angel of death and the arch angel Gibrael was sent to bring revelations to the messengers. Angel Gibrael
stands on top of all angels and has been referred as Ruh Al Amin (the trust worthy spirit), and Ruh Al
Quds (the Holy Spirit). He is also the arch angel and his wings fill the horizon. In Surah Qadr the Quran
says," The angels and the spirit descend there in with the permission of their Lord”. He brought down
the Quran to Prophet Mohammad. He conducted the Miraj and took Mohammad to the heavens. He is
given the most important duties by Allah

Angels are guardian of Hell fire and Paradise. They will welcome in Paradise those who obeyed Allah and
will send the nonbelievers and sinners to hell. The In charge of paradise is Rizwan and Incharge of hell
is Malik. There are two angels with every person who record their good and bad deeds. This record will
be presented before Allah on the Day of resurrection. They are called Kiraman katibeen (the respected
recorders). The Quran says, " But verily over you (are appointed angels) to protect you- kind and
honourable, writing down (your deeds). Two angels are called Munkar and Nakir, they question the dead
in the graves.

Q. Explain how the belief in angels affect the life of a Muslim. (4)

Belief in angels is very important in the life of Muslims, because they believe that they write their good
and bad deeds. It gives a constant reminder to them to stay away from bad deeds all the time wether
public ally or in private. Muslims also fear the day when they will have to face Munkar and nakeer in the
grave. They know that angels sometimes guide Muslims in troubles and they are guardian angels who
protect them from troubles and calamities. They believe that angels come down with rain and take their
supplications to Allah
Belief in revealed books (10)

Allah has sent his guidance through his messengers. This guidance is contained in the books of revelations
sent to the prophets. To believe in these books is the fundamental article of faith. The Quran
says,"righteous is one who believes in Allah, the angels and scriptures". Muslims have to believe in the
divine origin of all the books sent to the previous prophets. Allah sent revelation to all the prophets but
in the Quran only the names of four books are mentioned. These are the Zabur (Psalms) to David. Injil
(Bible) to Jesus the Christians distorted the book and introduced the doctrine of trinity and redemption
through crucifixion. The Tawrat (Torah) revealed to Moses and the Suhuf (scroll) to prophet Ibrahim.
The Quran says, "And we made some of the prophets to excel others, And We gave to David the Psalms".
About Torah the Quran says, " And before this the book of Moses as a guide and a mercy........"

The Quran refers to the revelations given to the prophets from time to time, it says, "We sent Jesus the
son of Mary, confirming the law that had come before him, we sent him the Gospel".

The guidance sent by Allah from time to time to his messengers was basically the same that is oneness of
Allah, His attributes, belief in prophets and the Day of Judgement. However as the need of the people
differed in different periods, the details of the laws given in these books also varied. The prophets and
apostles were sent to particular nations and tribes, and the revelations sent to each was Intented to guide
their people therefore it was in their own language. The Quran says, "We sent an apostle except to teach
in the language of his own people in order to make things clear to them". None of the books was not
universal because humanity had not yet reached at a stage where comprehensive knowledge could be
sent. By the time of the Holy Prophet the revealed books were either been totally lost or their original
message distorted. Allah then sent His final revelation the Quran to Mohammad (s). He says,"To you we
sent the Scripture in truth, confirming the Scriptures that came before it and guarding it in safety"

None of the revealed books except the Quran exists in its original form today. The people lost the Suhuf
of Ibrahim. Torah and Injil were changed and modified. God's words have been mixed up with those of
men. The language of these books are not in use. Where as Allah has taken responsibility of protecting
and preserving the Quran in its original text. The Quran says," We have without doubt revealed the
reminder and we will guard it from corruption". Thus Quran is most perfect, complete Book, which
contains universal guidance for all mankind.

Explain how belief in Revealed books influences a Muslim life? (4)

Muslims respect all scriptures revealed by Allah. They do not follow books other than Quran .they read
the Quran and take guidance from it. They learn different styles of recitation of Quran and many learn
the Quran by heart. They recite the verses of Quran in daily prayers. The children are taught to recite the
Quran at very young age. There are many supplications in the Quran that are used by the Muslims at
different occasions. The scholars use information from Torah and bible to complete the stories of the
past prophets given in the Quran.

How is the Quran unique as compared to other revealed books? (10)

Quran is the only revealed book which is kept intact since it's revelation, it was preserved soon after it's
revelation. Allah has taken responsibility of protecting and preserving it. The Quran says," We have,
without doubt, sent down the message and we will assuredly guard it from corruption." (15:9). Other
Books revealed before Quran were either changed or distorted by their followers, none of them is
available in their original text or language.

Other revealed books were sent for a particular tribe or nation for some period of time. Where as Quran
is a universal book of guidance sent got all mankind. It's a complete and perfect book of guidance unlike
other books that contain only a code of conduct. The Quran contains spiritual guidance as well as it's a
code of ethics, it guides people in their political, social, legal and economic affairs. The Quran says," And
we have sent down to thee a Book explaining all things......” (16:89) The Quran is unique in its expression,
it has no beginning or end, it's purely divine. No one had ever accepted the challenge of producing ten
verses like it. It's a perfect piece of literature, full of similes and metaphors. The Prophet Mohammad
said, "Excellence of Quran over other expressions is like excellence of Allah over his creations"

How do Muslims practice fasting. (10)

Muslims fast in the ninth month of the lunar calendar, Ramadan, for 29 to 30 days. They fast from dawn
to dusk. During this time they stay away from food, drink, smoking, medicine, injections and marital
relations. They wake up early at dawn, eat food called suhur. The Prophet said, "There is great blessing
in suhur". Time of suhur ends before dawn, the Prophet said, "And eat and drink until the white thread
of dawn appears to you distinct from its black thread". They make intention to fast for the day saying, "I
intend to keep tomorrow's fast of Ramadan".

They stay away from all bad deeds like lying, cheating, fighting, using bad language and seeing or hearing
anything bad during fast. The Prophet said fasting is a shield from sins". At another occasion he said,"
if one of you is fasting, he should avoid sexual intercourse with his wife and quarrelling, and if someone
fights with him, he should say,' I am a fasting person". The day should be spend in regular routine and
extra prayers, the Prophet said, it is not recommended that day should be spend in excessive sleeping.

They breakfast at dusk immediately at sunset after reciting a dua, "O Allah I have observed the fast for
you and I believe in you, and I trust in you and have broken it with the food given by you".

It is Sunna of the Prophet to break the fast with date if it is not available then water. During Ramadan
Afer Isha prayer Muslims offer special prayers called Trawih in which Quran is recited, arrangements are
done in the mosques and other places for this prayer. In the last days of Ramadan Muslims stay awake
on odd nights to find night of Power (laila al Qadr). At many places Sirat al lail is recited in congregation,
some people go in religious retreat (i'tekaf) for ten days or any odd number of days.

Those on journey or sick are allowed to make the fast later, the very old and sick can give compensation
by giving food to a person twice a day. One who deliberately breaks fast has to feed sixty people for each
missed fast or keep sixty at one time.

Describe people who are exempted from fast. (4)

Fasting is obligatory on all adults, who are mentally and physically healthy. It is allowed for those who are
travelling or sick to make the days later. The Quran says," But if anyone is ill or on a journey shall fast a
similar number of days later on". Those who are very old or permanently sick they have to give fidya(
compensation ) , which is feeding a poor person twice a day or money equal to Sadaqa al Fitr, the Quran
says," for those who find it extremely difficult to fast, there is ransom: the feeding of a poor man".

Menstruating women, women with post child bleeding are told to make their fast after Ramadan. Hazrat
Ayesha said," When we had Menses during the life of the Prophet, we were ordered to fast later on".
Suckling mothers and pregnant women are also allowed to fast later on, after Ramadan.

The logic behind this is that Allah does not overburden us beyond our tolerance. Sick and old have to
take medicine, they do not have strength to miss food. Most of them take food in small portions with
short intervals. Pregnant and suckling mothers need extra energy for the child, some time they feel sick
or week. Menstruation is a state of impurity, so they are not allowed to fast.

How does fasting bring us closer to Allah and closer to people? (10)

Fasting in the month of Ramadan is an important pillar of Islam. It is an act of worship that brings us
closer to Allah and removes all barriers between him and Allah. The Quran says, fasting is prescribed to
you.....that you may learn self-restraint". The 'taqwa' strengthens the spiritual powers and protects us from
all kinds of evils and temptations. The Prophet said," All deeds of Adam's son are for them except fasting,
which is for me". He also said "Fasting is a shield and protection from fire and protection from sins". In
the month of fasting virtues flourish and evil is suppressed. Because the devil is chained. The Prophet
said," when the month of Ramadan starts, the gate of Heaven are opened and the gates of hell are closed
and the devils are chained". Muslim not only stay away from food and drink they have to stay away from
bad speech and evil deeds which purifies his soul, heart and private life from immoralities , because he
remembers Allah all day. The Prophet said, “Whoever does not give up forged speech and evil actions,
Allah is not in need of his leaving food and drink".

Fasting makes people strong as it makes them capable of enduring hardships. Further in the last ten days
Muslims stay awake in worship of Allah to find the night of power and receive reward equal to
worshipping for thousands of nights. The Quran says," The night of power is better than a thousand
month". The Prophet said that reward of good deeds is multiplied in this month from hundred to seven
hundred times. Therefore Muslims try to perform more good deeds, recite Quran and Trawih and get
closer to Allah.

The hunger and thirst make Muslims realize the sufferings of poor, and the willingly give them food and
charity. All poor and rich are brought closer to each other and renew their brotherly ties. Rich people
spend generously on poors to seek the blessings of Allah. This makes the poor to get enough funds for
at least one month. The old and sick people also send food for their missed fasts. The Prophet has said,
"During Ramadan, the provisions of the believers are increased". The month is observed all over the
Muslim world and gives a sense of brotherhood and fraternity to Muslims. Besides that Muslims gather
for breaking of fast in the mosques, and with family and friends and get closer to each other. The
gatherings are arranged for Trawih, night prayer and recitation of Quran.

Q1a. Write about the problems faced by Hazrat Abu Bakr during his caliphate. (10)
Abu Bakr secured the unity of Islamic state by putting down uprisings. He fought against the apostates.
Some tribes refused to give zakat to Madina and did not accept the rule of Abu Bakr and started believing
in false prophets. The rebellious tribes attacked on Madina, but Abu Bakr handled the situation himself
and defeated them. They surrendered and agreed to pay taxes.
The revolt against Islam is known as ‘Ridda’or apostasy movement, and was major threat to the unity of.
These movements spread all over peninsula. Abu Bakr sent 11 battalions under experienced commanders
such as Khalid bin Waleed to crush the revolt. Al Aswad al Ansi was a leader of Ans tribe, he was an ugly
man and used to wear a veil to hide his hideousness and to create mystery about himself. He was
nicknamed the veild prophet. He declared his prophethood in Mohammad‘s life. An expedition was sent
under Feruz in, a large army in cooperation with the neighbouring tribes and chiefs, which he was killed.
In Abu Bakr‘s time one of his follower Qais revolted. He was defeated by Feruz.
Tulayha was a wealthy leader of al Asad tribe. In 630AD he declared himself a prophet. He was a wealthy
chief and a great warrior. Holy prophet passed away before he could send an army after tulayha. Many
other tribes acknowledged him as the prophet. Abu bakr sent Khalid bin Waleed with 4000 men. Both
armies met at Buzaka. Muslims crushed his rebellion, the tribe supporting him surrendered and he
escaped. Later he excepted Islam and served in Muslim army during Umar’s caliphate.
Sajah a Christian Arab also claimed prophethood, but after defeat of Tulayha she joined her forces with
Musaylma. She belonged to Banu Tamim tribe and succeeded in mustering a large group of followers.
She accepted Muslima’s invitation to come to Yamama as a guest and unite to overpower the Muslim
army. Later she married Musailama and accepted his prophethood. This undermined her authority and
when she returned to her own tribe, she lived in obscurity for the rest of her life. And when Muslims
conquered Iraq, under the leadership of Khalid bin Waleed, she became a Muslim along with many others.
Musaylma the liar was from bani Hanifa in Yaman. He was the most competitive false Prophet. He
declared himself a prophet in Mohammad’s life. He legalized drinking, gambling and adultery. After the
Prophet he revolted and gathered a force of 40 000. The task of destroying the force was entrusted to 2
leaders, Ikaramah son of Abu Jahal and Shurabhil. Abu Bakr’s order was that, Ikramah would lead the
original army while Shurabhil would assist them them another side. They would only attack Musalimah’s
army when united. But Ikramah reached the revolt army first and attack, without waiting for Shurabhil.
Muslim suffered a defeat with heavy losses. When Shurabhil reached the valley of Yamama, he attacked
the army of Musalima alone and too was defeated. At this critical state, Abu Bakr sent a large force under
command of Khalid bin Waleed. They fought with a great display of strength, faith and loyalty. Musalima
was forced to retreat to a garden. Many of his army had been killed. Washi, the one who killed Hamzah,
but later embraced Islam, threw his spear impaling Musailama. The battle was so bloody that it was named
the Battle of the Garden of Death. 300 muslims were martyred including many Huffaz of Quran.
Therefore 9on the suggestion of Umar Abu back ordered the compilation of Quran. Which was done by
Zaid bin Thabit.
Abu Bakr also continued the policy of expansion started by the Prophet. First he sent expedition to Syria
as planned by the Prophet. He sent forces towards Iraq and Palestine. His forces defeated Byzantine army
and conquered Ajnadain and Jerusalem. His forces also conquered Hira an important city and opened
trade route to the north east and west.
Abu back died in 634AD 13th AH. He is remembered for his faith and loyalty toward Allah and the
Prophet.

B. Why was Abu Bakr known as al Siddiq and saviour of Islam? (4)
Al Siddiq means testifier ot truth. Abu Bakr always spoke truth and believed in the truth of Mohammad.
He was the first one to accept Islam and without any hesitation. He was the one who confirmed Prophet’s
statement of Miraj, when people did not believe in him. After the death of the Prophet Mohammad Abu
Bakr proved to be the best amongst the Muslim community. He calmed down the Muslims at the death
of the Prophet by reciting the Quranic ayat,” Mohammad is but a messenger.” He told Muslims that, “If
you worship Mohammad, he is dead, if you worship Allah he is eternal and ever living”. This way he
united and revived the Ummah. The historians called Abu Bakr the saviour of Islam. He became the
Caliph at the most crucial time of Islam. There was disunity among the Muslim tribes, many people
declared them as false Prophets, and rebellion in Arabian Peninsula that threatened the existence of
Islamic state. Abu Bakr brought unity among Muslims by fighting Ridda wars and crushing the rebellions.
He really deserved the title of saviour of Islam as he very skilfully saved Islam from serious threats that
may endangered the unity of Ummah. His most important work was compilation of the Quran including
the crushing of apostacy movements that emerged all over Arabia during his caliphate within a year,
waging jihad against the rebellions who refused to pay zakat and saved the future generations from
avoiding such practices and he was the greatest unifying force for the community.

Q2a. Describe expansion of Islam during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. (10)
Abu Bakr continued the policy of expansion begun by the Holy Prophet. Hazrat Mohammad had planned
to send an expedition to Syria, but it was postponed due to his illness. Abu Bakr sent it besides the
opposition of some companions.
In those days, the Romans in the northwest, and the Persians in the north east were two super powers.
Clashes between them resulted in enmity with Muslims. These persians also supported the rebels and
apostates. Therefore Muslims had to challenge them.
Abu Bakr send expedition to Syria under Abu Ubaida, Amr bin Aas and others. They were successful.
Heraclitus the Roman emperor sent a large army under his brother Theodorus. Abu Bakr sent Khalid bin
Waleed. Battle took place at Ajnadain in which Muslims were successful. Muslim forces moved towards
Palestine, and then to Syria, laying siege to Damascus. These victories opened up Iraq and Syria.
Abu Bakr then moved towards vast and wealthy Persian Empire. Abu Bakr started with the invasion of
Iraq under Khalid bin Waleed. Khalid entered in 633 AD with 18000 men and won four decisive victories
from March to May. Every time Khalid offered them three options, to accept Islam, to pay jizya or to
fight. Muslim forces also captured provincial capital Hira and laid siege to Amber in 633AD. He
conquered all of the Euphrates region and Damat-ul-Jandal. In December 633 AD the Muslim forces
defeated the combined forces of Persian, Byzantine and Arab Christian to put an end to the Persian
authority in Iraq. This victory was important for the Muslims because Iraq was the trade route to the
North East and West.