DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Research data must be processed and analyzed in an orderly fashion so

that patterns and relationship can be discerned validated and hypotheses
can be tested. Quantitative data analyzed through statistical analysis
includes simple procedures as well as complex and sophisticated
methods.

Analysis is a process of breaking a complex topic into smaller part to gain

better understanding. Through this process it is filling data together,
making the invisible obvious of living and systematically applying
statistical and logical techniques to describe, summarize and compare
data. It is a process method of organizing data in such way that reasons
question can be answered and hypothesis can be tested. Analysis and
interpretation of data includes complication, editing, coding,
classification and presentation of data. 46

According to Kerlinger(2000), “ Analysis is the categorizing, ordering,

manipulating and summarizing of data to obtain answers to research
questions. The main purpose of analyzers is to reduce the packed data
into intelligence manner and interpretable from so that the relations of
research problem can be studied and tested. 47

This chapter represents the analysis and interpretation of the data

collected to assess the effectiveness of mint extract to reduce
dysmenorrhic symptoms. Analysis and interpretation of this data are
based as per objectives of the study under following headings:

 To screen out the case of primary dysmenorrhea among the nursing

student.
  To assess pretest and post test level of Dysmenorrhic symptoms
among the students in both the experimental and control group.
 To find out the significant difference in the pretest and post test
level of Dysmenorrhic symptoms in experimental group and as
compared to control group.
 To find out the association between pre test level of Dysmenorrhic
symptoms after administering Mint extract among experimental
group with their selected demographic variables

Organization of the study findings

The data collected were edited, tabulated, analyzed, interpreted and the
findings obtained were presented in form of tables and figures which is
presented under following sections:

SECTION-I Comparison of frequency and percentage distribution of

assessment score of samples according to their pretest and post-test level
of dysmenorrhea in both experimental and control group

SECTION-II Frequency and percentage distribution of samples

according to pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea in experimental
and control group

SECTION-III Area wise comparison of pre-test and post-test score of

level of Dysmenorrhea among students in experimental group using ‘t’
test.

SECTION-IV Association between post-test level of Dysmenorrhea

among students with their selected demographic variable in experimental
group.
SECTION-V Frequency and percentage distribution of samples with
dysmenorrhea according to their selected demographic variables in
experimental and control group.
 SECTION-1

Comparison of frequency and percentage distribution of assessment score

of samples according to their pretest and post-test level of dysmenorrhea
in both experimental and control group.

Table 4.1.1 Comparison of frequency and percentage distribution of

assessment score of samples according to their pretest and post-test level
of dysmenorrhea in both experimental and control group.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTRO

PRE-TEST POST-TEST PRE-TEST
LEVELS OF DYSMENORRHEA LEVELS OF LEVELS OF
DYSMENORRHEA DYSMENORRHEA
CRITER Percentage [%] Percentage[%] Percentage[%]
IA
No Mild Moderate Severe No Mild Moderate Severe No Mild Moderate Severe
Working 50% 45% 5% 50% 35% 15% - - 60% 35% 5%
ability
Location - 45% 40% 15% 20% 65% 10% 5% - 35% 35% 30%
Intensity - - 50% 50% 20% 65% 15% - - 15% 50% 35%
Days of - 60% 30% 10% 20% 80% - - - 70% 25% 5%
pain
Fig:4.1.1: Depicts the frequency and percentage distribution of
assessment score in comparison to various areas under WAALID Scale it
shows that in experimental group; 50%, 45% and5% of students reported
with mild, moderate or severely affected working ability in pre-test
whereas in post-test 50% of students reported without any interrupted
working ability only 35% of them having mild and 15% having
moderately affected working ability. Location of pain was reported with
45%, 40% and 15% mild, moderate and severe respectively in pre-test
and 20% reported no pain in any sites, 65%, 10% and 5% with mild,
moderate and severe under experimental group. Intensity of pain was
reported under moderate and severe level with 50% and 50% respectively
in pretest and in post-test 20% of students were free from menstrual pain
and 65% reported with mild pain and only 15% reported with moderate
level of pain under experimental group. Days of pain in pretest was 60%,
30% and 10% respectively with mild moderate and severe where as in
post-test it was 20% with pain in any days of menstruation and 80% with
pain only in first and second days of menstruation under experimental
group.

Hence it interprets that after intervention majority of students were

reported relief from Dysmenorrhea in experimental group.
 100%

90%

80%

70%
Percentage of Areas
60%

50% Severe
Moderate
40%
Mild
30%
No Dysmenorrhea
20%

10%

0%
Working Location Intensity Days of
ability pain
Pre-test in Experimental Group

100%

90%

80%

70%
Percentage of Areas

60%
Severe
50%
Moderate
40%
Mild
30% No Dysmenorrhea
20%

10%

0%
Working Location Intensity Days of
ability pain
Post-test in Experimental Group
Fig:4.1.1 Percentage distribution of assessment of samples according to
their Pre-test & Post-test Score in WALIDD SCALE in Experimental
group
 100%

80%
Percentage of Areas

60%
Severe
Moderate
40% Mild
No Dysmenorrhea

20%

0%
Working Location Intensity Days of
ability Pain
Pre-test in Control Group

100%

80%
Percentage of Areas

60%

Severe
Moderate
40%
Mild
No Dysmenorrhea
20%

0%
Working Location Intensity Days of
ability Pain
Pre-test in Control Group

Fig:4.1.2 Percentage distribution of assessment of samples according to

their Pre-test & Post-test Score in WALIDD SCALE in Control group
Fig: 4.1.2: Depicts that 65%, 35% and 5% of students reported with
mild, moderate or severely affected working ability in pre-test whereas in
post-test the score were same. Location of pain was reported with 35%,
35% and 30% mild, moderate and severe respectively in pre-test and it
was reported same in post-test. Intensity of pain was reported under mild,
moderate and severe level with 15%,50% and 35% respectively in pretest
and in post-test it was 25%, 50% and 25% with mild, moderate and
severe. Days of pain in pretest was 70%, 25% and 5% respectively with
mild moderate and severe where as in post-test it was 65%, 30% and 5%
with mild moderate and severe
.
However while comparing the pre-test and post-test result of control
group it depicts that there is no changes in levels of dysmenorrhea in
terms of working ability, location, intensity and days of pain.

Hence it interprets that majority of students were not getting certain relief
from Dysmenorrhea in control group.
 SECTION-2
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to pre test
and post test level of Dysmenorrhea in experimental and control group.

Table 4.2.1 Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according

to pre test and post test level of Dysmenorrhea in experimental and
control group.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTR

PRE-TEST POST-TEST PRE-TEST
CAT/f% Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentag
[%] [%] [%]
Without _ _ 3 15% _ _
dysmenorrhea
Mild _ _ 12 60% 2 10%
dysmenorrhea
Moderate 11 55% 5 25% 13 35%
dysmenorrhea
Severe 9 45% _ _ 5 25%
dysmenorrhea
 60
PRE-TEST
60
55 POST TEST
50
Percentage of Students

45
40
25
15
30

20

10 0 0
0
0 POST TEST

WITHOUT
DYSMENORRHEA MILD PRE-TEST
DYSMENORRHEA MODERATE
DYSMENORRHEA SEVERE
DYSMENORRHEA

Level of Dysmenorrhea

FIG 4.2.1:-Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea in
experimental group.
INTERPRETATION:

Figure 4.2.1 Depicts that in experimental group majority of students were suffering with moderate dysmenorrhea
(55%) and severe dysmenorrhea (45%) after intervention i.e, administration of mint extract it shows that in next menstrual
cycle only 25% of girls were suffering with moderate dysmenorrhea and majority of student i.e, 60% of them were suffering
with mild dysmenorrhea and 15% of students reported none of the Dysmenorrhic symptoms.

Hence, it can be interpreted that mint extract is effective in relieving Dysmenorrhic symptoms as post-test scores
were reduced as compare to pre-test score of experimental group.
 75

80

70

60

50 PRE-TEST
Percentage of Students

40 35
25 POST-TEST
30 0
0
20 0 25
10
10

WITHOUT
DYSMENORRHEA MILD DYSMENORRHEA
MODERATE
DYSMENORRHEA
SEVERE DYSMENORRHEA

Level of Dysmenorrhea

FIG 4.2.2:-Frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea in
control group.
INTERPRETATION:

Figure 4.2.2 Depicts that in Control group 10%, 35% and 25% of students were suffering with mild dysmenorrhea,
moderate dysmenorrhea and severe dysmenorrhea respectively. The post-test data reveals that none of the students reported
with absence of dysmenorrhea rather the incidence of severe dysmenorrhea is same i.e, 25% and moderate dysmenorrhea
reported as 75%.

Hence it can be interpreted that there is no changes in levels of dysmenorrhea infact the level of symptoms may
become moderate to severe if not treated.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
To assess the effectiveness of Mint Extract in relieving the Dysmenorrhic symptoms among students hypotheses
were tested by using ‘t’ test and chi-square test. The ‘t’ test was done to assess the significant difference in pre-test
and post-test scores. Chi square was done to analyze the association of selected demographic variables with post-
test scores of students on ‘WALIDD SCALE’

H1: There will be significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea after oral
administration of Mint extract.

H2: There will be association between post-test level of Dysmenorrhea with their selected demographic variables
among students.

H1: There will be significant difference between the pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea after oral
administration of Mint extract.

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 SECTION III
Area wise comparison of pre-test and post-test score of level of Dysmenorrhea among students in
experimental group using ‘t’ test.

Table 4.3.1 Area wise comparison of pre-test and post-test score of level of Dysmenorrhea among students in
experimental group using ‘t’ test.

AREA ‘t’ Value(Calculated Level of significance

Value)
Working Ability 5.60 Highly significant
Location 3.39 Highly significant
Intensity 9.14 Highly significant
Days of Pain 3.9 Highly Significant

[‘t” Table Value=2.09] [P≤ 0.05]

Paired ‘t’ test was calculated to assess the significant difference between pre-test and post-test level of
Dysmenorrhea. This table reveals that there is highly significant difference between area wise score of pre-test and
post-test level of Dysmenorrhea.

Hence, Null Hypothesis was rejected (P ≤ 0.05) and the statistical hypothesis was accepted.

17
 Thus it can be interpreted that Mint Extract was effective for relieving symptoms of Dysmenorrhea as there
was a difference between pre-test and post-test level of Dysmenorrhea in experimental group.

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 SECTION IV

Association between post-test levels of Dysmenorrhea among students with their selected demographic variable in
experimental group.

Table 4.4.1 Association between post-test level of Dysmenorrhea among students with their selected demographic
variable in experimental group.

Demographic Chi-square Df Table Level of

Variable Value significance
Age of 4.864 6 12.59 NOT
students SIGNIFICANT
Educational 2.148 9 16.92 NOT
status SIGNIFICANT
Age of 2.629 6 12.59 NOT
menarche SIGNIFICANT

[P≤ 0.05]

19
Chi Square was calculated to find out the association between post-test level of Dysmenorrhea with their selected
demographic variables. The hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. It was found that there was no
significant association between post-test scores among students regarding level of Dysmenorrhea when compared
with age of students, educational status and age of menarche at 5% level of significance with the obtained chi
square value.

Thus it was concluded that level of Dysmenorrhea is not attached to mentioned demographic variables.

20
 SECTION-V

Frequency and percentage distribution of samples with dysmenorrhea according to their selected demographic
variables in experimental and control group.

Table: 4.5.1 Frequency and percentage distribution of samples with dysmenorrhea according to their selected
demographic variables in experimental and control group.

Sl Demographic Experimental Control Group

no. variable Group
f % f %
1. Age of students : 13 65% 6 30%
a. 16-20 yrs
b. 20-21 yrs 7 35% 14 70%
c. >24 _ _ _ _
2. Educational status:
a. First year _ _
b. Second year 15 75% 8 40%
c. Third year 5 25% 12 60%
d. Fourth year _ - - -
3. Age of menarche
a. <13 yrs 8 40% 3 15%

21
 b. 13-15 yrs 11 55% 17 85%
c. >15 yrs 1 5% _ -
4. Family history of
Dysmenorrhea: 7 35% 5 25%
a. Yes
a. No 13 65% 14 70%
5. Duration of Menstrual
flow: 4 20% 4 20%
a. 2-3 days
b. 4-5 days 11 55% 11 55%
c. 6-7 days 3 15% _ 0
d. >7 days 2 10% 5 25%
Sl Demographic Experimental Control Group
no. variable Group
f % f %
6. Specify the number of
pads used per day: 4 20% 4 20%
a. 1-2
b. 3-4 10 50% 8 40%
c. 5-6 5 25% 7 35%
d. < 6 1 5% 1 5%
7. Onset of pain:
a. Prior to menses 10 50% 8 40%
b. Day 1 8 40% 10 50%

22
 c. Day 2 1 5% - _
d. Day 3 1 5% 2 10%
e. After cessation _ _ _ _
f. No Pain _ _ _ _
Specify the pattern of
8. Pain:
a. Continuous 4 20% 11 55%
steady constant
b. Rhythmic 15 75% 7 35%
periodic
intermittent
c. Brief momentary 1 5% 2 10%
transient
d. No pain _ _ _ _

23
 70

70 65

60
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS

50 30
40 35
30

20 Experimental Group
0
10 Control Group
Control Group
0
0
16 -20 years Experimental Group
20-21 years
> 24 years

Age of Students

24
 Fig : 4.5.1 Pyramid showing percentage wise Distribution of students according to their age groups

Interpretation Fig 4.5.1: Depicts that majority of students (65% &70%) from experimental group and control
group were belongs to (16-20yrs) & (20-21yrs) of age group respectively.

However only 35% of the students from experimental group were belongs (16-20yrs) of age and 35% of them were
belong to 20-21yrs of age. None of them belongs to >24 yrs of age.

Hence it interprets that all students belongs to 16-21yrs age there is more risk for Dysmenorrhea.

25
 80 75

70
60
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS

60

50
40
40 Experimental Group

30 25 Control Group

20

10
0 0 0 0
0
1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year

Educational Status of Students

Fig : 4.5.2 Cylindrical Bars showing percentage wise Distribution of students according to their Year of Study

26
Fig:4.5.2: Depicts that 75% of students studying in second year and 25% of them studying in third year were in
experimental group where as 40% of students studying in second year and 60% of them studying in third year
were in control group respectively.

27
 85
90
PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS

80
70
60 55
50 40
40 15
Experimantal Group
30
20
Control Group
0
10 Control Group
0 5

<13 years Experimantal Group

13-15 years
>15 years

Age of Menarche

Fig: 4.5.3 Pyramid showing percentage wise distribution of students according to their age of menarche

28
Fig: 4.5.3: Depicts that 40% of students achieved menarche at age less than 13 yrs, 55% at age between 13-15 yr
and 5% at age of 15 yrs respectively were in experimental group, where as 15% of students achieved menarche at
age less than 13 yrs and 85% at age between 13-15 yrs were in control group.

Hence it interprets that in majority of students age of menarche is between 13-15 yrs and it is considered as
borderline age of Menarche.

29