Bio149 3rd Long Exam 13.

Starting with one glucose molecule in

Multiple Choice glycolysis and proceeding though the citric
1. It is a period of adaptation for a typical batch cell growth acid cycle, how many molecules of carbon
a. stationary phase c. exponential growth
b. lag phase d. Deceleration dioxide are produced?
2. It is a period when cells are adapted to their environment a. 6 c. 9 d. 3 e. 2
during cell growth. b. 4
a. stationary phase c. exponential growth
b. lag phase d. Deceleration
14. Which of the following is a coenzyme involved in the
3. Deceleration occurs due to _____ conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?
a. accumulation of toxic by- c. changes that occur in the a. acetyl-CoA c. NAD d. lipoic acid e. FAD
products cell b. biotin
b. unbalanced growth d. all of the above
4. Catabolism of cellular reserves for new building blocks and for
energy-producing monomers happens during 15. The primary function of the electron transport chain is
which phase a. to convert O2 to CO2.
a. stationary phase c. exponential growth b. to directly make ATP.
b. lag phase d. Deceleration c. to move protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane
5. Phase where cell mass concentration may stay constant but against their concentration gradient.
number of viable cells may decrease d. to make water from oxygen and protons to keep the cells
a. lag phase b. deceleration c. death d. Stationary hydrated.
6. The following may occur during during the stationary phase. e. to make NADH for use by ATP synthase.
Select the exception.
a. cell lysis may occur and viable cell mass may drop
b. cell mass may stay constant but number of viable cells may 16. Why does the metabolic electron carrier NADH yield one more
decrease ATP than FADH2?
c. cells may not be growing but may have active metabolism a. Both FADH2 and NADH yield the same number of ATPs.
to produce secondary metabolite b. FADH2 donates electrons to complex II, which doesn't
d. cells may reorganize thier molecular constituents pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane,
7. It is a measure of the rate of uptake of a substrate for whereas NADH donates to complex I, which does pump
maintenance by the cell protons.
a. yield coefficient c. maintenance coefficient c. FADH2 enters the electron transport chain one protein
b. Oxygen Uptake Rate d. none of the above complex farther down the chain than NADH, so electrons
from NADH pass through more protein complexes than
those from FADH2.
8. The net production of ATP per glucose from glycolysis is: d. none of these choices
a. 3 c. 4 d. 0 e. 1 e. FADH2 only donates one electron to the electron transport
b. 2 chain, while NADH donates two.

9. During glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules as produced 17. At which component of the electron transport chain is oxygen
per glucose? reduced to water?
a. 4 c. 1 d. 5 e. 2 a. complex I c. cytochrome c d. complex e. complex II
b. 3 III
b. complex
IV
10. Which of the following molecules is a common fate of
pyruvate in anaerobic metabolism?
a. 2-phosphoglycerate d. lactate 18. What is the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction?
b. coenzyme A e. glyceraldehyde-3- Ethanol + NAD+ → acetaldehyde + NADH + H+
phosphate Use the table: Half Reaction
c. phosphoenolpyruvate F01
NAD+ + H+ + 2e- → NADH -0.320 V
Acetaldehyde + 2H+ + 2e- → ethanol -0.197 V
a. - c. 11.87 d. - e. 23.74KJ/mol
11. Which of the following citric acid cycle 11.87KJ/mol KJ/mol 0.123KJ/mol
intermediates is replenished through b. -
anaplerotic reactions? 23.74KJ/mol
a. oxaloacetate c. malate d. citrate e. isocitrate
b. Succinate
19. Which of the four respiratory complexes contain(s)
cytochromes?
12. The oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate has a positive ΔG o'; a. complex II d. complex III and complex
however, in cells, the reaction proceeds. How can this occur? IV
a. In the cell, the enzyme makes it kinetically favored, even b. complex IV e. complex I
though it is thermodynamically unfavored. c. complex III
b. All of these choices explain this event
c. It is thermodynamically favored under standard conditions.
d. The concentration of malate must be higher than 20. Which of the four respiratory complexes contain(s) flavins?
oxaloacetate for this reaction to occur in the cell a. complex IV d. complex I and complex II
e. The hydrogen ion concentration must be 1 M in cells, thus b. complex III e. complex I
altering ΔGo' to ΔGo. c. complex II
21. Formation of lactate from pyruvate involves: b. sulfur e. hydrogen peroxide
a. the oxidation of NADH to d. the reduction of FAD to c. hydrogen sulfate
NAD FADH2
b. the reduction of NAD to e. the hydrolysis of ATP
NADH 32. Chemosynthetic forms of life
c. the oxidation of FADH2 to a. derive energy from sunlight.
FAD b. derive energy by stripping hydrogen from inorganic
compounds such as sulfur compounds.
c. are anaerobic forms that live in the dark.
22. Which of the following types of chemical reactions does not d. are one form of heterotrophic life.
occur in the TCA cycle? e. are unable to generate enough energy to synthesize
a. hydrolysis d. oxidation-reduction complex food-storage molecules.
b. decarboxylation e. dephosphorylation
c. phosphorylation
33. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from
a. carbon dioxide. d. water.
23. Metabolism describes b. glucose. e. atmospheric oxygen.
a. the cell's capacity to acquire energy. c. ribulose bisphosphate.
b. cellular processes used to store substances.
c. reactions that break apart nutrients to release energy.
d. the elimination of waste products. 34. The internal membrane system of the
e. all of these chloroplast is called a
a. thylakoid. c. lamella. d. mitochondrion. e. tracheid.
b. stroma.
24. Which reaction is NOT an exergonic reaction?
a. protein c. fire d. respiration e. movement
synthesis 35. Chemiosmotic coupling describes:
b. digestion a. how the energy from the electron transport chain is used to
generate an electrochemical gradient for protons, which is
used to drive ATP synthesis
25. When NAD+ combines with hydrogen, the NAD+ is b. how the electrons are passed through the electron transport
a. reduced. b. oxidized. c. phosphorylated. d. denatured. chain by coenzymes, iron-sulfur centers, and cytochromes
c. how the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 results in
utilization of oxygen
26. A biosynthetic pathway can be characterized as d. how ATP synthase rotates to generate ATP
a. endergonic. c. degradative. d. releasing e. producing
energy. ATP.
b. exergonic. 36. Where do the electrons from the NADH and succinate end up
after electron transport in the mitochondria?
a. They reduce ADP to ATP.
27. NAD+ and FAD are b. They reduce the Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the heme group of
a. coenzymes. hemoglobin.
b. electron acceptors. c. They are pumped across the inner mitochondrial
c. reduced forms. membrane.
d. coenzymes and electron acceptors. d. They reduce oxygen to water.
e. coenzymes, electron acceptors, and reduced forms.
37. Order the complexes of the electron transport chain and
28. Activation energy oxidative phosphorylation according to their names (which
a. is less when enzymes are present. describe their activity):
b. allows greater interaction of substrate with the active site. I. cytochrome oxidase
c. is needed to begin a reaction. II. succinate dehydrogenase
d. is less when enzymes are present and is needed to begin a III. ATP synthase
reaction. IV. cytochrome c-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
e. is less when enzymes are present, allows greater interaction V. NADH dehydrogenase
of substrate with the active site, and is needed to begin a a. I, II, IV, V, c. III, V, I, II, d. IV, II, V, e. II, III, V, I,
reaction. III IV III, I IV
b. I, III, V, II,
IV
29. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?
a. H2O c. O2 d. lipid e. H2O and
CO2. 38. The first event in photosynthesis is the
b. CO2 a. formation of phosphoglyceric acid.
b. donation of an electron from the photosystem to an
acceptor.
30. The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy occurs c. fixation of carbon dioxide.
during d. breakdown of the thylakoid membrane.
a. glycolysis. c. respiration. d. fermentation. e. chemosynthesis. e. formation of phosphoglyceraldehyde.
b. photosynthesis.
39. Which of the following is most descriptive of an electron
31. Chemosynthetic bacteria may use which element as a hydrogen transfer chain?
donor instead of water? a. It generates energy from nothing.
a. potassium dihydrogen d. hydrogen chloride b. It is a mechanism used by cells to dispose of unused
phosphate electrons.
 c. It utilizes ATP in the synthesis of nutrients.
d. It transfers energy, stepwise, from one compound to 49. The light-independent reactions of
another.
e. It requires activation by sunlight. photosynthesis
a. fix carbon dioxide. d. are known as photolysis.
b. involve the liberation of e. all of these
40. The cyclic pathway functions mainly to oxygen.
a. fix CO2. c. make d. reduce e. split H2O. c. cannot occur in light.
ATP. NADP.
b. produce O2.
50. When molecules are broken apart in respiration,
a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
41. The final hydrogen acceptor in the noncyclic pathway of ATP b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used
formation is as an energy source.
a. FAD. c. NADP+. d. FMN. e. PEP. c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into
b. PGA. molecules of ATP.
d. ATP is converted into ADP.
e. ADP is released as a waste product.
42. during the
The electrons that are passed to NADP+
noncyclic pathway were obtained from 51. Aerobes use __________ as the final electron acceptor.
a. chlorophyll. c. glucose. d. sunlight. e. ATP. a. hydrogen c. oxygen d. H2O e. NAD+
b. CO2. b. carbon

43. The products of the light-dependent reactions 52. Which of the following liberates the most
of photosynthesis energy in the form of ATP?
a. are used in the light-independent reactions. a. aerobic respiration
b. are complex carbohydrates and proteins. b. anaerobic respiration
c. are stored in the vacuoles of the cell. c. alcoholic fermentation
d. are oxygen and glucose. d. lactate fermentation
e. are used in the light-independent reactions and are stored in e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.
the vacuoles of the cell.

53. The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed

44. 2
Plant cells produce one molecule of O
below is:
a. by splitting carbon dioxide. d. by splitting two
molecules of water. I. glycolysis
b. during respiration. e. by breaking down II. ETP
glucose. III. Krebs
c. by splitting ribulose
bisphosphate. a. I >>> II c. III >>> I d. II >>> III e. I >>> III
>>> III >>> II >>> I >>> II
b. II >>> I
45. In the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation, which event >>> III
occurs last?
a. excitation of P700 d. ATP synthesis
b. photolysis of water e. transfer of electron to 54. For glycolysis to begin,
P680 a. glucose must enter the mitochondria.
c. formation of NADPH b. there must be an input of energy from ATP.
c. oxygen must be available.
d. some hydrogen acceptors must be available.
46. All but which condition must be present for light-independent e. none of these
reactions to occur?
a. presence of carbon dioxide d. presence of ATP and
NADPH 55. Glycolysis
b. exposure of the plant to e. presence of required a. occurs in the mitochondria.
light enzymes b. happens to glucose only.
c. presence of ribulose c. results in the production of pyruvate.
bisphosphate d. occurs in the cytoplasm.
e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the
cytoplasm.
47. The carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin-Benson cycle is
a. phosphoglycerate (PGA). d. glucose.
b. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). e. phosphoenol pyruvate. 56. The end product of glycolysis is
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde a. acetyl-CoA. c. pyruvate. d. citrate. e. both a
(PGAL). and b
b. oxaloacetate.

48. Which of the following chemicals has five carbon atoms?

a. phosphoglycerate (PGA) d. glucose 57. During the Krebs cycle,
b. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) e. phosphoenol pyruvate a. substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde b. oxaloacetate is regenerated.
(PGAL) c. electrons and H+ are transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and
FAD.
d. molecules of carbon dioxide are formed.
 e. all of these a. Calcium c. oxygen d. phosphorus e. sodium
b. Hydrogen

58. Which is capable of being reduced during

67. Each NADH produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis yields
either glycolysis or the Krebs cycle? how many molecules of ATP if it is used in electron transfer
+ +
a. NAD c. ADP d. NADH e. NADP phosphorylation in liver, heart, or kidney cells?
b. FAD+ a. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. either 2 or 3
b. 3

59. To break down a glucose molecule completely,

how many passes through the Krebs cycle are 68. Because of its location in the electron transfer chain, delivery
of electrons to each FAD results in __________ ATPs.
required? a. 4 c. 3 d. 32 e. 0
a. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. 12 b. 2
b. 3

69. If fermentation follows glycolysis,

60. The first intermediate produced after the entry of acetyl-CoA a. CO2 will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to
into the Krebs cycle is lactate.
a. pyruvate. d. oxaloacetate. b. the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will
b. acetyl-CoA. e. citrate. (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to
c. fructose bisphosphate. either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
c. ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or
ethanol and CO2.
61. The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle before the d. oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma
entry of the next acetyl-CoA is membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
a. pyruvate. d. oxaloacetate.
b. acetyl-CoA. e. citrate.
c. fructose bisphosphate. 70. Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce
a. ethyl alcohol. c. pyruvate. d. lactate. e. citrate.
b. acetaldehyde.
62. Which of the following marks the transition
from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?
a. acetyl-CoA formation d. oxidative phosphorylation 71. Sour cream and sour milk are produced by bacteria that form
b. conversion of PGAL to e. substrate-level a. ethyl alcohol. c. pyruvate. d. lactate. e. citrate.
PGA phosphorylation b. acetaldehyde.
c. regeneration of reduced
NAD+
72. Sulfate-reducing bacteria transfer electrons to __________ in
their environment.
63. The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in a. SO2 c. H2SO4 d. S e. SO4- -
a. glycolysis. d. electron transfer b. H2
phosphorylation.
b. alcoholic fermentation. e. the Krebs cycle.
c. anaerobic electron 73. Four of the five answers listed below are compounds in the
transfer. glycolysis reactions. Select the exception.
a. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate d. phosphoenol pyruvate
b. 3-phosphoglycerate e. isocitrate
c. pyruvate
64. The electron transfer chain of cellular
respiration is located
a. on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. 74. Four of the five answers listed below are compounds in the
b. on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts. Krebs reactions. Select the exception.
c. in the fluid part of the chloroplast. a. oxaloacetate d. pyruvate
d. throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. b. isocitrate e. succinyl-CoA
e. on the plasma membrane. c. alpha-ketoglutarate

65. The most abundant acceptor for hydrogen released in the Krebs 75. Four of the five answers listed below are
cycle is
a. TPN. d. FAD. degradation processes for carbon compounds.
b. FMN. e. cytochrome oxidase. Select the exception.
c. NAD+. a. Calvin-Benson cycle d. respiration
b. Krebs cycle e. glycolysis
c. fermentation
66. During electron transport phosphorylation, which ions
accumulate in the outer compartment of the mitochondria?

Problem

76. Solve for the Oxygen Transfer Rate given that the oxygen transfer coefficient is 12.0cm/h, gas liquid interfacial is
0.312 cm2/cm3, the saturated DO concentration is 2.5mg/L, and the actual DO concentration in the broth is
0.88mg/L.
77. Solve for the specific growth rate of a culture given that its cell mass changed from 2.54g/L to 3.42g/L after 2hours
and 33 minutes.
Bio149 3rd Long Exam
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. B 26. A 51. C
2. C 27. D 52. A
3. A 28. E 53. E
4. A 29. E 54. B
5. D 30. B 55. E
6. D 31. B 56. C
7. C 32. B 57. E
8. B 33. D 58. A
9. E 34. A 59. A
10. D 35. A 60. E
11. A 36. D 61. D
12. B 37. D 62. A
13. A 38. B 63. D
14. E 39. D 64. A
15. C 40. C 65. C
16. B 41. C 66. B
17. B 42. A 67. B
18. E 43. A 68. B
19. D 44. D 69. B
20. D 45. C 70. D
21. A 46. B 71. D
22. E 47. B 72. E
23. E 48. B 73. E
24. A 49. A 74. D
25. A 50. C 75. A

PROBLEM

76. NO2 = kl a (C* - CL)

= (12.0cm/h)*(0.312cm2/cm3)*(2.5mg/L-0.88mg/L)
= 6.06 mg/L*h
77. u = [lnX(f) - lnX(i)] / [T(f) - T(i)]
= (ln(3.42)-ln(2.54))/(2.55h)
= 0.117 h-1