Chapter 16: In Belgian Brussels
) “Diferencias” (Differences), September 15,
 January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for Brussels
 2 Reasons to leave Paris:
1.) The cost of living in Paris was very
high because of the Universal Expo.
2.) The gay social life of the city
hampered his literary works,
especially writing El Fili
 M.H. del Pilar and Valentin Ventura- believed
that he left paris bc he was running away from a
girl.
 Ventura offered to let him stay at
his house for free, but declined
(dignity)
Life in Brussels
 Accompanied by Jose Albert when moving to
Brussels
 Lived in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue
Philippe Champagne, run by 2 sis (Suzanne and
Marie)
 Albert left then replaced by Jose Alejandro
 He was busy in writing his 2ND novel(cont. of
Noli)
 Wrote articles for La Solidaridad and letters to
fam and friends.
 Spent part of his time in the med clinic.
 Recreation: gymnastics, target practice, fencing
 Rizal suggested to eat pansit to be frugal but
failed so they ate the pansit for two days for
lunch and supper.
Articles Publishes in La Solidaridad
1.) “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa), April 30,
1889
 Reply to an anti-Filipino writing by
Patricio de la Escosura (Spanish
writer), published in La Defensa on
Mar. 30,1889
2.) “La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth For All),
May 31, 1889.
 Rizal’s defense against the Spanish
charges.
3.) “Vicente Derantes’ Teatro Tagalo,” June 15,
1889.
 Exposes Barrantes’ ignorance on
Tagalog theatrical art.
4.) “Una Profanacion” (A Profanation), July 31,
1889.
 Attack against friars for denying
Christian burial for Mariano
Herbosa (bro in law ni rizal) in
Calamba.
 Herbosa (hubby ni Lucia) died of
cholera on May 23, 1889.
5.) “Verdades Nuevas” (New Truths), July 31,
1889.
 Reply to Vicente Belloc Sanchez’
letter in La Patria, July 4, 1889.
 Granting reforms in the ph would
ruin the “peaceful and maternal
rule” of the firars.
6.) “Crueldad” (Cruelty), August 15, 1889.
 Defense of Blumentritt from the
scurrilous attacks of his enemies.
7.
1889.
 Reply to a biased article “Old
Truths”, published in La Patria,
August 14, 1889.
 Ridiculed those Filipinos who asked
for reforms.
8.) “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences),
November 30, 1889.
 Defense of Antonio Luna against
attack of Pablo Mir Deas, El pueblo
Soberano
9.) “Llanto y Risas” (Tears and Laughter),
November 30, 1889.
 Denunciation of Spanish racial
prejudice against the brown
Filipinos.
 How the audience composed
mostly of Spaniards and mestizos
stopped clapping when he received
his first prize in literary contest in
1880 bc of brown skin.
10.) “Ingratitudes”(Ingratitude), January 13,
1890.
 Reply to Governor General
Valeriano Weyler (told people they
should not allow themselves to be
deceived by the vain promises of
their ungrateful sons)
New Orthography of Tagalog Language
 First to advocate the Filipinization
of its orthography.
 September 1886- in Leipzig adopted
the filipinized tagalog orthography.
 “Sobre la Nuueva Ortografia de la
Lengua Tagala” (The New
Orthography of the Tagalog
Laguage) published in La
Solidaridad on April 15, 1890.
- Gave credit to Dr. Trinidad
H. Pardo de Tavera (El
Sanscrito en la Lengua
Tagala)
Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling
 Rizal heard from Juan Luna and Valentin
Ventura that Filipinos were destroying
the good name of their nation by
gambling too much.
 Wrote to MH del Pilar that they did not
come to Europe to gamble, but work for
their fatherland’s freedom.
 Filipinos got mad, began calling Rizal
“papa”(pope) instead of “pepe”
Bad News from Home
 Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.
 Dominican Haciendas continually raised land
rents.
 Rizal’s father refused to pay rent, so did others.
 Dominican order filed suits to disposses the
Rizal family of their lands in Calamba.
 Rizal family, tenants were persecuted.
 Paciano and the bro in laws (Antonio Lopez,
Silvestre Ubaldo) were deported to Mindoro.
  Manuel Hidalgo to Bohol.
 Depressed Rizal, wrote to his sister (June 6,
1890)
Presentiment of Death
 Bad dreams during the nights in brussels
 Feared that he would not live long.
 Wanted to finish his second novel before he
went to his grave.
 Wrote letter to MH del Pilar ( June 11,
1890) – “would not reach 30, dreamed that
I descended by a path of multitude of
persons seated, dressed in white, white
faces, silent, surrounded by white light. /
“Laong Laan” (Ever Ready) is my true name”
Preparation to Go Home
 Planned to go home bc of fam
 Wrote letter to Ponce (July 9, 1890), Graciano
Lopez should not go to Cuba to die of yellow
fever, instead go to PH to die in defense of his
ideals.
Decision to go to Madrid
 Lost the case against the Dominicans in Manila,
appealed in to the Supreme Court in Spain, a
lawyer needed to handle it in Madrid.
 Wrote MH del Pilar (June 20, 1890), informed
that he was going to Madrid on Aug 3 or 4.
“To My Muse” (1890)
 Poem lacks the exquisiteness of “the two
flowers of Heidelberg” and is less polished than
“to the Filipino youth.
 Passionate in feeling
Romance to Petite Jacoby
 Preparing for the summertime festival of
Belgium
 Romance with Petite Jacoby, pretty niece of his
landladies.
 Petite Susanne was attracted to him.
 Suzanne cried when he left towards end of July.
Rizal’s Women:
 Segunda Katigbak
 Orang Valenzuela
 Leonor Rivera
 O-Sei-San
 Gettie Beckett
 Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
 Nellie Bousted
Chapter 17: Misfortunes in Madrid
 Early August 1890- Rizal arrived in Madrid.
 Almost fought with two duels (Antonio Luna
and Wenceslao E. Retana)
 Leonor Rivera married a British Engineer
Failure to get Justice for Family
 Immediately sought help of the Filipino colony,
the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, libera Spanish
Newspapers (La Justicia, El Globo, La Republica,
El Resumen, etc.) n securing justice for the
oppressed Calamba people.
 With MH del Pilar (lawyer), Dr. Dominador
Gomez (secretary of AHF), called on Minister of
Colonies (Senor Fabie) to protest the injustices
of Gov. Gen. Wyler and Dominicans.
 Spanish Colonial Policy: Cover ears, open purse
fold arms”
 Letter from Silvestre Ubaldo, received a copy of
enjectment order by Dominicans against
Francisco Rizal and other tenants. –
-deportation of his sis (Saturnina),
Paciano, Antonino, Silvestre, Teong, and
Dandoy to Mindoro. (Shipped out to
Manila Sept. 6, 1890)
- Parents have been forcibly ejected
from their home, currently living in
Narcisa’s home
 Sought the aid of liberal Spanish statesmen.
(Becerra and Maura)
-only gave him sympathy
 Blumentritt urged him to see Queen Regent
Maria Christina (but had no powerful friends
nor gold)
Rizal’s Eulogy to Panganiban
 Jose Ma. Panganiban, talented co-worker in the
Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona
August 19, 1890. (illness)
Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna
 End of August 1890, attendend a social reunion
in madrid.
 Antonio Luna became drunk.
 Blamed Rizal for not getting Nellie Bousted
 Luna talked badly about Nellie
 Rizal challenged Luna
 Luna sobered up, realized and apologized.
Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel
 Retana- use to attack Filipinos in newspapers in
Madrid.
 Made an article and apologized to Rizal
Infidelity of Leonor Rivera
 Autumn of 1890- lost his gold watch chain and a
locket with Leonor Rivera’s picture.
 Bad Omen
 Dec 1890- received a letter, announcing
marriage of Leonor to a Englishman.
Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry
 Rivalry for supremacy
Rizal Abdicates His Leadership
 Rizalistas and Pilaristas
 Rizal won became the Responsible
 Rizal declined
Adios Madrid
 Boarded train for Biarritz
 He was happy in his first sojourn, unhappy on
his second.
Chapter 21: Second Homecoming and The Liga Filipina
 Return to Manila in June 1892, 2nd
homecoming.
 August 1887- First homecoming
 Believed that the fight for Filipino liberties must
be fought in the Ph.
 “The battlefield is in the Ph”
 December 31, 1891- wrote to Blumentritt: “I
believe that La Solidaridad is no longer our
battlefield, now it is a new struggle… the fight is
no longer in Madrid.”
 Like Daniel (biblical) bearding the Spanish lion in
its own den.
Arrival in Manila with Sister
 Noon of June 26,1892- arrived in Manila with
sister Lucia (widowed wife of Mariano Herbosa)
 Described his 2nd homecoming as:
- Arrived at 12 noon, Sunday
- Met by carabineers headed
by a major, in addition one
captain and one sergent of
the Veteran Civil Guard
- Came down w my luggage
and inspected me at th
custom house
- Went to Hotel de Oriente,
room no. 22 facing the
church of Binondo.
 In the afternoon, 4:00pm he went to Malacanan
Palace to seek audience with the Spanish
governor general (General Eulgio Despujol,
Conde de Caspe)
 Was told to come back at 7 o clock
 Spanish gov gen agreed to pardon his father but
not the rest of his family
 Asked to return on Wednesday
 Visited sisters( Narcisa (Sisa), Neneng (
Saturnina)
Visiting Friends in Central Luzon
 June 27 (6pm)- Boarded a train in Tutuban
Station
 Visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San
Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac, Bacolor
(Pampanga)
 Was welcomed
 June 28 (5pm)- Returned by train to Manila
 Was shadowed by government spies, watching
his every move.
 Homes he visited was raided by Guardia Civil
 Seized copies of Noli and Fili, and some
“subversive” pamphlets.
Other Interviews with Despujol
 Wednesday (June 29, 7:30) - I saw his
Excellency.
- Did not succeed to have the
penalty of exile lifted, but
gave him hope for his
sisters.
- Interview ended at 9;15 bc
of feast of St. Peter and
Paul.
 Thursday (June 30) – We talked about the
question of Borneo. General was very opposed,
- Told him to come back
Sunday.
 Sunday (July 3) – I returned.
- We talked about sundry
things. I thanked him for
having lifted the exile of my
sisters. Father and brother
would arrive on the first
boat.
- Asked me if I would like to
go to HK. Said yes.
- Told me to return on
Wednesday
Founding of the Liga Filipina
 Evening of Suday, July 3, 1892- attended
meeting of patriots at the Chinese-Filipino
mestizo’s home (Doroteo Ongjunco)
 Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila
 People who went:
 Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira)- mason and
school teacher
 Domnigo Franco (Felipe Leal)- mason and
tobacco shopkeeper
 Jose A. Ramos (Socorro)- engraver, painter,
owner of Bazar Gran Bretana, Worshipul Master
of Nilad
 Ambrocio Salvador- goberdadorcillo of Quiapo
and mason
 Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem); dentist and mason
 Deodato Arellano- bro in law of MH del Pilar
 Agustin dela Rosa- bookkeeper, mason
 Moises Salvador- contractor and mason
 Luis Villareal- tailor and mason
 Faustino Villarruel- Pharmacist and mason
 Mariano Crisostomo- landlord
 Numeriano Adriano- notary public and mason
 Estanislao Legaspi- artisan and mason
 Teodoro Plata- court clerk and mason
 Andres Bonifacio- warehouse employee
 Apolinario Mabini- lawyer and mason
 Juan Zulueta- playwright, poet, government
employee.
 Rizal explained the objectives of the civic league
of Filipinos and its role in the socio-economic
life of the people.
 Presented the Constitution of the Liga (written
in HK)
 Partriots were impressed thus approved the
establishment of the Liga.
 Officers were elected as follows:
- President: Ambrosio
Salvador
- Secretary: Deodato
Arellano
- Treasurer: Bonifacio
Arevalo
- Fiscal: Agustin de la Rosa
Constitution of the Liga Filipina
1. To unite the whola archipelago into one
compact and homogenous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
 3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and
commerce.
5. Study and application of reforms.

 Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All)

 Every member pays an entrance fee of 2 pesos
and a monthly due of 10 centavos.
 Duties of the Liga members:
1. Obey the orders of the
Supreme Council
2. Help in recruiting new members
3. Keep in strictest secrecy the
decisions of the Liga authorities
4. Have a symbolic name which he
cannot change until he
becomes a president of his
council
5. Report to the fiscal anything
that he may hear which affects
the Liga
6. Behave well as befits a good
Filipino
7. Help fellow members in all
ways.
Rizal Arrested and Jailed In Fort Santiago
 Wednesday (July 6) - Rizal went to Malacanang
Palace to resume interviews with governor
general.
 During his interview gov gen showed him
printed leaflets found in Lucia’s pillow cases.
 Entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars), authorship
of Father Jacinto, printed by the Imprenta de los
Amogis del Pais, Manila.
- Against the Dominican
friars
 Rizal denied having those leaflets in their
luggage.
 Placed under arrest and escorted to Fort
Santiago by Ramon Despujol (nephew of gov
gen despujol)