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Review of the Antibiotic Resistance Consequences in Wastewaters and Ecosystems

Purpose:

Our team’s purpose is to review the latest research about antibiotic resistant bacteria in

wastewater and the potential impact on ecosystems and human health. (Word Count: 24)

Introduction:

A rise of Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARG) has significantly increased in wastewater.

The impact of antibiotics has decreased in the world of fighting diseases as well as the spread of

pathogens among people in populated environments. As antibiotics become overused and mis

applicated, the development of resistance amasses among the infectious agents in humans.

Recently, it’s been shown that the negative impact of ARG has increasingly grown in

anthropogenic environments. As the ARG levels rise in non-clinical locations, it is clearer that

these surroundings need to be cautiously monitored and investigated. ARG studies are prominent

in high contamination areas such as the pharmaceutical industry. (Word Count: 104)

Annotations:

Antti Karkman, Timothy A. Johnson, Christina Lyra, Robert D. Stedtfeld, Manu Tamminen,

James M. Tiedje, Marko Virta, High-throughput quantification of antibiotic resistance

genes from an urban wastewater treatment plant, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Volume

92, Issue 3, March 2016, fiw014, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw014

- This article explores antibiotic resistance among bacteria, with wastewater being

considered a large contributor to ARG in the environment. ARG increases during the

purification process. (Word Count: 26)

- This source explains the impact antibiotic resistance has in non-clinical environments as

well as its future if more infections arise as a result of the antimicrobial resistant
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infections, as it is emphasized by Khan and his team (next article) where they evaluate

the buildup of ARG in UWTP through the quantified Polymerase Chain Reaction. Our

team might use this source to assess their graphics and data for determining Antibiotic

resistance in environments such as the Urban Water Treatment Plants (UWTPs), and how

transfer of ARG occurs in the wastewater ecosystems. (Word Count: 91)

Khan, Faisal Ahmad, et al. “Prevalence and Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Swedish

Aquatic Environments Impacted by Household and Hospital Wastewater.” Frontiers in

Microbiology, vol. 10, Apr. 2019, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00688.

- The purpose of this article was examining the range of ARGs in gram-negative bacteria

within wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments in Sweden. (Word Count:

24)

- Our team might use this article to reference the methodology of extracting DNA from

antibiotic resistant bacteria using the process of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

(qPCR), a method for isolating the DNA in the antibiotic resistant genes. This source

agrees with Karkman’s experimental methods (previous article) by stating that increasing

usage of antimicrobial compounds has caused a deterioration in natural environments by

accumulating more antibiotic resistant genes as a result. (Word Count: 67)

Fernandes, Telma, et al. “Neighbor Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants Display Distinct Profiles

of Bacterial Community and Antibiotic Resistance Genes.” Environmental Science and

Pollution Research, vol. 26, no. 11, 2019, pp. 11269–11278., doi:10.1007/s11356-019-

04546-y.
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- The purpose of this paper was to analyze the sewage discharge of individual urban water

treatment plants to see if their bacterial formation was correlated to Antibiotic Resistant

genes. (Word Count: 30)

- My team can use this source to analyze the DNA sequencing method which pinpoints

certain mutations as well as abnormalities in examining the specific patterns of antibiotic

resistant genes within the different classifications of the Urban Water Treatment Plants.

This review article presents a similarity to the paper written by Faisal Ahmed Khan and

his team by assessing the DNA of the antibiotic resistant bacteria within their respective

genomes (organism’s complete set of DNA) in order to seek out opposing or potential

similarities in the mutations and DNA sequences (organism’s complete set of DNA).

(Word Count: 95)

Pärnänen, Katariina M. “Antibiotic Resistance in European Wastewater Treatment Plants

Mirrors the Pattern of Clinical Antibiotic Resistance Prevalence.” Science Advances , vol.

5, no. 3, 27 Mar. 2019, pp. 1–10.,

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/5/3/eaau9124.full.pdf.

- The goal of this paper was to evaluate the new European antibiotic examination among

Urban Water Treatment Plants and examine the quantity of antibiotic resistance in

different locations. (Word Count: 29)

- My team might use this source in order to define and pinpoint the reasoning behind

antibiotic-resistant bacteria as it lowers the impact of treating infectious diseases. As a

secondary goal, this paper will also help in us defining the new forms of surveillance that

are arising in the European world of agriculture, so that we can begin to suggest methods

to address this consistent issue. This source defies Fernandes’ and her teams work by
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claiming that the antibiotic resistance pattern has major trends rather than having distinct

effects from each of the Urban Water Treatment Plants. (Word Count: 97)