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[Metric Edition of
ANSI/AGMA 2001--D04]
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
Association.
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Invo-
lute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth, published by the American Gear Manufacturers Asso-
http://www.agma.org.]
ABSTRACT
This standard specifies a method for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength of spur and helical
involute gear pairs. A detailed discussion of factors influencing gear survival and calculation methods are
provided.
Published by
ISBN: 1--55589--840--8
ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2101-- D04
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references, definitions and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Criteria for tooth capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Fundamental rating formulas ......................................... 9
6 Geometry factors, ZI and YJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 Transmitted tangential load, Ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8 Dynamic factor, Kv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9 Overload factor, Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10 Service factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11 Safety factors, SH and SF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12 Elastic coefficient, ZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
13 Surface condition factor, ZR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
14 Hardness ratio factor, ZW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
15 Load distribution factor, KH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16 Allowable stress numbers, sHP and sFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
17 Stress cycle factors, ZN and YN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
18 Reliability factor, YZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
19 Temperature factor, Yq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
20 Size factor, Ks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Annexes
Figures
1 Dynamic factor, Kv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Hardness ratio factor, ZW (through hardened) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Hardness ratio factor, ZW (surface hardened pinions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Instantaneous contact lines in the plane of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5 Pinion proportion factor, KHpf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Evaluation of S and S1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 Mesh alignment factor, KHma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8 Allowable contact stress number for through hardened steel gears, σHP . . . 24
9 Allowable bending stress number for through hardened steel gears, σFP . . . 25
10 Allowable bending stress numbers for nitrided through hardened steel gears
(i.e., AISI 4140, AISI 4340), σFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11 Allowable bending stress numbers for nitriding steel gears, σFP . . . . . . . . . . . 27
12 Variations in hardening pattern obtainable on gear teeth with flame or
induction hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
13 Minimum effective case depth for carburized gears, he min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
14 Core hardness coefficient, Uc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
15 -- Minimum total case depth for nitrided gears, hc min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
16 Allowable yield strength number for steel gears, σs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
17 Z
Pitting resistance stress cycle factor, N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tables
5 Allowable contact stress number, σHP, for iron and bronze gears . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 Allowable bending stress number, σFP, for iron and bronze gears . . . . . . . . . 26
σHP, and allowable bending stress number, σFP, of carburized and hardened
steel gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
σHP, and allowable bending stress number, σFP, for nitrided steel gears . . . . 31
11 Reliability factors, Y Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA
2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth.]
This standard presents general formulas for rating the pitting resistance and bending
strength of spur and helical involute gear teeth using ISO symbology and SI units, and
supersedes AGMA 2101--C95.
The purpose of this standard is to establish a common base for rating various types of gears
for differing applications, and to encourage the maximum practical degree of uniformity and
consistency between rating practices within the gear industry. It provides the basis from
which more detailed AGMA application standards are developed, and provides a basis for
calculation of approximate ratings in the absence of such standards.
The formulas presented in this standard contain factors whose values vary significantly
depending on application, system effects, gear accuracy, manufacturing practice, and
definition of gear failure. Proper evaluation of these factors is essential for realistic ratings.
This standard is intended for use by the experienced gear designer capable of selecting
reasonable values for rating factors and aware of the performance of similar designs
through test results or operating experience.
In AGMA 218.01 the values for Life Factor, ZN and Y N, Dynamic Factor, K , and Load
v
Distribution Factor, KH, were revised. Values for factors assigned in standards prior to that
were not applicable to 218.01 nor were the values assigned in 218.01 applicable to previous
standards.
The detailed information on the Geometry Factors, Z I and Y,J were removed from
ANSI/AGMA 2001--B88, the revision of AGMA 218.01. This material was amplified and
moved to AGMA 908--B89, Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and
Bending Strength for Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth. The values of ZI and Z
J
ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 was a revision of the rating method described in its superseded
publications. The changes include: the Miner’s rule annex was removed; the analytical
method for load distribution factors, K H, was revised and placed in an annex; nitrided
allowable stress numbers were expanded to cover three grades; nitrided stress cycle
factors were introduced; through hardened allowable stresses were revised; application
factor was replaced by overload factor; safety factors S H and S F were introduced; life factor
was replaced by stress cycle factor and its use with service factor redefined; and the
dynamic factor was redefined as the reciprocal of that used in previous AGMA standards
and was relocated to the denominator of the power equation.
2000--A88 was moved to Annex A. References to old Annex A, “Method for Evaluating the
Risk of Scuffing and Wear” were changed to AGMA 925--A03. It also reflects a change to
clause 10, dealing with the relationship between service factor and stress cycle factor.
Editorial corrections were implemented to table 8, figure 14 and table E--1, and style was
This AGMA Standard and related publications are based on typical or average data,
Standard and to incorporate in future revisions the latest acceptable technology from
The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04 was completed in February 2002. It was approved
by the AGMA membership in October 23, 2004. It was approved as an American National
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
1.2 Exceptions
American National Standard --
The formulas of this standard are not applicable to
other types of gear tooth deterioration such as plastic
Fundamental Rating yielding, wear, case crushing and welding. They are
also not applicable when vibratory conditions ex-
Factors and Calculation ceed the limits specified for the normal operation of
the gears (see ANSI/AGMA 6000--A88, Specifica-
Spur and Helical Gear The formulas of this standard are not applicable
when any of the following conditions exist:
Teeth
-- Damaged gear teeth.
ance of assembled gear drive systems. cal start of active profile. The effect of this
undercut is to move the highest point of single
These fundamental rating formulas are applicable tooth contact, negating the assumption of this cal-
for rating the pitting resistance and bending strength culation method. However, the reduction in tooth
of internal and external spur and helical involute gear root thickness due to protuberance below the
teeth operating on parallel axes. The formulas active profile is handled correctly by this method.
evaluate gear tooth capacity as influenced by the -- The root profiles are stepped or irregular. The
major factors which affect gear tooth pitting and gear YJ factor calculation uses the stress correction
tooth fracture at the fillet radius. factors developed by Dolan and Broghamer [19].
These factors may not be valid for root forms
The knowledge and judgment required to evaluate
which are not smooth curves. For root profiles
the various rating factors come from years of
which are stepped or irregular, other stress
accumulated experience in designing, manufactur- correction factors may be more appropriate.
ing, and operating gear units. Empirical factors
-- Where root fillets of the gear teeth are
given in this standard are general in nature. AGMA
produced by a process other than generating.
application standards may use other empirical
factors that are more closely suited to the particular -- The helix angle at the standard (reference)
diameter* is greater than 50 degrees.
field of application. This standard is intended for use
by the experienced gear designer, capable of Scuffing criteria are not included in this standard. A
selecting reasonable values for the factors. It is not method to evaluate scuffing risk can be found in
intended for use by the engineering public at large. AGMA 925--A03. This information is provided for
____________________
[ ] Numbers in brackets refer to the reference number listed in the Bibliography.
* Refer to ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90 for further discussion of standard (reference) diameters.
evaluation by users of this standard, with the intent to ASTM A48--93a, Specification for Gray Iron
AGMA 246.02A, Recommended Procedure for trol of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic
AGMA 908--B89, Information Sheet -- Geometry ASTM E709--91, Guide for Magnetic Particle Ex-
Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and amination.
AMS 2300G, Steel Cleanliness, Premium Aircraft -- The terms used, wherever applicable, conform to
Quality, Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure. ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90 and reference [2].
Gears. 3 Application
ANSI/AGMA 9005--D94, Industrial Gear established by selecting proper values for the factors
Lubrication. used in the general formulas of clause 5.
First Ref.
Symbol Description Units Used Clause
h min
c Minimum total case depth for external nitrided gear mm Eq 45 16.1
teeth
K o Overload factor -- -- Eq 1 9
K s Size factor -- -- Eq 1 20
(continued)
Table 2 (continued)
First Ref.
Symbol Description Units Used Clause
YZ Reliability factor -- -- Eq 4 18
Yθ Temperature factor -- -- Eq 4 19
(continued)
Table 2 (continued)
First Ref.
Symbol Description Units Used Clause
Where applicable AGMA application standards grinding temper, or tooth root steps may invalidate
exist, they should be used in preference to this calculations of pitting resistance and bending
standard. Consult AGMA Headquarters for current strength.
list of applicable standards. Where no applicable
3.4.1 Geometric quality
AGMA application standard exists, numerical values
may be estimated for the factors in the general The rating formulas of this standard are only valid if
formulas, and the approximate pitting resistance and the gear tooth and gear element support accuracies
bending strength ratings calculated. assumed in the calculations are actually achieved in
manufacture (see clause 8).
3.2 Implied accuracy
Rating factors should be evaluated on the basis of Variations in microstructure account for some vari-
the expected variation of component parts in the ation in gear capacity. Higher levels of cleanliness
production run. The formulas of this standard are and better metallurgical control permit the use of
only valid for appropriate material quality and higher allowable stress numbers. Conversely, lower
geometric quality that conforms to the manufactur- metallurgical quality levels require the use of lower
ing tolerances. Defects such as surface cracks, allowable stress numbers.
Any material having a case--core relationship is likely The design of slower gears, from a lubrication
to have residual stresses. If properly managed, standpoint, should be based on application require-
these stresses should be compressive at the surface ments such as hours of life, degree of reliability
and should enhance the bending strength perform- needed, and acceptable increase in noise and
ance of the gear teeth. Shot peening, case vibration as the gear teeth wear or deform. Field
carburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening are experience and test stand experience can be used to
common methods of inducing compressive pre-- select design parameters and lubricant criteria to
Grinding the tooth surface after heat treatment may Slower speed gears, with pitch line velocities less
reduce the residual compressive stresses. Grinding than 0.5 m/s, require special design consideration to
the tooth surface and root fillet area may introduce avoid premature failure due to inadequate lubrica-
The ratings determined by these formulas are only limits for determining acceptable wear at low speeds
valid when the gear teeth are operated with a should be based on the field or test experience of the
lubricant of proper viscosity for the load, gear tooth manufacturer. The rating of gear teeth due to wear is
surface finish, temperature, and pitch line velocity. not covered by this standard.
Lubricant recommendations are given in ANSI/ Slow speed gears, with pitch line velocities greater
AGMA 9005--D94, Industrial Gear Lubrication. than 0.5 m/s but less than 5 m/s frequently require
special design considerations, even when the lubri-
3.5.1 Oil film thickness cants used conform to ANSI/AGMA 9005--D94
recommendations. (ANSI/AGMA 9005--D94 does
Field results and laboratory tests have shown that
not, at present, cover the complexities of elas-
pitting resistance of gear teeth can also be affected
tohydrodynamic oil film thickness and its relation to
by elastohydrodynamic (EHD) oil film thickness, see
load rating).
[9] and [18]. This appears to be a nonlinear
relationship where a small change in film thickness in 3.6 Temperature extremes
characteristics. cent.
Consideration must be given to the loss of hardness The dynamic response of the system results in
and strength of some materials due to the tempering additional gear tooth loads due to the relative
effect of gear blank temperatures over 150_C. accelerations of the connected masses of the driver
and the driven equipment. The overload factor, K, o
3.7 Oscillatory motion
is intended to account for the operating characteris-
tics of the driving and driven equipment. It must be
The formulas in this standard are only valid for gears
recognized, however, that if the operating roughness
that rotate in one direction, or gears that reverse
of the driver, gearbox, or driven equipment causes
direction with several rotations between reversals,
an excitation with a frequency that is near to one of
provided that adequate consideration is given to the
the system’s major natural frequencies, resonant
dynamic loads that are developed during reversals.
vibrations may cause severe overloads which may
The formulas are not valid for applications such as
be several times higher than the nominal load. For
robotics or yaw drives where gears are subjected to
critical service applications, it is recommended that a
small oscillatory motion.
vibration analysis be performed. This analysis must
3.8 Non--uniform loading include the total system of driver, gearbox, driven
equipment, couplings, mounting conditions, and
Non--uniform loading may require the use of Miner’s
sources of excitation. Natural frequencies, mode
Rule for analysis (see 7.2).
shapes, and the dynamic response amplitudes
The analysis of the load and stress modifying factors Micropitting is most frequently observed on surface
is similar in each case, so many of these factors have hardened gear teeth, although it can develop on
identical numerical values. through hardened gear teeth as well. Gear sets
operating at moderate pitchline velocities, 4 to 10
The term “gear failure” is itself subjective and a
m/s are commonly affected, but micropitting has
source of considerable disagreement. One observ-
been seen on gear sets running at other velocities as
er’s failure may be another observer’s wearing--in.
well. Micropitting generally occurs in the dedendum
For a more complete discussion, see ANSI/AGMA
of a speed reducing pinion, but it can develop
1010--E95 [3].
anywhere along the active profile of a tooth.
The pitting of gear teeth is considered to be a fatigue Electric discharge pitting is not a gear tooth rating
phenomenon. Initial pitting and progressive pitting problem, however, it is a distressed condition of the
are illustrated and discussed in ANSI/AGMA tooth surface. To the naked eye, the tooth surface
1010--E95. may not be distinguishable from micropitting as the
gear teeth exhibit the same so--called “frosted”
In most industrial practice non--progressive initial
appearance. It is caused by either static or stray
pitting is not deemed serious. Initial pitting is
electricity conducted through the gear mesh due to
characterized by small pits which do not extend over
inappropriate electrical grounding or inappropriate
the entire face width or profile height of the affected
gear motor isolation. If neglected, gear failure can
teeth. The definition of acceptable initial pitting
occur.
varies widely with gear application. Initial pitting
occurs in localized, overstressed areas. It tends to 4.3.3 Wear capacity of gears
redistribute the load by progressively removing high
The wear resistance of mating gears can be a
contact spots. Generally, when the load has been
dictating performance limitation, particularly in low
reduced or redistributed, the pitting stops.
speed, heavily loaded gears. Gear wear is a difficult
of load sharing between adjacent teeth. Wear in high speed applications could be cata-
strophic where the magnitude of dynamic loading
4.3 Surface conditions not covered by this
that can occur from nonconjugate gear tooth action
standard
is excessive.
1010--E95 for more information. gear teeth. The adhesive wear is a welding and
tearing of the metal surface by the flank of the mating
4.3.1 Micropitting gear. It occurs when the oil film thickness is small
enough to allow the flanks of the gear teeth to contact
Micropitting is one type of gear tooth surface fatigue.
and slide against each other.
It is characterized by very small pits on the surface of
the material, usually less than 20 mm deep, that give Scuffing is not a fatigue phenomenon and it may
the gear tooth the appearance of being frosted or occur instantaneously. AGMA 925--A03 provides a
grey in color. This deterioration of the surface of the method of evaluating the risk of a gear set scuffing.
material is generally thought to occur because of This risk is a function of oil viscosity and additives,
excessive Hertzian stresses due to influences from operating bulk temperature of gear blanks, sliding
gear loading, material and its heat treatment, the velocity, surface roughness of teeth, gear materials
type of lubricant, and degree of lubrication. and heat treatments, and surface pressure.
The basic theory employed in this analysis assumes Ft is transmitted tangential load, N (see clause
7);
the gear tooth to be rigidly fixed at its base. If the rim
supporting the gear tooth is thin relative to the size of
the tooth and the gear pitch diameter, another critical
Ko is overload factor (see clause 9);
stress may occur not at the fillet but in the root area.
Kv is dynamic factor (see clause 8);
The user should ensure that the gear blank construc- KH is load distribution factor (see clause15);
tion is representative of the basic theory embodied in
this standard. Gear blank design is beyond the ZR is surface condition factor for pitting resis-
scope of this standard (see 5.2.5). tance (see clause 13);
dw1 = 2 a
from the inclined angle of the load lines on the
u+1
for external gears (2)
teeth.
dw1 = 2 a
-- Stress concentrations at the tooth root fillets.
-- The load sharing between adjacent teeth in u−1 for internal gears (3)
contact.
where
The intent of the AGMA strength rating formula is to
determine the load which can be transmitted for the
design life of the gear drive without causing root fillet
a is operating center distance, mm;
cracking.
u is gear ratio (never less than 1.0).
ZN ZW
5 Fundamental rating formulas
σH ≤ σS
HP
H
Yθ YZ
(4)
The contact stress number formula for gear teeth is:
σHP is allowable contact stress number, N/mm2
(see clause 16);
K Z
σH =Z E
Ft Ko Kv Ks d Hb ZR
w1 I
(1) ZN is stress cycle factor for pitting resistance
(see clause 17);
ZW is hardness ratio factor for pitting resistance In terms of this standard, the allowable K factor is
(see clause 14); defined as:
SH Z ZN ZW 2(9)
Kaz = K K K KI Z C Z HP
is safety factor for pitting (see clause 11);
σ
Yθ is temperature factor (see clause 19); o v s H R G E
S H Yθ YZ
YZ is reliability factor (see clause 18). Kaz is allowable contact load factor, N/mm2.
The allowable contact load factor, Kaz, is the lowest
5.1.3 Pitting resistance power rating
of the ratings calculated using the different values of
σHP, ZW and ZN for pinion and gear.
The pitting resistance power rating is:
sistance, kW;
where
ω1 is pinion speed, rpm.
σF is bending stress number, N/mm2;
CAUTION: The ratings of both pinion and gear teeth
must be calculated to evaluate differences in material
KB is rim thickness factor (see 5.2.5);
properties and the number of tooth contact cycles un- YJ is geometry factor for bending strength (see
der load. The pitting resistance power rating is based
clause 6);
on the lowest value of the product σHP ZN ZW for each of
the mating gears. mt is transverse metric module, mm.*;
terms of K factor.
where
F
K = d t b C1 (6) mn is normal metric module, mm;
px
w1 G
is axial pitch, mm;
where
β is helix angle at standard pitch diameter.
K π mn
is contact load factor for pitting resistance,
N/mm2; β = arcsin
px (12)
z2
CG = u +
u
1
or
z2 + z 1 for external gears
The relation of calculated bending stress number to
and
σF ≤ Sσ YθYY FP N
(13)
z2
CG = u −
u
F Z
1
or
z2 − z 1 for internal gears (8) where
___________________
* This calculation is based on standard gear hobbing practice, with m t and p x given. For a detailed text on geometry,
see AGMA 933--B03, Information Sheet -- Basic Gear Geometry..
SF is safety factor for bending strength (see gears with smooth bores and no notches or
clause 11). keyways.
5.2.3 Bending strength power rating The rim thickness factor, KB, adjusts the calculated
bending stress number for thin rimmed gears. It is a
The bending strength power rating is:
function of the backup ratio, mB, (see annex B).
π ω 1 dw1 b mt YJ σFP YN
P ay = t
6 × 10 7 Ko Kv Ks KH KB SF Yθ YZ mB = hR (17)
t
(14)
where
where
tR is gear rim thickness below the tooth root,
Pay is allowable transmitted power for bending
mm;
strength, kW.
ht is gear tooth whole depth, mm.
CAUTION: The ratings of both pinion and gear teeth
must be calculated to evaluate differences in geometry The effects of webs and stiffeners can be an
factors, number of load cycles, and material properties. improvement but are not accounted for in annex B.
The bending strength power rating is based on the low-
The effect of tapered rims has not been investigated.
est value of the term
When previous experience or detailed analysis
σ FP YN YJ justifies, lower values of KB may be used.
for each of the mating gears.
KB
KB is applied in addition to the 0.70 reverse loading
5.2.4 Unit load, U L factor where it is applicable (see 16.2).
F Z Y
UL = b mt
6 Geometry factors, I and J
(15)
n
UL is unit load for bending strength, N/mm2. The geometry factor, ZI , evaluates the radii of
curvature of the contacting tooth profiles based on
In terms of this standard the allowable unit load is
tooth geometry. These radii are used to evaluate the
defined as:
Hertzian contact stress in the tooth flank. Effects of
YJ σ FP YN
Uay =
modified tooth proportions and load sharing are
β Ko Kv Ks KH KB Yθ YZ S F
(16)
cos considered.
Uay is allowable unit load for bending strength, The geometry factor, YJ, evaluates the shape of the
N/mm2. tooth, the position at which the most damaging load
7.1 Uniform load The dynamic factor relates the total tooth load
including internal dynamic effects to the transmitted
If the rating is calculated on the basis of uniform load,
tangential tooth load.
Fd + Ft
the transmitted tangential load is:
Ft = 1000 P 2000 T = 6 × 10 7 P Kv =
v = d
(20)
t πω d (18) Ft
w1 1 w1
where
where
Fd is incremental dynamic tooth load due to the
P is transmitted power, kW; dynamic response of the gear pair to the
π ω 1 dw1
vt =
The transmission error is influenced by:
(19)
60 000 -- Manufacturing variations including spacing,
gear tooth loads which are induced by non--conju- -- Tooth friction induced excitation.
-- Mass of the gears, shafts, and other major in- Under these resonant conditions, the dynamic gear
ternal components. tooth loads may be very high, and operation near a
-- Stiffness of the gear teeth, gear blanks, system resonance is to be avoided. The dynamic
shafts, bearings, and gear housing. factor, K, v does not include considerations of the
ing include the hysteresis of the gear shafts, and of the entire system is recommended.
When an excitation frequency coincides with a shafts are usually much higher than the operating
natural frequency, the resonant response is limited speeds. For high speed gears, however, it is
only by the damping, and high dynamic loads may recommended that the shaft critical speeds be
result. The dynamic factor, K, v does not apply to analyzed to ensure that they are well removed from
gear spring--mass system, or some multiple of the Large cyclical variation in gear mesh stiffness and
natural frequency such as 2 or 3, a resonant vibration impact loads may lead to additional regions of
may cause high dynamic tooth forces due to large resonance and instability. This is primarily a problem
relative displacements of the gear masses. The with lightly--loaded, lightly--damped spur gears
dynamic factor, K, v does not account for gear pair which do not have profile modifications.
frequencies, the resonant deflections may cause Due to the approximate nature of the empirical
high dynamic tooth loads. This occurs more curves and the lack of measured tolerance values at
frequently in high speed, light weight gear blanks, the design stage, the dynamic factor curve should be
but can also occur in other thin rimmed or thin selected based on experience with the manufactur-
webbed blanks. The dynamic factor, K,v does not ing methods and operating considerations of the
tions occur.
Choice of curves A v = 6 through A v = 12 and “very
The gearbox is one component of a system com- The transmission accuracy level number, A , can be
v
prised of a power source, gearbox, driven equip- estimated as the appropriate accuracy grade, A, for
ment, and interconnecting shafts and couplings. the expected pitch and profile deviations in accor-
The dynamic response of this system depends on dance with ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01. See Annex A
the distribution of the masses, stiffness, and damp- for use with AGMA 2000--A88.
2.0
Av = 12
1.9
Av = 11
1.8
1.7
Av = 10
v
K ,rotcaf cimanyD
1.6 Av = 9
1.5
Av = 8
1.4
Av = 7
1.3
Av = 6
1.2
1.1
“Very Accurate Gearing”
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
8.3.1 Very accurate gearing The maximum recommended pitch line velocity for a
given grade Av is determined:
Where gearing is manufactured using process
= + −AC
controls which provide tooth accuracies which 2
[ (14 )]
correspond to “very accurate gearing”, or where the vt max v (24)
196.85
design and manufacturing techniques ensure a low
where
transmission error which is equivalent to this accu-
racy, values of Kv between 1.02 and 1.11 may be vt max is maximum pitch line velocity at operating
used, depending on the specifier’s experience with pitch diameter (end point of Kv curves on
actually achieved.
Curves may be extrapolated beyond the end points
To use these values, the gearing must be maintained shown in figure 1 based on experience and careful
in accurate alignment and adequately lubricated so consideration of the factors influencing dynamic
that its accuracy is maintained under the operating load. For purposes of calculation, equation 24
8.3.2 Calculating Kv
8.3.3 Estimating A v
integer values of accuracy, as a representative value to determine the
related to the transmission accuracy grade number. dynamic factor. A slight variation from the selected
−B A
“ v” value is not considered significant to the gearset
=
rating.
+
Kv C (21)
C 196.85 vt Av can be approximated using the pitch variation of
the pinion and gear with the following formulas,
where
rounded to the next higher integer. Values of Av
C= + −B 50 56 (1.0 ) for 6 ≤A ≤
v 12 (22)
should be calculated for both gear and pinion, and
B= A −
the higher value should be used for calculating the
Kv.
0.667
0.25 ( v 5.0 ) (23) dynamic factor,
ln is natural log, loge; The service factor has been used in previous AGMA
fpt is single pitch deviation, mm; standards to include the combined effects of over-
mn is normal module, mm, where load, reliability, life, and other application related
1.25 ≤ mn ≤ 50; factors. This standard provides a means to account
dT is tolerance diameter, mm;
for: variations in load (with overload factor),
statistical variations in S--N data (with reliability
d T = de − 2m n (27) factor), and the number of design stress cycles (with
de is outside diameter of pinion or gear, mm. stress cycle factor).
The AGMA service factor as traditionally used in
8.4 Other values
gear applications depends on experience acquired
With specific knowledge of the influencing factors in each specific application. Product application
listed in 8.1 and 8.2, and by using a comprehensive standards can be a good source for the appropriate
dynamic analysis, other dynamic factors can be value of service factor (see annex C for a more
used for specific applications. detailed discussion of application analysis).
Equations 28 and 29 are used to establish power
ratings for unity service factor to which established
8.5 Unity dynamic factor
When the known dynamic loads (from analysis or service factors may be applied using equation 30.
experience) are added to the nominal transmitted When this is done, the stress cycle factor is
load, then the dynamic factor can be unity. calculatedusingthe number ofcyclesequivalent toa
specific number of hours at a specific speed, to
establish power rating for unity service factors.
9 Overload factor, K Where specific experience and satisfactory perfor-
mance has been demonstrated by successful use of
o
The overload factor is intended to make allowance established service factors, values of ZN and YN of
for all externally applied loads in excess of the 1.0 may be appropriate.
nominal tangential load, Ft, for a particular applica- From equation 5:
tion. Overload factors can only be established after
= 6π×ω110b7 Kv KsZKI H ZR
considerable field experience is gained in a particu- P azu
lar application. dw1 σ HP ZN ZW
2
For an overload factor of unity, this rating method × ZE Yθ (28)
includes the capacity to sustain a limited number of and from equation 14:
up to 200% momentary overload cycles (typically
less than four starts in 8 hours, with a peak not P ayu = 6π×ω101 d7w1Kv bKms t KHYJKB σFPYθYN
exceeding one second duration). Higher or more (29)
frequent momentary overloads shall be considered
separately. where
Pazu is allowable transmitted power for pitting rigorous quality control of dimensions, materials and
resistance at unity service factor processes during manufacture, could have a less
( CSF = 1.0); conservative safety factor than a hoist made in small
strength at unity service factor ( KSF = 1.0); As design practices become more comprehensive,
some influence factors have been removed from the
CAUTION: Both pinion and gear teeth must be
unknown area of “safety factor” and introduced as
checked to account for the differences in material prop-
erties, geometry factors, and the number of cycles un- predictable portions of the design method.
P P ayu
P a = the lesser of Cazu and
KSF (30)
12 Elastic coefficient, Z E
SF
π
1−v + −v 2
1
1 2
2 (31)
E 1
E 2
11 Safety factors, S H and S F
where
When Ko and YZ are used for applying ratings an
additional safety factor should be considered to
ZE is elastic coefficient, [N/mm2]0.5;
allow for safety and economic risk considerations v1 and v2 is Poisson’s ratio for pinion and gear,
specific design and application (variations in manu- E1 and E2 is modulus of elasticity for pinion and
facturing, analysis, etc.). gear, respectively, N/mm2.
-- Material characteristics;
The surface condition factor, ZR, used only in the
-- Manufacturing tolerances. pitting resistance formula, depends on:
Safety factor also must consider human safety risk -- Surface finish as affected by, but not limited
and the economic consequences of failure. The to, cutting, shaving, lapping, grinding, shot peen-
greater the uncertainties or consequences of these ing;
considerations, the higher the safety factor should
-- Residual stress;
be. As the extent of these factors become known
-- Plasticity effects (work hardening).
with more certainty, the value of the safety factor can
be more accurately determined. For example, a Standard surface condition factors for gear teeth
product such as an automobile transmission which is have not yet been established for cases where there
subjected to full size, full load prototype testing and is a detrimental surface finish effect. In such cases,
some surface finish factor greater than unity should Typical values are shown in figure 3, or can be
be used. calculated as follows:
R
achieved.
B = e
0.000 75 ( )
− 0.448
z1 (35)
of CH for the gear is either 1.0 or as outlined in 14.1 or non--uniformity of the load distribution is caused by,
and is dependent upon, the following influences:
14.2.
ZW = +A u−
1.0 ( 1.0 ) (32)
cylinders of the pinion and gear as influenced by
housing accuracy and concentricity of the bear-
−
ings.
where
HB2 is gear Brinell hardness number, HB; -- Elastic deflections of the pinion and gear bo-
dies.
HB1 is pinion Brinell hardness number HB.
-- Elastic deflections of shafts, bearings, hous-
This equation is valid for the range
ings and foundations that support the gear ele-
For HB1/HB2 < 1.2, A = 0.0 -- Displacements of the pinion or gear due to
1.14
1.7
1.12
1.6
1.10
1B
2B
1.5
H
H
W
Z ,rotcaf oitar ssendraH
1.3
1.06
1.2
1.04
When
1.02 H B1
H
< 1.2,
B2
Use ZW = 1
1.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1.12
R =z1 0.4
W
Z ,rotcaf oitar ssendraH
1.10
R =
z1 0.8
1.08
R =
z1 1.6
1.06
1.04
1.00
180 200 250 300 350 400
Brinell hardness of the gear, HB
15.1 Values for load distribution factor, KH deflection), regular patterns of undulation, or ran-
dom irregularities in lead, are examples of causes of
The load distribution factor is defined as: the peak
non--uniform load sharing among the contact sur-
load intensity divided by the average, or uniformly
faces of mating teeth across the face width (see
distributed, load intensity; i.e., the ratio of peak to
figure 4(A)).
mean loading. Its magnitude is affected by two
components: For spur gears, where instantaneous contact lines
K H
=f K β H
, KH α
(36)
considered as one factor that reflects the ratio of the
peak to mean load intensity along the total length of
For helical gears, having three or more axial the instantaneous contact lines (see figure 4(C)).
overlaps, the face load distribution factor, KH β, 15.2 Transverse load distribution factor, K α
H
accounts for the non--uniformity of load sharing
between instantaneous contact lines across the The transverse load distribution factor accounts for
entire face width encompassing all teeth in contact. the non--uniform distribution of load among the gear
It is affected primarily by the correctness of pinion teeth which share the load. It is affected primarily by
and gear leads. Gradual lead deviation (such as the correctness of the profiles of mating teeth: i.e.,
results from helix error, misalignment, or pinion profile modification or profile error or both.
g a
b
(A) Helical gear with three or more axial overlaps
b
(B) Spur gear
g a
b
(C) Helical gear with two or less axial overlaps
Standard procedures to evaluate the influence of the gear forces to the extent that resultant deflec-
KH α have not been established. Therefore, evalu- tions do not adversely affect the gear contact.
ation of the numeric value of the transverse load Bearing clearances affect the gear contact in the
distribution factor is beyond the scope of this same way as offset straddle mounted pinions.
standard and it can be assumed to be unity. However, gear elements with their overhang to the
Equation 36 therefore, can be modified to: same support side can compound the effect. This
K H
=K β H
(37)
effect is addressed by the pinion proportion modify-
ing factor, K Hpm. When deflections or bearing
15.3 Face load distribution factor, KHβ clearances exceed reasonable limits, as determined
by test or experience, an analytical method must be
The face load distribution factor accounts for the
used to establish the face load distribution factor.
non--uniform distribution of load across the gearing
face width. The magnitude of the face load When the gap in a double helical gear set is other
distribution factor is defined as the peak load than the gap required for tooth manufacture, for
intensity divided by the average load intensity across example in a nested design, each helix should be
the face width. treated as a single helical set.
This factor can be determined empirically or analyti- Designs which have high crowns to centralize tooth
cally. This standard provides an empirical method contact under deflected conditions may not use this
method.
only, but includes a theoretical discussion for analyti-
cal analysis in annex D. Either method can be used, This method will give results similar to those
but when using the analytical approach, the calcu- obtained in previous AGMA standards. Designs
lated load capacity of the gears should be compared falling outside the above b/d w1 ranges require
re--evaluate other rating factors to arrive at a rating For relatively stiff gear designs having gears
consistent with past experience. Also see AGMA mounted between bearings (not overhung) and
K
the following approximate method may be used:
= +K +K
The empirical method requires a minimum amount
of information. This method is recommended for K β
H
1.0
Hmc Hpf
KHpm Hma
K He
relatively stiff gear designs which meet the following
(38)
requirements:
where
-- Net face width to pinion pitch diameter ratio,
K = lead correction factor;
b/d w1, ≤ 2.0. (For double helical gears the gap is
K
Hmc
bearings (see following paragraph for overhung K He = mesh alignment correction factor.
conservative. In this case, it may be necessary to mod- lead matching or lead corrections to compensate for
ify the lead or profile of the gears to arrive at a satisfac- deflection are employed, it may be desirable to use an
tory result. The empirical method shall not be used analytical approach to determine the load distribution
when analyzing the effect of a momentary overload. factor.
See 16.3.
The pinion proportion factor, K Hpf, accounts for
When gear elements are overhung, consideration deflections due to load. These deflections are
must be given to shaft deflections and bearing normally higher for wide face widths or higher b/d w1
clearances. Shafts and bearings must be stiff ratios. The pinion proportion factor can be obtained
enough to support the bending moments caused by from figure 5.
b/dw
ratio
fpHK
b/dw1 = 0.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Face width, b, mm
For double helical gearing, the pinion proportion KHpm = 1.0 for straddle mounted pinions with
net face width. KHpm = 1.1 for straddle mounted pinions with
= −
from the bearing span centerline to the
b
K 0.025 (39) pinion mid--face, mm (see figure 6);
Hpf (10) d
w1
S is the bearing span; i.e, the distance
when 25< b ≤ 432 between the bearing center lines, mm (see
K
Hpf
= b
(10) d
− 0.0375 + 0.000 492 b (40)
figure 6).
w1 Centerline
of gear face
when 432 < b ≤ 1020
Centerline Centerline
K
Hpf
= b
(10) d
− 0.1109 + 0.000 815 b
of bearing of bearing
−
w1
2 (41)
0.000 000 353 b
b
NOTE: For values of less than 0.05, use 0.05
(10) d
w1
S
for this value in equations 39, 40 or 41. S1
2
The mesh alignment factor, KHma, accounts for the See table 2 for values of A, B and C.
misalignment of the axes of rotation of the pitch
cylinders of the mating gear elements from all The mesh alignment correction factor is used to
causes other than elastic deformations. The value modify the mesh alignment factor when the manu-
for the mesh alignment factor can be obtained from facturing or assembly techniques improve the effec-
figure 7. The four curves of figure 7 provide tive mesh alignment. The following values are
representative values for KHma based on the accu- suggested for the mesh alignment correction factor:
The values for the four curves of figure 7 are defined = 1.0 for all other conditions.
as follows:
When gears are lapped and mountings are adjusted
KHma = A+B b +C ( ) b
( )
2
(42) at assembly, the suggested value of KHe is 0.80.
0.90
Open gearing
0.80
amH
0.70
K ,rotcaf tnemngila hseM
0.50
0.30
Curve 3
Curve 4
0.10
For determination of KHma see equation 42
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Face width, b, mm
Figure 7 -- Mesh alignment factor, KHma
Curve 2 Commercial enclosed gear units 1.27 x 10 --1 0.622 x 10 --3 --1.69 x 10 --7
Curve 3 Precision enclosed gear units 0.675 x 10 --1 0.504 x 10 --3 --1.44 x 10 --7
Curve 4 Extra precision enclosed gear units 0.380 x 10 --1 0.402 x 10 --3 --1.27 x 10 --7
16 Allowable stress numbers, σHP and σFP the quality grade must be met in order to use the
stress values for that grade. This can be accom-
plished by specifically certifying each requirement
The allowable stress numbers for gear materials where necessary, or by establishing practices and
vary with items such as material composition, procedures to obtain the requirements on a produc-
cleanliness, residual stress, microstructure, quality, tion basis. It is not the intent of this standard that all
heat treatment, and processing practices. For requirements for quality grades be certified, but that
materials other than steel, a range is shown, and the practices and procedures be established for their
lower values should be used for general design compliance on a production basis. Intermediate
purposes. values are not classified since the effect of
Allowable stress numbers in this standard (tables 3 deviations from the quality standards cannot be
through 6) are determined or estimated from labora- evaluated easily. When justified by testing or
tory tests and accumulated field experiences. They experience, higher stress levels for any given grade
are based on unity overload factor, 10 million stress may be used. The allowable stress numbers are
cycles, unidirectional loading and 99 percent reliabil- shown in tables 3 through 6, and figures 8 through
ity. The allowable stress numbers are designated as 11.
σHP and σFP, for pitting resistance and bending
strength. Forservicelifeother than10 millioncycles, The grade cleanliness requirements apply only to
the allowable stress numbers are adjusted by the those portions of the gear material where the teeth
use of stress cycle factors (see clause 17). will be located, to a distance below the finished tip
Allowable stress numbers for steel gears are estab- diameter of at least two times the tooth depth. On
lished by specific quality control requirements for external gears this portion of the gear blank normally
each material type and grade. All requirements for will be less than 25 percent of the radius.
Minimum
Allowable contact stress number2), σHP
N/mm2
Material Heat surface
designation treatment hardness1) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
2mm/N
Metallurgical and quality
1300 control procedures required
PHσ ,rebmun sserts tcatnoc elbawollA
1200 Grade 2
σHP = 2.41 HB + 237
1100
1000
900
800
Grade 1
600
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Brinell hardness, HB
Figure 8 -- Allowable contact stress number for through hardened steel gears, σHP
Minimum
Allowable bending stress number2), σFP
N/mm2
Material Heat surface
designation treatment hardness1) Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
2mm/N
control procedures required
Grade 2
PFσ ,rebmun sserts gnidneb elbawollA
350 σFP = 0.703 HB + 113
300
250
200 Grade 1
σFP = 0.533 HB + 88.3
150
100
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Brinell hardness, HB
Figure 9 -- Allowable bending stress number for through hardened steel gears, σFP
Table 5 -- Allowable contact stress number, σHP, for iron and bronze gears
Allowable contact
Material Heat Typical minimum stress number3)
Material designation 1)
treatment surface hardness 2)
σHP N/mm2
ASTM A48 Grayy Class 20 As cast ---- 345 -- 415
castt iron
i Class 30 As cast 174 HB 450 -- 520
Class 40 As cast 201 HB 520 -- 585
ASTM A536 Grade 60--40--18 Annealed 140 HB 530 -- 635
D til (nodular)
Ductile ( d l ) Grade 80--55--06 Quenched & 179 HB 530 -- 635
iron tempered
Grade 100--70--03 Quenched & 229 HB 635 -- 770
tempered
Grade 120--90--02 Quenched & 269 HB 710 -- 870
tempered
Bronze Sand cast Minimum tensile 205
strength 275 N/mm2
ASTM B--148 Heat treated Minimum tensile 450
Alloy 954 strength 620 N/mm2
NOTES
1) See ANSI/AGMA 2004--B89, Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Manual.
2) Hardness to be equivalent to that at the start of active profile in the center of the face width.
3) The lower values should be used for general design purposes. The upper values may be used when:
-- High quality material is used.
-- Section size and design allow maximum response to heat treatment.
-- Proper quality control is effected by adequate inspection.
-- Operating experience justifies their use.
2mm/N
Metallurgical and quality
control procedures required
500
PFσ ,rebmun sserts gnidneb elbawollA
Grade 2
300
200 Grade 1
σFP =0.568 HB + 83.8
100
0
250 275 300 325 350
Core hardness, HB
Figure 10 -- Allowable bending stress numbers for nitrided through hardened steel gears
(i.e., AISI 4140, AISI 4340), σFP
Table 6 -- Allowable bending stress number, σFP, for iron and bronze gears
Allowable bending
Material Heat Typical minimum stress number3)
Material designation 1)
treatment surface hardness 2)
σFP N/mm2
ASTM A48 Grayy Class 20 As cast ---- 34.5
castt iron
i Class 30 As cast 174 HB 59
Class 40 As cast 201 HB 90
ASTM A536 Grade 60--40--18 Annealed 140 HB 150 -- 230
D til (nodular)
Ductile ( d l ) Grade 80--55--06 Quenched & 179 HB 150 -- 230
iron tempered
Grade 100--70--03 Quenched & 229 HB 185 -- 275
tempered
Grade 120--90--02 Quenched & 269 HB 215 -- 305
tempered
Bronze Sand cast Minimum tensile 39.5
strength 275 N/mm2
ASTM B--148 Heat treated Minimum tensile 165
Alloy 954 strength 620 N/mm2
NOTES
1) See ANSI/AGMA 2004--B89, Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Manual.
2) Measured hardness to be equivalent to that which would be measured at the root diameter in the center of the tooth
space and face width.
3) The lower values should be used for general design purposes. The upper values may be used when:
-- High quality material is used.
-- Section size and design allow maximum response to heat treatment.
-- Proper quality control is effected by adequate inspection.
-- Operating experience justifies their use.
2mm/N
PFσ ,rebmun sserts gnidneb elbawollA
400 Grade 2 - 2.5% Chrome
σFP = 0.7255HB + 153.63
Grade 1 - Nitralloy
200 σFP =0.594HB + 87.76
100
250 300 275 325 350
Core hardness, HB
Figure 11 - Allowable bending stress numbers for nitriding steel gears, σFP
Table 7 - Major metallurgical factors affecting the allowable contact stress number, σHP, and
allowable bending stress number, σFP of through hardened steel gears1) 2) 3)
,
Table 8 -- Major metallurgical factors affecting the allowable contact stress number, σHP, and
allowable bending stress number, σFP, of flame or induction hardened steel gears1) 2) 3)
Table 9 -- Major metallurgical factors affecting the allowable contact stress number, σHP, and
allowable bending stress number, σFP, of carburized and hardened steel gears1) 2) 3)
Metallurgical factor4) 5)
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Surface hardness (HRC or equivalent 55--64 HRC 58--64 HRC 58--64 HRC
on representative surface)
Case hardness 55--64 HRC or 58--64 HRC or equivalent 58--64 HRC or equivalent
equivalent
Limit of carbides in case Semicontinuous Acceptable per AGMA 246.02A or Acceptable per light discontinu-
ANSI/AGMA 6033--A88 ous micro per AGMA 246.02A or
ANSI/AGMA 6033--A88
Tempering Recommended Required Required
Surface temper (per ANSI/AGMA Not specified Class FB3 Class FB2
2007--B92 with swab technique
permitted), σHP only
Cleanliness6) Not specified AMS 2301 or ASTM A534 for AMS 2300 or ASTM A535
wrought steel (certification not re- (certification required)
quired); castings are permissible
which have primarily round (type 1)
sulphide inclusions. Magnetic par-
ticle in the final product to grade 3
levels may be substitute in lieu of
AMS 2301
Ultrasonic inspection (UT) Not specified Specified for wrought per ASTM Specified for wrought per ASTM
A3887) and castings per ASTM A388. Castings not applicable7)
A609 recommended but not re-
quired. Suggested for large diame-
ter parts to detect flaws before the
expense of machining
Magnetic particle (method per ASTM Not specified Maximum Maximum
E709 on teeth)8) Module indication, Module indication,
mn mm mn mm
≤ 2.5 1.6 ≤ 2.5 0.8
> 2.5 to < 8 2.4 > 2.5 to < 8 1.6
≥8 3.2 ≥8 2.4
Decarburization in case (to 0.127 mm Not specified No partial decarb. apparent at No partial decarb. apparent at
depth), σHP only (hardness must 400X, except in unground roots 400X, except in unground roots
be met)
Decarburization in case (to 0.127 mm Not specified
depth), σFP only
Surface carbon in case 0.60 - 1.10% 0.60 - 1.10% 0.60 - 1.00%
Minimum effective case depth at root Not specified 50% of minimum specified case at 66% of minimum specified case
radius, or on representative coupon, 1/2 tooth height recommended at 1/2 tooth height recommended
σFP only
Microcracks in case (cracks across Not specified Not specified 10 maximum per 0.065 mm2 field
more than one platelet)9 at 400X
Secondary transformation products, Not specified 5% maximum at 400X Trace at 400X
(upper bainite) in case along flank
above root, or on representative cou-
pon, to 0.25 mm deep, σHP only
Secondary transformation products, Not specified 10% maximum at 400X 5% maximum at 400X
(upper bainite) in case along flank
above root, or on representative cou-
pon, to 0.25 mm deep, σFP only
Intergranular oxidation (IGO)applica- Not specified Case depth, mm IGO, mm Case depth, mm IGO, mm
ble to unground surface. Determined <0.76 0.018 <0.76 0.013
by metallographic inspection of un- 0.76≤he<1.50 0.025 0.76≤he<1.50 0.020
etched coupon, if used. Limits in 1.50≤he<2.25 0.038 1.50≤he<2.25 0.020
inches to be based on case depth as 2.25≤he<3.00 0.051 2.25≤he<3.00 0.025
follows: ≥3.00 0.061 ≥3.00 0.031
If excessive, salvage is allowed by controlled shotpeening, with the
agreement of the customer.
(continued)
Table 9 (concluded)
Metallurgical factor4) 5)
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Maximum retained austenite in case Not specified 30% maximum 30% maximum
(determined metallographically)10)
Hardenability band Not specified According to H--Band require- According to upper half of H--
ments. Recommended but not Band requirements
required
Core hardness (at center of tooth at Not specified 21 HRC minimum 21 HRC minimum
root diameter or on representative
coupon), σHP only11)
Core hardness (at center of tooth at 21 HRC mini- 25 HRC minimum 30 HRC minimum12)
root diameter or on representative mum
coupon), σFP only11)
ASTM E112 grain size Predominantly5 Predominantly 5 or finer Predominantly 5 or finer
or finer
Sulfur content Not specified 0.040% maximum 0.015% maximum
Material form Not specified Not specified Steel forgings and bar stock13)
Shot peening, σFP only Not specified Recommended if the root is ground Required in tooth root area
1)See table 3 for values of σHP, and table 4 for values of σFP. Criteria for grades 1, 2, and 3 apply to both stress numbers unless
NOTES
Table 10 -- Major metallurgical factors affecting the allowable contact stress number, σHP, and
allowable bending stress number, σFP, for nitrided steel gears 1) 2) 3)
Spin hardening
Type B Type B
Flank and root hardening (tooth to tooth)
Inductor or flame head
Type A
NOTE: Type A indicates flanks and roots are hardened, contour or non--contour
pattern. Type B indicates only hardening of flanks extending to the form diameter.
Figure 12 -- Variations in hardening pattern obtainable on gear teeth with flame or induction
hardening
Through hardened gears specified above 400 HB tion, loading, and manufacturing procedures to
may vary widely in endurance strength, depending determine the desirable gradients of hardness,
on the transformation characteristics of the steel, strength, and internal residual stresses throughout
heat treating technique used and the size and shape the tooth.
of the part. The successful use of through hardened
The effective case depth for carburized and hard-
parts above 400 HB depends upon experimentally
ened gears is defined as the depth below the surface
developing a satisfactory technique for heat treating
at which the Rockwell ‘C’ hardness, HRC, has
which will develop both high hardness and high
dropped to 50 HRC or equivalent.
fatigue strength.
The effective case depth for induction and flame
16.1 Guide for case depth of surface hardened hardened gears is defined as the depth below the
gears surface at which the hardness is equivalent to 10
Rockwell ‘C’ points below the specified minimum
Surface hardened gear teeth require adequate case
surface hardness.
depth to resist the subsurface shear stresses
developed by tooth contact loads and the tooth root A guide for minimum effective case depth, he min, at
fillet tensile stresses, but depths must not be so great the pitch line for carburized and induction hardened
as to result in brittle teeth tips and high residual external (not internal) teeth based on the depth of
tensile stress in the core. maximum shear from contact loading is given by the
formula [6]:
For gearing requiring maximum performance, espe-
cially large sizes, coarse pitches, and high contact
stresses, detailed studies must be made of applica-
he min = σU d
H
H
w1
cos
sin
β mb
α pt
CG (43)
= 4.4×10 4
N/mm2 for carburized and hard- For nitrided gears, case depth is specified as total
×
H
d
10
w1
5
sin
cos β
CG (45)
where
Care should be exercised when choosing case
depth, such that adequate case depths prevail at the h c is minimum total case depth for nitrided
min
tooth root fillet, and that tooth tips are not over gears, mm;
hardened and brittle.
mum effective case depth at the pitch line,
A suggested value of maxi-
h , is:
U c is core hardness coefficient, from figure 14.
e max
h
h e max = the lesser of 0.4 m n or 0.56 s an
(44)
If the value of c min from equation 45 is less than the
value for normal case depth from figure 15, then the
where minimum value from figure 15 should be used.
25
23
h e min
= 3.046 349 × −
25.4
m n
0.86105 Effective case depth is defined as depth of case
which has a minimum hardness of 50 HRC.
19
17
n
−
m ,eludom lamroN
15
13 mn
Heavy case depth
11
9 The values and ranges shown on the case depth curves are
to be used as guides. For gearing in which maximum
7 performance is required, detailed studies must be made of
the application, loading, and manufacturing procedures to
5 obtain desirable gradients of both hardness and internal
stress. Furthermore, the method of measuring the case as
3 well as the allowable tolerance in case depth may be a matter
of agreement between the customer and the manufacturer.
1
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Minimum effective case depth, h e min, mm
U
c = a + bσ H + cσ H
2
+ dσ H
3
Curve No. a b c d
1 --5.542 507 1.425 472 ¢10 --2 --8.658 576 ¢ 10 --6 2.080 616 ¢ 10 --9
2 --7.598 668 1.773 498 ¢10 --2
--1.104 475 ¢ 10 --5
2.577 360 ¢ 10 --9
3 --9.391 585 2.009 680 ¢10 --2 --1.230 944 ¢ 10 --5 2.766 216 ¢ 10 --9
4 --16.02 132 3.247 710 ¢10 --2
--2.035 296 ¢ 10 --5
4.474 037 ¢ 10 --9
4.8
5 --40.64 486 8.094 566 ¢10 --2 --5.221 782 ¢ 10 --5 1.139 691 ¢ 10 --8
4.4
c
U ,tneiciffeoc ssendrah eroC
NOTE: Use upper portion of core hardness band (which yields heavier case
depths) for general design purpose and lower portion for high quality material
4.0 Curve 1
(as defined in 16.1).
3.6
Curve 2
3.2
Curve 3
2.8
2.4 Curve 4
Curve 5
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Contact stress number, H σ , N/mm2
The values shown have been successfully used for nitrided gears and can be used as a guide. For
gearing requiring maximum performance, especially large sizes, coarse pitches, and high working
stresses, detailed studies must be made of application, loading, and manufacturing procedures to
determine the desired gradients of hardness, strength, and internal residual stresses throughout the
tooth.
n n n
2
,eludom lamroN
4
5
6
8
10
Normal case depth
12
n n n
loaded on every cycle. For through hardened gears up to 400 HB the factor
Ky, shown in equation 46, can be applied to the yield
16.3 Momentary overload strength of the material. These values must be
appliedatthemaximum peakload towhichthegears
When the gear is subjected to infrequent (less than are subjected.
100 cycles during the design life) momentary high Fmax KHs
overloads approaching yield, the maximum allow- σ s Ky ≥
b mt YJ Kf (46)
able stress is determined by the allowable yield
properties rather thanthe bendingfatiguestrengthof where
the material. This stress is designated as σs. Figure σs is allowable yield strength number from fig-
16 shows suggested values for allowable yield ure 16, N/mm2;
strength for through hardened steel. For case
hardened gears, the core hardness should be used Ky is yield strength factor from the following
in conjunction with figure 16. In these cases, the tabulation;
design should be checked to make certain that the Requirements of application Ky
teeth are not permanently deformed. When yield is Conservative practice 0.50
the governing stress, the stress correction factor, Kf, Industrial practice 0.75
is considered ineffective for ductile materials; hence, Fmax is maximum peak tangential load, N;
the stress correction factor can be taken as unity. Kf is stress correction factor (see AGMA
A momentary overload can cause an unusual face 908--B89);
loaddistributionfactor whichwillbeinfluenced bythe : This equation is based on a ductile materi-
CAUTION
gear blank configuration and its bearing support. al. For purposes of this standard, a material is consid-
eredductileifthetensileelongationofthecorematerial
Special consideration, such as an approach similar isatleast10%. Fornon--ductilematerials,theeffectsof
to annex D, must be given to this condition when stress concentration should be considered.
1200
2mm/N
800
σs = 3.324HB - 226.2
700
600
500
400
300
σs = 0.014HB2 - 2.069HB + 213.8
200
100
0
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Brinell hardness, HB
Figure 16 -- Allowable yield strength number for steel gears, σs
n
conditions.
L is the number of stress cycles;
For a straddle mounted gear or pinion in an enclosed
drive, K Hs may be calculated from equation 47.
L is life (hours);
K Hs
= 0.000 567 b + 1.07 (47) ω is speed (rpm);
more detailed approach may give more accurate 17.2 Stress cycle factors for steel gears
results.
At the present time there is insufficient data to
For a case hardened gear, the analysis of allowable
provide accurate stress cycle curves for all types of
yield properties should include a stress calculation
gears and gear applications. Experience, however,
through a cross section of the material. In lieu of a
suggests stress cycle curves for pitting resistance
cross section analysis, the use of material core
and bending strength of steel gears as shown in
hardness values can be used. For additional
figures 17 and 18. These figures stop at 1010 due to
information, see [20].
insufficient data at the time the standard was
developed. Application beyond this point must be
reviewed. These figures do not include data for
17 Stress cycle factors, ZN and Y N stainless steel gears. The shaded zones on the
figures represent the influence of such items as pitch
The stress cycle factors, ZN and YN, adjust the line velocity, material cleanliness, ductility and
allowable stress numbers for the required number of fracture toughness. The upper portion is for general
cycles of operation. For the purpose of this standard, applications. The lower portion is typically used for
nL, the number of stress cycles is defined as the critical service where pitting and tooth wear must be
number of mesh contacts, under load, of the gear minimal and low vibration levels are required.
tooth being analyzed. AGMA allowable stress
Y
× ×
Intermediate values of for hardnesses of through
numbers are established for 107 unidirectional tooth N
hardened gearing between 1 103 and 3 106
load cycles at 99 percent reliability. The stress cycle
may be be approximated by first determining the
factor adjusts the allowable stress numbers for
design lives other than 107 cycles.
value using logarithmic interpolation at N = 103
cycles (see figure 18). The second point of a straight
The stress cycle factor accounts for the S--N
× ×
line for the desired hardness on a log--log plot is at
characteristics of the gear material as well as for the 3 106 cycles, where Y N = 1.04. Below 1 103
× ×
gradual increased tooth stress which may occur from cycles, the value is a constant. An equation for the
tooth wear, resulting in increased dynamic effects 103 and 3 106 would be of the
×
line between 1
and from shifting load distributions which may occur form as shown in the figure. Above 3 106 cycles,
during the design life of the gearing. the values within the existing figure are to be used.
many stress cycles the individual gears will experi- acceptable. In others where profile and motion
ence during the intended life of the equipment. transmission accuracies are not critical, this may be
Some machines will run twenty four hours per day acceptable for limited life.
=
cycles could result in plastic yielding of the gear
n L
60 Lωq (48) tooth.
influenced by:
4.0
Lubrication regime
Failure criteria
Smoothness of operation required
2.0
ZN = 2.466 n L
--0.056
1.1
Z N = 1.4488 n L
--0.023
1.0 1.0
0.8
ZN = 1.249 n L
--0.0138
0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Y n
influenced by:
--0.148
N = 9.4518 L
4.0
Pitchline velocity
400 HB
Gear material cleanliness
250 HB
Y = 4.9404 n --0.1045
N
N L
Y ,rotcaf elcyc ssertS
Nitrided
2.0
Y N = 3.517 n L
--0.0817
160 HB
Y
N = 2.3194 n L
--0.0538 Y N = 1.3558 n L
--0.0178
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 YN = 1.6831 n L
--0.0323
0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
18 Reliability factor, Y
Z
blank not exceeding 120°C. When operating
temperatures result in gear blank temperatures
below 0° C, special care must be given, see 3.6.1.
The reliability factors account for the effect of the
normal statistical distribution of failures found in 19.2 High temperature operation
materials testing. The allowable stress numbers
When operating at oil or gear blank temperature
given in tables 3 through 6 are based upon a
statistical probability of one failure in 100 at 10 7 above 120°C, Yθ is given a value greater than 1.0 to
allow for the effect of temperature on oil film and
cycles. Table 11 contains reliability factors which
material properties.
may be used to modify these allowable stresses to
change that probability. These numbers are based Consideration must be given to the loss of hardness
upon data developed for bending and pitting failure and strength of some materials due to the tempering
by the U.S. Navy. Other values may be used if effect of temperatures over 150_C.
specific data is available.
Requirements of application YZ
1)
The size factor reflects non--uniformity of material
Fewer than one failure in 10 000 1.50 properties. It depends primarily on:
Annex A
(informative)
Method for determination of dynamic factor with AGMA 2000-- A88
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth.]
dynamic factor using this annex or clause 8. accurate gearing” should be based on transmission
error. When transmission error is not available, it is
1.8
Q = v 5 Q =v 6
1.7 Q =
v 7
1.6
Q =
v 8
1.5
Q =
v 9
v
K ,rotcaf cimanyD
1.4
Q =
v 10
1.3
1.2
Q = v 11
1.1
“Very Accurate Gearing”
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Pitch line velocity, v t, m/s
A.3 Very accurate gearing The profile accuracy for the gearing must be
consistent with the pitch accuracy.
Where gearing is manufactured using process
controls which provide tooth accuracies which Curves may be extrapolated beyond the end points
correspond to “very accurate gearing”, or where the shown in figure A.1 based on experience and careful
design and manufacturing techniques ensure a low consideration of the factors influencing dynamic
transmission error which is equivalent to this accu- load. For purposes of calculation, equation A.4 de-
racy, values of Kv between 1.02 and 1.11 may be fines the end points of the curves in figure A.1.
B= −Q
conditions. 0.667
0.25 (12 v
) (A.3)
= A+ Q −
the following equations for integer values of Qv, such 2
±Q ±
[ ( 3 )]
that 5 v 11. Qv is related to the transmission vt max v (A.4)
196.85
accuracy grade number.
where
Qv can be estimated as the appropriate quality vt max is maximum pitch line velocity at operating
number for the expected pitch and profile variations pitch diameter (end point of Kv curves on
in accordance with AGMA 2000--A88. figure A.1), m/s.
Annex B
(informative)
Rim thickness factor, KB
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth.]
B.1 Purpose Another concern is press fitting the gear onto a shaft
as this will induce stresses in the gear rim. The
This annex provides a method for considering the
amount of effect of all of these items is beyond the
effects of gear blank rim thickness on the load
scope of this standard.
carrying capacity of the gear tooth. It is based on
Drago’s1 analysis of gear tooth bending fatigue B.2 Rim thickness factor, KB
strength.
Where the rim thickness is not sufficient to provide
This analysis shows that bending stresses in gear full support for the tooth root, the location of bending
teeth are adversely affected when the rim thickness fatigue failure may be through the gear rim, rather
t
below the tooth root, R, is relatively thin as compared than at the tooth fillet. In such cases, the use of a
to the tooth height, h.
t Drago’s analysis consisted of stress modifying factor, KB, is recommended.
photo elastic models where the resulting curves
were extrapolated from a limited number of test
This factor, entitled rim thickness factor, K B, adjusts
the calculated bending stress number for thin
samples at backup ratios of 0.5 and 2.0 or greater.
The study also included finite element analysis and
rimmed gears. It is a function of the backup ratio, m B,
t
(B.1)
The concern with notches (such as splines) or standard. When previous experience justifies, lower
_______________________
1)
Drago, R.J., An Improvement in the Conventional Analysis of Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue Strength. AGMA
For m B < 1.2
=
2.4
2.2 K B
1.6 ln
m
2.242
B ht
2.0
K B
1.8
,rotcaf ssenkciht miR
1.6 tR
m ≥ 1.2
= th
For
K
1.4 B
B = 1.0 m B
R
1.2 t
1.0
Backup ratio, m B
Annex C
(informative)
Application analysis
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth.]
manner originally intended. The influence factors some influence factors have been removed from the
are normally used as modifiers to either a calculated unknown area of “safety factor” and introduced as
stress from part configuration and applied load or to predictable portions of the design method. The
stress number for a specific design. In any design it known overloads. In gear design, however, service fac-
is critical to make allowances for unknown variables tors or overload factors have been used for this
uncertainty.
in materials, machining tolerances, loading. etc.
Various terms (factor of safety, service factor, and C.4 Overload factor
The designer, manufacturer, buyer, and user must all ted load. Overload factors are established only after
have a clear understanding of the meaning and considerable field experience is gained. In determin-
implications of these terms when comparing gear ing the overload factor, consideration should be
capacity using different standards. The following given to the fact that systems develop momentary
definitions are given to explain the differences peak torques appreciably greater than those deter-
between these terms as applied to gearing: mined by the nominal ratings of the prime mover or
driven equipment. Also, there are many possible
C.3 Factor of safety
sources of other overloads that should be consid-
The term “factor of safety” has historically been used ered, such as system vibrations, acceleration
in mechanical design to describe a general derating torques, overspeeds, variations in system operation,
factor to limit the design stress in proportion to the split--path load sharing among multiple prime mov-
material strength. A factor of safety accounts for ers, and changes in process applied load conditions.
cally determined single influence factor. The specific the system may not be able to transmit the rated
mathematical contribution of each of these items has power without excessive wear and failure.
not been satisfactorily established. In addition, the
C.6.3 Non --gear components
term “service factor” has been used when including
Every component of a gear unit must allow for the
human safety or economic risk, which has devel-
proper transmission of power, considering both
oped confusion between the terms factor of safety,
internal and external loading. These components,
overload factor, and service factor.
such as housing supports, shafting, bearings, and
To avoid confusion, it is recommended that the fasteners (bolts, nuts, etc.) must be designed and
overload factor be used as defined -- for external manufactured to maintain the gears in proper
variability in applied loading. A factor of safety position as well as transmit the required power.
should be applied where there is human risk,
C.6.4 Gear quality
economic risk, or remaining uncertainties due to
design, material, or manufacturing quality variation. The term “quality” can have a number of meanings.
In reference to gear manufacture, it is generally used
When an overload factor is used, consideration must to classify the tolerances applied to the gear tooth
be given to the effect of long service life on allowable geometry. Unless the appropriate gear quality level
stress levels. is used to calculate the power rating of a gear system
and that quality level is, in fact, duplicated or
A service factor should be applied only to a gear
exceeded in manufacturing, the unit produced may
assembly and then only in the absence of more
not have the desired life.
specific application load data. In addition, a service
factor is only valid with the calculation method used C.6.5 Variation in manufacture
at the time it was developed. It should not be used In addition to gear geometry, the metallurgical quality
with other gear calculation methods, unless there is of all stressed parts and the geometrical accuracy of
sufficient knowledge and experience to make a all other components of the drive must exceed the
satisfactory conversion between methods. values assumed in the design calculations and test
units.
C.6 Other considerations
These items in particular, and others in general, are
Other important considerations in the design analy-
addressed in some standards. Other standards do
sis of gear drive systems which are related to factor
not mention these topics or, if mentioned, do not
of safety, overload factor, and service factor
cover them thoroughly. It is important to know that
selection are:
factors contained within some AGMA standards,
such as a service factors, should not be abstracted
C.6.1 Test and experience
and applied to other standard methods of calculating
The proper selection of overload factors and factors gear capacity. Mixing factors from different stan-
of safety for any power transmission system often dards can result in an inadequate design.
The thermal power rating of a gear system is defined -- overload factors will represent actual loading
as the power that the unit will transmit continuously or be replaced by a load spectrum analysis, such
This important consideration is necessary to main- -- service factors may be replaced with factor of
tain proper lubrication. Excessive temperatures are safety, overload factor, stress cycle and reliability
detrimental to the lubrication of gear teeth, such that factor properly used.
Annex D
(informative)
Discussion of the analytical face or longitudinal load distribution factor
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute
Spur and Helical Gear Teeth.]
across the face width of a gear. The calculation of an basic manufacturing variations of the gearing, hous-
accurate analytical load distribution across the face ings, and bearings can be estimated and used as an
width of a spur or helical gear is a very complex and initial gap across the face width of the gears, see
tedious process with many influencing factors. The figure D.1. In many instances an adjustment feature
calculation lends itself to computer programs that is provided in the gear assembly such that these
are dedicated to the task. A correct analytical variations causing misalignment can be negated.
determination of load distribution across the face Sometimes the gearing is reground after initial
width would yield variations in stress across the pattern checks to correct for the assembly variations.
width of the gear that could be measured with Sometimes the bores of bearings or housing are
properly applied strain gauges. This stress distribu- scraped and sometimes an eccentric cartridge can
tion although analytically and physically correct provide an effective means of obtaining initial
would not be identical to that predicted by the alignment of the mating gears. At this stage the
empirical rating techniques currently utilized in the gears are assumed to be initially parallel with no gap
case is analyzed which will give the greatest the initial mismatch. Severely misaligned gears
mismatch between mating gear elements. The would show an extremely localized contact in a no
torsional and bending deflections can be calculated load soft blue type of contact check.
rotor. These deflections or gaps can be combined by A major problem occurs in the calculation of the
superposition techniques with the initial misali- deflections. The load distribution curve is needed to
gnment gaps if they haven’t been corrected by final calculate the actual deflections but this curve cannot
adjustment. Centrifugal and thermal distortion be calculated accurately until the deflection is
should be determined similarly and also combined to known. The best solution to this problem is to make
give the final total distortion or gap between the an estimate of the load distribution and use this to
mating gear flanks. If the gear teeth were infinitely calculate the actual deflection and iterate on this
stiff contact would occur at the intersection of the technique until the assumed load distribution curve
high point of the mating members causing an and the actual agree within some reasonable
exceedingly high localized load. However, as load is tolerance. The final values are plotted and KH is
applied, cantilever bending deflection of the gear calculated. This technique is presented in refer-
× ×
tooth as well as Hertzian deflection occurs and this ences [1] and [2]. Tooth stiffness values in the range
4 4 2
localized contact is spread across some percentage of 1.0 10 to 2.1 10 N/mm are typically used for
of the active face width. The amount that the contact determining the actual load distribution by this
spreads and the load variation across the face technique. This iterative type of solution is well
depends on the applied load, the tooth stiffness and suited to computer analysis.
1
Dudley Darle W. -- Practical Gear Design
2
MAAG Gear Handbook, January 1990.
A1 lL B1
bL
bL/3
w′ = constant
Disposition
id
ld
L
b
Bending deflection bf bx
totf
tf
Torsional deflection
bx
Total deformation bx
Longitudinal modification
totf
Annex E
(informative)
Gear material fatigue life
This annex is for information only and should not be construed to be a part of ANSI/AGMA 2101-- D04, Fundamental rating
factors and calculation methods for involute spur and helical gear teeth.
E.1 Purpose and AISI 9310 Spur Gears, ASME , J. Mech Design,
No. 770416 1977, SAE, Inc. (figure 9). November 1991 (figures 5, 6 and 7).
isp 301 x sserts toor lanimoN
ssertS
2mm/gk ,ssertS
2mm/N ,ssertS
) mm/N( ssertS
2
Cycles
3)
9310H -- -- -- 832H13
3) 3)
4118H, PS54H, PS64 -- -- 5Cr415H 527H17
2) 4)
5CM415H 805H17
1)
4620H -- -- -- 665H20
5) 5) 5) 5) 5)
4820H 18CD4 , 8CD4 5CrNi6 -- 708H20 815H17
5) 5) 5)
20MC5 , 20MC6 , 20MnCr5
3) 3) 4) 3)
8620H, PS15H, PS64 16MC5 16MnCr5 SCM415H 637H17
4) 1)
SCM418H 805H20
4) 1)
20MoCr4 SNCM220HJ
7) 6) 6) 6)
4140H 40NCD3 41CrMo4 SCM440H 708H37
6)
41CrMo4
How Bainite Affects Pitting Life permission from SAE Paper No. 780773 1978,
SAE, Inc. (figure 2).
ytilibapac sserts tcatnoc etamixorppA
isk ,selcyc 01 ni tup ot
eruliaf tnecreP
Percent upper transformation products
(pearlite/bainite)
Figure 6 - Bainite, also called quenching
pearlite, is soft, and deleterious to pitting life.
E.5 Variation with material heat treatment Cycles
This clause gives four references and selected fig- Figure 2 - Weibull probability paper
ures from each, which illustrate variations in fatigue E.5.3 Kern, R. F. and Suess, M. E., Steel Selection,
life due to heat treatments. a guide for improving performance and profits,
Cycles to failure
Figure 10.13 - Bending fatigue properties of
4820 steel. Sample A received standard heat
Number of Cycles treatment, while B was refrigerated at - 1000F
Figure 6 - Log S--log N plot of fatigue data for E.5.4 Cohen, R. E., Haagensen, J. P., Matlock, D.
SAE 8620H steel carburized to 0.72 and 0.95% K., and Krauss, G., Assessment of Bending Fatigue
carbon Limits for Carburized Steel. Reprinted with permis-
E.5.2 Rice, S. L., Pitting Resistance of Some High sion from SAE Paper No. 910140 1991, SAE, Inc.
Temperature Carburized Cases. Reprinted with (figure 6).
Tangential load, Wf
t/ (N/M)
Number of cycles N
E.6.1 Townsend, D. P., Coy, J. J., and Zaretsky, E. Steels used in Case Carburized Gears, American
V., Experimental and Analytical Load--Life Relation Gear Manufacturers Association, AGMA, Technical
for AISI 9310 Steel Spur Gears, Transactions of the Paper 92 FTM6, October 1992 (figures 6, 7, 8 and
ASME , Vol. 100, pp 54--59, January 1978 (figure 5). 9).
ssertS
ssertS
Cycles
No. 920760
)aPM( sserts gnidneb toor htooT
Cycles
Number of cycles
ssertS
E.7.2 Summary
Teeth Teeth
250 mm
200 mm 40 mm
50 mm
150 mm
300 mm
50 mm
bore diameter is less than 20% of the length of the Controlling section: 50 mm rim thickness
bore, then the outside diameter)
Figure F.1 - Illustrations of controlling section size
363 [] 3.2
[
J
341
44 HRC at 50
(E4340H)
321 3.4
BH ,ssendrah llenirb muminiM
mm ,noisserpmi llenirB
302
285 3.6
269
J
J
40 HRC at 18
(4140H) JOMINY, DISTANCE, mm
255 3.8
241
229 4.0
Figure F.2 - Controlling section size for two 0.40% carbon alloy steels*
NOTES:
*Maximum controlling section sizes higher than those above can be recommended when substantiated by test data (heat
treat practice).
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating
Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth, or indicated for additional
information.
1. ISO/TR 10495, Calculation of Service Life 14. Ichimaru, K., Nakajimi, A. and Hirano, F., Effect
under Variable Load. of Asperity Interaction on Pitting in Rollers and
Gears, ASME Paper 80--C2/DET--36, August,
2. American National Standards Institute -- ANSI
1980.
Y12.3--1968, Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in
Mechanics of Solids. 15. ASTM A148--83, Specifications for Steel Cast-
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