LABORATORY MANUAL

BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD

SEVENTH SEMESTER
PROGRAM FACULTY OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM BANDUNG
2018/ 2019
Biological Hazard Page 1
 LAB ACTIVITY
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
OBJECTIVES:
1. General Objectives:
At the end of the activity the student will be able to identify and risk managemant of biological hazard

2. Specific Objectives
 The student gives the definition of a biological hazard
 The student explains the transmission ways of biological hazard
 The student defines the Risk occupation and workplaces where people may come into contoct with
biological hazard
 The student lists the Hierarchy controland and Prevention for biological hazard
 The student appraises appropriate personal protective equipment for biological hazards in the
healthcare setting
 The student defines the main biological risks in the workplace, evaluates risk of assesment and
the need of prevention to biological hazard

SUBTOPIC:
1. definition, kinds of biological hazard, and routes of entry
2. Risk occupation and workplaces where people may come into contoct with biological hazard
3. Examples diasease cause by biological hazard
4. Hierarchy controland and Prevention for biological hazard
5. Personal Protective Equipment

Sequence of Laboratory Activity:

I. Homework assignment :
a. Describe about definition, type of biological hazard, and routes of entry..
b. Describe Risk occupation and workplaces where people may come into contoct with biological hazar
c. Examples diasease cause by biological hazard
d. Describe Hierarchy controland and Prevention
e. Describe Personal protective Equipment

II. Main activity (90 minutes)

1. 15 menit : Introduction and Pre test
2. 30 minutes : discussion about student home work and basic theory of biological hazard
3. 60 minutes : discussion about the case at the workplaces
4. 15 menit : summary

Biological Hazard Page 2

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Biological hazards and risks

Biological hazards refer to organisms or organic matters produced by these organisms that are harmful
to human health. These include parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi and protein (prions). Sources of biological
hazards include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans. In general, there are three
major of routes of entry for these micro-organisms into our body, i.e.through the respiratory system,
transmission through contact with body fluids of the infected or contact with contaminated objects.
The modes of transmission vary by type of organism and some infectious agents may be transmitted
by more than one route: some are transmitted primarily by direct or indirect contact, (e.g., HSV,
respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus), others by the droplet, (e.g., influenza virus,
Bordetella pertussis) or airborne routes (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Other infectious agents, such
as bloodborne viruses (e.g., HBV, HCV and HIV) are transmitted via percutaneous or mucous membrane
exposure. Importantly, not all infectious agents are transmitted from person to person.
The harmful effects posed to human health by these biological hazards are mainly ofthree types - infections,
allergy and poisoning.These hazards can cause a variety of health effects ranging from skin irritation and
allergies to infections (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS), cancer (liver cancer and HBV or HCV infection) and so on.

Infection is the result of a complex interrelationship between a potential host and an infectious

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agent. Most of the factors that influence infection and the occurrence and severity of disease are related
to the host. However, characteristics of the host-agent interaction as it relates to pathogenicity,
virulence and antigenicity are also important, as are the infectious dose, mechanisms of disease
production and route of exposure. There is a spectrum of possible outcomes following exposure to an
infectious agent. Some persons exposed to pathogenic microorganisms never develop symptomatic
disease while others become severely ill and even die. Some individuals are prone to becoming
transiently or permanently colonized but remain asymptomatic (MRSA). Still others progress from
colonization to symptomatic disease either immediately following exposure, or after a period of
asymptomatic colonization (e.g. tuberculosis).

2. Occupations and exposures

Many occupations may expose the workers to biological agents.
2.1. HealthCare Workers (HCWs)

Medical staff, cleaning staff and laboratory technicians in the medical profession; Healthcare services;
Cleaning services and property management;• Employees in environmental hygiene services such asliquid
waste and rubbish collection and disposal;
Infectious agents transmitted during healthcare derive primarily from human sources but inanimate
environmental sources also are implicated in transmission. Human reservoirs include patients,
healthcare personnel, and household members and other visitors. Such source individuals may have
active infections, may be in the asymptomatic and/or incubation period of an infectious disease, or may
be transiently or chronically colonized with pathogenic microorganisms, particularly in the respiratory
and gastrointestinal tracts.
Single cases of infection of HCWs have been described for many infectious agents. Outbreaks of
pertussis, measles, influenza, hepatitis A or scabies are regularly reported among HCWs.
Nevertheless, in developed countries, only tuberculosis and hepatitis B have been reported to be
significantly more frequent among HCWs than in the general population.
A comprehensive guide of prevention and control of Occupational Infections in Health Care was
published in 2002 by Health Canada.

2.2. Farmers
Farmers are exposed to infectious agents (brucella), but also to organic dust, spores and endotoxins
(toxins built of polysaccharide and phospholipid substances that are integral parts of the outer cell wall
of bacteria).
One of the most frequent (2-10% of farmers) consequence of such exposure is the farmer's Lung, also
known as "extrinsic allergic alveolitis", "hypersensitivity alveolitis" or more generally "hypersensitivity
pneumonitis". It is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay. However,
dust from any moldy crop--straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco--can also cause Farmer's
Agriculture, fishery, veterinaryservices, and manufacturing industries that use plant- or animalbased raw
materials, such as paper and paper products, textile, leather and furs and related products;

2.3 Indoor workplaces

Indoor workplaces like entertainment premises, restaurants and hotels, where employees generally
work in enclosed areas with central air-conditioning: – Any microorganism breeding inside the air-
conditioning system or cooling towers may spread in the workplace through the air-conditioning system.
In the office building, the furnishing materials like carpets and wallpapers, the potted plants and places
that are wet and damp or utensils that hold water are likely to be the breeding ground for microorganisms.

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2.4. Outdoor workers
People working outdoor can be exposed to different diseases.

Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by bacteria. These bacteria are carried in the urine of infected animals.
If an infected animal urinates in a body of fresh water (e.g., lake, river, stream) or soil, the disease can
live there for weeks to months. Leptospirosis exists all over the world, but it is more likely to be
found in tropical climates. The bacteria can enter the body through the eyes, nose, mouth or broken
skin. Performing outdoor activities, for leisure or work, increases the risk of infection. About one
third of all cases are occupational. A vaccine is available in some countries. It protects against
Leptospiraicterohaemorrhagiae, and a booster dose is needed every 2 years.

Lyme disease.
Lyme disease is a commonly reported tick-borne disease. Lyme disease is passed to humans by the bite
of ticks infected with the bacterium Borreliaburgdorferi. The Lyme disease bacterium normally lives in
mice, squirrels, and other small mammals. Workers at risk of Lyme disease include, but are not limited
to, those working in construction, forestry, farming ... To avoid tick bites, workers should wear light-
colored long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and hat when possible and should use repellents. They
should check their skin and clothes for ticks every day.

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2.3. Emerging risks

In 2007, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has performed a study, based on expert advice
and literature review, on emerging biological risks, defined as any biological occupational risk that is both
new and increasing.
 The top emerging biological risks identified were, by decreasing order:
 Occupational risks related to global epidemics (e.g. H1N1 in 2009).
 Risks resulting from poor risk assessment, since the state of knowledge on biohazards is still
relatively immature and, in practice, proper assessment of biological risks is difficult.
 The lack of information on biological risks in the workplace, especially in the office workplace
and the agriculture sector.
 The poor maintenance of water and air systems, which puts workers, and the general population,
at risk of legionella.
 Endotoxins, which can be found in high concentrations in all occupational settings where organic
dust is present.
 Indoor moulds, as airborne moulds are ubiquitous in the indoor
 environment, workers in any indoorworkplace, such as offices, schools, hospitals, homes and
commercial buildings, may be exposed.
 The occupational risks linked to waste treatment.

3. Some biological agents

In this chapter, we will emphasize the occupational aspects of the diseases, and not the diagnosis or
treatment, which is not the scope of this module.

3.1. Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a small, non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae, for which only
one serotype has been identified.
The hepatitis A virus is found in the feces of infected persons. The virus is usually spread from person to
person by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the feces of a person with
hepatitis A. The most classical way of contamination is drinking contaminated water or eating raw and
undercooked shellfish harvested from contaminated water. Although this is not per se an

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occupational risk, it can become so for those who travel for their work, mostly in low-income
countries.
There is little evidence of risk for hepatitis A infection in the workplace. Health care workers are not
considered to be at increased risk when they follow standard infection control procedures. Workers in
the food-handling sector may be at risk if exposed to contaminated food or water. Several studies, even
in developed countries, have demonstrated that sewage workers may be at increased risk. Apart
from standard infection control procedures (washing hands for health care workers, wearing gloves for
sewage workers), a vaccine is available. It needs two injections but provides long-term
immunity.Combined inactivated vaccineeffectiveness is 86%.

3.2. Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype member of the Hepadnaviridae (hepatotropicDNA virus)
family.
Blood is the major source of the hepatitis B virus in the workplace. It can also be found in other
tissues and body fluids, but in much lower concentrations. The risk of transmission varies according to
the specific source. The virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days and still able to cause
infection.
The risk of acquiring HBV from the workplace depends on the amount of exposure to human blood or
body fluids and tissues contaminated by blood. Such contact can occur during skin contact (rescuers),
wounds (human bites for police officers), needlestick injuries or other puncture injuries from sharp
instruments contaminated with blood (HCWs) or close contact with people who carry the hepatitis B
virus in family or institutional residence settings. In case of needlestick injuries with a patient who carries
HBV in his blood, the risk of contamination for the HCW is between 5 and 45%, depending on the viral
load in the blood of the index patient.

Hepatitis B vaccines provide safe, reliable protection from hepatitis B. Vaccination requires 3
injections and has an efficacy of 95-97%. Nevertheless, an age higher than 40, being overweight,
active smoker or a man are independent factors of low or non response to the vaccine. In people exposed
in occupational settings, the level of Hbs antibodies should be measured 4-6 weeks after the
3rd dose of vaccine. People achieving a level of Hbs antibodies > 10 UI/L are considered protected
for life. For the others, new injections (up to 6 or 9 depending of the country) are needed.

3.3. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the
lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. About one
third of the world's population has latent tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air from exposure to germs in the saliva of infected persons and
sputum coughed up from their lungs. When an infected person breezes, coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets
which contain the germs are released and can be inhaled by employees or anyone in the area. It must
be emphasize that the droplets are very small, don't settle easily and can remain in the air for hours. They
can be transported by airflow to several meters from the index case.
In the workplace employees of institutions or hospitals can contract tuberculosis from persons who have
not yet been diagnosed. Safe work procedure should include screening programs that will identify
persons who have been exposed to the germs causing tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is an occupational risk for HCWs, but also for those who work with migrants from
endemic countries or with homeless people. When an infectious person is identified all isolation
precautions should be implemented. An infectious person should be placed in a private room.
Employees entering the room should wear a protective respiratory device (the surgical mask is not
protective enough). The mask will protect the wearer only if it fits closely to the face. A fit test must

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therefore be performed. This video, which you must see, gives an example on how must this test be
performed. The isolation room must be at negative air pressure and it must have adequate ventilation
to dilute the concentration of contaminants within the room. The air from the isolation room must be
directly exhausted outside.A vaccine (BCG) is required in some countries for HCWs. However, its efficacy
in preventing latent infection does not exceed 50%.

4. Prevention

The prevention of biological risk in the workplace is based on good hygiene and sanitation.

Infection control precautions are the first line of defense to protect workers from hepatitis B and other
diseases. For this reason, most countries have developed a uniform approach called "standard
precautions". Originally developed for hospitals, standard precautions have been adapted to a wide
range of workplaces. They apply to all situations where workers have risk of exposure to blood or certain
body fluids and aim at preventing exposure to blood-borne diseases transmitted by needlestick
accidents or fluid contact with an open wound, non-intact skin, or mucous membranes.
Education programs for workers about personal hygiene practices should emphasize that careful
hand washing is extremely important in the prevention of diseases. Workers should be informed
about using appropriate protective clothing and about removing it at the end of the shift. They
should also be informed about the necessity of washing hands frequently, and before eating,
drinking, or smoking; they should also avoid nail biting.
Many vaccines are available. Some of them are mandatory in many countries, for specific
occupational groups (HBV vaccine for HCWs). Some are sometimes mandatory (BCG for HCWs) and some
are just recommended (tetanus for construction workers).
Elimination of the source of contamination is fundamental to the prevention and control of biological
hazards.Engineering controls such as improvement of ventilation, partial isolation of the contamination
source, installation of negative pressure and separate ventilation and airconditioning system (e.g. in
medical wards for infectious diseases) and the use of ultraviolet lamps can help contain the spread of
contaminants. If the contact with biological hazards cannot be prevented, the employees must use
personal protective equipment and adhere strictly to the practice of personal hygiene. The personal
protective equipment includes masks, gloves, protective clothing, eye shields, face shields and shoe
covers.

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Refference
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection
Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions:
Preventing Transmission of Ifnectious Agents in Healthcare Settings, June 2007
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/isolation2007.pdf
Sepkowitz KA. Occupationally acquired infections in health care workers. Part I. Ann
Intern Med.
1996 Nov 15;125(10):826-34.
Sepkowitz KA. Occupationally acquired infections in health care workers. Part II. Ann
Intern Med.
1996 Dec 1;125(11):917-28. Review. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 1997 Apr 1;126(7):588.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Biological
Hazards. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/biol_hazards/ [Accessed 12 August 2011].
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Health Care
Workers.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/healthcare/ [Accessed 12 August 2011].
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Diseases & Injuries.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/diseases.html [Accessed 12 August
2011].
French
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Zoonoses en milieu
professionnel. http://www.inrs.fr/INRS-
PUB/inrs01.nsf/inrs01_catalog_view_view/1B8E4C575F7A588EC12570D7003DC179/$FILE/v
isu.html? OpenElement [Accessed 17 August 2011].
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Exposition fortuite à un agent infectieux et
conduite à tenir en milieu de travail. http://www.inrs.fr/eficatt [Accessed 17 August 2011].

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STUDENT WORK SHEET

TASK 1:

Instruction: Discuss with tehe group and fill the blank!

1. Definition, kinds of biological hazard, and routes of entry

Definitions: Biological hazards refer to organisms or organic matters produced by these

organisms that are harmful to human health

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2. Risk occupation and workplaces where people may come into contoct with biological hazard
and Examples diasease cause by biological hazard (the student can fill the popular disease
only)

Contact with
OCCUPATIOS DISEASES
Infected Living Animal
 Anthrax
 Brucellosis
Animal breeder  *Hendra & Nipah viral
Animal caretaker diseases
Animal scientist Handle infected domestic  Influenza
Farmer & Rancher animals (inhalation or
 Leptospirosis
Farmworker percutaneous exposure)
 Plague
Lab animal worker
Veterinarian  Q fever
 Vesicular stomatitis fever

Animal breeder
Animal caretaker  Campylobacter enteritis
Animal scientist  Influenza
Handle infected chickens or
Lab animal worker  Psittacosis
birds
Poultry farmer  Salmonellosis
Poultry handler
Veterinarian
 Brucellosis
Animal breeder  Capnocytophaga infection
Animal caretaker  Cat scratch fever
Animal scientist  Pasteurellosis
Bite or scratch by infected
Farmer & Rancher  Plague
dog or cat
Farmworker  Rabies
Lab animal worker  Tularemia
Veterinarian

Farmer & Rancher

Farmworker
Game warden Bite by skunk, raccoon, bat,  Rabies
Hunter & Trapper fox, or other carnivore
Veterinarian
Wildlife biologist
Farmer & Rancher  *Monkeypox
Farmworker
 Plague
Game warden
Hunter & Trapper
Bite by rodents  Rat bite fever
Veterinarian
Wildlife biologist
 *Arenaviral infection
 Hantavirus infection
 *Lassa fever
Farmer & Rancher  Leptospirosis
Farmworker
Handle infected  Lymphocytic
Game warden
rodents (inhalation or choriomeningitis (LCM)
Hunter & Trapper
Veterinarian
percutaneous exposure)  *Monkeypox
Wildlife biologist  *Omsk hemorrhagic fever
 Plague

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Hantavirus infection
Lab animal worker Handle infected laboratory
LCM
Veterinarian rats
Rat bite fever
Lab animal worker Handle infected macaque
B-virus infection
Veterinarian monkeys
OCCUPATIONS Contact with DISEASES
Contaminated
Animal Product
Animal breeder Handle infected animal  Anthrax
Animal caretaker carcasses or placental  Brucellosis
Animal scientist tissues  *Crimean Congo
Butcher hemorrhagic fever
Farmer & Rancher  *Glanders
Farmworker  *Hendra & Nipah viral
Hunter & Trapper  Leptospirosis
Lab animal worker  Plague
Meat packer
 Psittacosis
Slaughterer
 Q fever
Veterinarian
 *Rift valley fever
 Strept. suis infection
 Tularemia

Grader & Sorter Handle raw goat hair, wool  Anthrax

Freight handler or hides from endemic area
Packer
OCCUPATIONS Tick, Flea, or Mite Bite DISEASES
Farmer & Rancher Work in tick infested area in
Farmworker North America  Babesiosis
Forester  Colorado tick fever
Groundskeeper  Ehrlichiosis
Highway  Lyme disease
maintenance  Powassan virus encephalitis
Hunter & Trapper  Relapsing fever
Landscaper  Rocky mountain spotted
Logging worker fever
Rail track
 STARI
maintenance
 Tick paralysis
 Tularemia

Building cleaning Work in building infested

worker with fleas or mites of rodents  Murine typhus
Pest control  Plague
worker  Rickettsialpox

Hunter & Trapper Work in mite infested area of *Scrub typhus

Laborer central, eastern or
Southeast Asia
OCCUPATIONS Contact with DISEASES
Infected Patient or
Blood

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Dental worker Handle contaminated

Embalmer needles or surgical  AIDS
Healthcare worker instruments  *Arenavirus infection
 *Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever
 *Ebola -Marburg
 Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis C
 West Nile virus infection
 *Lassa fever

Healthcare worker Care for sick patients Adenovirus

(droplet/airborne pathogens) *Arenavirus infection
Coronavirus infection
*Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever
Diphtheria
*Ebola -Marburg
Influenza
*Lassa fever
Measles
Meningococcus
Monkeypox
Mumps
Mycoplasma infection
Parvorvirus
Pertussis
RSV infection
Rubella
Strept. Group A infection
Tuberculosis
Varicella

Healthcare worker Care for sick patients AIDS

(bloodborne pathogens) *Arenavirus infection
*Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever
*Ebola -Marburg
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
*Lassa fever
West Nile virus infection

OCCUPATIONS Raise Dust Containing DISEASES

the Pathogen
Building cleaning Raise dust of excreta from *Arenaviral infection
worker rodents Hantavirus infection
Construction *Lassa fever
worker Leptospirosis
Dockworker Lymphocytic
Farmer & Rancher choriomeningitis
Farmworker Rat bite fever
Game warden
Granary worker
Groundskeeper

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Heating & AC
worker
Hunter & Trapper
Pest control
worker
Repair worker
Wildlife biologist

Bridge painter Raise dust from bird roosts, Histoplasmosis

Construction chicken coops or bat-
worker inhabited caves in endemic
Demolition worker area
Farmer & Rancher
Farmworker
Gardener
Heating & AC
worker
Roofer

Plow, dig or excavate soil in Blastomycosis

Archeologist endemic area Coccidioidomycosis
Demolition worker Histoplasmosis
Farmer & Rancher *Paracoccidioidomycosis
Hunter & Trapper
Farmworker

3. Hierarchy controland Prevention for biological hazard

Engineering/
Bioengineering controls Engineering controls such as improvement of
ventilation, partial isolation of the
contamination source, installation of
negative pressure and separate ventilation
and air- conditioning system (e.g. in medical
wards for infectious diseases) and the use of
ultraviolet lamps can help contain the spread
of contaminants.

Kontrol teknik seperti peningkatan ventilasi,

isolasi parsial dari sumber kontaminasi,
pemasangan tekanan negatif dan ventilasi
terpisah dan sistem pendingin udara (mis. Di
bangsal medis untuk penyakit menular) dan
penggunaan lampu ultraviolet dapat
membantu menahan penyebaran
kontaminan.

Administrative controls Many vaccines are available. Some of them are

mandatory in many countries, for specific
occupational groups (HBV vaccine for HCWs). Some
are sometimes mandatory (BCG for HCWs) and some
are just recommended (tetanus for construction

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workers).

Banyak vaksin tersedia. Beberapa dari

mereka adalah wajib di banyak negara, untuk
kelompok pekerjaan tertentu (vaksin HBV
untuk petugas kesehatan). Beberapa kadang-
kadang wajib (BCG untuk petugas kesehatan)
dan beberapa hanya direkomendasikan
(tetanus untuk pekerja konstruksi).

4. Personal Protective Equipment

A. Respirtory Equipment
 Masks
What type of the mask?
What are characteristic of that?

• Masker bedah - Masker bedah umumnya terdiri dari tiga

lapis kain bukan tenunan. Ini memberikan perlindungan
penghalang terhadap tetesan pernapasan besar;

What type of the mask?

What are characteristic of that?

• N95 atau respirator tingkat yang lebih tinggi - Jenis

respirator ini menyaring partikel dan tetesan cairan dalam
ukuran partikel kecil, oleh karena itu memberikan
perlindungan dari menghirup aerosol dan mikroorganisme
yang mengudara.

What type of the mask?

What are characteristic of that?

Pemilihan respirator partikulat juga harus

mempertimbangkan apakah lingkungan kerja
mengandung kabut atau asap minyak dan efisiensi
penyaringan yang diperlukan untuk tingkat
perlindungan. Secara umum, di mana tidak ada kabut
minyak atau asap seperti dalam pengaturan rumah
sakit, respirator seri-N dengan efisiensi filter 95%
(Tipe N-95), 99% (Tipe N-99) atau 99,97% (Tipe N -
100) cocok.

What type of the mask?

What are characteristic of that?

Dalam lingkungan di mana terdapat sejumlah besar

kabut minyak, maka respirator R-series, R95, R99

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atau R100 (di mana R berarti resistansi minyak), atau

respirator P-series, P95, P99, atau P100 (di mana P
mewakili bukti minyak) harus digunakan.

What type of the mask?

What are characteristic of that?

• Respirator Pemurni Udara Bertenaga, PAPR. Jenis

respirator menggunakan blower listrik untuk membawa
udara melalui filter ke pengguna, sehingga lebih nyaman
dipakai.

What type of the mask?

What are characteristic of that?

• respirator pemasok udara. Udara bersih disuplai oleh

kompresor udara atau silinder tekanan tinggi melalui
selang.

 Gloves
protective

TASK 2:

Instruction; Discuss the correct step to wearing a mask and try to do!

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Write The correct step to wearing surgical mask

1. Letakkan topeng di wajah, dengan strip logam di bagian atas

2. Ikat tali di belakang kepala dan leher

3. Tekan dengan lembut strip logam di atas jembatan hidung

4. Masker harus menutupi dari hidung ke dagu dan pas di wajah

B. Discribe what are the protective personal equipment that uses the worker on the picture!

1. shoes
2. googles
3. shoe cover
4. respiratory protection
5. protective clothing
6. gloves

TASK 3:

Instruction; Analyze this situation and answer the queston of the case!
The student defines the main biological risks in the workplace, evaluates risk of assesment
and the need of prevention to biological hazard.

Case 1:
You are a medical student at UNISBA at clinical phase. Your first stage in surgical departement
for 5 weeks. Please analyze this situation.
Instruction
a. What are the possibility of biological hazard at that workplaces and how is the transmission.
b. Can you describe Risk occupation contoct with biological hazar at that workplaces
c. What are the possiility of diasease cause by biological hazard at that workplaces
d. What should Prevention to do
e. What are Personal protective Equipment who need it at the workplaces

Case 2:

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You are a tobacco farmer. You have understand, how to make your workplaces safe. Please
analyze this situation.
Instruction
a. What are the possibility of biological hazard at that workplaces and how is the transmission.
b. Can you describe Risk occupation contoct with biological hazar at that workplaces
c. What are the possiility of diasease cause by biological hazard at that workplaces
d. What should Prevention to do
e. What are Personal protective Equipment who need it at the workplaces

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