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Procedia Computer Science 143 (2018) 48–57

8th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication (ICACC-2018)

8th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication (ICACC-2018)
8th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication (ICACC-2018)
Planar Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Gain Enhancement
Planar Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Gain Enhancement
K. Prahlada Raoa,a, *, Vani R.Mbb, P.V. Hunagundaa
a
K. Prahlada Rao *, Vani R.M , P.V. Hunagund
Dept. of PG Studies and Research in Applied Electronics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106, India
b
a
Dept. ofUniversity
PG StudiesScience Instrumentation
and Research Centre,
in Applied Gulbarga
Electronics, University,
Gulbarga Gulbarga,
University, 585106,585106,
Gulbarga, India India
b
University Science Instrumentation Centre, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106, India

Abstract
Abstract
This paper compares the performance of two element microstrip antenna array using two different Defective Ground Structures
and one
This Electromagnetic
paper compares the Band Gap structure.
performance of two The conventional
element microstripmicrostrip antenna
antenna array array
using twois different
resonatingDefective
at 5.53 GHz and producing
Ground Structures
bandwidth
and and mutual coupling
one Electromagnetic Band Gap equal to 2.35The
structure. % and -17.83 dB.
conventional The firstantenna
microstrip proposed antenna
array array isatproducing
is resonating 5.53 GHzbandwidth and
and producing
mutual coupling
bandwidth equal to
and mutual 66.60 %equal
coupling and -35.66
to 2.35dB,
% whereas the dB.
and -17.83 secondTheproposed antenna
first proposed array isarray
antenna producing bandwidth
is producing and mutual
bandwidth and
couplingcoupling
mutual equal toequal
63.27 % and%-32.81
to 66.60 dB respectively.
and -35.66 dB, whereas The first and
the second secondantenna
proposed proposed arraymicrostrip antenna
is producing arrays and
bandwidth are mutual
giving
enhanced equal
coupling gains ofto 12.41
63.27 and 10.11
% and dB respectively
-32.81 as compared
dB respectively. The firstto 5.06 dB of conventional
and second microstripantenna
proposed microstrip antennaarrays
array.are
Both the
giving
proposed antenna
enhanced gains ofarrays
12.41 are
andyielding
10.11 dB good reductionasincompared
respectively back lobetoreduction.
5.06 dB ofTheconventional
first proposed antenna antenna
microstrip array is aarray.
betterBoth
antenna
the
compared to the second
proposed antenna arrays proposed antenna
are yielding goodarray. The in
reduction dielectric substrate
back lobe employed
reduction. is FR-4
The first glassantenna
proposed epoxy with
arraya is
dielectric
a better constant
antenna
of 4.2 and to
compared loss
thetangent
secondofproposed
0.0245. The microstrip
antenna antenna
array. The arrayssubstrate
dielectric are designed using Mentor
employed is FR-4 Graphics IE3D
glass epoxy software.
with a dielectric constant
of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0245. The microstrip antenna arrays are designed using Mentor Graphics IE3D software.
© 2018The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2018
This The
is an openAuthors. Published
accessPublished by Elsevier
article under B.V.
the CC BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2018The Authors. by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
This is an and
open peer-review
access under
article underresponsibility
the CC of the scientific
BY-NC-ND committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in
license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in
Computing
Selection andand Communication
peer-review under(ICACC-2018).
responsibility
Computing and Communication (ICACC-2018). of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in
Computing and Communication (ICACC-2018).
Keywords: Defective Ground Structure; Electromagnetic Band Gap Structure; Gain; Microstrip Antenna Array.
Keywords: Defective Ground Structure; Electromagnetic Band Gap Structure; Gain; Microstrip Antenna Array.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 91-970-515-6147.

* E-mail address:author.
Corresponding pra_kaluri@rediffmail.com
Tel.: + 91-970-515-6147.
E-mail address: pra_kaluri@rediffmail.com
1877-0509© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open
1877-0509© access
2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC by
Published BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Elsevier B.V.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computing and
license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Communication (ICACC-2018).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computing and
Communication (ICACC-2018).

1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computing
and Communication (ICACC-2018).
10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.350
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2 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

Transfer of electrical energy from one point to another can be performed with the help of transmission lines.
These are placed at the source point and receiving point. Transmission lines can also be thought as guided structures.
Alternatively, energy can be transmitted and received in the form of electromagnetic waves in free space through the
principle of radiation. The devices that work using the principle of radiation are called antennas. The class of
antennas which have light weight, are compatible with other electrical devices and can be easily fabricated are called
microstrip antennas. These antennas consist of a dielectric substrate placed in between a ground plane and radiating
patch on the top. The conventional microstrip antenna arrays have serious limitations of narrow bandwidth and
generation of surface waves. [1-7].
During the last couple of years various methods have been implemented to enhance the performance of
distributed microwave circuits. One such method is etching of Defective Ground Structure (DGS) in the ground
plane of microstrip antennas. A defect is introduced in the ground plane which is equivalent to current carrying
current sink and infinite in length. Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures are periodic in nature which can be
etched on metal or ground plane. EBG structures are also called as high impedance surfaces as they are capable of
suppressing surface waves at certain frequency bands. In recent years there has been enormous increase in the usage
of EBG structures in various antenna domains. These structures have revolutionized and brought a new dimension to
antenna engineering to a great extent. These structures are responsible for the suppression of surface waves which
hinder the performance of microstrip antenna arrays. This leads to decrease in the mutual coupling values between
the antenna elements. [8-16].

2. Design of conventional microstrip antenna array

The conventional microstrip antenna array (CMAA) consists of two identical radiating patches which are
rectangular in shape. CMAA is excited using corporate feeding technique. CMAA is designed at 6 GHz frequency.
The schematic of CMAA is shown in Fig.1. The two elements of CMAA are separated by a distance equal to /4,
where  is the wavelength calculated at the design frequency of 6 GHz.

Fig. 1. Schematic of CMAA.

Table 1. Parameter values of CMAA.

Parameter Value (mm)

Length of the radiating patch (Lp) 15.73
Width of the radiating patch (Lp) 11.76
Length of the quarter wave transformer (Lt) 6.47
Width of the quarter wave transformer (Wt) 0.47
Length of the 50 Ω line(L1) 6.52
Width of the 50 Ω line(W1) 3.05
Length of the coupler (Lc) 3.05
50 K. Prahlada Rao et al. / Procedia Computer Science 143 (2018) 48–57
K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Width of the coupler (Wc) 3.05

Length of the 70 Ω line(L2) 6.54
Width of the 70 Ω line(W2) 1.62
Length of the 100 Ω line(L3) 6.56
Width of the 100 Ω line(W3) 0.70
Length of the feed line(Lf) 6.52
Width of the feed line(Wf) 3.05

The parameter mutual coupling is determined by exciting the radiating patches independently. The distance
between the two radiating patches is maintained the same as that in Fig.1. Fig.2 depicts the schematic used to
measure the mutual coupling between the two antenna elements of CMAA. The two elements of CMAA are
assumed to be fed with equal amount of power.

Fig. 2. Schematic of setup of CMAA for the measurement of mutual coupling.

3. Design of first proposed microstrip antenna array

The first proposed microstrip antenna array is designed by modifying the ground plane and the surface of
CMAA. The ground plane of the first proposed microstrip antenna array consists of the dumb bell shape DGS. The
dumbbell shape DGS consists of two identical square slots connected by a rectangular slot as depicted in Fig.3. In
Fig.3, A = 5mm, B = 6mm and C = 2mm respectively.

Fig. 3. Schematic of dumbbell shape DGS.

The surface of the first proposed microstrip antenna array is replaced with an EBG structure. The unit cell of the
EBG structure and the EBG structure employed are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively. In Fig.4, P = 1 mm, Q =
1.75 mm, R = 1.75 mm and S = 3 mm respectively.

Fig. 4. Schematic of unit cell of EBG structure.

 K. Prahlada Rao et al. / Procedia Computer Science 143 (2018) 48–57 51
4 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 5. Schematic of EBG structure.

The EBG structure depicted in Fig.5, is embedded in between the two radiating patches. The EBG placed on the
surface consists of 3 rows and 2 columns of unit cell shown in Fig.4. The unit cells of the EBG structure are
separated by T = 2mm along the x-axis and y-axis. The schematic of the first proposed microstrip antenna array is
shown in Fig.6.

Fig. 6. Schematic of first proposed microstrip antenna array.

In order to examine the effect of DGS and the EBG structures shown in Figs. 3 and 5 on the parameter mutual
coupling, these structures are loaded in the ground plane and on the surface of the schematic shown in Fig.2. Fig.7
shows the setup of the elements of the first proposed microstrip antenna array to determine the mutual coupling.

Fig. 7. Schematic of setup of first proposed microstrip antenna array for the measurement of mutual coupling.

4. Design of second proposed microstrip antenna array

The second proposed microstrip antenna array is designed by modifying the ground plane and the surface of
CMAA. The ground plane of the second proposed microstrip antenna array consists of the DGS depicted in Fig.8. In
Fig.8, K = 7mm, L = 1mm, M = 1mm, N = 4mm, Y = 7.2mm and Z = 2mm.

Fig. 8. Schematic of DGS of second proposed microstrip antenna array.

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K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 5

The surface of the second proposed microstrip antenna array is replaced with the same EBG structure that is
employed to design the first proposed microstrip antenna array. The EBG structure depicted in Fig. 5, is embedded
in between the two radiating patches. The schematic of the second proposed microstrip antenna array is shown in
Fig.9.

Fig. 9. Schematic of second proposed microstrip antenna array

In order to examine the effect of DGS and the EBG structure shown in Figs.8 and 5 on the parameter mutual
coupling, these structures are loaded in the ground plane and on the surface of the schematic shown in Fig.2. Fig.10
shows the setup of the elements of the second proposed microstrip antenna array to determine the mutual coupling.

Fig. 10. Schematic of setup of second proposed microstrip antenna array for the measurement of mutual coupling.

5. Photographs of fabricated antenna arrays

The photographs of the fabricated antenna arrays are depicted in Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 respectively.

Fig. 11. Photograph of CMAA.

(a) Front view (b) Back view.

Fig. 12. Photograph of CMAA arrangement for mutual coupling measurement.

(a) Front view (b) Back view
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6 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 13. Photograph of first proposed microstrip antenna array.

(a) Front view (b) Back view

Fig. 14. Photograph of first proposed microstrip antenna array arrangement for mutual coupling measurement.
(a) Front view (b) Back view

Fig. 15. Photograph of second proposed microstrip antenna array.

(a) Front view (b) Back view

Fig. 16. Photograph of second proposed microstrip antenna array arrangement for mutual coupling measurement.
(a) Front view (b) Back view

6. Measured results

The measured results of the fabricated antenna arrays – CMAA, first proposed microstrip antenna array and
second proposed microstrip antenna array are obtained using vector network analyzer. The plot of return loss and
mutual coupling versus frequency of CMAA is shown in Fig.17.
54 K. Prahlada Rao,
K.Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund
Prahlada / Procedia
Rao et al. / Procedia Computer
Computer Science
Science 00 (2018)
143 (2018) 000–000
48–57 7

5
Return Loss
0 Mutual Coupling

Mutual Coupling - S21 (dB)

Return Loss - S11 (dB)
-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency (GHz)

Fig.17. Plot of Return Loss and Mutual Coupling versus Frequency of CMAA.

CMAA is resonating at 5.53 GHz. The return loss obtained at the resonant frequency is equal to -21.23 dB.
Bandwidth is measured by subtracting the lower frequency from the upper frequency where the return loss graph is
crossing -10 dB value. CMAA is producing a bandwidth equal to 130 MHz. The bandwidth (%) is determined by
using the formula

(Bandwidth)×100/(Resonant Frequency) (1)

The bandwidth (%) is equal to 2.35%. The bandwidth of CMAA is very less. There is a necessity to enhance the
bandwidth (%). Fig.16 also shows the plot of mutual coupling versus frequency of CMAA. The parameter mutual
coupling is designated by the S-parameter S21, where 2 designates the output port and 1 the input port. The graph
depicts that the value of mutual coupling at the fundamental resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz is equal to -17.83 dB.
This value of mutual coupling is very high as it is greater than -20 dB. Additionally, from Fig.17 we also see that the
graphs of return loss and mutual coupling are overlapping at the fundamental resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz. This
means there is huge amount of interference between the two antenna elements 1and 2 of CMAA. This implies the
transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals between the two antenna elements is not proper and better.
Fig.18 depicts the plot of return loss and mutual coupling versus frequency of first proposed microstrip antenna
array.

Fig.18. Plot of Return Loss and Mutual Coupling versus Frequency of First Proposed Microstrip Antenna Array.

The first proposed microstrip antenna array is resonating at the frequencies – 3.77 and 5.53 GHz respectively.
The measured bandwidths at these resonant frequencies are 1.4 and 1.63 GHz respectively. The bandwidth (%) of
the first proposed microstrip antenna array is 66.60 %. The first proposed microstrip antenna array is producing a
 K. Prahlada Rao et al. / Procedia Computer Science 143 (2018) 48–57 55
8 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

much better bandwidth (%) compared to CMAA. Additionally, the first proposed microstrip antenna array is
producing a reduced mutual coupling of -35.66 dB at the resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz as compared to CMAA.
Moreover, the graphs of return loss and mutual coupling of first proposed microstrip antenna array are no more
overlapping at the resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz.
Fig.19 depicts the plot of return loss and mutual coupling versus frequency of second proposed microstrip
antenna array.

Fig.19. Plot of Return Loss and Mutual Coupling versus Frequency of Second Proposed Microstrip Antenna Array.

The second proposed microstrip antenna array is resonating at the frequencies – 3.88, 4.7 and 5.53 GHz
respectively. The measured bandwidths at these resonant frequencies are 1.18, 0.73 and 0.96 GHz respectively.
The bandwidth (%) of the second proposed microstrip antenna array is 63.27 %. The second proposed microstrip
antenna array is producing a much better bandwidth (%) compared to CMAA, but lesser than that produced by first
proposed microstrip antenna array. Hence the first proposed microstrip antenna array is better than the second
proposed microstrip antenna array in terms of bandwidth (%). The second proposed microstrip antenna array is
producing a reduced mutual coupling of -32.81 dB at the resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz as compared to CMAA.
Moreover, the graphs of return loss and mutual coupling of second proposed microstrip antenna array are no more
overlapping at the resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz. The second proposed microstrip antenna array is producing
higher mutual coupling of -32.81 dB as compared to -35.66 dB produced by first proposed microstrip antenna array.
Hence the first proposed microstrip antenna array is a better antenna than the second proposed microstrip antenna
array in terms of mutual coupling.
Figs. 17, 18 and 19 depict that the CMAA, first and second proposed microstrip antenna arrays are resonating at
the fundamental frequencies of 5.53, 3.77 and 3.87 GHz respectively. The virtual size reduction (%) produced by the
first and second proposed microstrip antenna arrays are 31.82 and 30.01 % respectively. The first proposed
microstrip antenna array is producing better virtual size reduction of 31.82 % as compared to 30.01 % of second
proposed microstrip antenna array.
The parameter gain is a vital paramter to judge the performance of an antenna. The gain of a microstrip antenna is
determined by using the formula

(2)
where,

Pt is the transmitted power.

Pr is the received power.
R is the distance between the transmitting and the receiving antennas.
λ is the wavelength at the resonant frequency of 5.53 GHz.
Gt is the gain of the transmitting antenna.
 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 9
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Gt is given by the formula

(3)
` (4)
where a and b are the length and width of the standard pyramidal horn antenna used as the transmitting antenna.
The dimensions a and b are equal to 24 and 14 cm respectively. The distance between the transmitting antenna
(standard horn antenna) and the receiving antenna (antenna under test) is given by the formula
` (5)

where D is the larger dimension of the transmitting antenna and is equal to 24cm. The calculated value of R from
equation (5) is equal to 71.86m.
The measured transmitted and received powers of CMAA are equal to 8.7 µW and 8.8 nW respectively.
Substituting the corresponding parameter values in equation 2) the calculated value of gain of CMAA is equal to
5.069 dB. The first proposed microstrip antenna array is producing the transmitted and received powers equal to 8.7
µW and 45.135 nW respectively. Substituting the parameter values in equation 2) the value of gain of the first
proposed microstrip antenna array is equal to 12.41 dB. The second proposed microstrip antenna array is producing
the transmitted and received powers equal to 8.7 µW and 35.4 nW respectively. Substituting the parameter values in
equation 2) the value of gain of the second proposed microstrip antenna array is equal to 11.36 dB. Hence the gain
of the first proposed microstrip antenna array is greater the gain of the second proposed microstrip antenna array by
1.05 dB. The first proposed microstrip antenna array is a better candidate than the second proposed microstrip
antenna array in terms of the parameter gain.
The radiation pattern is a graph that gives information regarding the distribution of electromagnetic energy from
00 to 3600 for an antenna. The radaition patterns of CMAA, first proposed microstrip antenna array and second
proposed microstrip antenna array are plotted in Fig.20.

Fig.20. Radiation Patterns of CMAA, First and Second Proposed Microstrip Antenna Arrays.

The forward power radiated by the antennas is measured at the angle of 90 0 and backward power at 2700. The
CMAA is producing forward and backward powers equal to -1.31 and -4.18 dB respectively. The first proposed
microstrip antenna array is radiating forward power equal to 1.38 dB. In the backward direction, the first proposed
microstrip antenna array is producing power of -10.26 dB. The forward and backward powers radiated by the second
proposed microstrip antenna array are -0.82 and -9.03 dB respectively. The first proposed microstrip antenna array
is a better radiator compared to the second proposed microstrip antenna array because the forward power radiated is
more compared to its opponent. As far as the backward power is concerned, the former microstrip antenna array is
more effectively decreasing the backlobe radiation compared to the latter microstrip antenna array.
 K. Prahlada Rao et al. / Procedia Computer Science 143 (2018) 48–57 57
10 K. Prahlada Rao, Vani R.M, P.V.Hunagund / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

The parameter Front to Back ratio (FBR) is calculated by subtracting the backward power from the forward
power and is expressed in dB. The FBR values of CMAA, first proposed microstrip antenna array and the second
proposed microstrip antenna array are 2.87, 11.64 and 8.21 dB respectively. This implies that the first proposed
microstrip antenna array is more effectively radiating electromagnetic power in the desired and undesired directions.
EBG structures are structures which can stop or assist propagation of electromagnetic waves. These structures are
responsible for the formation of stop bands. These structures also eliminate the surface waves which emanate from
the substrate.

7. Conclusion

A comparative study of the proposed microstrip antenna arrays is performed and demonstrated. The CMAA and
the proposed microstrip antenna arrays are designed and experimental results are obtained. The effect of DGS and
EBG structures is observed in the improvement of the performance of CMAA. The measured results confirm the
ability of first proposed microstrip antenna array over its counterpart in improving the performance of CMAA. The
first proposed microstrip antenna array is producing better gain of 12.41 dB and mutual coupling of -35.66 dB
compared to 11.36 dB and -32.81 dB as obtained by second proposed microstrip antenna array. Decrease in back
lobe radiation is better in first proposed microstrip antenna array than that produced by its counterpart.

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