CHAPTER 1 (Concrete)
Economy
CONCRETE - Is either Plain or Reinforced
➢ Plain concrete - Is an artificial stone as a result of
mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and water. Providing a soil mass
➢ Reinforced Concrete - Is an concrete with a
reinforced properly embedded in such a
manner that the two materials act together in
resisting forces.
The Different Types of Concrete Used in Construction
are:
1. The Ordinary Portland cement.
2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement which is
preferred when high early strength concrete is desired
3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement used on
concrete structures designed to resist chemical attack.
4. The Low Heat Portland Cement used for massive
sections designed to reduce the heat of hydration
5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening
characteristic concrete
6. The High Alumina Cement.
HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
➢ Alumnus cement or Cement Fundu
➢ It has a very high rate of strength development.
➢ Hardening properties
➢ Resist chemical attack by surface and weak
acids (sea water)
➢ With stand high expo. And high temp.
Main Composition of Cement are:
1.6 - 65 % Lime
18.0 - 25 % Silica
3.0 - 8 % Alumina
3.0 - 5 % Iron Oxide
2.0 - 5 % Magnesia
1.0 - 5 % Sulfur Trioxide
AGGREGATES :
1. Coarse Aggregates - such as crushed stone, crushed
gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5
mm sieve.
2. Fine Aggregates - such as crushed stone, crushed
gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a
5 mm sieve.
Size of Aggregates - size varies from 40, 20, 14 or 10 mm
diameter.
Principle of Concrete Mixing
- To select an optimum proportion of cement,
water and aggregates.
requirements:
1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4.
➢ The water cement ratio- is first determinated at
the very first hour of mixing to meet the
requirements of strength and durability.
➢ The cement-aggregate ratio- is then chosen
and established workability.
Workability : the ability of the fresh
concrete to felt all the voids bet. The steel bars
and forms.
WCR
➢ Most important to consider in mixing.
➢ Workability, strength and durability.
The ACI Requirements for Concrete are as follows
1. Fresh concrete shall be workable, meaming that
fresh concrete could freely flow around the
reinforcements to fill all voids inside the form.
2. That the hardened concrete shall be strig enough
to carry the design load.
3. That hardened concrete could withstand the
conditions to which it is expected to perform.
4. That concrete should be economically
produced.
Concrete Mixture may be Classified as either:
A. Designed Mixture
B. Prescribed Mixture
Designed Mixture - Where the contractor is
responsible in establishing the mixture proportion
that will achieve the required strength and
workability as specified in the plan.
Prescribed Mixture - Where the designing engineer
specify the mixture proportion. The contractor’s
responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed
concrete containing the right proportions as
prescribed in the plan.
Concrete Proportion
➢ Volume method or by weight
SEVERAL FACTORS THAT MIGHT AFFECTS THE
ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATE.
1. Inaccurate Vol. of delivered aggregate.
2. Dumping of agg. On uneven ground
surface.
3. Improper measuring of agg. During the
mixing operations.
4. Cement and fine agg. For grouting
concrete joints mostly overlooked
estimating.
5. Cement waste due (cement) reckless
handling and hauling
6. Pure cement power used in masonry.
7. Pilferage of material.
ORDERING OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES MUST BE
SPECIFIC AS TO:
a. Kind of Gravel either crushed stone or natural
gravel from the creek.
b. Minimum and maximum size of stone must be
spec.. should be free from mixed sand bec.
sand is cheaper than gravel.
c. Natural gravel from the greek req. screaning to
obtain a well graded coarse agg.
➢ Boarding materials/plastering works.
IN ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR, CONSIDER THESE:
a. Mortar to be used I between the layer of
CHB
b. Mortar filler for the hollow core/cell of the
block (could be pure mortar or gravel for
economy)
c. Fine screened sand for plastering.

CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING

PLASTERING: must be also considered

CONCRETE HALLOW BLOCK WALL

➢ Is supported by a continuous wall footing of
various thickness and width.

OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS:

➢ Stretcher block
➢ L-corner block
- ➢ Single end block
➢ Half block
➢ Beam block
CHAPTER 2 (Masonry)
Thickness
Concretre Hollow Block – is popularly known as CHB. ➢ Only used in computing mortar for block
It is classified as load bearing and non-bearing blocks. laying

Load bearing block- are those whose thickness ranges In estm. Conc(CHB), consider; the side portion of
from 15 to 20 centimeters and are used to carry load the block.
aside from its own weight.
Wall
Non-bearing Block – are blocks intended for walls, ➢ is designed as a continuous inter lock
partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its own support of the roof framing.
weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10
centimeters. Stretcher and Corner
➢ used on corners provided with
The Standard Hollow Blocks has three void cells and reinforcement instead of RC.
half at both sides equal to 4 void cells.
Cost
Hollow blocks which generally comprises of the ➢ primary consideration in only type of
following items: construction
1. Concrete hollow blocks.
2. Cement and sand for block laying. SPECIAL TYPES OF CHB:
3. Cement, sand and gravel filler for the hollow 1. Core Stretcher block
core or ceil. 2. Core L-corner block
4. Cement and fine sand for plastering. 3. Core single end block
5. Cement sand and gravel for foundation or 4. Half block
following 5. Half block
6. Reinforcing steel bars and 6. Beam block
7. Tie wires. 7. Single end block

These must be considered…… estimation: DECORATIVE BLOCK

1. Depth of the beam ➢ Manufactured from either cement mortar or
2. Underground foundation to the FL. clay
3. Uniform sizes and thickness (more expensive if ➢ Decorative purposes
not.) Ex.
1. Italian
Cement Mortar 2. Bolivian
➢ Is a mixture of cement, sand and water 3. Luz
 4. Corinthian GABIONS
5. Roman ➢ Box snapped containers made of tough
6. Josephine woven hexagonal netting wires.
7. Asg
8. Aum RECOMMENDED USES;
9. Egyptian 1. Slope stabilization for embankment and
10. Persian cutting
2. Pretention of erosion in river embankments
ADOBE STONE 3. Coastal protection in sea wall and sand
➢ Commonly used for fencing mat. dunes
➢ Subs. CHB for economic reason 4. Construction of rivers, weirs and channel
➢ Plastering (x) esposure linings
5. Groynes projecting into rivers, inland waters
RETAINING WALL and sea
➢ Height limitations 6. Protection of bridge support and
surroundings

CRITERIA OF SATISFACTORY RET. WALL DESIGNS. -

1. The base and stem of the ret. Wall must be
capable of resisting internal shear and bending
moments developing as a result of soil and
other loadings
2. The wall must be safe against overturning.
3. Must be safe against of the foundation
4. The bearing capacity of the foundation mat.
Supporting the wall must not be exceeded.
RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP
Riprap
➢ Either with or without grout.
➢ “ “ “ blocking
➢ Stones, rocks, rectangular in section.
o Tough, durable, dense.
o Resistance to air and water.
CHAPTER 3 (Metal Reinforcement)
STEEL
➢ Most widely reinforcing mat.
➢ Excellent both tension and compare
➢ 10x stronger than concrete in resisting
compression load
➢ 100x stronger in tensile stress
IDENTIFICATION PF STEEL BARS
N = for ballet
A = for axle
Rail Sign = Rail Steel

CLASS OF STONE FOR RIPRAP Various Types of Metal Reinforcement

➢ Class A ---- 15 – 25 kg A. Concrete Hallow Block Rein.
50% - <20 kg - Simplest way
➢ Class B ---- 30 – 70 kg - Vertical and horizontal rein.
50% - <50 kg B. Footing Rein
➢ Class C ---- 60 – 100 kg 1. Footing slab rein. For med/small size foot
50% - <80 kg 2. Dowel cut bars
➢ Class D ---- 100 – 200 kg 3. Beam reinforcement for med. Cons.
50% - <150 kg 4. Beam and slab for large cons.
5. Stirrups
C. Post and Column Rein.
Excavation and Placing 1. Main vertical beam
Bed for RIPRAP – properly compacted - Single
- Bundled
Slope Failure/Landslide 2. Lateral Ties
➢ Changes due to natural condition/man - Internal
induced changes - External
➢ Significant movement - Straight
➢ Fills and out slopes 3. Spiral Ties
4. Dowel for Partitions
Gabions and Mattresses D. Beam and Girder Rein.
➢ Used to give protection and support to sea wall, 1. Main Rein
river banks, culverts, reservoir, road bridges…… - Straight bars
- Bend bars
- Addit. Cut bars
- Dowel bars
 2. Stirrups
- Open, closed, straight
3. Cut bars
- Over and across, between/supports, dowel
E. Floor Slab Rein.
1. Main Rein
2. Temp. bars
3. Additional alter, cut bars
4. Dowel and Ranger for ceiling

STEEL BAR AS REINFORCEMENT: Req. for all types of

concrete and masonry works.
➢ Tie wire: gauge no. 16 “GALVANIZED IRON
WIRE”. Used to secure steel bars.
➢ Independent column footing:
individual/isolated footing
➢ Lateral Ties: Tied column. Held lateral rein.
➢ Stirrup: Struc. Reinf. Mem. Holds/blinds together
the main reinf.
a. Open
b. Closed
➢ Spiral Rein: Evenly spaced continuous spirals
➢ Solid Slab: commonly used concrete floor style.
➢ Two way reinforced concrete: multiple pays of
solid two way…..
➢ Lumbering: operations performed in preparing
wood for commercial purposes
➢ Logging: operations from cutting tress
➢ Sawing: Operation of cutting logs.
 CHAPTER 5 (FORM, SCAFFOLDING, AND STAGING) PLAIN GULVANIZED IRON SHEET & BLACK SHEETS –
Are used as sheeting for circular oval, elliptical,
FORMS – Is a temporary boarding , sheathing, or etc.
pan used to produce the desired shape and size of
concrete. METAL SHEET FORM – Supported by metal frame of
- Must be simple and economical either plain bars, angular, tee or circular in cross
sections.
CONCRETE MIXTURES – a semi fluid that reproduces
the shape of anything into which it is poured. WOODEN LUMBER FORMS – Are rigidly supported
with sufficient vertical and diagonal bracing
SECTIONS OF FORMS ARE BASED ON:
1. Cost of the materials SCAFFOLDING – Is a temporary structure of
2. Construction and assembling cost wooden poles & planks providing platform for
3. The number of times it could be used workers.
4. Strength and resistance
STAGING – Is more substantial framework
CLASSIFICATION OF FORMS: progressively build up as tall building rises up.
-primary causes of accidents and failures
As to Materials As to shape Solid or hollow cast
Wood Straight Single Lumber – intended for tempo. Structure to support
Metal Circular, etc Double heavy loads.
Plastic Coconut Lumber – used due to the scarcity of
Composite wood plus the prohibitive price of lumber.
THE DIFF. PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
As to method of construction As to Uses 1. Vertical Support
Ordinary Foundation Slab 2. Base of Vertical Support
Unit Beam & Girders Wall 3. Horizontal member
Sidewalk Steps 4. Diagonal Braces
5. Block and wedges
Construction of forms consist of 6. Nail or Bolts
Retaining Board Spacer
Supporters or Stud Tie wire COST – Is the primary consideration in selecting the
Bolts & Nails Braces kind of material to be used as form.
COST OF FORM REFERS TO:
Types of Post and Wall form
1. Initial cost of mat.
Continuous
2. Assembling cost
Full Unit
3. No. of times it could be use
Layer Unit
4. Durability to resist pressure
- Continuous
- Sectional
STEEL PIPE SCAFFOLDING – Can be used freely to
refabricate height and width according to the
GREASING OF FORMS
places and forms.
Forms are constantly greased before its use.
Purpose: to make the wood waterproof,
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE – wt good strength makes
prevent the adherence of concrete.
durability and also leads economical delivery and
storage.
CRUDE OIL – most economical & Satisfactory mat.
-Mixed with no.40 – 1:3 mixtures
Adjustable Base Jack – adjustable of level of
-prevent rust formation
scaffolding on ground, adj up to 25cm.
Adjustable U head – adjustment of level of wood
PLYWOOD- Versatile const. mat. Used as wall
bearers/joist. – 25cm
partitions, cabinets and furniture. Used as forms for
Adjustable double prop – heavy duty framed
reinforced concrete const.
props.
ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD Adjustable straight prop – ideal support for beam
1. It is economical in terms of labor cost. & slab as well as bracing for wall and column.
2. It is light weight and handy Cross brace – Various span are avail. In 1.20m,
3. Has smooth surface w/c may not req. 1.50m and 180 m.
plastering Joint Pin – Connects frame 1 on top of the other.
4. Less consumption of nails Adjustable Slab bearer – Used on extenson to
5. Ease of assembling and disassembling hold on the slab.
6. Available.
CHAPTER 6 (ROOFING MATERIALS)

GULVANIZED IRON SHEET – Popularly known as GI

sheet. Is either Plain or Corrugated.

PLAIN GULVANIZED IRON SHEET – Is used for

roofing gutter, flashing downspout, rigde…

CORRUGATED GULVANIZED IRON SHEET – Is

widely used for roofing sidings.

PVc PLASTIC MATERIALS – Are now used as gutter

and downspot instead of plain GI sheets.

DIFF. KIND OF ASBESTOS ROOFING

1. Standard Corrugated Sheet
2. 4-v Corrugated Sheet
3. Placa Romana
4. Kanaletas
5. Tencor Corrugated Sheet
6. Ardex Lightweight Corrugated Sheet
- Stanard Ardex
- Super Ardex

COLORBOND – Is a corrosion resistant zinc coated

steel sheet pre panted steel.

Special ft. of Colorbond

1. Concealed Fastening
2. Lock action rib design
3. Attractive fluted trace
4. Near flat roof slopes
5. Less supports –wider spaced.
6. Strong lightweight steel
7. Custom cut long lengths

ASPHALT ROOF SHINGLE – Is manufactured by

certain Teed. It comes into two varieties called
Certain Teed 20 and Extra tough 25.

Certain Teed 20 – Carrries the UL wind resistance

and is certified by ASTM to provide high tear
resistance.

XT 25 – is considered extra resistant to wind stress to

help prevent tearing and blow of.

UPVC ROOFING SHEET – Is called IMACRoof suited

to corrosive conditions particularly industrial
establishments.
IMACRoof Sheets – are made up of particular
blend of themo plastic resins.

SPANFLEX – Is a siding and celling system efficient

subst. for costly wood panels.