Cestodes

Instestinal Extra-intestinal
Taenia Taenia solium Taenia Hymenolepsis Diphyllobothrium Hymenolepos Dipylidium Railletina Echinococcus Echinococcus multilocularis
saginata Asiatica nana latum diminuta caninum garrisoni granulosus
Known as “beef “pork tapeworms” Similar to “dwarf “fish tapeworm” “rat “double pored Common
tapeworms” saginata tapeworm” “broad tapeworm” tapeworm” tapeworm
tapeworm” of rats
Dogs and cats
parasite
Definitive Humans Humans Human Foxes and cats
host
Intermediate Cow/cattle Humans, hogs Pigs, cattle, Human Coracidia, Flour Mices and voles
host goats, wild crustacean (first) beetle
boars,
monkey Small fish
(second)

Frogs, snakes,
rodents
Inhabit Upper Upper small intestine, In liver In ileum Canine small Cyst at liver
jejunum striated muscle, brain, intestine
SQ, eye, heart, lung,
peritoneum Liver, lungs,
kidneys
Development Ova  cattle Ova  hogs  Direct: Ova  Ova embryonate Ova  fleas, Hexacanth Larva Eggs
 oncosphere  hatch in in water  beatles, embryo attaches swallowed 
oncosphere cystercircus cellulosae duodenum coracidia hatch, coackroaches, develops into to the hatch in
 intestinal crustacean  mealmoths and a cysticercoid intestinal duodenum 
mucosa Indirect: procercoid larvae earwig  larva  villis  cyst in meat
penetration arthropod/rice-  crustacean cysticercoid ingested by adult ingested by
 venule  flour beetles into plerocercoid larvae dogs, cats, worm carnivores 
muscle  ingested larva  attaches humans protoslices
Cystercus into interstitial evaginate 
Bovis wall  matures adult worm
Infective Cystercus Cysticercus cellulosae Cystovercus Diphyllobothriasis Hymenolepiasis Dipylidiasis Alveolar hydatid cyst
stage Bovis (more common than viscerotropica (intestinal
saginata) infection - Cysticercoid
adultworm) larvae

Sparganosis
(tissue infection-
larval)

Plerocercoid (3rd
stage larvae)
Maturation 12 weeks 12 weeks 3 weeks 3 weeks 3-4 weeks 8 weeks 2-8 years
(cysts rupture
into
secondary
cysts)
Manifestation Epigastric Non-specific abdominal Asymptomatic Minimal, Serious
pain, vague complaints abdominal anaphylaxis
discomfort, Digestive dso, discomfort,
weakness, abdominal epigastric
 weight loss discomfort, pain, diarrhea,
Loss of weight loss, anal pruritus
appetite weakness,
pernicious
anemia

Painful edema
(due to migrating
larvae)

local indurations,
urticarial, chills,
fevers, high
eosinophilia
Triggered Irritated by Cyst may
alcohol rupture from
coughing,
muscle strain,
trauma,
aspiration and
operative
procedures
Diagnosis Stool Stool examination Stool Stool Stool Stool Protoscolices,
examination examination examination – examination examination hydatid cysts
proglattids for egg material in
capsules is sputum or
White larvae in NOT urin
lesions recommended
Drugs of Praziquantel Praziquantel praziquantel Praziquantel praziquantel Prazquintel High dose mebendazole (halt
choice Niclosamide Niclosamide the progression)

Praziquantel/albendazole
(for cerebral
cysticercosis)

Steroids ( control
symptoms)
Evaluation (-) stool after (-) stool after 1 (-) stool after 3
3 months month months
treatment
Surgery Intraventricular or Surgical removal Surgery and ONLY sugery (definite
subarachnoid cysts of the chemotherapy treatment)
plerocercoid
Ocular cysticercosis
(surgery before
praziquantel/abendazole)
Additional Shorter than saginata Smallest tape Pernicious Different from Egg Hydatid cysts
info worm infecting anemia (worm h. nana by ingested – – replica of
3 patterns of CT/MRI man competes for morphology NO mother cysts
scan: vitamin b12) and has INFECTION
 Round low- The only one intermediate May rupture
density area: which can host Insect and release
viable larva complete its with protoscolices
with no entire life cycle Larger than h. larvae
 inflammation in a single host nana ingested – “hydatid
 Ring-like infection sand”
enhancement:
dead larva Unilocular
 Small calcified hydatid cyst –
area within a most of the
cystic space: cyst are in the
dead scolex inferior right
love of liver
Eggs Oval, Oval, brownish, thick Spherical, thin Yellowish brown,
brownish, embryophore outside and moderately thick
thick thick inner shell,
embryophore membrane, inconspicuous
conspicuous operculum
bipolar
thickenings
Serious Cerebral cysticercosis
complications (most) = death of larvae,
trigger symptoms

Ocular cysticercosis
Prevention Cook meat properly Sanitation Freezing for 24- Rodent control, Deworming of Don’t eat raw plants
(primary control 48 hours at -18 precooked pets contaminate with feces
measure) celsius (kill all meals
plerocercoids) Insecticide
Freezing at -20 celsius for dusting of
10 days (kills it) dogs and cats
Susceptibility Orphanages, Fish eaters
day care
centers, Freshwater
mental health drinking frogs,
institutions snakes