Department of Mechanical Engineering

Basic Concepts & Conventions

INTRODUCTION:
➢ Importance of subject
➢ Syllabus
➢ Question pattern

List of Drawing Instruments:

➢ Drawing board
➢ Mini-drafter
➢ Instrument Box
➢ Drawing pencils (2H,H,HB)
➢ Drawing Sheets (A0, A1, A2, A3, A4…)
➢ Protractor
➢ Set-squares

Layout of Drawing Sheets:

➢ Borders
➢ Title Block

Types of Lines:
➢ Centre line
➢ Visible lines
➢ Hidden lines
➢ Extension lines
➢ Dimension lines
➢ Section lines

Arrow heads:

Lettering & Numbering: importance of legible & neatness.

Dimensioning:
➢ Chain dimensioning
➢ Parallel dimensioning
➢ Importance of arrow head
➢ Dimensioning of common features like circle, radii, Holes, Chamfers, arcs, angles, etc.,

Basic Geometrical constructions:

➢ How to bisect a given straight line
➢ How to bisect the given angle
➢ How to construct hexagon, pentagon, triangle, etc…

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT – I

PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING

CONIC SECTIONS
1. Draw the locus of a point P which moves in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its
distances from a fixed point F and a fixed straight line AB is always 2/3. The distance
between the fixed point F and fixed straight line is 50 mm. Also draw a tangent and
normal.
2. The focus of a conic is 50 mm from the directrix. Draw the locus of a point 'P’ moving in
such a way that its distance from the directrix is equal to its distance from the focus. Name
the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point 60 mm from the directrix.
3. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is 50 mm and
eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal at a point 25 mm from the directrix.

CYCLOIDAL CURVES
1. A circular wheel of 50mm diameter rolls without slipping along a straight line. Draw the
curve traced by a point ‘P' on its rim for one revolution of the wheel. Draw tangent and
normal at any point M on the curve.
2. A wheel of the diameter 50 mm rolls over the straight line for one rotation. Draw the path
traced by the point P which is initially at the point of the contact between the wheel and
the straight line. Name the path traced.
3. Draw an epicycloid of rolling circle of diameter 40mm, which rolls outside another circle
of 150mm diameter for one revolution. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the
curve.
4. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter that rolls inside another circle of 200
mm diameter for one revolution. Draw tangent and Normal at any point on the curve.

INVOLUTE
1. Draw the involute of square with side 35mm.
2. Construct the involute of a pentagon of side 22mm.
3. Draw the involute of a circle of diameter 50 mm when a string is unwound in the clockwise
direction. Draw a tangent and normal at a point located on the involute.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
FREE HAND SKETCHING

Draw the free hand sketches of the Front View, Top view and side view of the following figures

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT – II

PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES & PLANE SURFACES

Orthographic Projection – Principles

Principal Planes:

➢ Vertical Plane (VP)

➢ Horizontal Plane (HP)

Projection on V.P. – front view or elevation

Projection on H.P. – top view or plan

✓ Intersection of the V.P. and the H.P. is called the reference line and is denoted by xy

Projection of object in different quadrants:

S.No Quadrant Position of Object Location of Front view Location of Top

View

1 I Above HP & In front of Above XY line Below XY Line

VP
2 II Above HP & Behind VP Above XY line Above XY line

3 III Below HP & Behind VP Below XY Line Above XY line

4 IV Below HP & In front of VP Below XY Line Below XY Line

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED:
• In drawing practice, capital letters A,B,C etc, are used to represent objects in space.
• The Top views are represented by small letters a,b,c etc,.
• The Front views are represented by small letters with dashes a’,b’,c’ etc.,
• Actual projections in top and front views are drawn in thick lines whereas construction lines
and projection lines are drawn using thin lines.
• Top view is also called as Plan and front view is also known as elevation.

PROJECTION OF POINTS

TIPS TO DRAW PROJECTION OF POINTS:

When a point is

- Above HP – Front view is above XY

- Below HP – Front view is below XY

When a point is

- Behind VP – Top view is above XY

- In front of VP – Top view is below XY

CLASS WORK PROBLEMS:

1. Draw the projection of the following points.

• Point A which is 40 mm above HP and 55 mm in front of VP (First Quadrant)

• Point B, which is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm behind VP.(Second Quadrant)
• Point C, which is 25 mm below HP and 20 mm behind VP (Third Quadrant)
• Point D, which is 20 mm below HP and 20 mm in front of VP(Fourth Quadrant)

2. Draw the projection of the following points lying on HP.

• Point P which is 30 mm in front of VP.
• Point Q which is 40 mm behind VP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

3. Draw the projection of the following points lying on VP.

• Point R which is 30 mm above HP.
• Point S which is 40 mm below HP.

4. Draw the projection of points on a common reference line. Take 20 mm distance between the
projectors.

• Point A is 10 mm above HP and 25 mm in front VP

• Point B is 10 mm above HP and on the VP.
• Point C is 25 mm below HP and 20 mm behind VP
• Point D is 20 mm below HP and 20 mm in front of VP
• Point E is on the reference line
• Point F is on both HP and VP.

5. Figure shows the projections of different points. Determine the position of the points with
reference to the projection planes. The distances marked are in millimeters.

6. A point C is on HP and 15 mm behind VP. Another point D is also on HP and 40 mm in front

of VP. The distance between their projectors is 45 mm. Join their top views and determine the
inclination of this line with XY line.
7. A point P is on HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Another point Q is also on HP and behind VP.
The distance between their end projectors is 60 mm. Draw its projections if the line joining P
and Q makes an angle of 600 with reference line. Also find the position of point Q.
8. A point A is 25 mm above HP and is in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
reference line XY is 45 mm. Draw the projections of the point and determine its distance from
the VP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
HOME WORK PROBLEMS:

1. Project the following points and specify their quadrants.

• A Point P plan is 40mm above XY and the elevation is 20mm below the plan.
• A Point Q its projections coincide with each other and 30 mm below XY.

2. A point S is 20 mm above HP and In front of VP, another point Q is 25 mm behind VP and

40mm below HP. Draw the projections of S&Q if the distance between their projectors is
40 mm.
3. Draw the projection of following points on the same reference line keeping the projectors
15 mm apart.
1. In the HP & 25 mm below VP
2. 30 mm above HP & in the VP.
3. 45 mm above HP & 20 mm infront ofVP
4. In the HP &25 mm In front of VP
5. 50mm below HP& 25 mm In front of VP
6. In the HP& In the VP.
4. Projections of various points are given in the figure. Determine their position of the points
with respect to HP and VP and mention their quadrant. Distances are given in mm.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES

Projection of a Line Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP

CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

A line CD 30mm long is parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP. Point C is 45mm above HP
and 15mm in front of VP. Draw its Projections.

Projection of a Line Perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

A line AB 35mm long is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Its end A is 10mm infront
of VP and 2omm above HP. Draw the projections of the line.

PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH THE PLANES

CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

A Line AB 60mm long has its end A 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP. The line is
kept parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its projections.

PROJECTION OF LINE INCLINED TO H.P AND PARALLEL TO V.P

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

1. A line AB 60mm long has its end A 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP. The line
is kept inclined at 40o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
2. A line AB 55mm long has its end A 25mm above HP and in VP. The line is inclined at
an angle 45o to HP. Draw its projections.

PROJECTION OF LINE INCLINED TO V.P AND PARALLEL TO H.P

CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

1. A line AB 60mm long has its end A 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP. The line
is inclined at 40o to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its Projections.
2. A line AB 55mm long has its end A 25mm infront of VP and in HP. The line is inclined
at 45o to VP. Draw its projections.

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS:

1. A line PQ of length 80mm has its end P 30mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. Its top
view has a length 50mm. Draw its projections when the line is kept parallel to VP and
inclined to HP. Also find the inclination of the line with HP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
2. A line PQ has its end P 25mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. It is inclined at 45 o to
HP and parallel to VP. Its plan has a length of 45mm. Draw its projections and find the true
length of the line.
3. A line CD 60mm long has its end C 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. Its front
view has a length of 40mm. The line is kept parallel to HP and inclined to VP. Draw its
projections and find the true inclination of the line with VP.

HOME WORK PROBLEM:

1. A line PQ 70mm long has its end P 30mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. Draw the
projections by placing it in the following positions.
(a) Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP, assume that end P is nearer to HP.
(b) Perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP, assume that end P is nearer to VP.
(c) Parallel to both HP and VP.
(d) Inclined at 30o to HP and parallel to VP
(e) Inclined at 35o to VP and parallel to HP
2. Draw the projection of a 30 mm long line AB parallel to both H.P and V.P and 25 mm above
H.P and 20 mm infront of V.P
3. Draw the projection of a straight line AB of 40 mm length is parallel to the H.P and inclined
at 30° to the V.P. its end point A is 10 mm from the H.P and 15 mm from the V.P
4. A line RS 70mm long has its end R 20mm above HP and 25mm infront of VP. The line is
inclined to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projection when the distance between the projectors
is 45mm.

PROJECTION OF LINE INCLINED TO BOTH H.P. AND V.P

➢ Rotating Line method

➢ Trapezoidal method

ROTATING LINE METHOD:

Tips to solve problems when a line inclined to both HP & VP:

➢ To understand the steps in rotating line method, place the drawing pencil in the
note book in 90o open position to represent HP and VP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
TRACES OF LINE:

CLASS WORK PROBLEM:

1. A line AB 75mm long has its end A 20mm above HP and 25mm in front of VP. The line is inclined
at 45o to HP and 35o to VP. Draw its projections and locate its traces.
2. A line AB 75mm long has its end A in both HP and VP. The line is kept inclined at 45o to HP and
30o to VP. Draw its projections.
3. A straight line 85mm long has one end 15mm infront of VP and 10mm above HP, while the other
end is 50mm in front of VP and 45mm above HP. Draw the projections and find the inclinations of
the line with HP and VP.
4. A line PQ 70mm long has its end P 35mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP. The top view and
front view has a length of 45mm and 60mm respectively. Draw its projections and fins its true
inclinations.
5. A line AB is 75mm long has one of its ends 60mm in front of VP and 20mm above HP. The other
end is 20mm in front of VP and above HP. The top view of the line is 55mm long. Draw the
projections.
6. A line AB 65mm long has its end A 25mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. The line is inclined
at 35o to HP and 55o to VP. Draw its projections and locate the traces.
7. A line AB 70mm long is inclined at 45o to HP and 30o to VP. Tend A is in HP and end B is in VP.
Draw the projections of line and locate the traces.
8. A line measuring 80mm long has one of its end 60mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. The
other end is 15mm above HP and in front of VP. The front view of the line is 60mm long. Draw its
projections and determine its true inclinations.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
9. End A of the line AB is 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. The other end is 50mm above
HP and 65mm in front of VP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. draw the
projections and find the true inclinations and true length.
10. The midpoint of a straight line AB 90mm long is 60mm above HP and 50mm in front of VP. The
line is inclined at 30o to HP and 45o to VP. Draw its projections.

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS:

1. The front view of a line AB 90 mm long is inclined at 45° to XY line. The front view
measures 65 mm long. Point A is located 15 mm above H.P. and is in V.P. Draw the
projections and find its true inclinations.
2. The end P of a line PQ is 30 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP. The line is inclined
at 35° to the HP. Its top view is 70 mm long and inclined at 40° to XY. Draw the projections
of the straight line. Find the true length and inclination of the line with the VP.
3. The projections of a line measure 80 mm in the top view and 70 mm in the front view. The
midpoint of the line is 45 mm in front of VP and 35 mm above HP. One end is 10 mm in
front of VP and nearer to it. The other end is nearer to HP. Draw the projections of the line.
Find the true length and true inclinations.
4. A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. The end Q is
35 mm in front of the VP. The front view of the line measures 75 mm. The distance between
the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and
its true inclinations with the VP and HP.
5. A line CD, inclined at 25° to the HP, measures 80mm in top view. The end C is in the first
quadrant and 25 mm and 15 mm from the HP and the VP respectively. The end D is at
equal distances from both the reference planes. Draw the projections, find true length and
true inclination with the VP.
6. A line AB has its end A in HP and 40mm infront of VP. Its front view is inclined at 50o to
XY and has a length of 70mm. The other end B is in VP. Draw its projections.

HOME WORK PROBLEM:

1. A line AB has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The other end B is
50 mm above HP and 60 mm in front of VP. The distance between the end projectors is 65
mm. Draw its projections, also find the true length and true inclinations of the line with HP
and VP and mark the traces.
2. A line AB, 75 mm long, is in the first quadrant with end A in HP and end B in VP. The line
is inclined at 35° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw the projections of the straight line AB and
indicate the projections of the mid-point M of the line. Also mark the traces.
3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end A 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The
end B is 40 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections and find its
inclination with HP and VP.
4. A line PQ 65 mm long has its end P in the horizontal plane and 15 mm infront of the
vertical plane. The line is inclined at 30o to the horizontal plane and is at 60o to the vertical
plane. Draw its projections.
5. The end A of a line AB is 10 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. The line is inclined
at 30° to HP and front view is 45° with XY. Top view is 60 mm long. Complete the two
views. Find the true length and inclination with VP. Locate the traces.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

PROJECTION OF PLANE SURFACES

TYPES OF PLANES:

1. Perpendicular planes which have their surface perpendicular to anyone of the reference planes
and parallel or inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both the reference planes.

TRACE OF PLANE:
The trace of a plane is the line of intersection or meeting of the plane surface with the
reference plane; if necessary the plane surface is extended to intersect the reference plane. The
intersection line of the plane surface with HP is called the Horizontal Trace (HT) and that of VP
is called the Vertical Trace (VT).

Positions of planes:
I. Projection of a Plane with its surface perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP
1. A square lamina of side 35mm has its surface parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP. Draw
its projection when one of its sides is inclined at 30o to HP.

II. Projection of a Plane with its surface perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP

1. An equilateral triangular plate of side 50mm is kept with its surface parallel to HP and
perpendicular to VP with one of its side is inclined at 45o to VP. Draw its projections.

III. Projection of a Plane with its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP

1. A regular hexagon of side 30mm has its surface perpendicular to both HP and VP. Draw
its projections when two of the sides are parallel to HP.

IV. Projection of a Plane with its surface inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP

1. A pentagonal plate of side 30mm is placed with one side on HP and the surface inclined at
50o to HP perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
2. A circular plate of diameter 50mm is resting on HP on a point on the circumference with
its surface inclined at 45o to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
V. Projection of a Plane with its surface inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP
1. A hexagonal plate of size 30mm is placed with a side on VP and surface inclined at 45o to
VP and perpendicular to HP. Draw the projections.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
2. Draw the projections of a circle of 60mm diameter, resting on VP on a point on the
circumference. The plane is inclined at 45o to VP and perpendicular to HP. The centre of
the plane is 40mm above HP.

VI. Projection of a Plane with its surface inclined to both HP and VP

In projections of planes inclined to both the reference planes,

1. Draw the view that give you the true shape first
2. Then project the other view from it
3. Tilt the view, with respect to the angle of inclination given for surface first.
4. Get the other view by projecting from it
5. Now tilt with respect to the inclination given for other edges or sides now.

1. A rectangular plate of side 50 x 25 mm is resting on its shorter side on HP and inclined at

30o to VP. Its surface is inclined at 60o to HP. Draw its projections.
2. A pentagonal plate of side 30 mm is resting on HP on one of its corners with its surface
inclined at 45o to HP. The side opposite to the resting corner is parallel to VP and farther
away from it. Draw its projections.
3. An equilateral triangular plate PQR has 50mm sides. It rests on the ground on the edge PQ
making an angle of 45o with the VP. The other edges PR and QR have length of 40mm
each in the top view. Draw the projections of the plane and find its inclination with the HP.
4. Draw the projections of the circular thin plate of diameter 50mm resting on the ground on
a point A on the circumference, its plane inclined at 45o to HP and plan of the diameter AB
making 3oo with VP.
5. Draw the projections of a circle of 70mm diameter resting on the HP on a point A of the
circumference. The plane is inclined to the HP such that the top view of it is an ellipse of
minor axis 40mm. The top view of the diameter through the point A is making an angle of
45o with the VP. Determine the inclination of the plane with the HP.
6. Draw the projections of a hexagon of side 30mm having one of its sides in VP and inclined
at 40o to HP and the surface inclined at 35o to the VP.
7. A rectangular plate 70 x 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in the VP and inclined at 40o
to the HP. Draw its projections if its front view is square of side 40mm.
8. A circular lamina of 60mm diameter is resting on VP on one of its circumference point
such that the surface is 40o inclined to VP. Draw the projections of a lamina if the diagonal
passing through the point on which it is resting is making 50o to HP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS:

1. A pentagonal lamina of side 35mm is resting upon its edge on HP, so that the surface is
inclined at 45° to HP. The line joining the midpoint of the resting edge to the opposite
corner is inclined at 30° to the VP such that the resting edge is away from VP. Draw the
projections of the lamina.
2. A hexagonal plate of side 25 mm is resting on HP such that one of its corners touches both
HP and VP. Its surface makes 30 degrees with HP and 60 degrees with VP Draw the
projections of the plate.
3. A square ABCD of 50 mm side has its corner A in the H.P., its diagonal AC inclined at 30º
to the H.P. and the diagonal BD inclined at 45º to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Draw
its projections.
4. A circular plate of negligible thickness and 50 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the
front view, having its major axis 50 mm long and minor axis 30 mm long. Draw its top
view when the major axis of the ellipse is horizontal.
5. A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s opposite
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections when side in HP is 300 inclined to
VP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT – III

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Basic Terminologies:

Prism Pyramid

Cone Cylinder

Axis of the Solid Perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP:

1. Draw the projections of cube of base side 40mm resting on HP with vertical faces inclined
at 300 to VP.
2. Draw the projections of square prism of base side 30mm and axis length 50mm resting on
HP with two of its base sides are equally inclined to VP.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
3. Draw the projections of pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 50mm resting
on HP with one of its rectangular face is perpendicular to VP.
4. Draw the projections of a cylinder of base diameter 30mm and axis length 60mm resting
with its base on HP.
5. Draw the projection of pentagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and height 60mm resting
with its base on HP with one of the base edge is parallel to VP and nearer to it.
6. Draw the projection of hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and height 60mm resting
with its base on HP with one of the base edge is parallel to VP.
7. Draw the projections of the cone of base diameter 40mm and axis length 60mm is resting
on HP on its base.

Axis of the Solid Perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP:

1. Draw the projections of square prism of base side 25mm and height 50mm with its axis
perpendicular to VP and lies on one of its rectangular faces containing that longer edge is
inclined at 300 to HP.
2. Draw the projections of pentagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and height 50mm rests on
HP with its axis perpendicular to VP with its base edges joining with its corners are equally
inclined to HP.

Axis of the Solid Perpendicular to both VP and HP:

Draw the projections of a hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis 60mm long when
it is lying on the ground on one of its rectangular faces and its axis is perpendicular to both
HP and VP.

Axis of the Solid Inclined to HP and parallel to VP:

1. A hexagonal Prism of base side 25mm and axis 50mm long is resting on one of its corners
on HP, such that the axis is inclined at an angle 30o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.
2. A pentagonal prism of 30 mm side of base and 70 mm height is resting on one of its edges
of the base in such a way that the base makes an angle of 45°with HP, and the axis is
parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the prism.
3. A right regular square pyramid, edge of base 25 mm and height 50 mm, rests on one of its
base edges on H.P. with its axis parallel to V.P. Draw the projections of the pyramid when
its base makes an angle of 45° to the H.P.
4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and axis 50mm rests on one of its base edge on
HP and its axis is inclined at 30o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
5. A tetrahedron of edges 30 mm rests on one of its edges on the HP. One of the faces
containing the resting edge is inclined at 30° to the HP. Draw the projections of the
tetrahedron.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
6. A cylinder, diameter of base 60 mm and height 70 mm, is having a point of its periphery
of base on H.P. with axis of the cylinder inclined to H.P. at 45° and parallel to V.P. Draw
the projections of the cylinder.
7. A cone of base diameter 60 mm and altitude 80 mm rests on the HP on its base with its
axis inclined at 300 to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw its front and top views

Axis of the Solid Inclined to VP and parallel to HP:

1. A hexagonal prism of base side 35mm and height 60mm rests with one of its rectangular
faces on HP. If the axis is inclined at 30° to VP draw its projections.
2. Draw the projections of a cylinder of diameter 40 mm and axis 70 mm long when it rests
on the VP on one of its base points. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to HP and inclined
at 30° to VP.
3. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 40mm and axis length 55mm is resting on Hp with its
base edges containing the corner are equally inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 35 o to
VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

Resting on HP Conditions Problems (Without axis inclination)

1. A hexagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long, is freely suspended from
a corner of the base. Draw the projections by the change of Position method.
2. A cone, diameter of base 55 mm and height 60 mm, is resting on H.P. on one of its
generators with axis parallel to V.P. Draw the projections of the cone.
3. A Hexagonal pyramid of 26 mm side of base and 70 mm height rests on HP on one of its
base edges such that the triangular face containing the resting edge is perpendicular to both
HP and VP. Draw its projections.
4. Draw the projections of cube of 40mm base edge resting on HP on one of its corners with
a solid diagonal Vertical.

Resting on VP Conditions Problems (Without axis inclination)

1. A tetrahedron of side 50mm is resting on VP on one of its edges with the face containing
the edge perpendicular to both HP and VP. Draw its projections.
2. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis length 60mm is resting on VP on one of its
generators with its axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

UNIT – IV

PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF

SURFACES

SECTION OF SOLIDS
Cutting Plane Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP

1. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 40mm and axis height 50mm is resting on its base with
its edges parallel and nearer to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
bisects the axis. Draw front view and sectional top view.
2. A cone of base diameter 30mm and axis height 70mm is resting on its base on HP. It is cut
by a section plane parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP so that it bisects the axis. Draw
the front view and sectional top view.

Cutting Plane Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP

1. A cube of side 40mm is resting on its base on HP with a base edge inclined at 30o to VP.
It is cut by a section plane parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP and 10mm away from
the axis and further way from the VP. Draw the sectional front view and top view.
2. A hexagonal Pyramid of base side 25mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP with two of its
base side perpendicular to VP. A section plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
passes at a distance of 10mm away from the axis. Draw the sectional front view and top
view.

Cutting Plane Perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP

1. A hexagonal prism of side of base 35 mm and axis length 55 mm rests with its base on H.P
such that two of the vertical surfaces are perpendicular to V.P. It is cut by a plane inclined
at 50° to H.P and perpendicular to V.P and passing through a point on the axis at a distance
15 mm from the top. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of section.
2. Square prism side of base 30 mm and axis 60 mm long rests with its base on HP and one
of its rectangular faces is inclined at 30° to VP. A sectional plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 60° to HP cuts the axis of the prism at a point 20 mm from its top end. Draw the
sectional top view and the true shape of section.
3. A cube of 60mm side has its base edges equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a sectional plane
perpendicular to VP, such that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon. Locate
the plane and determine the angle of inclination of section plane with XY. Draw the
sectional top view.
4. A hexagonal prism of side of base 35 mm and axis length 55 mm rests with its base on H.P
such that two of the vertical surfaces are perpendicular to V.P. It is cut by a plane inclined

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
at 50° to H.P and perpendicular to V.P and passing through a point on the axis at a distance
15 mm from the top. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of section.
5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 40mm and height 80mm rests on the base such that one
base edge is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45° to HP and
passing through the mid-point of the axis removing the apex. Draw the front view, sectional
top view and true shape of the section.
6. A cone of base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on the H.P. It is
cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P. and parallel to and 12 mm away from one
of its end generators. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.
7. A cylinder of base diameter 50mm and height 60mm rests on its base on HP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45o to HP. The cutting plane meets the axis at a
distance of 15mm from the top. Draw the sectional plan and true shape of the section.

Cutting Plane Perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP

1. A pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on one of
its rectangular faces, with its axis perpendicular to VP. It is cut by plane inclined at 500 to
VP and perpendicular to HP and passing through a point 25mm from rear base of the prism.
Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the section.
2. A vertical cylinder 40 mm diameter is cut by a vertical section plane making 30° to VP in
such a way that the true shape of the section is a rectangle of 25 mm and 60 mm sides.
Draw the projections and true shape of the section.
3. A pentagonal pyramid 40mm side and axis length 70mm is resting on its base on HP so
that the edge of the base nearer to VP is parallel to it. A vertical section plane inclined at
450 to VP cuts the pyramid at a distance of 7mm from the axis. Draw the top view, sectional
front view and true shape of the section.

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

1. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis height 75 mm is resting on its base on HP
with two of its lateral surfaces parallel to VP. It is cut by plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45º to HP, bisecting the axis. Draw the development of lateral surfaces of the
lower portion of the prism.
2. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis height 70 mm is resting on its base on HP
with one of its faces parallel to VP. It is cut by plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
35º to HP, meeting the axis at a distance of 40 mm from the base. Draw the development
of lateral surfaces of the lower portion of the prism.
3. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of a cylinder of diameter
50 mm and axis 70 mm. The solid is cut by a section plane inclined at 40° to H.P. and
perpendicular to V.P. and passing through the midpoint of the axis.
4. A regular hexagonal pyramid side of base 30 mm and height 60 mm is resting vertically
on its base on H.P. such that two of its sides of the base are perpendicular to V.P. It is cut

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
by a plane inclined at 40° to H.P. and perpendicular to V.P. The cutting plane bisects the
axis of the pyramid. Obtain the development of the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid
5. A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 25 mm and height 60 mm rests vertically on its base
on the HP such that one of its base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane, inclined at 60°
to HP and passes through a point 35 mm from the apex. Draw the development of the lateral
surface of the pyramid.
6. A right circular cone, 40 mm base and 50mm height, rests on its base on HP. A section
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP at 45° cuts the cone bisecting its axis. Draw
projections of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.
7. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 75 mm rests vertically on its base on the ground.
A string is wound around the curved surface of the cone starting from the left extreme point
on the base and ending at the same point. Find the shortest length of the string required.
Also trace the path of the string in front and top views.
8. A cylinder 40mm diameter and 70mm height is resting on its base on H.P. A through hole
of 20mm diameter is drill through the cylinder completely such that the axis of the hole
bisects the axis of the cylinder at right angles and is perpendicular to VP. Develop the
lateral surface of the cylinder.
9. A vertical hexagonal prism of 30 mm side of base and axis 65 mm long has one of its
rectangular faces parallel to VP and nearer to it. A circular hole of 40 mm diameter is
drilled through the prism completely such that the axis of the hole bisects the axis of the
prism at right angles and is perpendicular to VP. Draw the development of the prism
showing the shape of the hole on it.

UNIT – V

ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
1. Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm
when it rests on one of its ends on HP with two its base sides parallel to VP.
2. Draw the isometric projection of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis of
60mm resting on its base on H.P. with one of its base side parallel to V.P. and nearer to the
observer.
3. Draw the isometric projection of a cylinder of height of 75 mm and diameter of 50 mm
resting on its base keeping the axis parallel to V.P.
4. Draw the isometric projection of cone of diameter 40 mm and axis of 60 mm resting on its
base perpendicular to H.P.
5. A frustum of a square pyramid has bottom edge 50 mm, top edge 25 mm and height 50
mm. Draw the isometric projection of the frustum.
6. A hexagonal pyramid of base 25 mm and height 60 mm stands with its base on the HP with
an edge of base parallel to VP. A horizontal plane cuts the pyramid and passes through a
point on the axis at a distance of 30 mm from the apex. Draw the isometric projection of
the frustum of the pyramid.
7. A cylinder of height 65 mm and diameter 40 mm is resting on its base on the HP. It is cut
by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30º to the HP. The plane passes through a
point on the axis located at 25 mm from the top. Draw the isometric projection of the cut
cylinder.
8. A cone of diameter of base 60 mm and height 65 mm rests with its base on H.P. A cutting
plane perpendicular to V.P. and inclined at 30° to H.P. cuts the cone such that it passes
through a point on the axis at a distance of 30 mm above the base of the cone. Draw the
isometric projection of the truncated cone showing the cut surface.
9. A right circular cone of diameter 30 mm base and height 36 mm rests centrally on top of a
square block of 48 mm side and 22 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the two
solids.
10. An object consists of a hemispherical vessel of 80 mm diameter which is placed centrally
over a cylinder of 50 mm diameter and height of 60 mm. The cylinder in turn is placed
centrally over a square prism of 60 mm base side and 20 mm height. Draw the isometric
projection of the object.

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION (only Visual ray Method)

1. A cube of side 40mm is resting on the ground on one of its faces, with a vertical face in PP
and the rest behind it. The central plane is located 50mm to the left of the axis of the cube.
This station point is 40mm in front of PP and 60mm above GP. Draw the perspective view
of the solid.
2. A square pyramid of side of base 50mm and altitude 70mm stands on the ground vertically
with an edge of base parallel to and 20mm behind PP. The station point is 40mm in front
of PP and 70mm above the ground. The central plane is located 45mm to the left of the
axis of the solid. Draw the perspective view of the solid.

3. A Pentagonal pyramid of 30mm base side and axis height 40mm is standing on its base on
the ground Plane with a base side parallel to and 25mm behind PP. The central plane is

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
35mm to the left of the apex and the station point is 40mm in front of PP and 20mm above
the GP. Draw the perspective view of the solid.

4. A cylinder of diameter 40mm and height 65mm rests with its base on the GP such that the
axis is 25mm behind the PP. The station point is 30mm in front of the PP and 110mm
above the GP and lies in a central plane which is 65mm to the right of the axes of the solids.
Draw the perspective view of the cylinder.

5. Draw the perspective projection of a square prism of base side 40 mm and height 50 mm.
One of the vertical lateral faces is parallel to PP and 30 mm behind it. The station point is
80 mm from the PP and 80 mm above the ground and 60 mm to the right of the axis of the
prism.

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Prepared By: Dr.S.Dinesh Kumar, Professor/Mechanical Engg. Department.