History

Radioactivity Henry Becquerel in 1896

Electrons J.J.Thompson in 1897

X rays W.C. Roentgen in 8 Nov 1895, Nobel prize - 1901

Radioactive substances radium, uranium Marie Curie

Nucleus, alpha & beta rays Rutherford

Neutrons Chadwick

Protons Rutherford

Mammography Robert Egan

Electromagnetic waves Maxwell

Computed tomography Godfrey Hounsfield in 1972

MRI LAUTERBEUR AND MANSFIELD

Magnetic resonance phenomenon Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell 3

 craniocaudal views
 Compression - it is necessary to compress the breast during the study to
optimally image all the breast tissue.
Differences between Conventional X-ray and Mammography technology

FEATURE MAMMOGRAPHY CONVENTIONAL

XRAYS
Anode Molybdenum Tungsten
Filter Molybdenum Aluminium
Exit Window Beryllium Glass
Focal spots Two; smaller one for Single
magnification
mammography
Grids Lower ratio grids Higher ratio grids
Compression devices Yes No

kVp Low (26-30) Higher

 Yearly mammogram are recommended after 40 years of age.

 Mammography can detect early invasive lesions or carcinoma in situ.

14
CALD WELL VIEW (OCCIPITO – FRONTAL)
WATER VIEW
(OCCUPITO MENTAL)
 UNITS OF RADIATION
Physical quantity S.I. Unit Non S. I Unit Conversion

Radioactivity Becqueral Bq) Curie (Ci) 1Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq

Absorbed dose Gray (Gy) Rad 1 Gy = 100 rads

1 rad = 0.01 gy

Dose equivalent Sievert (SV) Rem 1SV = 100 rem

1Rem= 0.01 Sv
SIR.GODF
REY
HOUNSFIE
LD
• INVENTOR OF CT
SCAN
ULTRASOUND
• It is based on Piezoelectric Effect.
• Numerous crystals are assembled to form the transducer.
• A transducer converts one types of Energy into another.
• Based on the Pulse–Echo Principle Occurring with Ultrasound Piezo-Electric
Crystals, Ultrasound Transducers Convert Electricity into Sound.

• The waves are reflected at the surface between the tissues of different
acoustic density, the reflection being proportionate to the difference in
acoustic density
• 3-5 MHz – Routine Abdominal Imaging
• For Sup USG – 7-10MHz
• Crystals – PZT (lead Zirconate Titanate)
• Principle – Piezo – Electric Effect
• Speed of Sound in body – 1540m/s
Modes in USG :
• A-Mode – Amplitude Mode
 Ophthalmology
 Orbital Biometry
• B-Mode – Brightness Mode
→All routine application
• M-Mode –motion mode
→Echo Cardiography
MRI

• MRI is based on gyromagnetic property of proton (or hydrogen

nucleus).

• MC contrast agent in MRI is gadolinium DTPA

metastasis
• Tuberous Sclerosis
• • Autosomal dominant.
• • Clinical triad (Vogts Triad)of epilepsy, mental retardation and adenoma sebaceum.
• CNS Lesions
• • Subependymal nodules in brain.
• • Cortical tubers-Candle drippings, may cause hydrocephalus.
• • Retinal phakomas.
• • Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma at the foramen of monro.
• Non-CNS Lesions
• • Skin-facial angiofibromas, subungual fibromas, shagreen patch.
• • Kidneys-Renal cysts and angiomyolipoma.
• • Miscellaneous-Cardiac rhabdomyomas, Honeycomb lung, liver adenomas and
• leiomyomas, spleen and pancreatic adenomas.
67
18/9/2017 Free template from www.brainybetty.com (copyright 2007) 68
Halloverden Spatz Disease
BIRD BEAK APPERANCE OF
ESOPHAGUS
string sign of kantor.
SINGLE BUBBLE DOUBLE BUBBLE
MULTIPLE AIR FLUID LEVEL PNEUMOPERITONIUM
COFFEE BEAN SIGN-SIGMOID
VOLVULUS
CORK SCREW OESOPHAUS- DIFFUSE
ESOPHAGEAL SPAM
WHIRPOOL SIGN
APPLE CORE LESION
DOUBLE DUCT SIGN
 Inverted / Reverse – 3 sign of
widened Duodenal C- loop frost berg
COARCTATION OF AORTA

• Inferior rib notching is seen and is d/t pressure erosion by intercostal

arteries.
• Rib notching is usually bilateral but asymmetrical and mostly spares
first two ribs.
• Sign of ‘3’ appearance d/t enlargement of left subclavian artery above
the coarctation.
DOCK’S SIGN
3-SIGN & INVERSE-3-SIGN
PUL. HTN-JUG HANDLE APPERANCE
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
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EGG ON SIDE- D-TAG
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