UNIT I: The Paragraph

Definition

A paragraph is a brief piece of writing that's around seven to ten

sentences long. It has a topic sentence and supporting sentences that all
relate closely to the topic sentence. The paragraph form refers to its
overall structure, which is a group of sentences focusing on a single topic.

What goes In a Paragraph?

There are three main parts of a paragraph:

 Topic sentence - it has the main idea

 Supporting sentences - details that relate to and support the topic
sentence
 Concluding sentence - a brief reflection or statement about the
main idea

The topic sentence is usually the first sentence, but it can appear at any
point in the paragraph. The main thing is to be sure you have a topic
sentence, because it gives your paragraph its focus, similar to a thesis
statement in an essay.

Here's an example of an 8-sentence paragraph:

Weather in Wisconsin has been especially fierce lately. (topic

sentence) 'Midwestern weather can be violent,' a local weather man
said. (supporting sentence) 'We have to be prepared.'(supporting
sentence) It all began this week on Tuesday afternoon, when the skies
 darkened and a tornado swept through the St. Croix River Valley.
(supporting sentence) Wednesday evening another tornado dropped
down on the suburbs of Milwaukee. (supporting sentence) Then on
Thursday evening, River Falls experienced a torrential rain that flooded
the streets. (supporting sentence) Green Bay also received five inches
of rain in three hours. (supporting sentence) Many are wondering what
Wisconsin city will be next. (concluding sentence)

 Note that all the supporting sentences relate directly to weather

in Wisconsin, which is the paragraph's main idea.
 The examples in the supporting sentences are recent (Tuesday
afternoon, Wednesday evening, thursday evening)
and fierce, (tornadoes, floods) which further support the claim in
the topic sentence.
 The concluding sentence shows how people are thinking about all
of these weather events.

Types of Paragraphs

Types of Paragraphs
There are several types of paragraphs that you need to know about:
descriptive, narrative, expository, comparison & contrast, and cause &
effect. A quick search around the internet will yield other types, but to keep
this simple, it's a good idea to consider just these five.
 1.- The Descriptive Paragraph:

This type of paragraph describes something and shows the reader what a
thing or a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal
to the five senses of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste. Descriptive
paragraphs can be artistic and may deviate from grammatical norms.

This is a Descriptive Paragraph:

The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and
now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music, and the opera of
voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier minute by minute,
spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word . The groups
change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the
same breath; already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave
here and there among the stouter and more stable, become from a
sharp, joyous moment the center of a group, and then, excited with
triumph, glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices and
color under the constantly changing light.

This excerpt is taken from The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. In this
paragraph you can hear, see, and feel the setting in which the story takes
place. When you practice writing a descriptive paragraph yourself, you
should address all aspects of the physical world.
 2.- The Narrative Paragraph:

This type of paragraph tells a story. There's a sequence of action or

there's a clear beginning, middle, and end to the paragraph.

This is a Narrative Paragraph:

It's been almost ten years since I first ran for political office. I was
thirty-five at the time, four years out of law school, recently married,
and generally impatient with life. A seat in the Illinois legislature had
opened up, and several friends suggested that I run, thinking that my
work as a civil rights lawyer, and contacts from my days as a
community organizer, would make me a viable candidate. After
discussing it with my wife, I entered the race and proceeded to do
what every first-time candidate does: I talked to anyone who would
listen. I went to block club meetings and church socials, beauty shops
and barbershops. If two guys were standing on a corner, I would cross
the street to hand them campaign literature. And everywhere I went,
I'd get some version of the same two questions.
 3.- The Expository Paragraph:

This type of paragraph explains something or provides instruction. It could

also describe a process and move the reader step by step through a
method. This type of paragraph often requires research, but it's possible
that the writer is able to rely on his or her own knowledge and expertise.

This is an Expository Paragraph:

All toilet flush tanks work about the same. When the toilet is flushed,
the trip handle lifts the tank ball, opening the outlet and letting water
flow into the bowl. When the tank is nearly empty, the ball falls back
in place over the outlet. The float falls with the water level, opening
the water-supply inlet valve just as the outlet is being closed, and the
tank is refilled through the filler tube. Water also flows through the
bowl refill tube into the overflow pipe to replenish trap-sealing water.
As the water level in the tank nears the top of the overflow pipe, the
float closes the inlet valve, completing the cycle.
 4.- The Comparison & Contrast Paragraph:

In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and
differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.

This is an Comparison & Contrast Paragraph:

Even though high school and college are both places of learning, they
differ in at least three ways. The first difference between high school
and college is their social atmospheres. In high school the building is
usually smaller, so most students know each other. In addition,
students in high school have the same six-hour 7:40 to 2:30 day,
which helps them to know one another better. At college people are
constantly coming and going, rarely seeing the same person twice in
one day. The second difference between high school and college is
their policies about homework. In high school, homework is usually.
Knowing they have to submit assignments in algebra or history
makes students keep up with these subjects. In college most
homework consists of just studying; very little of it is written and
turned in. If students do their homework, it is to their advantage; if
they do not, the teachers will not force them to. The student is only
wasting his own money if he neglects his course work. The third and
last difference between high school and college is their attendance
policies. In high school, students must attend class or their parents
will be called. In college, students may skip classes if they choose
and refer to the syllabus to get missed assignments or tests. It is the
student’s responsibility to make work up. In spite of these differences
between high school and college, they both serve the same purpose
— to prepare an individual for the real world.

5.- The Cause & Effect Paragraph:

A cause and effect paragraph analyzes the causes or effects of a ceratain

situation.

This is an Cause & Effect Paragraph:

Many children are placed into foster care because their situation at
home is not satisfactory according to The Department of Family
Services. A lot of the situations deal with emotional, physical, and
verbal abuse. A young girl named Tiffany was placed into foster care
at the age of 8. The lack of a father role model in her life had life
changing effects on Tiffany. As an already confused child, she was
adopted by a foster home for females. It was run by females only. As
a foster child at the time, when Tiffany would go out into public with
either her “big sister” or foster parent, she would begin to understand
that she wasn’t like most children because all the regular children had
their mother and father. She began to develop insecurities about
herself and feel like she just didn’t fit in with most children. An even
more traumatic effect on Tiffany’s confusion was she was constantly
wondering why she had to go through all this. Over the last two years
Tiffany has been placed back into her home with her biological
mother, but she constantly wonders when she will ever get to meet
her real father. Her mother currently has a long term boyfriend. Tiffany
is now starting to accept him as her father role model, but deep down
Tiffany wonders every day if she will ever get to meet her real father.
Tiffany not having her biological father in her life has affected her
because she feels like she doesn’t have that normal family that
everybody else seems to have. Inside she feels like she is missing
something. Overall it hasn’t ruined her life. Tiffany excels in school,
sports, and in the social life, but she cannot get rid of the empty
feeling of not having her real father in her life. When she gets older
she will start to understand what is really going on and maybe that
feeling of loneliness will be gone.

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What is a paragraph?
Seleccione una:

a. It is a part of the speech which it is used to express an idea

b. It is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic

c. It is a part of the speech which is used to write properly

d. It is a series of ideas that express several topics

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Which are the parts of a paragraph?
Seleccione una:

a. Topic Sentence, Supporting Sentences and Concluding Sentences

b. Main Idea, Topic Sentence and Body of Content

c. Topic Sentence, Title and Author

d. Topic Sentences, Commas and Supporting Sentences

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Which are some of the types of paragraphs?
Seleccione una:

a. Subjective and Objective Paragraphs.

b. First Person and Third Person Paragraphs

c. Descriptive and Narrative Paragraphs.

d. Present, Past and Future Paragraphs

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Which of the following is a Topic Sentence?
Seleccione una:

a. Clouds are white

b. In 1961 Tezuka founded Mushi Productions, and adapted several of his mangas into animation.

c. It is old and a little bit torn, but it’s the thing I treasure the most

d. My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features

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Which of the following is a Topic Sentence?
Seleccione una:

a. Airplanes do not have a row of seats numbered 13, and buildings omit a thirteen

b. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and
persistence

c. Oral or intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as specific antibiotics is a possible
treatment for cholera

d. There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world.

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Which of the following is a Topic Sentence?
Seleccione una:

a. And he handles the tight turns and corkscrew twists of a suspense story without losing his balance or
leaving skid marks on the film.

b. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages.

c. In order to brush your cat’s hairballs, you’ll need two kinds of brushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a
metallic one

d. And Ouija boards continue to be a popular pastime

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READ THE PARAGRAPH AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar-- I taught myself how to play. It's
nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a
bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings
are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing
chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The
blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.
No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:
a. Expository

b. Comparison and Contrast

c. Cause and Effect

d. Descriptive

e. Narrative

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My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar-- I taught myself how to play. It's
nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a
bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings
are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing
chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The
blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.
No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off
years ago.

b. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning
key

c. My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught
myself how to play.

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My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural
communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people.
Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells
to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two
towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of
farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in
the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Comparison and Contrast

b. Expository

c. Narrative

d. Cause and Effect

e. Descriptive

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My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural
communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people.
Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells
to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two
towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of
farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in
the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle.
 Select the Correct Topic Sentence
Seleccione una:

a. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes.

b. My hometown and my college town have several things in common

c. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and
soybeans.

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In 1966 Indira Gandhi was elected ruler of India. As a child she had learned much about government.
Her father was head of state from 1947 until1964. He encouraged her to get an education in England.
When he traveled to other countries, he often took her along.
After she was elected, Gandhi worked hard to make India a more modern country. She increased
India’s trade with other countries. Gandhi tried to get women to work and take part of India’s growth.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Expository

b. Narrative

c. Cause and Effect

d. Descriptive

e. Comparison and Contrast

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In 1966 Indira Gandhi was elected ruler of India. As a child she had learned much about government.
Her father was head of state from 1947 until1964. He encouraged her to get an education in England.
When he traveled to other countries, he often took her along. After she was elected, Gandhi worked
hard to make India a more modern country. She increased India’s trade with other countries. Gandhi
tried to get women to work and take part of India’s growth.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. In 1966 Indira Gandhi was elected ruler of India.

b. After she was elected, Gandhi worked hard to make India a more modern country

c. She increased India’s trade with other countries.

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Rock music as we know it today has changed since it first began. Rock music grew out of a kind of music
known as the blues. But rock added a more exact beat and driving force of an electric guitar. This gave
the music more energy. One hero of early rock was Elvis Presley. His shows brought great excitement
to audiences. For the first time, music dealing with the interests of young people had taken root.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Comparison and Contrast

b. Cause and Effect

c. Narrative

d. Expository

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Rock music as we know it today has changed since it first began. Rock music grew out of a kind of music
known as the blues. But rock added a more exact beat and driving force of an electric guitar. This gave
the music more energy. One hero of early rock was Elvis Presley. His shows brought great excitement
to audiences. For the first time, music dealing with the interests of young people had taken root.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. Rock music grew out of a kind of music known as the blues.

b. Rock music as we know it today has changed since it first began

c. One hero of early rock was Elvis Presley.

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The IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of
“planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation
Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial
bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not
satellites).Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Since current data may not
be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Descriptive

b. Narrative

c. Expository

d. Comparison and Contrast

e. Cause and Effect

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The IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of
“planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation
Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial
bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not
satellites).Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Since current data may not
be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. The IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of
“planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits

b. Their physical properties have been calculated through routine Earth-based observations as well as
advanced image-searching software.

c. Since current data may not be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by
astronomers and physicists world-wide
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Even though Arizona and
Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example,
the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles,
whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles.
Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people
living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural
environments that each has. For
example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much
rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of
44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore,
Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Narrative

b. Descriptive

c. Expository

d. Cause and Effect

e. Comparison and Contrast

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Even though Arizona and
Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example,
the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles,
whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles.
Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people
living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural
environments that each has. For
example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much
rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of
44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore,
Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. Even though Arizona and

Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways.

b. Arizona is a very dry state.

c. Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.

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Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to its cause, symptoms, and
treatment. A bacterium, called Vibrio cholera, is the causative agent of cholera. It can be spread
through contaminated food, water, or feces. Cholera patients may exhibit different symptoms that can
vary from mild to severe. Some symptoms are watery diarrhea and loss of water and salts. Oral or
intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as specific antibiotics is a possible treatment for
cholera. Patients can be treated with an oral rehydration solution or, in severe cases, an intravenous
fluid.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:
a. Narrative

b. Comparison and Contrast

c. Expository

d. Cause and Effect

e. Descriptive

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Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to its cause, symptoms, and
treatment. A bacterium, called Vibrio cholera, is the causative agent of cholera. It can be spread
through contaminated food, water, or feces. Cholera patients may exhibit different symptoms that can
vary from mild to severe. Some symptoms are watery diarrhea and loss of water and salts. Oral or
intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as specific antibiotics is a possible treatment for
cholera. Patients can be treated with an oral rehydration solution or, in severe cases, an intravenous
fluid.

Select the Correct Topic Sentence

Seleccione una:

a. Oral or intravenous replacement of fluids and salts as well as specific antibiotics is a possible
treatment for cholera

b. Some symptoms are watery diarrhea and loss of water and salts.

c. Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to its cause, symptoms, and
treatment.

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Going to college can be expensive. First, college tuition and room and board can cost anywhere from
$2,000 to more than $10,000 per semester. Other expenses make going to college even more
expensive. For example, books typically cost between $100 and $500 each term. Second, materials are
also very expensive. Paper, notebooks, writing utensils, and other supplies required often cost more at
the college bookstore than at any local discount department store. For instance, a package of
notepaper costing $2 at a discount store might cost $5 at a college bookstore. Finally, there are all
kinds of special fees added onto the bill at registration time. A college student might have to pay a $50
insurance fee, a $20 activity fee, a $15 fee to the student government association and anywhere from
$500 to $100 for parking. There is another fee if a student decides to add or drop classes after
registration. The fees required to attend college never seem to end.

Which type of paragraph is the one above?

Seleccione una:

a. Comparison and Contrast

b. Expository

c. Descriptive

d. Narrative

e. Cause and Effect

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Finally, there are all kinds of special fees added onto the bill at registration time.
 Is this sentence ...
Seleccione una:

a. a main idea?

b. a supporting idea?

c. a concluding idea?

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Read the narrative paragraph below. Fill in each blank with the clue
word or phrase that you think best fits the meaning of the sentence. Use
the clue words in the box.
and before next finally at first
first later then yesterday soon
now today after a while last last night

I heard the first sound of their coming while I lay awake at night. Respuesta it was a whisper,
like the wind among the dry stalks of our cornfield. After a while it was a sound like the feet of warriors
dancing. Then it was a roar that shook the earth. I could hardly wait until the sun rose. from Sing Down
the Moon by Scott O’Dell

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Read the narrative paragraph below. Fill in each blank with the clue
word or phrase that you think best fits the meaning of the sentence. Use
the clue words in the box.
I heard the first sound of their coming while I lay awake at night. At first it was a whisper, like the wind
among the dry stalks of our cornfield. Respuesta it was a sound like the feet of warriors
dancing. Then it was a roar that shook the earth. I could hardly wait until the sun rose.

from Sing Down the Moon by Scott O’Dell

and before next finally at first

first later then yesterday soon
now today after a while last last night
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Read the narrative paragraph below. Fill in each blank with the clue
word or phrase that you think best fits the meaning of the sentence. Use
the clue words in the box.
I heard the first sound of their coming while I lay awake at night. At first it was a whisper, like the wind
among the dry stalks of our cornfield. After a while it was a sound like the feet of warriors
dancing. Respuesta it was a roar that shook the earth. I could hardly wait until the sun rose.
from Sing Down the Moon by Scott O’Dell

and before next finally at first

 first later then yesterday soon
now today after a while last last night
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Read the paragraph.
My dog, Romeo, is the best pet anyone could have. He is beautiful and easy to care for.Playing with
him is lots of fun. He always takes care of me. There isn't a better pet anywhere.

The sentence: "He is beautiful and easy to care for" is ...

Seleccione una:

a. concluding sentence

b. main idea

c. supporting sentence

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Standing on his hind legs, this rare andalucian stallion is fearless. His ears are turned back while his
noble looking head is held high. His all black coat glistens in the late afternoon sun. His face displays a
strong confidence with his nostrils flared, his veins bulging from his cheek bones, and his fiery black
eyes burning holes into the souls of those who stare into them. His neck muscles are tensed and
thickened with adrenalin. His black main is thrown into the wind like a flag rippling in the winds of a
tornado. His muscular front legs are brought up to his chest displaying his flashing gray hooves that
could crush a man's scull with one blow. His backbone and underbelly are held almost straight up and
his hind quarters are tensed. His back legs are spread apart for balance. His back hooves are pressed
into the earth; therefore, his hooves cause deep gouges from the weight of his body on the soil. His
black tail is held straight down and every once in a while a burst of wind catches it and then it floats
down back into place like an elegant piece of silk falling from the sky. His bravery and strength are what
made his breed prized as a warhorse.
~© Jamell Wilson, 2005~

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Pregunta 28
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A small country town comes the closest to providing me with what I think of as “the good life”. A
country town has fewer people; therefore, they live on big lots with plenty of space. Cities have large
clusters of people, living on small lots very close to each other. The air in the country is clean. On the
other hand, city air had measurable amount of pollution, and many lung and throat diseases are
undoubtedly attributable to industrial city atmospheres. People move slower in the country; they are
not troubled constantly by emotional disorders such as anxiety attacks. In the city, however,
movement is constant, fast paced, and sometimes reckless. Friendships come easier in the country;
people are willing to stand around and chat. They take time with each other. City friendships are brief
and short-lived as an encounter with an overworked sales clerk.

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Pregunta 29
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(1) Smoking has many serious effects. (2) The most obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's
health. (3) Smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of
heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain. (4) Smoking creates respiratory problems.
(5) A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the
body. (6) Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump
enough oxygen into the lungs. (7) Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a
smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive. (8) Smoking frequently results in social isolation
because fewer people smoke or want to be in the presence of second-hand smoke. (9) Friends and
acquaintances often bluntly tell their smoking friends that they don't want the smell in their cars or in
their homes. (10) The strong, offensive odor of smoke clings to smokers' clothing, hair, and skin. (11)
The final effect of smoking is that it depletes the pocketbook. (12) Smoking is now an expensive habit,
and the price of cigarettes continues to rise. (13) The effects of smoking are many, which leaves one
wondering why intelligent people do not find a way to break their harmful addiction.

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Smoking
(1) Smoking has many serious effects. (2) The most obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's
health. (3) Smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of
heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain. (4) Smoking creates respiratory problems.
(5) A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the
body. (6) Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump
enough oxygen into the lungs. (7) Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a
 smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive. (8) Smoking frequently results in social isolation
because fewer people smoke or want to be in the presence of second-hand smoke. (9) Friends and
acquaintances often bluntly tell their smoking friends that they don't want the smell in their cars or in
their homes. (10) The strong, offensive odor of smoke clings to smokers' clothing, hair, and skin. (11)
The final effect of smoking is that it depletes the pocketbook. (12) Smoking is now an expensive habit,
and the price of cigarettes continues to rise. (13) The effects of smoking are many, which leaves one
wondering why intelligent people do not find a way to break their harmful addiction.

Which effect is discussed with the greatest number of secondary

details? Write the number of the sentence.
Seleccione una:

a. 4

b. 7

c. 2

d. 11