Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
GETTING STARTED
P re se n t S im p le
FO RM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
1 / You go l/Y o u do not (don't) go Do 1/ you go?
H e /S h e / It goes He / She / It does not (doesn't) go Does h e / s h e / it go?
W e /Y o u /T h e y go W e / You / They do not (don't) go Do w e /y o u /th e y go?
U ses E x a m p le s A d v e r b s o f fr e q u e n c y / T im e e x p re s s io n s
A regular habit or routine 1go to work by bus. always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally,
frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never
A general truth or scie ntific fa c t The sun is a star.
at 1 o'clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays,
Stative verbs 1 don’t feel well. every w eek, once a month, how o fte n ...?
P re se n t C o n tin u o u s
FORM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
1am asking 1 am (I'm) not asking Am 1asking?
You are asking You are not (aren't) asking Are you asking?
He /S h e / I t is asking He / She / It is not (isn't) asking Is h e / s h e / it asking?
W e / You / They are asking W e / You / They are not (aren't) asking Are w e / you / they asking?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
An action w h ich is happening now She is listening to the radio right now. now, right now, a tth e m om ent
A tem porary action Greg is installing new software today. this year, at present, today, these days, this month
this evening, tonight, tom orrow ,
A definite plan fo r the near future They are having fish and chips tonight.
next F rid a y /w e e k /y e a r
Stative Verbs
Indican un estado mas que una accion y suelen usarse en Algunos indican tanto estado como actividad y pueden
Present Simple. Estan relacionados con: usarse en Present Simple y en Present Continuous.
• las emodones y los sentimientos (dislike, enjoy, hate, They think the basketball player is young.
(Elios creen que el ju g a d o r de baloncesto es joven.) [estado]
hope, like, love, prefer, want),
Tim is thinking about buying a new car.
• el pensamiento y la opinion (believe, forget, guess, know, (Tim est& pensando en com prarse un coche nuevo.) [activid:
remember, think, understand), El verbo see en Present Continuous indica una accion futura
• la percepcion y los sentidos (feel, hear, see, smell, sound, fijada de antemano.
taste, touch), We are seeing our grandparents tomorrow.
(Veremos a nuestros abuelos m afiana.) [Ya hem os quedado.]
• los precios y las medidas (cost, measure, weigh) y
• la posesion (belong, have, own).
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P a s t S im p le
FO RM
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
l/Y o u worked 1/ You did not (didn't) w ork Did 1 / you work?
He /S h e / I t w orked He / She / It did not (didn't) w ork Did he /s h e / i t work?
W e /Y o u /T h e y w orked W e / You / They did not (didn't) w ork Did w e / you / they work?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
A com pleted action in the past Last year, m y uncle won the lottery. yesterday, last w e e k / year,
A series of com pleted actions in tw o days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s,
1asked him a question and he answered quickly. in the 18th century, w hen, then
the past
P a s t C o n tin u o u s
FO RM
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
1w as running 1w as not (w asn't) running W as 1running?
You w ere running You w e re not (w eren't) running W ere you running?
H e /S h e / I t w as running He / She / It w as not (wasn't) running W as he /s h e / i t running?
W e / You / They w e re running W e / You / They w ere not (w eren't) running W ere w e / you / they running?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
An incom plete action in progress last n ig h t/w e e k /y e a r,
A t 10 o ’clock la st night, he was watching a film.
at a specific tim e in the past at 4 o'clock
An incom plete action interrupted
by another action Sarah was reading a book when 1phoned her.
w hen, w hile, as
Two incom plete actions in progress at
They were talking quietly while the baby was sleeping.
the same tim e in the past
P re se n t P e r fe c t S im p le
FO RM
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I /Y o u have eaten I / You have not (haven't) eaten Have I / you eaten?
H e /S h e / I t has eaten He / She / It has not (hasn't) eaten Has h e / s h e / it eaten?
W e / You / They have eaten W e / You / They have not (haven't) eaten Have w e / you / they eaten?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
An action th a t began in the past and continues
Peter has worked in this restaurant for two years. never, ever, already, just, yet,
until the present_____________________________
recently, lately, how long ...?,
An action th a t to o k place at an undeterm ined tim e for, since, in re ce n t years
They have recently released their first album.
in the past, but is connected to the present
P a s t P e r fe c t S im p le
FO RM
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
l/Y o u had fallen 1/ You had not (hadn't) fallen Had 1 / you fallen?
He /S h e / I t had fallen He / She / It had not (hadn't) fallen Had he /s h e / i t fallen?
W e / You / They had fallen W e / You / They had not (hadn't) fallen Had w e / you / they fallen?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
A com ple te d a ctio n w h ic h to o k place already, by the tim e, after,
John had returned from his walk before 1arrived.
before a n o th e r a ctio n in th e past before , until, never, ju s t
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F u tu re S im p le
FO RM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
1/ You w ill w in 1/ You w ill not (w on't) w in W ill 1/y o u win?
H e / She / It w ill w in He / She / It w ill not (w on't) w in W ill h e / s h e / it win?
W e / You / They w ill w in W e / You / They w ill not (w on't) w in W ill w e / you / they win?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
A p re d ic tio n Tomorrow, it will snow in some regions.
th is evening, in an hour, at 2 o'clock, later,
A tim e ta b le Our break will end at 3 o ’clock. to m o rro w , n ext m onth / year, soon, in a few
w e e k s, in th e fu tu re , on 1st M ay
A sp o n ta n e o u s d e cisio n 1feel sleepy. 1will go to bed.
Be g o in g to
FO RM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I am going to eat I am not going to eat Am I going to eat?
You are going to eat You are not (aren't) going to eat Are you going to eat?
He / She / It is going to eat He / She /It is not (isn’t) going to eat Is h e / she /it going to eat?
W e / You / They are going to eat W e /You /They are not (aren't) going to eat Are w e /you /they going to eat?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
A planned a ctio n fo r th e fu tu re Sandy is going to play tennis with her cousin later. th is evening, later, in an hour,
at 4 o 'c lo c k , to m o rro w , soon,
n ext m onth /year, in a fe w weeks, I
An a ctio n th a t is a bout to happen Look! That boy is going to dance in the street! on 8th M ay
El P re se n t C o n tin u o u s c o n v a lo r de fu tu ro
Anuncia acciones fijadas de antemano que ocurriran en el con seguridad. Se distingue del Present Continuous normal
futuro proximo. Se suele reservar para planes personales ya porque la expresion temporal que va en la frase indica un
concertados. tiempo futuro y no presente:
No expresa una intencion, como be going to, sino algo que She is getting married in July.
(Ella se casa / casara en julio.) [plan concertado]
ha sido programado con antelacion y que va a pasar
Fu tu re P e r fe c t S im p le
______________________________________________________________F O R M _________________________________________________________
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I / You w ill have lost I / You w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill I / you have lost?
He / She / It w ill have lost He / She / It w ill not (w on’t) have lost W ill he / she / it have lost?
W e / You / They w ill have lost W e / You / They w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill w e / you / they have lost?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
Fred will have moved from his flat by by th is tim e n ext w e e k, by 3 o 'c lo c k , by the
A co m pleted a ctio n at a c e rta in fu tu re tim e the end of March. end o f ..., by th e n , by A u gust, in fo u r months |]
F u tu re C o n tin u o u s
______________________________________________________________F O R M __________________________________________________________
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I / You w ill be swimming I / You w ill not (w on't) be swimming W ill I / you be swimming?
He / She / It w ill be swimming He / She / It w ill not (w on't) be swimming W ill he / she / it be swimming?
W e / You / They w ill be swimming W e / You / They w ill not (w on't) be swim m ing W ill w e / you / they be swimming?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p re s s io n s
A t this time next Monday, they will be taking at th is tim e to m o rro w / n e x t...,
An a ctio n in p ro g re ss at a c e rta in fu tu re tim e a train to Paris. on T hursday, in the next decade
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G ram m ar A p p endix
Form a
Afirmativa: sujeto + have / has + participio del verbo En afirmativa usamos just, never y already, en negativa
principal. usamos yet, y en interrogativa already, ever, yet y just.
Negativa: sujeto + have / has + not (o n’t) + participio del I ’ve already apologised to her.
(Ya me he disculpado con ella.)
verbo principal.
The lesson hasn’t started yet.
Interrogativa: Have / Has + sujeto + participio del verbo (La clase no ha empezado todavla.)
principal. Have you ever found a typo in a book?
(i,Alguna vez has encontrado una errata en un libra?)
Usos
Con How lo n g ...? preguntamos cuanto tiempo ha pasado
• Hablar de acciones que empezaron en el pasado y desde que la accion, que aun continua, empezo.
aun continuan. Por eso, a veces se traduce el verbo en
How long have they lived abroad?
presente. (<i,Cuanto tiempo hace que viven en el extranjero?)
• Con acciones pasadas cuyos efectos son visibles For indica cuanto duro la accion y since cuando empezo.
actualmente. I have had this disease for two years/since 2010.
• Expresar que una accion acaba de ocurrir. Entonces (Tengo / He tenido esta enfermedad desde hace dos afios /
agregamos ju st entre el auxiliar y el participio. desde 2010.)
She has ju s t joined the gym.
(Ella se acaba de apuntar al gimnasio.) P a s t S im p le / P re se n t P e r fe c t S im p le
Never, ever, already y ju st se ponen entre el auxiliar (have) El Past Simple indica lo que ocurrio en un momento
y el participio del verbo, mientras que yet siempre aparece concreto, mientras que el Present Perfect Simple situa la
al final de la frase. accion en un periodo de tiempo.
He has never studied a foreign language before. I raised some questions, but they haven’t answered them yet.
(El nunca ha estudiado un idioma extranjero antes.) (Planted algunas preguntas, pero no las han respondido
todavla.)
Have you written the essay yet?
(i,Has escrito ya el trabajo?)
P re se n t P e r fe c t C o n tin u o u s
FORM
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I / You have been sleeping I / You have not (haven’t) been sleeping Have I / you been sleeping?
He / She / It has been sleeping He / She / It has not (hasn't) been sleeping Has he / she / it been sleeping?
W e / You / They have been sleeping W e / You / They have not (haven't) been sleeping Have w e / you / they been sleeping?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
An action th a t started in the past and w h ic h still continues fo r a year, since 2002,
How long have you been staying at the hotel?
in the present_________________________ h ow lo n g ...?
I ’m tired. I have been reading The Lord of the all n ig h t/ m o rn in g /
An action w hose results are still appare nt d a y /w e e k
Rings all night.____________________________
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Form a Usos
Afirmativa: sujeto + have / has + been + verbo principal • Expresar acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que aun
terminado en -ing. continuan. Como el Present Perfect Continuous resalta el
Negativa: sujeto + have / has + not (o n't) + been + verbo tiempo que esta durando la accion, solemos traducirlo por
principal terminado en -ing. "Uevar" en presente + un verbo en gerundio.
Interrogativa: Have / Has + sujeto + been + verbo principal • Expresar acciones terminadas pero recientes cuyos efectos
terminado en -ing. son visibles todavia.
Las expresiones temporales usadas con este tiempo verbal
deben indicar un periodo, no un momento concreto.
Fu ture P e r fe c t S im p le
FORM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I/Y o u w ill have lost I / You w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill I/y o u have lost?
He / She / It w ill have lost He / She / It w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill h e / s h e / it have lost?
W e / You / They w ill have lost W e / You / They w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill w e / you / they have lost?
Uses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
I will have lost six kilos by the end of by th is tim e n ext w e e k, by 3 o 'c lo c k , by the
A com p le te d a ctio n at a c e rta in fu tu re tim e
the year. end o f ..., by then, by A u gust, in fo u r months
P a s t P e r fe c t S im p le
FO R M
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
l/Y o u had fallen 1/ You had not (hadn't) fallen Had 1/ you fallen?
H e / S h e / I t had fallen He / She / It had not (hadn't) fallen Had h e / s h e / it fallen?
W e / You / They had fallen W e / You / They had not (hadn't) fallen Had w e / you / they fallen?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p re s s io n s
A com p le te d a ctio n w h ic h to o k place already, by the time, after,
By the time 1 looked, the fox had already gone.
before a n o th e r a ctio n in th e past before, until, never, just
Form a Usos
Afirmativa: sujeto + had + participio del verbo principal. • Indicar que una accion ocurrio antes que otra, la cual
Negativa: sujeto + had not (o hadn’t) + participio del verbo va en ^ast Simple.
principal.
Interrogativa: Had + sujeto + participio del verbo principal.
P a s t P e r fe c t C o n tin u o u s
FO RM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I / You had been studying I / You had not (hadn't) been studying Had I / you been studying?
He / She / It had been studying He / She / It had not (hadn't) been studying Had he / she / it been studying?
W e / You / They had been studying W e / You / They had not (hadn't) been studying Had w e / you / th e y been studying?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p re s s io n s
An actio n w h ic h co n tin u e d up to fo r hours, since last April,
They had been studying for two hours before we arrived.
a n o th e r past action_____________ all m orning, w h e n , until, before
Form a Usos
Afirmativa: sujeto + have / has + been + verbo principal • Expresar acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que aun
terminado en -ing. continuan. Como el Present Perfect Continuous resalta el
Negativa: sujeto + have / has + not (o n't) + been + verbo tiempo que esta durando la accion, solemos traducirlo por
principal terminado en -ing. "llevar" en presente + un verbo en gerundio.
Interrogativa: Have / Has + sujeto + been + verbo principal • Expresar acciones terminadas pero recientes cuyos efectos
terminado en -ing. son visibles todavia.
Las expresiones temporales usadas con este tiempo verbal
deben indicar un periodo, no un momento concreto.
Fu tu re P e r fe c t S im p le
FO RM
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I /Y o u w ill have lost I / You w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill I/y o u have lost?
He / She / It w ill have lost He / She / It w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill h e / s h e / it have lost?
W e / You / They w ill have lost W e / You / They w ill not (w on't) have lost W ill w e /y o u /th e y have lost?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p r e s s io n s
I will have lost six kilos by the end of by th is tim e n ext w e e k , by 3 o 'c lo c k , by the
A com pleted a ctio n at a c e rta in fu tu re tim e
the year. end o f ..., by th e n , by A u gust, in fo u r months
P a s t P e r fe c t S im p le
FO R M
A ff ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
I/Y o u had fallen I / You had not (hadn't) fallen Had I/y o u fallen?
H e / S h e / I t had fallen He / She / It had not (hadn't) fallen Had h e / s h e / it fallen?
W e / You / They had fallen W e / You / They had not (hadn't) fallen Had w e / you / they fallen?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p re s s io n s
A com p le te d a ctio n w h ic h to o k place already, by the time, after,
By the time I looked, the fox had already gone.
before a n o th e r a ctio n in th e past before, until, never, just
Form a Usos
Afirmativa: sujeto + had + participio del verbo principal. • Indicar que una accion ocurrio antes que otra, la cual
Negativa: sujeto + had not (o hadn’t) + participio del verbo va en Past Simple.
principal.
Interrogativa: Had + sujeto + participio del verbo principal.
P ast P e r fe c t C o n tin u o u s
FORM ____________ 1
A f f ir m a t iv e N e g a tiv e In te r r o g a tiv e
1/ You had been studying 1/ You had not (hadn't) been studying Had 1/ you been studying?
He / She / It had been studying He / She / It had not (hadn't) been studying Had he / she / it been studying?
W e / You / They had been studying W e / You / They had not (hadn't) been studying Had w e / you / they been studying?
U ses E x a m p le s T im e e x p re s s io n s
An actio n w h ic h co n tin u e d up to fo r hours, since last April,
They had been studying for two hours before we arrived.
a n o th e r past a ctio n all m orning, w h e n , until, before 1
G ram m ar A ppendix
1H
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UNIT 2 Advert Alert
El e s tilo in d ire c to
Tense D ire c t S p e e c h R e p o rte d S p e e c h
P r e s e n t S im p le “He stays at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he stayed at a hotel.
P r e s e n t C o n t in u o u s “He is staying at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he was staying at a hotel.
P a s t S im p le “He stayed at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had stayed at a hotel.
P a s t C o n t in u o u s “He was staying at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had been staying at a hotel.
P r e s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le “He has stayed at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had stayed at a hotel.
P r e s e n t P e rfe c t C o n t in u o u s “He has been staying at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had been staying at a hotel.
P a s t P e rfe c t S im p le “He had stayed at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had stayed at a hotel.
P a s t P e rfe c t C o n t in u o u s “He had been staying at a hotel, ” she said. She said that he had been staying at a hotel.
F u tu r e S im p le “He will stay at a hotel, ’’ she said. She said that he would stay at a hotel.
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que alguien ha La oracion subordinada va introducida por la conjuncion
dicho sin citar exactamente sus palabras. that, aunque en ingles hablado se suele omitir.
R e p o rte d sta te m e n ts “I ’ll buy this car today ” Martha said.
Martha said (that) she would buy that car that day.
Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, (Martha dijo que compraria ese coche aquel dia.)
para lo cual basta con suprimir las comillas y cambiar el
Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cambio
pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo.
en los tiempos verbales.
“She is hungry. ”
“Major problems are hard to solve, ” she said.
He says that she is hungry.
(El dice que ella tiene hambre.) She said that major problems are hard to solve.
(Dijo que los problemas serios son dificiles de solucionar.)
Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordinada Como ya sabes, los verbos mas comunes para introducir
en estilo indirecto (normalmente say o tell) vaya en pasado,
el estilo indirecto son say y tell. Tell siempre lleva un
y entonces el cambio mas importante es que el verbo de complemento indirecto sin la preposicion to. Say puede
la subordinada da un salto atras (de Present Simple a Past
llevar complemento indirecto o no, pero si lo lleva debe ir
Simple, de este a Past Perfect Simple, etc.).
con esa preposicion.
Ademas de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos “ The price o f advertising has increased, ” he said.
verbales, tambien es necesario que hagamos algunos He told us that the price of advertising had increased.
cambios en los pronombres y en las expresiones de tiempo He said that the price of advertising had increased.
y lugar. He said to us that the price of advertising had increased.
(El nos dijo que el precio de la publicidad habla aumentado.)
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G ram m ar A p p endix
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UNIT 3 Face the Music
La v o z p asiva
Tense A c tiv e P a s s iv e
P r e s e n t S im p le Lady Gaga signs m any autographs. M any autographs are signed by Lady Gaga.
P r e s e n t C o n t in u o u s Lady Gaga is signing m any autographs. M any autographs are being signed by Lady Gaga.
P a s t S im p le Lady Gaga signed m any autographs. M any autographs w ere signed by Lady Gaga.
P a s t C o n t in u o u s Lady Gaga was signing m any autographs. M any autographs w ere being signed by Lady Gaga.
P r e s e n t P e rfe c t S im p le Lady Gaga has signed m any autographs. M an y autographs have been signed by Lady Gaga.
P a s t P e rfe c t S im p le Lady Gaga had signed m any autographs. M any autographs had been signed by Lady Gaga.
F u tu r e S im p le Lady Gaga w ill sign m any autographs. M any autographs w ill be signed by Lady Gaga.
M o d a ls Lady Gaga should sign m any autographs. M any autographs should be signed by Lady Gaga.
M o d a l P e rfe c ts Lady Gaga m ust have signed m any autographs. M any autographs m ust have been signed by Lady Gag
h a v e to Lady Gaga has to sign m any autographs. M any autographs have to be signed by Lady Gaga.
b e g o in g t o Lady Gaga is going to sign m any autographs. M any autographs are going to be signed by Lady Gaga.
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UNIT 4 Think Green
Las o ra c io n e s c o n d ic io n a le s
C o n d itio n a l c la u s e R e s u lt c la u s e E x a m p le s
Z E R O C O N D IT IO N A L
unless + Present Sim ple P resent Sim ple If you recycle materials, you help the environment.
F IR S T C O N D IT IO N A L
If people pollute the oceans, many fish w ill die.
Future Sim ple
Less + R e s e n t Sim ple im perative Call me immediately if you have a problem.
m odal + base form
If you don't speak clearly, people m ight misunderstand you.
S E C O N D C O N D IT IO N A L
Son oraciones compuestas por una proposicion subordinada If you do something illegal, you will face the consequences.
que expresa la condicion (conditional clause) y una principal (Si haces algo ilegal, te enfrentaras a las consecuencias.)
que indica el resultado (result clause). No importa el orden Unless we use renewable energy, we won’t reduce global warming
en que se coloquen las proposiciones, pero si la condicion va If we don’t use renewable energy, we won’t reduce global warm
(A menos que usemos / Si no usamos energias renovables, no
primero, se suele poner una coma entre ambas. reduciremos el calentamiento global.)
If your little brother misbehaves, he will not go to the party.
(Si tu hermano pequeno se porta mal, no ira a la fiesta.)
Ademas del Future Simple, en el resultado tambien se pueda
usar los verbos modales o el imperativo.
Your little brother will not go to the party if he misbehaves.
(Tu hermano pequeno no ira a la fiesta si se porta mal.) If you buy a new house, you can sell the old one.
(Si compras una casa nueva, puedes vender la vieja.)
El c o n d ic io n a l c e ro If you are underpaid, look for another job.
Usamos if + Present Simple en la condicion y Present Simple (Si estas mal pagado, busca otro trabajo.)
en el resultado. Expresa situaciones que se repiten siempre
El s e g u n d o c o n d ic io n a l
que se da una determinada condicion. A veces podemos usar
when en lugar de if sin que el significado de la frase varie. Se usa if + Past Simple en la condicion y would + el verbo
You care for the environment if / when you are an environmentalist. en la forma base en el resultado. Expresa condiciones
(Cuidas del medio ambiente si / cuando eres un ecologista.) hipoteticas referidas al presente, es decir, que es poco
Para expresar que algo ocurre o no si no se cumple la probable que ocurran.
condicion, la proposicion es introducida por la conjuncion If you committed a crime, I would be shocked.
(Si cometieras un delito, estarfa conmocionada.)
unless, que equivale a if not (“a no ser que”, “a menos que”,
“si no”), o se niega el verbo de la condicion. Si el verbo de la condicion es to be, se suele utilizar were en]
Unless it rains, our winter climate is usually very mild. todas las personas del singular y del plural.
If it doesn't rain, our winter climate is usually very mild. If hybrid cars weren't so expensive, more people would buy them, i
(A no ser que llueva / Si no llueve, nuestro clima invernal (Si los coches hibridos no fueran tan caros, los comprarianr
normalmente es muy suave.) personas.)
Ten en cuenta que unless se usa con bastante asiduidad en Para dar consejos se emplea la formula If I were.
el condicional cero y en el primer condicional, pero es menos if I were you, I would avoid getting into trouble.
frecuente en el segundo condicional y nunca se emplea en el (Yo, en tu lugar, evitaria meterme en problemas.)
tercero. En lugar de would podemos usar los modales could o might I
en el resultado, pero ambos indican que la probabilidad de
El prim er c o n d ic io n a l
que se cumpla la hipotesis es aun menor. Equivalen al verb
Usamos if + Present Simple en la condicion y Future Simple en “poder” en condicional o a las expresiones “tal vez” o “quizas"
el resultado. Expresa que ocurrira si se cumple la condicion + condicional.
senalada. They could rebuild the house if they had enough money.
(Podrian reconstruir la casa si tuvieran suficiente dinero.)
ii
G ram m ar A p p endix
r
El te rce r c o n d ic io n a l Las o ra c io n e s te m p o ra le s
Se forma con if + Past Perfect Simple en la condicion y would Las referidas al future se forman como las oraciones del
have + participio en el resultado. En este caso la condicion es primer condicional: Present Simple en la subordinada
totalmente imposible, pues se refiere al pasado y ya no puede y Future Simple en la principal. Lo que cambian son las
realizarse. conjunciones, que en este caso son as soon as, by the
If I had been informed earlier, I would have supported your cause. time, the moment (that), as long as, until, when, before,
(Si me hubieran informado antes, habria apoyado tu causa.) after, etc.
En vez de would have + participio, en el resultado podemos He will forgive you as long as you are honest.
smplear could have o might have + participio. (El te perdonara siempre que seas sincero.)
If Tom had studied harder, he could / might have got a better mark. The situation will not improve until the government decides to
(Si Tom hubiera estudiado mas, podrfa haber sacado una nota act.
mejor.) (La situacion no meiorara hasta que ei gobierno decida
actuar.)
Las o ra c io n e s d e s id e ra tiv a s
F o rm U ses E x a m p le s
w ish / if only Refers to a p re se n t situ a tio n th a t the He wishes the pow er station were far from the city.
+ Past Simple sp e a ke r is unhappy about If only you were more outspoken.
w ish / if only Expresses re g re t a bout a past action or Sam wishes he had replaced his old computer.
+ Past P e rfect Simple situation If only she had interviewed the politician.
w ish / if only Expresses a desire fo r som ething to 1 wish 1 could live near the sea.
+ could / w o u ld + base form happen in th e fu tu re If only Jen wouldn’t be so underweight.
Las oraciones desiderativas expresan un deseo y se pueden Si el verbo que va en Past Simple es to be, hay que usar
:ormar con el verbo wish o con la expresion if only. were en todas las personas, incluidas la primera y la
El verbo wish suele llevar como complemento directo una tercera del singular (es un resto del subjuntivo).
aracion subordinada introducida por la conjuncion that (que I wish the world weren’t overpopulated.
>e suele omitir). Equivale a los verbos "desear" o "gustar" en (Ojala el mundo no estuviera superpoblado.)
:ondicional, excepto en primera persona del singular que se • Con el Past Perfect Simple nos referimos a hechos pasados,
iraduce por “Ojala”. lamentando lo que ha ocurrido.
La expresion if only tiene el mismo significado: “Ojala...”, I wish he hadn’t been so impolite.
(Ojala no hubiera sido tan maleducado.)
‘Sialmenos...”
I wish / If only he hadn’t kept it secret. • Con could o would + un verbo en la forma base
(Ojala no lo hubiera mantenido en secreto.) expresamos nuestros deseos sobre situaciones futuras,
Ianto wish como if only pueden usarse con varios tiempos indicando que es poco probable que ocurran.
/erbales, como se ve en el cuadro: I wish I could go with you to court.
(Ojala pudiera ir contigo al juzgado.)
I Con el Past Simple nos referimos a situaciones presentes
que quisieramos cambiar o mejorar. Si el sujeto de wish y el del verbo en la forma base son
diferentes, usamos would.
He wishes he knew more about the greenhouse effect.
(Desearla saber mas sobre el efecto invernadero.) I wish he would regret what he did.
(Ojala se arrepintiera de lo que hizo.)
Los prefijos
Los prefijos un-, dis-, im-, in- e il- se anaden a algunos Recuerda que el prefijo in- varia en los siguientes casos:
adjetivos para darles el significado opuesto. • il- delante de adjetivos que empiezan por 1 (illogical).
believable (crelble) unbelievable (increlble) • im- delante de adjetivos que empiezan con m o p
bonest (honrado/a) dishonest (poco honrado/a) ( immature, impersonal).
oolite (educado/a) impolite (maleducado/a) • ir- delante de adjetivos que empiezan con r ( irrational).
active (activo/a) inactive (inactivo/a) A veces no son prefijos, sino parte de la palabra: discussion,
'egal (legal) illegal (ilegal) illustration, impression, interesting, uncle, etc.
Dtros prefijos que se agregan a distintas clases de palabras son inter-, over-, under-, re-, mis-, anti- y multi-.
national (nacional) international (internacional) behave (comportarse) misbehave (portarse mal)
nopulated (poblado/a) overpopulated (superpoblado/a) nuclear (nuclear) antinuclear (antinuclear)
oaid (pagado/a) underpaid (mal pagado/a) cultural (cultural) m ulticultural (multicultural)
build (construir) rebuild (reconstruir)
131
▲
UNIT 5 Nine to Five
Las o ra c io n e s de re la tiv o
D E F IN IN G R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S
U ses E x a m p le s
w h o and th a t re fe r to people Anne is the person w h o /th a t show ed me the ropes on m y firs t day here.
w h ic h and th a t re fe r to o b je cts He runs a business w h ich/ that w as inh erited from his father.
w h e n and th a t re fe r to a m om ent in tim e 1 ca lled m y m other the day w h e n /th a t 1 g o t the job.
w h e re re fe rs to a p a rtic u la r place They have fin a lly found a p lace where they can raise th e ir kids.
w h o s e re fe rs to possession M a rk told me about the g irl whose b roth e r g o t the sack.
N O N -D E F IN IN G R E L A T IV E C L A U S E S
U ses E x a m p le s
That hotel, which is very famous, is offering a p art-tim e jo b as a waiter.
th a t c a n n o t re p la ce w h o o r w h ic h
Eve, who often w orks overtim e, is paid peanuts.
Son oraciones subordinadas adjetivas introducidas por un Si el relativo lleva preposicion, lo mas comun es omitirlo y
pronombre o un adverbio relativo. Pueden ser de dos tipos: poner la preposicion detras del verbo.
defining (especificativas) y non-defining (explicativas). The person (w h o /th a t) I work for has got common sense.
(La persona para quien trabajo tiene sentido comun.)
D e fin in g R e la tive C la u s e s
Aportan information tan esencial sobre su antecedente que N o n -d e fin in g R e la tive C la u s e s
sin ellas la frase quedaria incompleta. Anaden informacion extra sobre su antecedente y van entre
• Los pronombres who (personas), which (cosas) y that comas. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose,
(personas y cosas) pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. que no se pueden omitir ni sustituir por that.
Whose (posesion) no se puede omitir ni sustituir. Steve, who is a dedicated employee, was promoted yesterday
(Steve, que es un tra b a ja d o r entregado, fue ascendido ayer.)
That is the woman who / that is in charge o f the shop.
(Esa es la m ujer q ue esta a cargo de la tienda.) E stru c tu ra s fo rm a l e in fo rm al
I got the pay rise (which / that) my boss promised me.
(C onsegul el aum ento de sueldo q ue m e p rom etio mi jefe.) Cuando el relativo va acompanado de una preposicion, se
Anne is the g irl whose mother is an engineer.
sigue utilizando which si el antecedente es una cosa; pero si
(Anne es la chica cuya m adre es ingeniera.) es una persona, en lugar de who se emplea whom. Este es
un uso muy formal. Lo mas comun en ambos casos es poner
• When (tiempo) puede omitirse y sustituirse por that.
la preposicion al final de la oracion de relativo y omitir el
I ’ll always remember the day (when / that) I got the sack. pronombre.
(Siem pre recordare el dfa en q ue m e despidieron.)
This is the house in which I lived. [Form al]
• Where Gugar) no puede sustituirse por that y solo se This is the house (which) I lived in. [Inform al]
omite en algunas ocasiones. (Esta es la casa en la que vivf.)
This is the college where I can study history. The student to whom I talked was very mature. [Formal]
(Esta es la universidad d o n d e puedo estu d ia r H istoria.) The student (who) I talked to was very mature. [Informal]
(El alum no con quien hable era m uy m aduro.)
132
J
I G r a m m a r A p p e n d ix
P o ssib ility
1can go in two directions.
(Puedo ir en dos direcciones.)
Jim is able to fix my washing machine.
A b ility (Jim sabe arreglar mi lavadora.)
be a b le t o
P o ss ib ility You w ill be able to find a place to park your car near the station.
(Podras encontrar un sitio para aparcar el coche cerca d e la estacion.)
She ca n't speak Chinese.
In a b ility (Ella no sabe hablar / habla chino.)
You ca n't drive so fast on this motorway. Look at the speed lim it!
c a n 't P rohibition (No puedes conducir tan deprisa por esta autopista. jM ira el lim ite d e velocidad!)
1 heard Sharon had a fatal accident, but that ca n't be true. 1ju s t talked to her!
D isbelief, d e d u ctio n (He oido que Sharon ha tenido un accidente mortal, pero no puede ser verdad. jAcabo d e hablar
con ella!)
She could use this camera when she was five years old.
Past a b ility (Ella sabia utilizar / utilizaba esta cam ara a los cinco afios.)
Could you stop a t the traffic light?
Polite re q u e st (iP o d ria s parar en el semaforo?)
c o u ld
Polite suggestion You could take Dad to the shop.
(Podrias llevar a papa a la tienda.)
P o ssib ility He could break the habit o f using the mobile phone in the car but he doesn't want to.
(Podria perder la costum bre de usar el movil en el coche, pero no quiere.)
m a y / m ig h t P o ssib ility 1may /m ig h t be late because o f the traffic during rush hour.
(Puede que / Podria ser que llegue tarde debido al trSfico durante la hora punta.)
have to N e ce ssity, o b lig a tio n You have to learn to take control o f the car.
(Tienes que aprender a controlar el coche.)
d o n 't h a v e t o Lack of o b lig a tio n / n e ce ssity He doesn't have to pick me up. 1 can go alone.
(No tiene que recogerm e. Puedo ir sola.)
n e e d n 't Lack of o b lig a tio n / n e ce ssity You needn't order a pizza fo r dinner. 1have some hamburgers in the fridge.
(No tienes que pedir una pizza para cenar. Tengo unas ham burguesas en la nevera.)
Would you please turn right?
Formal re q u e st (iP o d ria s girar a la derecha, por favor?)
w o u ld
O ffer Would you like to come to my party?
(iT e gustaria venir a mi fiesta?)
Lo s m o d a le s p e rfe c to s
M o d a l P e rfe c ts U ses E x a m p le s
A b ility to have done so m ething It was silly to go over the speed limit. You could have had an accident.
c o u ld h a v e
bu t in fa c t did not (F u e u n a e s tu p id e z re b a s a r el Ifm ite d e v e lo c id a d . P o d ria s h a b e r te n id o un accidente.)
Certainty that som ething didn’t M y brother couldn't have caused a head-on collision because he was at work.
c o u l d n 't h a v e
happen (M i h e rm a n o n o p u d o h a b e r p r o v o c a d o u n c h o q u e fro n ta l p o rq u e e s ta b a en el trabajo.)
Certainty or logical conclusion They must have been really scared when a car went into their lane.
m u s t have
about an event in the past (D e b ie ro n d e h a b e r te n id o m u c h o m ie d o c u a n d o u n c o c h e in v a d io s u carril.)
1should/ ought to have resisted the urge to eat that chocolate cake because
s h o u ld / o u g h t t o I'm on a diet.
Criticism or regret after an event
have (D e b e ria h a b e r c o n te n id o las g a n a s d e c o m e r e s e p a s te l d e c h o c o la te p o rq u e estoya
d ie ta .)
s h o u l d n 't h a v e Criticism or regret after an event You shouldn't have been so reckless while you were driving.
(N o d e b e r ia s h a b e r s id o ta n te m e r a r io m ie n tr a s c o n d u c ia s .)
W illingness to have done 1 would have taken you to the airport but my car broke down.
w o u ld h a v e
som ething but in fact did not (Te h a b ria lie v a d o al a e ro p u e rto p e ro s e m e e s tr o p e o el c o c h e .)