CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Acknowledgements i
List of figures iii
List of tables v
Nomenclature vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 A brief history 1
1.2 Types of Suspension Systems 2
CHAPTER -2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Previous research done on active suspension 5
Systems
2.1 Introduction to springs 6
2.2 Vibration theory 8
2.3 Hydraulic Pumps 23
2.4 Hydraulic Fluids 25

CHAPTER-3 DESIGN OF ACTIVE HYDRAULIC

SUSPENSION DAMPER 27

3.1 Spring design 27

3.2 Valve Design 31
3.3 Orifice Design 37
3.4 Piston rod Design 42
3.5 Piston Design 45
3.6 Active hydraulic suspension damper design 45

CHAPTER-4ANALYSIS OF THE SUSPENSION DAMPER

4.1 Modelling of the suspension damper 54
4.2 Analysis in Ansys Workbench 56
4.3 Results 59
4.4 Performance characteristics of active
damping systems 60
CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSIONS 62

REFERENCES 63

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

1.1 A Shock Absorber 4

2.1 Compression and tension helical spring 5

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2.2 Position parameter z from the equilibrium position 8

2.3 Basic linearly-damped 1–dof system 10

2.4 (a) Undamped 1-dof model vehicle stimulated by road

displacement

(b) Transmissibility of an undamped 1-dof suspension 15

2.5 (a) Damped 1-dof model vehicle stimulated by road

displacements

(b) transmissibility of a damped 1-dof. Suspension 18

2.6 Peak transmissibility versus damping ratio 19

2.7 (a) Definition sketch of 1-dof system with quadratic
damping
(b) free vibration of system with quadratic damping 20
2.8 Piston pump 22
2.9 Vane Pump 23
2.10 Gear pump 23
2.11 Cross section of a damper 25
3.1 Active hydraulic suspension damper system 26
3.2 Disc valves 31
3.3 Rod valves 32
3.4 Spool valve variation with slider 33
3.5 A shim valve 34
3.6 Shim valve flow hole positions 35
3.7 Complete double-acting shim valve 35
3.8 Flow through a sharp-edged orifice 36
3.9 Piston geometry 42
3.10 Free body diagram of piston and rod. 42
3.11 Piston Rod 44
3.12 Axes of motion 45
3.13 Pitch analysis Free body diagram 45

3.14 Full Car Model with suspension units 47

3.15 Active suspension pump 48

3.16 Hydraulic Valves 49
4.1 A mount for the suspension 53
4.2 Upper mount with protector for the damper 54
4.3 Spring 54
4.4 Total assembled suspension 55
4.5 Application of constraints and forces 56

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4.6 Total Deformation results 56
4.7 Equivalent Elastic strain results 57
4.8 Equivalent Stress results 57
4.9 Strain Energy results 58

4.10 Sprung mass displacement Vs time 59

4.11 Sprung mass acceleration Vs time 59

4.12 Suspension travel Vs time 60

4.13 Tyre deflection Vs time 60

LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

3.1 Spring Analysis 29

NOMENCLATURE

z displacement

z` velocity

z`` acceleration

K Spring constant

m mass

fN natural frequency

ωD Damped natural frequency

ωN undamped natural frequency

C Damping coefficient

ζ Damping ratio

α Damping factor

φ phase angle of vibration

iv