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12ACS  Marks : 20

 LAKSHYA
SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUBJECTIVE Stationary Waves (Lecture 7 to 8) AND Atoms, Molecule & Nuclei  Time (mm:ss) : 60:00
(Lecture 1 to 6)
 
 

SECTION A  3 

1) What is the number of spectral lines in a hydrogen spectrum ?

  a) Infinite

  b) 1

  c) 3

  d) 4

Ans 1
:

Exp For getting the various spectral lines in a hydrogen spectrum, we consider the transitions from infinity to n =1,2,3,
: …Thus theoretically infinite transitions and infinite spectral lines are possible.

2) Define Mass number.

Exp The total number of protons and neutrons present in the

: nucleus is called mass number. It is denoted by A.

3) Energy of electron in 2nd Bohr orbit is –3.4 eV. Calculate its KE and PE in the 3rd orbit.

Exp Solution:
: E3 2

                  (½ Marks)
2 4
W e have = =
E2 2 9
3
4 4
or E3 = × E2 = × (−3.4 eV )
9 9

E3 = -1.51 eV                                      (½ Marks)

since TE = PE + KE
If total energy is (-x), then
KE = x; and PE = 2x
i.e. KE= -(TE)
= -(-1.51 eV)
= +1.51 eV                                (½ Marks)
P E = 2 × (T E)

= 2 × (−1.51 eV )

= -3.02 eV                                 (½ Marks)

SECTION-B (ANY THREE)  6 

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1) Obtain the ratio of shortest wavelength of spectral line in Lyman series to the longest
wavelength of spectral line in Balmer series.

Exp Shortest in Lymen series

: 1
= R(
1
−
1
) = R
2 2
(λ s ) 1 ∞
L

1
(λs ) =
L R

Longest in Balmer series,

1 1 1 5
= R( − ) = R
(λ ) 2 2 36
L B 2 3

......(2)
36
(λL ) =
B 5R
1

(λ s ) R 5
L
= =
(λ 2 )
36 36
B
5R

2) Draw a neat labelled diagram which shows energy levels of electron in different Bohr's
orbits of hydrogen atom.

Exp
:

3) Calculate the longest wavelength in the Lyman series of H2 spectrum.

R = 1.097 × 10 m
7 −1
; h = 6.63 × 10
−34 8 −19
J s; C = 3 × 10 m/s; 1eV = 1.6 × 10 .
6 J.

Exp Solution :
: 1
= R(
1
−
1
)                                       (½ Marks)
2 2
λ n n
1 2

For Lyman spectral series of H2, we have

1 1 1
= R( 2
− 2
) with
λ n n
1 2

n1 = 1 and n2 = 2, 3, 4 ... ∞                              (½ Marks)

For the longest wavelength,
n1 = 1 and n2 = 2
1 1 1 3
∴ = R( − ) = R
λ 1 4 4

          =                              (½ Marks)

3 7 −1
× 1.097 × 10 m
4
4
∴ λ =
7
3×1.097×10

        = 1.215 × 10
−7
m
0

        = 1215A                                                 (½ Marks)

4) Differentiate between free and forced vibrations.

Exp Any 3 points

:

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SECTION-C (ANY TWO)  6 

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1) Obtain an expression for energy of electron in Bohr's orbit and show that energy is
inversely proportional to the square of principal quantum number.

Exp Let m = mass of the electron,

: -e = charge on the electron,
+e = charge on proton,
υn = linear velocity of electron in n
th orbit,
th
rn = radius of n orbit,
ε0 = permittivity of free space.

According to Bohr's postulate, electron revolves around the nucleus in circular

orbit. So electron possesses both energies, K.E., due to its motion and P.E., due to
nucleus of charge +e. Therefore, total energy possessed by an electron is given by
T.E. = K.E. + P.E. …… (i)
Kinetic energy of an electron: According to Bohr's first postulate
2 2
mυn e
∴ =
rn 4πε0 r n
2

             …… (ii)
2 e
∴ mυ n = 2
4πε0 r

K.E. of the revolving electron is given by

2

… from equation (ii)

1 1 e
= [ ]
2 4πε0 rn

                    …… (iii)
1 e
=
8πε0 rn

The potential energy of an electron in the field of nucleus is

P.E. = electrical potential × charge of electron
= υ × (−e)

υ = electrical potential at a distance 'r' from charge +e

1 e
υ =
4πε0 rn

1 e
∴ P . E. = ( ) (−e)
4πε0 rn

=
e
                              …… (iv)
4πε0 r n

∴ T.E. = K.E. + P.E

2 2
e e
= + ( )
8πε0 r n 4πε0 r n
2

= −
e
                    …… (v)
8πε0 r n
2
e 1 1
∴ T . E. = (− ) = constant
8πε0 rn rn

1
∴ T . E. ∝
rn
2
ε0 h 2
But rn = ( 2
)n
πme

Substituting rn in equation (v)

2
1 e
T. E =
8πε0 2
ε h
0 2
( )n
2
πme

        …… (vi)
−me 1
= ( ) 2
2
8ε0 h n

T.E. = − constant.
1
2
n
1
∴ T . E. ∝ 2
n

Hence, total energy of electron in Bohr's orbit is inversely proportional to the square of principal
quantum number.

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Equation (vi) gives total energy of an electron in the nth orbit. Negative sign shows that the electron is
bound to the nucleus by an attractive force. Hence energy must be supplied to the electron to make
it free from the influence of the nucleus.

2) A 60 cm sonometer wire produces resonance with turning fork. When its length is increased by 5 cm, 10 beats are
heard. Find frequency of tuning fork

Exp l1 = 60 cm
: l2 = 55 cm
∴ |f1 − f2 | = 10
f l1
1 2 60 12
∴ f = = =
l f l2 55 11
1

∴ f2 - f1 = 10
∴ f2 = 10 + f1

∴ 12f1 = 110 + 11f1

∴ f1 = 110 Hz

3) Two wires of the same material when sounded together 4 beat/sec. the diameters of the wires are in the ratio 3:4
and their tensions in the ratio 9:16. The vibrating length of the wires are 59 cm and 60 cm respectively. Find the
frequency of vibrating length of each wire.

Exp For 1st wire,

−−
−
: n1 =
1
× √
T1

2l1 r1 πρ
1

For 2nd wire,

−−
−
1 T2
n2 = × √
2l2 r2 πρ
2
−− −−
n1 l2 r2 T1 ρ
1
∴ = × √ × √
n2 l1 r1 T2 ρ
2
−−
60 4 9
= × × √ × 1
59 3 16

60 4 4
= × ×
59 3 3
n1 60
=
n2 59

∴ n1 > n2
n1 - n2 = 4
60
∴ n1 − n2 = 4
59

∴ n2 =236 Hz
∴ n1 =240 Hz

SECTION-D (ANY ONE)  5 

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1) a) Two wires have lengths of 30 cm and 40 cm, radii in the ratio 4:5 and densities in
the ratio 6 : 5. If they are stretched by loads in the ratio 3:4, compare their
frequencies in the fundamental mode.
b) How the frequency of a vibrating wire is affected, when the load attached is immersed
in water ?

Exp a) 
T1
=
3 r1
=
4
ρ
1
=
6

:
T2 4 r2 5 ρ 5
2

L1 3
=
L2 4
−−
1 T
n = √
2L m
−−
−
1 T
n = √
2L Aρ

−−
−
1 T
n = √
2Lr πρ

−− −
ρ
−
n1 L2 r2 T1 2
= × × √ × √
n2 L1 r1 T2 ρ
1

4 5 3 5
= × × √ × √
3 4 4 6

5 √3 √5
= × × × √3
√3 √3 2 √2

n1 5√5
=
n2 6√2

b) According to law of tension of vibrating string, the fundamental frequency (n) is directly
proportional to the square root of its tension (when l and m are kept constant).
∴ n ∝ √T

If the load is immersed in water, then the tension in the string decreases.
Therefore, frequency of vibration also decreases.
If T1 - weight of body in air and T2 - weight of body in water.
∴   Relative density or specific gravity (σ) is the ratio of weight of the body in air to

loss of weight of body in water.

T1
∴ σ = where, σ = density of substance
T1 - T2

1 T1- T2
=
σ T1

1 T2
= 1 -
σ T1
T1 σ
∴ = [∴ σw = 1 
 ]
T2 σ - 1
−−
n1 T1
But, n2
= √
T2

n1
−−−−
σ
∴ = √
n2 σ - 1

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2) a) Two tuning forks produce resonance with air columns of lengths 16 cm and 24 cm
respectively. If the smaller frequency is 320 Hz, find the frequency of the other fork.
(Neglect end correction )
b) Show that all harmonics are present as overtones in the case of an air column vibrating
in a pipe open at both ends.

Exp a) l1 = 16cm
: L2 = 24cm
n2 = 320 Hz
l
n ∝
ℓ
n1 l2
∝
n2 ℓ1
n1 24
=
320 16
n1 24
=
320 16

6
n1 = × 320
4
3
= × 320
2

= 3 × 160

n1 = 480Hz
                                                                          
b) Suppose vibrating tuning fork held near any one end of the tube produce forced vibration
in the air column,reflected from open end of tube.
Incident and reflected waves are superimposed and longitudinal stationary waves are set
up in the air column. Antinodes always form near the open end of the tube.

1) First mode or fundamental mode: In the mode of vibration, there is one node at
the centre of the pipe and two antinodes at each open end. Let n and λ be frequency
and wavelength in this mode Length of air column L = λ

∴ λ= 2L

Velocity of wave is,

υ = nλ
υ υ
n = =
λ 2L

Fundamental frequency or first harmonic.

Equation (i) represents the fundamental frequency
or lowest frequency of vibration.
2) Second mode or first overtone: In the second mode of vibration, air column vibrates with three
antinodes and two nodes.
Let n1 and λ1 be frequency and wavelength in this mode.
Length of air column L
λ1 λ1 3λ 1
= + = = λ1
4 2 4

∴ L = λ1

Velocity of wave is given by

υ = n 1 λ1
υ υ 2υ υ
n1 = = = =2 ×
λ1 L 2L 2L

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∴ n1 = 2n …(ii)
First overtone or second harmonics
Equation (ii) represents frequency of first overtone or second harmonic.
Hence, frequency of first overtone is twice the fundamental frequency.
3) Third mode or second overtone: In this mode of vibration, air column
vibrates with four antinodes and three nodes.
Let n2 andλ2 be frequency, and wavelength in this mode of vibration.
∴ Length of air column (L)
λ2 λ2 λ2 λ2 3λ 2
= + + + =
4 2 2 4 2
2L
∴ λ2 =
3

Velocity of wave is given by

υ = n 2 λ2
υ υ υ
n2 = = 3 = 3 ×
λ2 2L 2L

∴ n2 = 3n …(iii)
Second overtone or third harmonic.
Equation (iii) represents frequency of second overtone or third harmonic.
Hence, frequency of second overtone is three times that of fundamental frequency.
Thus, from equations (i),(ii) and (iii) all harmonics (odd as well as even) are present
as overtones in the modes of vibration of air column open at both ends.
Similarly, frequency of pth overtone np = (p + 1)n, where p = 0, 1, 2, …… and n is
fundamental frequency.

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